Ccpe Parks Conservancy Report

Public Spaces/Private Money
The Triumphs and Pitfalls of Urban Park Conservancies
The Trust for Public Land creates parks and protects land for people, ensuring healthy,
livable communities for generations to come.
Our Center for City Park Excellence helps make cities more successful through the
renewal and creation of parks for their social, ecological, and economic benefits to
residents and visitors alike.
Funding for this report was provided by:

Richard Gilder, Jr.
The Horace W. Goldsmith Foundation
Thomas L. Kempner
Special acknowledgment
This report could not have been produced without the editorial and administrative leadership
of Adrian Benepe, Senior Vice President for City Park Development, The Trust for Public Land.
Public Spaces/Private Money

The Triumphs and Pitfalls of Urban Park Conservancies
By Peter Harnik and Abby Martin
The Trust for Public Land

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Cover: Boston Public Garden, maintained by

Friends of the Public Garden, Inc. Flickr/Josepha.
Printed on 100% recycled paper.
2015 The Trust for Public Land.
Table of contents
Introduction ............................................................................................................................5
What is a City Park Conservancy? ........................................................................................6
Founding Models: New York and San Francisco .........................................................7
What Makes a Park Conservancy Successful? ..................................................................13
Formal Agreement with the City ..................................................................................15
A Role for Public Officials .............................................................................................20
Master Planning and Project Prioritization..................................................................20
A Strong and Effective Board of Directors .................................................................21
Robust Fundraising is Mandatory ................................................................................26
Getting Recognition Right ............................................................................................26
Concessions and Earned Income ................................................................................29
Cordoned-Off Events ....................................................................................................31
What About Maintenance?...........................................................................................35
That Other PartnerThe City ........................................................................................36
Who Really Owns the Park? ..........................................................................................40
Combatting Fearfulness................................................................................................41
Conclusion ............................................................................................................................47
Tables
Selected Urban Conservancies and their Parks ...........................................................4
The Experience So Far ..................................................................................................14
Annual Revenue .............................................................................................................27
Annual Spending ...........................................................................................................28
Annual Earned Revenue ...............................................................................................30
Case Studies
Forest Park Forever, St. Louis ........................................................................................10
Piedmont Park Conservancy, Atlanta ..........................................................................16
Prospect Park Alliance, New York ................................................................................22
Civic Center Conservancy, Denver ..............................................................................32
Olmsted Parks Conservancy, Louisville.......................................................................37
Overton Park Conservancy, Memphis .........................................................................44
S E L E C T E D U R B A N PA R K C O N S E R V A N C I E S A N D T H E I R PA R K S
conservancy
city
park
acres
Chastain Park Conservancy
Atlanta
Chastain Park
268
Grant Park Conservancy
Atlanta
Grant Park
132
Historic Oakland Foundation
Atlanta
Oakland Cemetery
Piedmont Park Conservancy
Atlanta
Piedmont Park
Mount Vernon Place Conservancy
Baltimore
Mount Vernon Place
Railroad Park Foundation
Birmingham
Railroad Park
Emerald Necklace Conservancy
Boston
5 parks
835
Friends of the Public Garden, Inc.
Boston
3 parks
82
Rose F. Kennedy Greenway Conservancy
Boston
5 parks
Buffalo Olmsted Parks Conservancy
Buffalo
21 parks and parkways
Friends of Fair Park
Dallas
Fair Park
Woodall Rogers Park Foundation
Dallas
Klyde Warren Park
Civic Center Conservancy
Denver
Civic Center
Detroit 300 Conservancy
Detroit
4 parks
Detroit Riverfront Conservancy
Detroit
12 parks
Bushnell Park Foundation
Hartford
Bushnell Park
37
Buffalo Bayou Partnership
Houston
Buffalo Bayou
45
Discovery Green Conservancy
Houston
Discovery Green
Hermann Park Conservancy
Houston
Hermann Park
445
Memorial Park Conservancy
Houston
Memorial Park
1,431
Louisville Olmsted Parks Conservancy
Louisville
18 parks and parkways
2,087
Overton Park Conservancy
Memphis
Overton Park
Shelby Farms Park Conservancy
Memphis
Shelby Farms Park
Brooklyn Bridge Park Conservancy
New York
Brooklyn Bridge Park
Central Park Conservancy
New York
Central Park
843
Friends of Hudson River Park
New York
Hudson River Park
550
Friends of the High Line
New York
High Line
Madison Square Park Conservancy
New York
Madison Square Park
Prospect Park Alliance
New York
Prospect Park
585
Randall's Island Park Alliance
New York
Randalls Island Park
433
Riverside Park Conservancy
New York
Riverside Park
Staten Island Greenbelt Conservancy
New York
10 parks
The Battery Conservancy
New York
The Battery
25
Myriad Gardens Foundation
Oklahoma City
Myriad Botanical Gardens
17
Fairmount Park Conservancy
Philadelphia
353 parks
Pittsburgh Parks Conservancy
Pittsburgh
8 parks
1,700
Forest Park Conservancy
Portland
Forest Park
5,171
Brackenridge Park Conservancy
San Antonio
Brackenridge Park
246
Guadalupe River Park Conservancy
San Jose
Guadalupe River Park
240
Forest Park Forever
St. Louis
Forest Park
Trust for the National Mall
Washington, D.C.
The National Mall
48
185
6
19
15
1,200
277
5
12
8
117
12
184
3,200
65
330
1,792
10,550
1,293
146
public spaces/private money: the triumphs and pitfalls of urban park conservancies
Introduction
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Schenley Plaza, a key entranceway to Pittsburghs central Schenley Park, is an emblem of the
power and promise of conservancies. The neglected plaza, which had devolved into a parking lot
for 60 years, was redesigned and reconstructed by the Pittsburgh Parks Conservancy and is now
the social and environmental centerpiece of its neighborhood.
What is a City Park Conservancy?

