Excavation and Support for a Shallow Tunnel

4-1

4 Excavation and Support for a Shallow Tunnel

4.1 Problem Statement
A shallow tunnel is excavated in soft ground in an urban area. It is important to minimize the
impact of the tunnel on existing structures and services. Surface settlements will depend on both
the excavation method and the type of tunnel reinforcement. The surface settlement resulting
from an advancing tunnel is very much a three-dimensional problem. Special three-dimensional
considerations are the proximity of the ground surface and the effects at the end of the tunnel.
Surface settlement is calculated for the following construction method. The method applies a
combination of support measures to reinforce the rock ahead of the tunnel face. The components
of the method are:
(a) excavation of a 3 m cut;
(b) installation of a steel arch support;
(c) construction of a 4 m long, 22 cm thick angled slot above the tunnel and filled
with concrete to act as a pre-support shield;
(d) installation of a shotcrete lining between steel supports; and
(e) installation of horizontal cable bolts in the tunnel face.
A thick concrete liner is installed behind the advancing tunnel face. Figure 4.1 illustrates the
components of the method. In order to evaluate the influence of the support method on surface
settlement, every component should be simulated by the numerical analysis.

c
d
a
step n

step n+1
Figure 4.1

Components of the tunnel support method

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Example Applications

4.2 Modeling Procedure

A vertical plane of symmetry through the center of the tunnel is assumed, and only one-half of
the tunnel is modeled. A 50 m length of the tunnel is represented in the model; the floor of the
tunnel is located 39.5 m below the ground surface. A system of coordinate axes is defined with the
origin at the floor of the tunnel; the z-axis points upward and the y-axis points along the axis of the
tunnel. The FLAC 3D grid is shown in Figure 4.2. The model contains approximately 15,000 zones;
50 zones are located along the axis of the tunnel. Approximately 28 MB of RAM are required for
this model.
The tunnel is constructed in a weak rock that is modeled as a Mohr-Coulomb material with a
cohesion of 50 kPa and a friction angle of 20 . The mass density of the material is 2200 kg/m3 .
The initial stress state corresponds to gravitational loading with the following relation between
vertical and horizontal stresses: zz = xx = 2.0yy .
FLAC3D 2.10
Settings: Model Perspective
10:50:31 Mon Mar 18 2002
Center:
X: 2.200e+001
Y: 2.550e+001
Z: -2.500e+000
Dist: 2.329e+002

Rotation:
X: 20.000
Y: 0.000
Z: 30.000
Mag.:
0.8
Ang.: 22.500

Surface
Magfac = 0.000e+000

Itasca Consulting Group, Inc.

Minneapolis, MN USA

Figure 4.2

Tunnel model grid

The pre-support concrete and shotcrete are modeled with shell structural elements, while the concrete tunnel lining is modeled with zones (the thickness of the concrete lining is large compared to
the radius of the tunnel) that are assigned properties representing the lining material. The FLAC 3D
zones provide a reasonable approximation for bending of thick liners, because each zone consists
of two overlays of five tetrahedral sub-zones. Figure 4.3 shows the shell structural elements that
represent the pre-support concrete and shotcrete (after excavation of 30 m of the tunnel). The
concrete lining is shown in Figure 4.4.

FLAC 3D Version 2.1

Excavation and Support for a Shallow Tunnel

4-3

FLAC3D 2.10
Step 30000 Model Perspective
09:02:46 Thu Mar 28 2002
Center:
X: 1.703e+001
Y: 2.369e+001
Z: 4.324e+000
Dist: 2.329e+002

Rotation:
X: 0.000
Y: 0.000
Z: 70.000
Mag.: 1.56
Ang.: 22.500

Block Group
tunnel
rock

SEL Geometry
Magfac = 0.000e+000

Itasca Consulting Group, Inc.

Minneapolis, MN USA

Figure 4.3

Structural elements (shells and cables) installed at construction

step 10 (30 m excavation)

The lining components are modeled as elastic materials with the following properties:
pre-support concrete and shotcrete
Youngs modulus, E
Poissons ratio,

10.5 GPa
0.25

concrete liner
Youngs modulus, E
Poissons ratio,

31.4 GPa
0.25

Only one layer of shell structural elements is used in the analysis to represent both the pre-support
concrete and shotcrete while its thickness is varied accordingly. Note that the steel arch support is
not explicitly modeled in this example. Its effect is combined with that of the shotcrete.

