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1899 1901 It was realized for a brief time with the established
The failure of the 1st Independence Mission did not discourage the Filipino people.
In subsequent, years other independence missions were sent across the Pacific.
The 2nd mission was sent in 1922
The 3rd mission was sent in 1923,
The 4th in 1924,
5th in 1925,
6th in 1927,
7th in 1928,
8th in 1930,
The 9th in 1931 (OSROX MISSION),
10th (one-man mission consisting of Benigno Aquino) in 1932,
11th in 1933, and
The 12th in November 1933
The OsRox Mission (1931) was a campaign for selfgovernment and United States recognition of the
Independence of the Philippines led by former Senate
President Sergio Osmena and House Speaker Manuel Roxas.
The mission secured the Hare-Hawes-Cutting Act, which was
rejected by the Philippine Legislature and Manuel Quezon.
And was able to influence the U.S Congress to pass a
pro-independence bill by representative Butter Hare, Senator
Henry Hawes, and Senator Bronso Cutting
The Philippine Legislature ended up rejecting the OsRox Missions work for the
following reasons:
1. The provisions affecting the trade relations between United States
and the Philippines would seriously imperil the economic, social and
political institutions of the country and might defeat the avowed
purpose to secure independence for the Philippines at the end of the
transition period.
2. The immigration clause was objectionable and offensive to the
Filipino people.
3. The powers of the High Commoner were too indefinite.
4. The military, naval and other reservations provided for in the act were
The Pros were led by Senator Osmena and Speaker Roxas, who
supported the act as they believed it was the best one they could
get out of the US Congress.
Senate President Manuel Quezon led the Antis and objected the
The following year Quezon left Manila at head of the eleventh mission.
the first time the Nacionalistas into two warring factions the
Unipersonalistas (Osmena Wing) and the Colectivistas (Quezon Wing).
rejected the HHC-act. The following month, Quezon himself led the
twelfth mission to Washington to secure a better independence act.
the latter insisted that the Tydings McDuffie Law the same as the
Hare-Hawes-Cutting Law.
June 5, 1934 the issue was presented to the people in the general
election. The Pros down in defeat. Quezon and his men surged power
by popular vote. Osmena and Roxas were reelected to the Legislature,
but they lost their respective positions as President Pro-tempore of the
Senate and Speaker of the House. Quintin Paredes became the
Speaker of the House and Jose Clarin became Senate President Protempore.
Ruberto Montinola and Teodoro Sandiko 1st and 2nd Vice President
Narciso Pimentel Secretary
Narciso Diokno Sergeant and arms
After the
certain amendments.
February 8, 1935 the constitution was approved by the