Differential Amplifier Circuit Tutorial Using BJT and Opamp - Electronic Circuits and Diagram-Electronics Projects and Design - IMPP

10/8/2016
Differential Amplifier Circuit Tutorial using BJT and Opamp Electronic Circuits and Diagram-Electronics Projects and Design
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Home / Signal Conditioners / Di erential Ampli er Circuit Tutorial using BJT and Opamp
Di erential Ampli er Circuit Tutorial

using BJT and Opamp
Last Updated on December 19, 2013 by admin in Signal Conditioners with 7 Comments
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In this post, di erential ampli er using BJT and di erential ampli er using op-amps are
explained in detail. Please go through both of them to get a better understanding.
Di erential Ampli er using Transistor
Di erential Ampli er using Op-amp
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The circuit diagrams and detailed equations are provided along with the article. Please go
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Di erential Ampli er using Transistor
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A di erential ampli er is designed to give the di erence between two input signals. The
circuit is shown below.
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circuit will also work ne using just a single voltage supply. You may have also noted that
there is no ground terminal indicated in the circuit. Hence it must be automatically
understood that the opposite points of both the positive and negative voltage supplies are
understood to be connected to the ground.
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As shown in the circuit diagram above there are two inputs, I/P1 and I/P2 and two outputs
V1OUT and V2OUT. I/P1 is applied to the base of the transistor TI and IP2 is applied to the
base of the transistor T2. The emitters of both T1 and T2 are connected to a common
emitter resistor so that the two output terminals V1OUT and V2OUT gets a ected by the
two input signals I/P1 and I/P2. VCC and VEE are the two supply voltages for the circuit. The
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When a di erential ampli er is driven at one of the inputs, the output appears at both the
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collector outputs. This is explained with a diagram below.
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Di erential Ampli er Working
When input signal I/P1 is applied to the transistor T1, there will be a high voltage drop
across the collector resistance RCOL1 , and thus the collector of T1 will be less positive.
When I/P1 is negative T1 is turned OFF, and the voltage drop across RCOL1 becomes very
low and thus the collector of T1 will be more positive. Thus we can conclude than an
inserted output appears at T1s collector for applying signal at I/P1.
When T1 is turned ON by the positive value of I/P1 , the current through the emitter
resistance REM increases as the emitter current is almost equal to the collector current
(IEIC). Thus the voltage drop across REM increases and makes the emitter of both
transistors going in a positive direction. Making T2s emitter positive is the same as making
the base of T2 negative. In such a condition the transistor T2 will conduct less current
which in turn will cause less voltage drop in RCOL2 and thus the collector of T2 will go in a
positive direction for positive input signal. Thus we can conclude that the non-inverting
output appears at the collector of transistor T2 for input at base of T1.
The ampli cation can be driven di erentially by taking output between the collector of T1
and T2.
As shown in the gure above, if the transistor T1 and T2 are assumed to be identical in all
characteristics, and if the voltages are equal (VBASE1 = VBASE2), then the emitter current can
also be said to be eequal
IEM1 = IEM2
Total Emitter Current, IE = IEM1 + IEM2
VEM = VBASE VBASE EM
IEM = (VBASE VBASE EM)/REM
The emitter current IEM remains virtually constant regardless of the hfe value of the
transistors.
Since ICOL1 IEM1, and ICOL2 IEM2, ICOL1 ICOL2
Also, VCOL1 = VCOL2 = VCC ICOL RCOL, assuming collector resistance RCOL1 = RCOL2 = RCOL.
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Di erential ampli er is a closed loop ampli er circuit which ampli es the di erence
between two signals. Such a circuit is very useful in instrumentation systems. Di erential
ampli ers have high common mode rejection ratio (CMRR) and high input impedance.
Di erential ampli ers can be made using one opamp or two opamps. Both of these
con gurations are explained here.
Di erential Ampli er using Op-amp

The circuit diagram of a di erential ampli er using one opamp is shown below. R1 and R2
are the input resistors, Rf is the feedback resistor and RL is the load resistor.
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Di erential ampli er using one opamp
Derivation for voltage gain.

Equation for the voltage gain of the di erential ampli er using one opamp can be derived
as follows. The circuit is just a combination of an inverting and non inverting ampli er.
Finding the output voltages s of these two con gurations separately and then summing
them will result in the overall output voltage.
If Vb is made zero, the circuit becomes an inverting ampli er. The output voltage Voa due
to Va alone can be expressed using the following equation.
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When Va is made zero the circuit becomes a non inverting ampli er. Let V1 be the voltage
at the non inverting input pin. Relation between Vb and V1 can be expressed using the
following equation.
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Output voltage Vob due to Vb alone is according to the equation
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Then overall output voltage is
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Therefore overall gain is
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Circuit diagram of a di erential ampli er using two opamps is shown below. Main
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advantage of di erential ampli er with two opamps is that it has increased overall gain.
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R1 is the input resistor for IC1 and R3 is the input resistor for IC2. Rf is the feedback
resistor. Va and Vb are the two input voltages and they are applied to the non inverting
inputs of IC2 and IC1 respectively. RL is the load resistor. V+ and V- are the positive and
negative supply voltages.
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Derivation of voltage gain.