FLAC 3D Version 2.1

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Example Applications

The horizontal cable bolts installed at the tunnel face have the following properties for the cable
material and the grout:
cable modulus
cable area
cable ultimate tensile capacity
grout bond stiffness
grout cohesive strength

45 GPa
1.57 103 m2
250 kN
1.75 107 N/m/m
2.0 105 N/m

A combination of 9 m, 12 m and 15 m length bolts are installed. The bolt installation process uses
(alternately) three different bolt patterns.
The tunnel is constructed in two phases. First, the upper, arched portion of the tunnel is excavated
and supported. Then, the lower portion of the tunnel is excavated and supported. In this example,
only the first stage analysis is illustrated; the second stage construction would follow the same
procedure as demonstrated here.
The excavation and support installation for the first phase are conducted incrementally, following the
two step sequence shown in Figure 4.1. A FISH function, excav, is used to control the excavation
and support installation processes. For each step, the excavation is advanced 3 m and the presupport concrete shield, cable bolts, shotcrete and thick concrete liner are installed at the specified
distances from the tunnel face. (If the analysis is interrupted, it can be restarted by calling another
FISH function, cont excav (see Example 4.2 in Section 4.4), which continues the simulation
from the stage at which the analysis was interrupted.)
FLAC3D 2.10
Step 30000 Model Perspective
13:39:50 Sat Mar 16 2002
Center:
X: 2.084e+001
Y: 2.508e+001
Z: 3.609e+000
Dist: 2.329e+002

Rotation:
X: 0.000
Y: 0.000
Z: 70.000
Mag.: 1.56
Ang.: 22.500

Block Group
concrete liner
tunnel
rock

Itasca Consulting Group, Inc.

Minneapolis, MN USA

Figure 4.4

FLAC 3D Version 2.1

Groups of zones in the model

Excavation and Support for a Shallow Tunnel

4-5

In order to install a continuous lining with shell elements, the new shell element is given the same
identification number as the existing shell element from the previous step. The new shell will then
use the existing nodes at the connection with the existing shell. New shells have zero stresses
initially.
The ground surface settlement and tunnel closure are monitored throughout the construction. These
values are recorded at the end of each construction step and stored in tables.
A total of fifteen sequential excavation and support steps are performed. Each construction step is
run for 3000 cycles to reach an equilibrium state, and requires approximately 45 minutes to reach
equilibrium on a 1.0 GHz Pentium III computer. The total computation time is approximately 10
hours.

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4-6

Example Applications

4.3 Results
Selected results are shown in Figures 4.5 through 4.10. Displacement histories at one point along
the tunnel (30 m from the beginning of the tunnel) are plotted in Figure 4.5. Vertical displacement
(at the ground surface and at the tunnel crown) and horizontal displacement (at the base of the
tunnel sidewall) at the 30 m location are plotted against the 50 m excavation length.
The extent of the plasticity region around the tunnel after 30 m of excavation is shown in Figure 4.6.
The grayscale shades distinguish between shear and tensile failure. The letter n indicates that
the zone is now at active failure; the letter p indicates that the zone has failed during a previous
excavation step. The vertical displacement contours in the model after 30 m of excavation are
shown in Figure 4.7.
The contours of stress resultant Mxx are shown in Figures 4.8 and 4.9 after 15 m and 27 m excavations, respectively. The results are presented with respect to the local coordinate system with the
x-axis coinciding with the global y-axis.
The axial forces in the cables are shown in Figures 4.10 and 4.11 after 15 m and 27 m excavations,
respectively.
FLAC3D 2.10
Step 48000
08:57:03 Thu Mar 28 2002

x10^-2

-0.1

Table
1 ground surface at tunnel center line
Linestyle
-6.482e-003 <-> -1.637e-004
2 tunnel crown
Linestyle
-1.375e-002 <-> -1.948e-004
3 tunnel siidewall
Linestyle
-6.889e-003 <-> -1.676e-004

-0.2

-0.3

-0.4

-0.5

-0.6

-0.7

-0.8

-0.9

-1.0

-1.1

-1.2

-1.3

Itasca Consulting Group, Inc.