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Rivard Plaza, a notable stimulus to the revitalization of downtown Detroit, is operated and
supported by the Detroit Riverfront Conservancy, one of two private institutions partnering with
the government to support parks in the city.
6
Founding Models: New York and San Francisco

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And What Isnt a Conservancy.

Not every park-support organization is a conservancy. Here are a few institutional
models not covered in this booklet:
Friends of the Park groups. These generally all-volunteer groups focus on hands-on
cleanup and grassroots advocacy. Depending on the circumstance, a friends
organization may lobby in favor of a park department or criticize it. Either way, the
focus is on improved government services, not private philanthropy. In a few cities,
these individual park groups are so numerous they have spawned an umbrella organization, with paid staff, that works on park issues citywide. Such advocacy groups may
also go by other names, for example New Yorkers for Parks, the Philadelphia Park
Alliance, the San Francisco Park Alliance, and Park Pride, in Atlanta.
Business Improvement Districts (BIDs). These support organizations for core commercial districts are multiplying quickly, to well over 1,000 nationwide. Funded through
a small surtax assessment on district property owners, BIDs typically manage sidewalk
cleanliness, help visitors and enforce orderliness. Only a few districts have thus far
taken on park issues and improvements within their boundaries. Unlike conservancies,
BIDs generally do not solicit or receive philanthropic donations.
Most Conservancies in California. Confusingly, the state of California uses the word
Conservancy to designate a certain type of state agency. These include the Santa
Monica Mountains Conservancy, the Tahoe Conservancy, the California Coastal
Conservancy, and others. Generally, these agencies work within their landscapes to
meet environmental and other goals. However, the word is also used in California to
refer to a few private nonprofit organizations similar to those discussed in this booklet
for example, the Golden Gate National Parks Conservancy.
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How Big is the Movement?

All told, the city park conservancy universe is small in acreage, substantial in financial
clout and number of people served, and growing rapidly.
The parkland under the purview of the conservanciesalmost 35,000 acresis
impressive, although miniscule in comparison with the 1.5 million acres in the park
systems of the 100 largest cities. By usership, the impact is substantial, with well over
125 million annual visits to the city parks that have conservancies.
The combined spending on operations and capital construction by 41 of the most
prominent conservancies totaled $158.9 million in 2012.1 (This compares with the
$6.2 billion spent by public park-and-recreation agencies in the 100 biggest cities that
year.) Of the 41 conservancies, 29 spent more than $1 million in 2012; the median
conservancy spent $1.5 million. On a per-acre basis, conservancies spent an average
of $14,400, about 50 percent more than public park departments.
Most significant, the movement is growing rapidly, with fully half of the 41 coming into
existence only since the year 2000.
1
This figure does not include San Franciscos $33-million-per-year Golden Gate National Parks Conservancy because the vast
bulk of that park is located outside of the city limits.
ca s e st u dy
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Fore st Pa rk Fore v e r
375
Acres managed (of 1,293-acre park)
1876
Park created
1986
Conservancy founded
$3,926,486
$12,998,911
92%
Expenditures*
Revenue*
Contributions and grants as portion of total revenue*
1%
Earned revenue as portion of total revenue*
51
Employees
1,100
Volunteers
38
5 officers, 12-member
executive committee,
18 general directors,
10 ex-officio**
Voting board members

Board structure
Yes
Conservancy manages operations/maintenance?
Yes
Conservancy conducts capital projects?
Yes
Conservancy programs park?
Yes
Conservancy created master plan?
*Annual, 2009-2012 average

**Ex-officio: Mayor, Parks Director, Alderman, Art Museum, Forest Park Golf Course, Missouri Historical Society, Muny,
Science Center, Washington University and Zoo.
12
What Makes a Park Conservancy Successful?

