TheDeathofSeneca,1773

Artist:JacquesLouisDavid

SLOPES

If the one thing in the world

which is fixed and cannot be
moved begins to waver; if
the earth loses its defining
characteristics of stability,
where will our fears finally
come to rest?
rest?
All areas are subject
j
to the
same law; nothing was created
by Nature to be immobile
Seneca,Dialoguesand
Essays
Essays

SLOPES

1.
2.
3
3.
4.
5.

Introduction
Classificationoflandslides
M h d f
Methodsofanalysis
l i
Investigationofexistinglandslides
g
g
Methodsofstabilisation

Landslidepotentialin
th U it d Ki d
theUnitedKingdom
BGS

Huascaran, Peru (13061970)

Servicio Aerofotografico Nacional de Peru
http://landslides usgs gov/learning/photos/international
http://landslides.usgs.gov/learning/photos/international
/peru_earthquake_mt._huascaran_1970/slide6.jpg

Landfill(Midlothian)
Source:BritishGeologicalAssociation

PanAmericanHighway,ElSalvador(2003)
PhotobyEdHarp,USGS.

FolkestoneWarren,Kent
http://www.bgs.ac.uk/science/landusea
nddevelopment/landslides/casestudies.
html

(1915)

(2002)

LagunaBeach,USA(2005)
http://landslides.usgs.gov/learning/photos/california__u.s._/laguna_beach_and_blue_bird__ca_landslides

SantaTecla,ElSalvador(2001)
EdHarp,USGS
http://landslides.usgs.gov/learning/photos/internati
onal

MASS MOVEMENT
MASSMOVEMENT
Definition:
The movement of masses of geological material on the
surface of the earth due to gravitational effects. This
definition distinguishes mass movement from mass
transport which includes fluvial processes. Note that
transport
landslides are just one type of mass movement.

TYPES OF MOVEMENT
TYPESOFMOVEMENT

Spiti,India
http://www.ig.tuwien.ac.at/Research/Research_subaqueous
_
_artesian_springs.htm
_p g

Valleyrebound
y

Vendsyssel,Denmark
http://www geus dk/publications/bull/nr8/nr8 p060 089 dk htm
http://www.geus.dk/publications/bull/nr8/nr8_p060089dk.htm

A relativelyy minor,, elastic movement that results from

stress relief following valley erosion.

TYPES OF MOVEMENT
TYPESOFMOVEMENT

Ashop Valley Derbyshire

AshopValley,Derbyshire
http://www.flickr.com/photos/earthwatcher/359243790/

Camber and bulge

Camberandbulge
The same type of movement as the valley rebound but
in a larger scale.

TYPES OF MOVEMENT
TYPESOFMOVEMENT
Creep
It is a continuous displacement under constant shear
stress s. Normally, during creep s < , where is the
shear strength of the soil. Creep can precede failure
(landslide occurs after a period of creep) or may follow
failure (due to strain softening). Note that seasonal
changes such as soil wetting and drying as well as
freeze/thaw imply volume changes in the soil mass.
Hence a movement.

TYPES OF MOVEMENT
TYPESOFMOVEMENT

Golden,Colorado
http://www.env.duke.edu/eos/geo41/geo41.htm

Lobe,Alaska
NationalOceanicandAtmosferic
Administration(NOAA)
(
)

Creep

TYPES OF MOVEMENT
TYPESOFMOVEMENT

Landslide

LasColinasLandslide ElSalvador,Feb2003
http://www.geo.mtu.edu/~ywlewis/

They occur in slopes when s > . Landslides include

many differing characteristics and can be classified in
many different ways

TYPES OF MOVEMENT
TYPESOFMOVEMENT

Otago,NewZealand

Otago,NewZealand

Ot
OtagoDailyTimeshttp://www.odt.co.nz
D il Ti
htt //
dt

Ot
OtagoDailyTimeshttp://www.odt.co.nz
D il Ti
htt //
dt

Blockfalls,topplingandboulderfalls
Forexample,duetoicewedgingorthermaleffects

TYPES OF MOVEMENT
TYPESOFMOVEMENT

http://cavern.com/cavescience/
Subsidence
It can occur due to solution of underlying strata,
strata
thawing of ice or internal/subsurface erosion.
Subsidence can also be manmade
man made due to mining and
pumping (water, oil, etc.)

CLASSIFICATIONOF
LANDSLIDES
SOMEMETHODS
a)) consideringthewatercontentoftheslidingmass
g
g
b) landslidegeometry
c)) landslidemechanism
(geotechnicalclassification).