Minneapolis, MN USA

Figure 4.5

FLAC 3D Version 2.1

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5
x10^1

3.0

3.5

4.0

4.5

Displacement histories at 30 m position along the tunnel:

table 1 = ground surface at x = 0; table 2 = tunnel crown;
table 3 = tunnel sidewall

Excavation and Support for a Shallow Tunnel

4-7

FLAC3D 2.10
Step 30000 Model Perspective
09:08:11 Thu Mar 28 2002
Center:
X: 2.200e+001
Y: 2.550e+001
Z: -2.500e+000
Dist: 2.329e+002

Rotation:
X: 20.000
Y: 0.000
Z: 60.000
Mag.: 1.25
Ang.: 22.500

Block State
None
shear-n shear-p
shear-n shear-p tension-p
shear-p
shear-p tension-p

Itasca Consulting Group, Inc.

Minneapolis, MN USA

Figure 4.6

Plasticity region after 30 m of excavation

FLAC3D 2.10
Step 30000 Model Perspective
09:10:17 Thu Mar 28 2002
Center:
X: 2.200e+001
Y: 2.550e+001
Z: -2.500e+000
Dist: 2.329e+002

Rotation:
X: 20.000
Y: 0.000
Z: 60.000
Mag.: 1.25
Ang.: 22.500

Contour of Z-Displacement
Magfac = 0.000e+000
-1.3972e-002 to -5.0000e-003
-5.0000e-003 to 0.0000e+000
0.0000e+000 to 5.0000e-003
5.0000e-003 to 1.0000e-002
1.0000e-002 to 1.5000e-002
1.5000e-002 to 2.0000e-002
2.0000e-002 to 2.5000e-002
2.5000e-002 to 3.0000e-002
3.0000e-002 to 3.5000e-002
3.5000e-002 to 4.0000e-002
4.0000e-002 to 4.0180e-002
Interval = 5.0e-003

Axes
Linestyle

Itasca Consulting Group, Inc.

Minneapolis, MN USA

Figure 4.7

Vertical displacement contours after 30 m of excavation

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Example Applications

FLAC3D 2.10
Step 15000 Model Perspective
09:16:06 Thu Mar 28 2002
Center:
X: 1.182e+001
Y: 2.468e+001
Z: 1.623e+000
Dist: 2.329e+002

Rotation:
X: 2.500
Y: 0.000
Z: 30.000
Mag.: 3.81
Ang.: 22.500

Sketch
Magfac = 0.000e+000
Linestyle

sres-Mx
Magfac = 0.000e+000
-8.8998e+004 to -7.0000e+004
-7.0000e+004 to -6.0000e+004
-6.0000e+004 to -5.0000e+004
-5.0000e+004 to -4.0000e+004
-4.0000e+004 to -3.0000e+004
-3.0000e+004 to -2.0000e+004
-2.0000e+004 to -1.0000e+004
-1.0000e+004 to 0.0000e+000
0.0000e+000 to 1.0000e+004
1.0000e+004 to 2.0000e+004
2.0000e+004 to 3.0000e+004
3.0000e+004 to 3.0703e+004
Interval = 1.0e+004
SurfX = ( 1.00, 0.00, 0.00 )

Itasca Consulting Group, Inc.

Minneapolis, MN USA

Figure 4.8

Bending moments in pre-support concrete and shotcrete after

15 m excavation (tunnel and liner zones hidden from view)

FLAC3D 2.10
Step 27000 Model Perspective
09:27:19 Thu Mar 28 2002
Center:
X: 1.182e+001
Y: 2.468e+001
Z: 1.623e+000
Dist: 2.329e+002

Rotation:
X: 2.500
Y: 0.000
Z: 30.000
Mag.: 3.81
Ang.: 22.500

Sketch
Magfac = 0.000e+000
Linestyle

sres-Mx
Magfac = 0.000e+000
-8.9412e+004 to -7.0000e+004
-7.0000e+004 to -6.0000e+004
-6.0000e+004 to -5.0000e+004
-5.0000e+004 to -4.0000e+004
-4.0000e+004 to -3.0000e+004
-3.0000e+004 to -2.0000e+004
-2.0000e+004 to -1.0000e+004
-1.0000e+004 to 0.0000e+000
0.0000e+000 to 1.0000e+004
1.0000e+004 to 2.0000e+004
2.0000e+004 to 3.0000e+004
3.0000e+004 to 3.2053e+004
Interval = 1.0e+004
SurfX = ( 1.00, 0.00, 0.00 )

Itasca Consulting Group, Inc.

