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Prepared by: Group IV

1934 Filipinos campaigned for


independence and sent twelve independence
missions to America.
1935 The Commonwealth of the Philippines
was finally established.
July 4, 1946 this was the preparatory step to
the established of the Third Philippine Republic.
1919

1899 1901 It was realized for a brief time with the established

for the First Philippine Republic, only to be lost in a war against


Americans.
Defeated in a war, the people accepted American rule, trained in

the presence of democracy, assimilated American political and


cultural legacies. But they never ceased to aspire freedom.
1907 The Philippine Assembly and later, the Philippine

Legislature passed resolution expressing the Filipino desire for


Independence.
The Nacionalista Party won every election because of its stirring

cry: Immediate Complete, and Absolute Independence.

During the 1st World War, the Filipinos temporarily


stopped their independence campaign and supported the
United States against Germany. After the war, they resumed
their independence drive with greater vigor.
On March 17, 1919, the Philippine Legislature passed
the famous Declaration Purposes, which stated the inflexible
desire of the Filipino people to be free and sovereign.
February 29, 1919 Senate President Quezon, left
Manila to Washington. It consisted of 40 prominent Filipinos
representing the political, educational, and economic elements
of the country.

The Filipinos were received by Secretary of War, Baker


who extended to them the courtesies of the American nation.
They presented the Filipino case before congress, and then
returned home.

President Wilson, in his farewell address to Congress


on December 2, 1920, recommended the granting of
Philippine Independence.
Unfortunately, the Republican Party then controlled the
Congress, so the recommendation of the outgoing Democratic
president was not heeded.

The failure of the 1st Independence Mission did not discourage the Filipino people.
In subsequent, years other independence missions were sent across the Pacific.
The 2nd mission was sent in 1922
The 3rd mission was sent in 1923,
The 4th in 1924,
5th in 1925,
6th in 1927,
7th in 1928,
8th in 1930,
The 9th in 1931 (OSROX MISSION),
10th (one-man mission consisting of Benigno Aquino) in 1932,
11th in 1933, and
The 12th in November 1933

The OsRox Mission (1931) was a campaign for selfgovernment and United States recognition of the
Independence of the Philippines led by former Senate
President Sergio Osmena and House Speaker Manuel Roxas.
The mission secured the Hare-Hawes-Cutting Act, which was
rejected by the Philippine Legislature and Manuel Quezon.
And was able to influence the U.S Congress to pass a
pro-independence bill by representative Butter Hare, Senator
Henry Hawes, and Senator Bronso Cutting

The OsRox Mission was the 9th mission in a series of


missions lasting from 1919 to 1933.

would establish the Philippine Commonwealth as a


transition government for 10 years before receiving
Independence in July 4, 1946.

The Hare-Hawes-Cutting Act was authored by South


Carolina Representative Butler Hare, Missouri Senator Harry
Bartow Hawes and New Mexico Senator Bronson M. Cutting.
It was finally passed by the United States Congress in
December 1932, but was vetoed by U.S President Herbert
Hoover. Congress then overrode the veto on January 17,
1933.

The law promised Philippine Independence after 10


years, but reserved several military and naval bases for the
United States, as well as imposing tariffs and quotas on
Philippine exports.
It separated the Philippine Legislature in two camps,
the Antis and the Pros.
Aside from granting the Philippines Independence, the
Hare-Hawes-Cutting Act also reserved military bases from the
US and let American goods into the country for free. These
provisions were seen as controversial.

The Philippine Legislature ended up rejecting the OsRox Missions work for the
following reasons:
1. The provisions affecting the trade relations between United States

and the Philippines would seriously imperil the economic, social and
political institutions of the country and might defeat the avowed
purpose to secure independence for the Philippines at the end of the
transition period.
2. The immigration clause was objectionable and offensive to the

Filipino people.
3. The powers of the High Commoner were too indefinite.

4. The military, naval and other reservations provided for in the act were

inconsistent with true independence, violated dignity and were


subject to misunderstanding.

The HHC-act proved to be a disruptive factor in the Philippine

politics because it divided the people into two opposing camps


the Antis and the Pros.

The Pros were led by Senator Osmena and Speaker Roxas, who

supported the act as they believed it was the best one they could
get out of the US Congress.
Senate President Manuel Quezon led the Antis and objected the

act due to its objectionable features. He also believed that the


act did not truly grant the Philippines independence.

Before the final passage of the HHC-act, Senate President

Quezon, who was in Manila, expressed his objections to the


pending independence legislation.

In December 1932, he sent a one-man missions (Aquino) to

Washington with definite instruction regarding his objections. Aquino,


however, was won over by Osmena and Roxas to their side.

The following year Quezon left Manila at head of the eleventh mission.