The equation for the output voltage V1 of the rst opamp (IC1) is as follows.
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V1 and Va are the inputs for the second stage (IC2). Output voltage due to Va alone is.
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Output voltage due to Vb alone is
Overall output voltage Vo = Voa + Vob
Let R1 = R2 and Rf =R1, then we have
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Therefore overall voltage gain Av can be expressed using the equation
Practical di erential ampli er.

A practical di erential ampli er using uA741 opamp is shown below. With used
components the ampli er has a gain of around 5. Remember the equation Av = -Rf/R1.
Here Rf = 10K and R1 =2.2K, -Rf/R1 = -10/2.2 = -4.54 = ~-5. Negative sign represents phase
inversion. Use +/-12V DC dual supply for powering the circuit. uA 741 must be mounted
on a holder.
Practical di erential ampli er circuit
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7 thoughts on Di erential Ampli er Circuit Tutorial using BJT and

Opamp
Dear January 5, 2015 at 2:50 am
Hi I would like to build voltage ampli er as weel as regulator using lm741. The input would be
0.05mv to 50volt. The input pulses per min would be 1-30000. The output pulse should be
regulated 5 volt at all frequencies and voltage inputs. There would be only +12 volt source for
powering the op-amp & not the -12v. The pin #4 will be grounded. Plz if anyone could help me.
Reply
sanjay agarawl December 6, 2014 at 10:47 am

I HAVE IMPLEMENTED DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER USING TWO OP-AMP(324 WITH 12 VOLT D.C.
SUPPLY).
VI1 IS KEPT AT 135 MILI-VOLT WRT V2.
I GET VOLT AT OUTPUT AROUND10.24 VOLT D.C.
ALL RESISTOR ARE AT 100 K.
THEORETICALLY O/P SHOULD BE 2X135 M.V=270 M.V.
PL. COMMENT
SANJAY AGARAWL
09968171133
Reply
htsh September 21, 2014 at 11:09 am

in equation 4 for Vob how did you get the negative sign in the end?
Reply
Seetharaman September 24, 2014 at 1:11 am

it is used an inverting ampli er if input is positive output will be negative and vice
versa.
Reply
Matjaz Vencelj January 11, 2013 at 1:53 am

CORRECTION OF OWN COMMENT:
In the derivation for the two opamp version, where you state
I think it should be
7/13
10/8/2016
Thanks for the excellent text otherwise!
cheers!
Matjaz
Reply
RAYMOND MICHAEL June 30, 2012 at 11:22 pm

HI!
Im real hapy to your atticle,hopping I can use 741 in my project; currently Im completting my
circuit but the problem I face is how connect 4 sensor (weight sensor) before feeding them to
circuit you described above (di erential ampli er) and the output of 741 (opamp) will be inputed
to my PIC16F84A
I took those sensors from a digital weight scale.because the output signal from the scale is very
low thats why I wanted to employ opamp to rise signal.
Having said those i hope you will help me to complte this task.
Please send information via my email (nziku99@yahoo.com)
the scale used 3v as power supply and my project eses 5v
PLEASE HELP!!!!!!
Reply
Giggles December 15, 2011 at 11:20 pm

This shows real expertise. Thanks for the awensr.
Reply
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collector outputs. This is explained with a diagram below.

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Derivation for voltage gain.

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Output voltage Vob due to Vb alone is according to the equation

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Di erential ampli er using opamp

Derivation of voltage gain.

Output voltage due to Vb alone is

Overall output voltage Vo = Voa + Vob

Let R1 = R2 and Rf =R1, then we have

Therefore overall voltage gain Av can be expressed using the equation

Practical di erential ampli er.

Practical di erential ampli er circuit

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7 thoughts on Di erential Ampli er Circuit Tutorial using BJT and

sanjay agarawl December 6, 2014 at 10:47 am

htsh September 21, 2014 at 11:09 am

Seetharaman September 24, 2014 at 1:11 am

Matjaz Vencelj January 11, 2013 at 1:53 am

RAYMOND MICHAEL June 30, 2012 at 11:22 pm

Giggles December 15, 2011 at 11:20 pm

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