Minneapolis, MN USA

Figure 4.9

FLAC 3D Version 2.1

Bending moments in pre-support concrete and shotcrete after

27 m excavation (tunnel and liner zones hidden from view)

Excavation and Support for a Shallow Tunnel

4-9

FLAC3D 2.10
Step 15000 Model Perspective
09:24:44 Thu Mar 28 2002
Center:
X: 7.925e+000
Y: 2.693e+001
Z: -9.306e-001
Dist: 2.329e+002

Rotation:
X: 10.000
Y: 0.000
Z: 30.000
Mag.: 3.81
Ang.: 22.500

Surface
Magfac = 0.000e+000

cable Axial Force

Magfac = 0.000e+000
tension
compression
Maximum = 1.799e+005

Axes
Linestyle

Itasca Consulting Group, Inc.

Minneapolis, MN USA

Figure 4.10 Axial forces in cables after 15 m excavation

FLAC3D 2.10
Step 27000 Model Perspective
09:29:29 Thu Mar 28 2002
Center:
X: 7.925e+000
Y: 2.693e+001
Z: -9.306e-001
Dist: 2.329e+002

Rotation:
X: 10.000
Y: 0.000
Z: 30.000
Mag.: 3.81
Ang.: 22.500

Surface
Magfac = 0.000e+000

cable Axial Force

Magfac = 0.000e+000
tension
compression
Maximum = 1.601e+005

Axes
Linestyle

Itasca Consulting Group, Inc.

Minneapolis, MN USA

Figure 4.11 Axial forces in cables after 27 m excavation

FLAC 3D Version 2.1

4 - 10

Example Applications

4.4 Listing of Data Files

Example 4.1 TUNNEL.DAT
;----------------------------------------------------; ---- Excavation and Support for a Shallow Tunnel --;----------------------------------------------------; generate primitive components of grid
; concrete liner - upper tunnel
gen zon cshell p0 0 0 0 p1 7 0 0 p2 0 51 0 p3 0 0 5.5 &
dim 5 5 5 5 size 2 51 10
group concrete liner
;
; upper tunnel
gen zon cyl p0 0 0 0 p1 5 0 0 p2 0 51 0 p3 0 0 5 &
size 5 51 10
group tunnel range group concrete liner not
;
; lower tunnel & liner
gen zone brick p0 0 0 -4.5 p1 add 7 0 0 p2 add 0 51 0 p3 add 0 0 4.5 &
size 7 51 3
;
; surrounding rock (10 primitives)
gen zon radcyl p0 0 0 0 p1 27 0 0 p2 0 51 0 p3 0 0 25 &
dim 7 5.5 7 5.5 size 5 51 10 8 rat 1 1 1 1.3
;
gen zone brick p0 7 0 -4.5 p1 27 0 -15 p2 add 0 51 0 p3 7 0 0 &
p4 27 51 -15 p5 7 51 0 p6 27 0 0 p7 27 51 0 &
size 8 51 3 ratio 1.3 1 1
;
gen zone brick p0 0 0 -15 p1 add 27 0 0 p2 add 0 51 0 p3 0 0 -4.5 &
p4 27 51 -15 p5 0 51 -4.5 p6 7 0 -4.5 p7 7 51 -4.5 &
size 7 51 8 rat 1 1 0.7692307692307692
;
gen zon brick p0 0 0 25 p1 add 27 0 0 p2 add 0 51 0 p3 add 0 0 10 &
size 5 51 2
;
gen zon bric p0 27 0 25 p1 add 17 0 0 p2 add 0 51 0 p3 add 0 0 10 &
size 2 51 2 rat 2 1 1
;
gen zon bric p0 27 0 -15 p1 add 17 0 0 p2 add 0 51 0 p3 add 0 0 40 &
size 2 51 8 rat 2 1 1
;
gen zon bric p0 27 0 -40 p1 add 17 0 0 p2 add 0 51 0 p3 add 0 0 25 &
size 2 51 2 rat 2 1 0.5