The home-bound OSROX Mission met the Quezon Mission in Paris.


The two missions failed to come to an understanding. With strained
relations, they returned together to Manila.
It eclipsed the famous Osmena-Quezon fight in 1921, which split for

the first time the Nacionalistas into two warring factions the
Unipersonalistas (Osmena Wing) and the Colectivistas (Quezon Wing).

On October 17, 1933, the Quezon controlled Philippine Legislature

rejected the HHC-act. The following month, Quezon himself led the
twelfth mission to Washington to secure a better independence act.

Following a series of conferences with President Franklin D.


Roosevelt and various Congressional Leaders. Quezon was able to win
Congress to his side.
A new independence measure, called the Tydings-McDuffie Law
(so named after its sponsors Senator Milard E. Tydings and
Representative John McDuffie), was passed and signed by President
Roosevelt on March 24, 1934. It was a revised copy of the spurned HHC
act of 1933.
The only differences from the HHC act were the change in the
title, the elimination of military reservations, and the modification of
certain vague provisions.

July 4, 1946 preparatory granting of independence.

April 30, 1934 Senate President Quezon proudly returned to Manila

with a copy of the Tydings-Mcduffie Law.


May 1 The Philippine Legislature accepted the law.
This did not end the controversy between the Antis and the Pros, for

the latter insisted that the Tydings McDuffie Law the same as the
Hare-Hawes-Cutting Law.

June 5, 1934 the issue was presented to the people in the general

election. The Pros down in defeat. Quezon and his men surged power
by popular vote. Osmena and Roxas were reelected to the Legislature,
but they lost their respective positions as President Pro-tempore of the
Senate and Speaker of the House. Quintin Paredes became the
Speaker of the House and Jose Clarin became Senate President Protempore.

The Tydings-McDuffie Law authorized the Philippine

Legislature to call a constitutional convention to draft


the Constitution of the Philippines.
May 5, 1934 the Philippine Legislature passed an
act setting the election of 202 delegates to the
convention.
Governor-General Frank Murphy designated July 10
as the date of election of delegates to the convention.

--- Of the 202 delegates the majority were


lawyers, including many who had been judges,
legislator, and cabinet men. Others were
educators,
scholars,
writers,
physicians,
farmers, business men, labor leaders, and
religious ministers. With the exception of a few
rich hacienderos and financers, the delegates
were mostly of the middle class.

At 10:30 in the morning of July 30, 1934 the convention

met in inaugural session at the hall of the House of


Representative, Legislative Building, Manila. The Batanes
delegates were delayed in coming to Manila because of the
difficulty of transportation. A vast crowd jamming the Session
Hall to witness the opening ceremonies.
The convention was formally opened by Senator President

Quezon. A solemn invocation over, President Quezon


delivered a short speech, after which he ordered the calling
of the roll of delegates. A quorum was declared Jose P.
Laurel, delegate from Batangas, was chosen temporary
chairman, and he presided over the election of the
Convention officers.

The elected officers of the Convention were:


Claro M. Recto President

Ruberto Montinola and Teodoro Sandiko 1st and 2nd Vice President
Narciso Pimentel Secretary
Narciso Diokno Sergeant and arms

The convention was too unwieldy a body to draft a


constitution. It was therefore, divided into two committees. There
were seven standing committees on the organization and the
function of the Convention and forty committees of the
constitution.
The largest and most powerful of these committees was
the Sponsorship Committee of 87 members, with Delegate
Filemon Sotto as Chairman.
According to the rules adopted by the Convention, any
delegate could submit constitutional proposals. These proposals
would be studied by the pertinent committees which, in turn,
would make their reports to the Sponsorship Committee.

After the

working for some time over the numerous


proposals received from the different committee, the
Sponsorship Committee found out that it could not work fast
enough owing to its large membership.

Accordingly, on October 8, 1934, it created a Sub-committee

of Seven to draft the Constitution. This body was composed


of Filemon Sotto (chairman), Manuel Roxas, Noberto
Romualdez, Manuel C. Briones, Condrado Benitez, Miguel
Cuaderno, and Vicente Singson Encarcion, they were called
the seven wise men by the press.

October 20, 1934 the sub-committee of seven reported the

finished draft of the constitution to the sponsorship committee


to which, in turn, submitted it to the convention.
January 31, 1935 the convention approved the draft, with

certain amendments.
February 8, 1935 the constitution was approved by the

convention by a vote of 177 to 1. Twenty-two members were


absent. One member had died in August 1934. The only
dissenting vote was cast by Delegate Tomas Cabili of Lanao.
The drafting of the constitution lasted six months from July

30, 1934 to February 1935, amidst impressive ceremonies.

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