CLASSIFICATIONOF
LANDSLIDES
(Water content)
(Watercontent)
State

Semi
Semi
solid

B ittl
Brittle

Pl ti
Plastic

Li id
Liquid

wnat
0

SL

PL

LL

LI=0

LI=1

LI
LI<<0

LI>1

CLASSIFICATIONOF
LANDSLIDES
(Water content)
(Watercontent)

Jonathan Hayward
JonathanHayward
http://www.ctvbc.ctv.ca

LI
LI<<0

LI=0

LI=1

LI>1

CLASSIFICATIONOF
LANDSLIDES
(Water content)
(Watercontent)

NorthernIreland Dikauetal(1996)
(
)

LI
LI<<0

LI=0

LI=1

LI>1

CLASSIFICATIONOF
LANDSLIDES
(Water content)
(Watercontent)

LI
LI<<0

LI=0

LI=1

LI>1

CLASSIFICATIONOF
LANDSLIDES
(Water content)
(Watercontent)

Dunkeld,Scotland(2004)
Dunkeld
Scotland (2004)
PicturebyAlanMcKenzie

LI
LI<<0

LI=0

LI=1

LI>1

CLASSIFICATIONOF
LANDSLIDES
(Geometry)

CLASSIFICATIONOF
LANDSLIDES
(Geometry)

Thepreviousdirectshearboxresults
correspondsto
27%
24%

17%
15%

15%

A
lo

A
n

or
m
al

ly

co
n

so
l

id
at

ed
.. .

os
es
an
A
ov
d
d
er
en
c
A
se
on
ns
sa
so
w
nd
er
lid
s3
a
te
A
a
d
ns
nd
cla
w

4
er
y
a
s1
re

co
a
nd
rre
2
ct
ar
ec
or
re
ct

2%

A
n

1 A
1.
Anormallyconsolidated
normally consolidated
clay
2. Aloosesand
3 Adensesand
3.
A dense sand
4. Anoverconsolidated
clay
5. Answers3and4are
Answers 3 and 4 are
correct
6 Answers1and2are
6.
A
1 d2
correct

Thepreviousdirectshearboxresults
correspondsto
52%

17%

22%

an

d
a

n
o

r..
.

rm
.. .
n
o
d
a

en
se
sa
nd

A
d

an

d
a
os
es
an
d

an
A
lo

en
se
sa
nd

A
d

os
es
an
d

an

d
a

n
o

n
o

ve
.. .

ve
.. .

9%

A
lo

1. Aloosesandandan
overconsolidatedclay
2. Adensesandandan
overconsolidatedclay
3. Aloosesandanda
normallyconsolidated
o a y co so da ed
clay
4 Adensesandanda
4.
A dense sand and a
normallyconsolidated
clay

Thepreviousshearstrengthenvelope
correspondsto
1. Totalstressandlong
termconditions
2. Totalstressandshort
termconditions
3. Effectivestressand
longtermconditions
o g e co d o s
4. Effectivestressand
shortterm conditions
shorttermconditions

40%
29%

26%

or
..
nd
sh

re
ss
a

nd
lo
ng
. .
.
Ef

fe
ct
ive
st

re
ss
a

or
t
fe
ct
ive
st

nd
sh
Ef

ls
ot
a
T

ot
a

ls

tre
ss
a

tre
ss
a

nd
lo
ng

te
..

te
..

5%

Thepreviousshearstrengthenvelope
correspondsto
1. ResultsfromCD
triaxialtests
2. ResultsfromUU
tests
3. ResultsfromCU
triaxialtests
4 ResultsfromUD
4.
Results from UD
triaxialtests

58%

21%

m
U
ts
U
fr
te
om
st
s
C
U
R
tri
es
ul
ax
ts
ia
fr
lt
om
.. .
U
D
tr
iax
ia
lt
...

es
ul

ts
fr
o

R
es
ul

R
es
ul

ts
f

ro

m
C
D
tr

iax

ia

lt
...

8%

13%

CLASSIFICATIONOF
LANDSLIDES
(
(Mechanism)
)
Strength properties
Strengthproperties
Firsttime
First time
Reactivated
Progressive
Progressive

Pore pressure regime

Porepressureregime
Short
Shortterm
term
Intermediateterm
Long
Longterm
term
Rapid
Rapiddrawdown
drawdown
Criticalpoollevel

CLASSIFICATIONOF
LANDSLIDES
Strengthproperties
Strength
properties
Firsttime
Reactivated
Reactivated
Progressive

CLASSIFICATIONOF
LANDSLIDES
Porepressureregime
Shortterm
Intermediateterm
I t
di t t
Longterm
Rapiddrawdown
Criticalpoollevel
C iti l
ll l

CLASSIFICATIONOF
LANDSLIDES
Pore pressure regime
Porepressureregime
Short
Shortterm
term
Intermediateterm
Long
Longterm
term
Rapid
Rapiddrawdown
drawdown
Criticalpoollevel

LLawCodeofHammurabi
C d fH
bi
KingofBabylon
1792 1750 BC
17921750BC
R.M.N./H.Lewandowski

Royalhead,knownasthe
Royal
head, known as the "Head
Headof
of
Hammurabi
MuseduLouvre/OiCheongLee
/
g