FLAC 3D Version 2.1

Excavation and Support for a Shallow Tunnel

4 - 11

;
gen zon bric p0 0 0 -40 p1 add 27 0 0 p2 add 0 51 0 p3 add 0 0 25 &
size 7 51 2 rat 1 1 0.5
;
; assign names to groups of zones
group rock range group concrete liner not group tunnel not
;
; assign Mohr-Coulomb material model
mo mohr
pro bulk 50e6 she 18e6 fric 20 coh 25e3 ten 0
dil 0 range z 25 35
pro bulk 4e8 she 1.5e8 fric 20 coh 50e3 ten 5e3 dil 3 range z -50 25
; assign boundary conditions
fix x range x -.1 .1
fix x range x 43.9 44.1
fix z range z -40.1 -39.9
fix y range y -.1 .1
fix y range y 50.9 51.1
; assign initial stress
set grav 0 0 -10
ini density 2200
ini szz -770e3 grad 0 0
ini sxx -770e3 grad 0 0
ini syy -385e3 grad 0 0

state

22000
22000
11000

; monitor variables in model

hist unbal
hist
hist
hist
hist

gp
gp
gp
gp

zdisp
xdisp
zdisp
zdisp

0
7
0
0

0
0
0
0

5.5
0
0
35

hist
hist
hist
hist

gp
gp
gp
gp

zdisp
xdisp
zdisp
zdisp

0
7
0
0

30
30
30
30

5.5
0
0
35

hist
hist
hist
hist

gp
gp
gp
gp

zdisp
zdisp
zdisp
zdisp

0
0
0
0

12
18
24
36

35
35
35
35

hist gp zdisp 5 30 35
hist gp zdisp 10 30 35

FLAC 3D Version 2.1

4 - 12

Example Applications

;
sav geom1.sav
;
def conc_parm
bmc = 20.7e9
smc = 12.6e9
end
conc_parm
;
; define the locations of cable patterns 1, 2 and 3
;
def cab_parm
array x_b(4,3), z_b(4,3)
y0 = -3
x_b(1,1)
x_b(2,1)
x_b(3,1)
x_b(4,1)
z_b(1,1)
z_b(2,1)
z_b(3,1)
z_b(4,1)

=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

0.8
2.1
3.5
5.5
5.5
2.4
4.7
1.5

x_b(1,2)
x_b(2,2)
x_b(3,2)
x_b(4,2)
z_b(1,2)
z_b(2,2)
z_b(3,2)
z_b(4,2)

=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

0.8
0.8
3.5
5.5
0.6
4.0
2.4
0.6

x_b(1,3) = 0.8
x_b(2,3) = 2.6
x_b(3,3) = 5.0
x_b(4,3) = 3.5
z_b(1,3) = 2.4
z_b(2,3) = 4.0
z_b(3,3) = 3.0
z_b(4,3) = 0.6
end
def inip
x1 = x_b(1,iidx)
x2 = x_b(2,iidx)
x3 = x_b(3,iidx)

FLAC 3D Version 2.1

Excavation and Support for a Shallow Tunnel

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x4 = x_b(4,iidx)
z1 = z_b(1,iidx)
z2 = z_b(2,iidx)
z3 = z_b(3,iidx)
z4 = z_b(4,iidx)
end
cab_parm
;
; install initial cables
;
def ins_cab
loop iidx (1,3)
inip
cab_seg = cab_seg_m-3*(3-iidx)
y1
= 0.
y2
= float(cab_seg)
command
sel cable id iidx begin x1 y1 z1 end x1 y2 z1 nseg cab_seg
sel cable id iidx begin x2 y1 z2 end x2 y2 z2 nseg cab_seg
sel cable id iidx begin x3 y1 z3 end x3 y2 z3 nseg cab_seg
sel cable id iidx begin x4 y1 z4 end x4 y2 z4 nseg cab_seg
sel cable pro emod 45e9 xcarea 1.57e-3 gr_per 1. &
yten 25e4 gr_k 17.5e6 gr_c 20e4 ran id iidx
end_command
end_loop
end
set cab_seg_m 15
ins_cab
; install pre-support concrete
;
sel shell id 10 group rock range cyl end1 0 0 -1.5 end2 0 1 -1.5 rad 7.4 &
cyl end1 0 0 -1.5 end2 0 1 -1.5 rad 6.7 not &
z -0.1 6
sel shell prop isotropic 10.5e9,0.25 thickness 0.3 density 2500
def monit
ipt_surf
= gp_near(0,30,35)
ipt_crown = gp_near(0,30,5.5)
ipt_spring = gp_near(7,30,0)
end
monit
save m_ini.sav
;
; FISH function to control excavation and support sequence
def excav
y0 = y0+3