HAMMURABISCODE
228 Ifabuilderbuildahouseforsomeoneandcompleteit,heshallgivehimafee
oftwoshekelsinmoneyforeachsar ofsurface.
229 Ifabuilderbuildahouseforsomeone,anddoesnotconstructitproperly,and
If a builder build a house for some one and does not construct it properly and
thehousewhichhebuiltfallinandkillitsowner,thenthatbuildershallbeputto
death.
230 Ifitkillthesonoftheownerthesonofthatbuildershallbeputtodeath.
If it kill the son of the owner the son of that builder shall be put to death
231 Ifitkillaslaveoftheowner,thenheshallpayslaveforslavetotheownerof
thehouse.
232 Ifitruingoods,heshallmakecompensationforallthathasbeenruined,and
inasmuchashedidnotconstructproperlythishousewhichhebuiltanditfell,he
shallreerectthehousefromhisownmeans.
233 Ifabuilderbuildahouseforsomeone,eventhoughhehasnotyetcompleted
it;ifthenthewallsseemtoppling,thebuildermustmakethewallssolidfromhis
ownmeans.

Collapseleadstomanslaughterchargefor
Collapse
leads to manslaughter charge for
geotechnicsfirm
30April2009|ByAlexandraWynne
GroundengineeringspecialistCotswoldGeotechnicalHoldingslastweekbecamethe
firstcompanytobechargedwithcorporatemanslaughterundertheCorporate
ManslaughterandCorporateHomicideAct2007.
GeologistAlexanderWrightdiedinSeptemberlastyearwhiletakingsoilsamplesina
pitwhichhadbeenexcavatedaspartofasitesurvey.
it hi h h d b
t d
t f it
Thesidesofthepitcollapsed,crushinghimtodeath.
CostwoldGeotechnicaldirectorPeterEatonhasalsobeenchargedwithgross
negligencemanslaughter,whichcarriesamaximumsentenceoflife
imprisonment.
Underthenewcorporatemanslaughtercharge,anorganisationisguiltyifabreachin
dutyofcaretothepersonwhodiedissubstantiallydowntoaseniormanagement
failing.
AnnMetherall,apartneratlawfirmBurgesSalmonsaidthecorporatemanslaughter
charge could be more easily levelled at a small firm. It
chargecouldbemoreeasilylevelledatasmallfirm.
Itisunsurprisingthatthefirst
is unsurprising that the first
prosecutionundertheActisagainstasmallcompany,notleastbecausethereis
unlikelytobeanyissuesindefiningseniormanagement,saidMetherall.Iwonder
whetherabigcompanyinsimilarcircumstanceswouldfinditselfprosecuted.
http://www nce co uk/5201397 article
http://www.nce.co.uk/5201397.article

METHODSOFANALYSIS
FORSLOPESTABILITY

POSSIBILITIES

Compatibility=Doesittellyouhowthesoildeforms?
Constit.Behaviour=Doesitsimulaterealsoilbehaviour?
Disp.=Displacement
SolutionRequirement

EEquilibrium

Co
ompatibility

d
d
Boundaryconditions
ConstitutiveBehaviour

Closedform

Linearelastic

Limit
Limit
equilibrium

NS

Rigidwithfailure
Rigid
with failure
criterion

NS

Stressfields

NS

Rigidwithfailure
criterion

NS

NS

NS

NS

NS

Limit
analysis

Method

Lower
bound
Upper
bound

Idealplasticitywith
associatedflowrule

Beamspring
approaches

Soilmodelledbysprings
orelasticinteraction
factors

Fullnumericalanalysis

Any

S=Satisfied,NS=NotSatisfied

Force

Disp.

LIMITEQUILIBRIUM
The most common method for
slope stability analysis.

Assumeafailuresurface

It
does
not
consider
compatibility or displacement
boundary conditions (i.e. its
solutions are not unique)

Applystaticequilibriumto
Apply
static equilibrium to
thesoilmass

It usually agrees with field

observations

FindfactorofsafetyF or
otherunknownparameter

PLANAR MOVEMENTS
PLANARMOVEMENTS

PLANARMOVEMENTS

Geomophologie revues org/index1292 html

Geomophologie.revues.org/index1292.html

PLANARMOVEMENTS

THEINFINITESLOPE

THEINFINITESLOPE
Totalstressanalysis(1/2)
1. Solveparallelto
theslipsurface:

2.Solve
p p
perpendicularto
theslipsurface:

THEINFINITESLOPE
Totalstressanalysis(2/2)
3.WhatareS andW?

3.FindF:

THEINFINITESLOPE
Totalstressanalysis(2/2)
3.WhatareS andW?

3.FindF:

THEINFINITESLOPE
Effectivestressanalysis(1/2)
1.Staticequilibrium

2 What is S now?
2.WhatisS

3.Replacevariables...

THEINFINITESLOPE
Effectivestressanalysis(2/2)
4.Staticequilibrium

5 Find F
5.FindF

THEINFINITESLOPE
Seepageincluded

THEINFINITESLOPE
Seepageincluded

THEINFINITESLOPE
Seepageincluded

Forces are the

same as in the
previous example, just
include u
1. FindF

THEINFINITESLOPE
Seepageincluded

Can you find a

simplified expression
for F when:
1. c=0?

2. h=Zand c=0?