FLAC 3D Version 2.1

4 - 14

Example Applications

cut_i = y0/3+1
loop cut (cut_i,16)
cut_cur = cut
step_name = EXCAVATION STEP + string(cut)
ii = out(step_name)
y0 = 3*(cut-1)
y1 = y0+3
yp0 = y0+1
yp1 = y1+1
ys0 = yp0-3
ys1 = yp1-3
yc0 = y0-3
yc1 = y1-3
id_ = 10
;
id_ = 10*(cut+1) ; use if shells unconnected
command
; install pre support concrete
sel shell id id_ group rock &
range cyl end1 0 yp0 -1.5 end2 0 yp1 -1.5 rad 7.4 &
cyl end1 0 yp0 -1.5 end2 0 yp1 -1.5 rad 6.7 not &
z -0.1 6
sel shell prop isotropic 10.5e9,0.25 thickness 0.3 density 2500 &
ran y yp0 yp1
; excavate next cut
mo null range reg tunnel y y0 y1
mo null range reg concrete liner y y0 y1
; delete-cables in the excavated area
sel delete cable 1 range y y0 y1
sel delete cable 2 range y y0 y1
sel delete cable 3 range y y0 y1
end_command
cut_1 = cut-1
iidx=int(cut_1-3*(cut_1/3))+1
y2=min(y1+15,51)
inip
ii = out( CABLE BOLT PATTERN +string(iidx))
command
sel delete cable iidx
; install new cables
sel cable id iidx begin x1 y1 z1 end x1 y2 z1 nseg cab_seg_m
sel cable id iidx begin x2 y1 z2 end x2 y2 z2 nseg cab_seg_m
sel cable id iidx begin x3 y1 z3 end x3 y2 z3 nseg cab_seg_m
sel cable id iidx begin x4 y1 z4 end x4 y2 z4 nseg cab_seg_m
sel cable pro emod 45e9 xcarea 1.57e-3 gr_per 1. &
yten 25e4 gr_k 17.5e6 gr_c 20e4 ran id iidx
; shotcrete

FLAC 3D Version 2.1

Excavation and Support for a Shallow Tunnel

4 - 15

sel shell prop isotropic 10.5e9,0.25 thickness 0.5 density 2500 &
ran y ys0 ys1
end_command
if cut > 1 then
command
; concrete liner
mo el range group concrete liner y yc0 yc1
pro bulk bmc sh smc range group concrete liner y yc0 yc1
end_command
end_if
command
step 3000
end_command
; store displacements in tables
xtable(1,cut) = 3.0 * cut
ytable(1,cut) = gp_zdisp(ipt_surf)
xtable(2,cut) = 3.0 * cut
ytable(2,cut) = gp_zdisp(ipt_crown)
xtable(3,cut) = 3.0 * cut
ytable(3,cut) = gp_zdisp(ipt_spring)
command
save m1.sav
end_command
if cut=5 then
command
save m1_15.sav
end_command
end_if
if cut=9 then
command
save m1_27.sav
end_command
end_if
if cut=10 then
command
save m1_30.sav
end_command
end_if
end_loop
end
excav
ret

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4 - 16

Example 4.2 CONT EX.FIS

; finishes stepping for the current excavation step
; and continues following excavation steps
;
def cont_excav
rest_step = 3000*(step/3000+1)-step
if rest_step = 3000 then
rest_step = 0
end_if
command
step rest_step
end_command
;store displacements in tables
xtable(1,cut) = 3.0 * cut
ytable(1,cut) = gp_zdisp(ipt_surf)
xtable(2,cut) = 3.0 * cut
ytable(2,cut) = gp_zdisp(ipt_crown)
xtable(3,cut) = 3.0 * cut
ytable(3,cut) = gp_zdisp(ipt_spring)
command
save m1.sav
end_command
if cut=10 then
command
save m1_30.sav
end_command
end_if
excav
end

FLAC 3D Version 2.1

Example Applications