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13
T H E E X P E R I E N C E S O FA R
w h e n pa r ks a nd th e ir support orga ni zati ons w e re founde d
City
Conservancy
Park Created
Conservancy
Founded
Atlanta
1850
1984
Atlanta
1887
1989
Atlanta
1883
1999
Atlanta
1938
2004
Baltimore
1829
2008
Birmingham
2010
2008
Boston
1879
1997
Boston
Friends of the Public Garden
1634
2000*
Boston
Rose Fitzgerald Kennedy Greenway Conservancy
2007
2004
Buffalo
1870
1995
Dallas
1886
1986
Dallas
2012
2004
Denver
1894
2004
Detroit
1847
2001
Detroit
1975
2002
Hartford
1854
1981
Houston
1899
1986
Houston
1925
2000
Houston
2008
2004
Houston
1914
2004*
Louisville
1880
1989
Memphis
1975
2007
Memphis
Overton Park Conservancy
1901
2011
New York
1858
1980
New York
1872
1986
New York
1868
1987
New York
1984
1987
New York
1933
1992
New York
1823
1994
New York
2003
1999
New York
2009
2000
New York
1847
2002
New York
2010
2005*
Oklahoma City
Myriad Gardens Foundation
1981
2011*
Philadelphia
1855
2001
Pittsburgh
1889
1996
Portland
The Forest Park Conservancy
1947
1989
San Antonio
1899
2008
San Jose
1990
1995
St. Louis
Forest Park Forever
1876
1986
Washington, D.C.
1791
2002
*Year that organization took on significant conservancy operations.
14
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dfUWh]WYgZcfh\YY`X"
Formal Agreement with the City

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15
ca se study
Piedmont Park Conservancy, Atlanta

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Pi e dm ont Pa rk Conse rva nc y
185 acres
Park size
1887
Park created
1989
Conservancy founded
$11,608,365
$6,678,384
88%
Expenditures*
Revenue*
6%
51
Employees
2,924
Volunteers
48
9 officers, 6 at-large,
5 ex-officio**

Board structure
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes

**Ex-officio: Mayor, Parks Director, Council President, and Mayoral and Council appointees.
18
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Where to Put the Money and the Office?

One way to maintain an arms-length relationship between a conservancy and a parks
department is to keep the money separateno commingling of private with city funds.
Conservancies should have their own bank accounts for depositing donations and
paying expenses. If a conservancy receives city support for specific projects, the citys
control over those funds should be through a memorandum of understanding rather
than through a shared account. This is not only good financial management; its also
likely to stimulate more and larger gifts from donors wary of municipal budgeting
procedures.
Similarly, although a city may generously offer a conservancy free or low-cost office
space at parks department headquarters, generally this is not a good proposal to
accept. The whole point of a conservancy is to take a fresh approach to the park
system, and being located in the womb of the bureaucracyusing the same conference room, telephone exchange, or even e-mail systemconveys otherwise. While
a conservancy should be located close enough to the parks department to facilitate
easy, frequent meetings, its office space must be perceived by the public as separate.
19
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cZZYfib]YXcjYfg][\h"
A Role for Public Officials

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Master Planning and Project Prioritization

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20
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A Strong and Effective Board of Directors
railroad park foundation
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Birminghams Railroad Park, the citys newest and most ambitious park, would not have come into
existence without a public-private partnership. The Railroad Park Foundation, which raised millions
in private donations, now manages the city-owned facility.
21
ca se study
Prospect Park Alliance, New York

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22
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23
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Prospect Park A l l i a nc e
585 acres
Park size
1868
Park created
1987
Conservancy founded
$11,698,228
$9,996,987
Expenditures*
Revenue*
60%
40%
308
Employees
3,400
Volunteers
34
4-member executive
committee, 29 directors,
3 ex-officio**

Board structure
Yes
Yes
Yes
No

**Ex-officio: Parks Director, Council Member, and Brooklyn Borough President.
24
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]bjc`jYX]b]hgZcibX]b[ h\cgYk\cfc``YXidh\Y]fg`YYjYgUbXaUXY]h[YhghUfhYX UfYbhh\Y
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ibXYfghUbX]b[h\Uh]hbYYXghccdYbgdUWYgZcfch\Yfg"
5bch\YfWcbgYfjUbWmX]fYWhcfU[fYYX"H\YYUf`m[fUggfcchgUXjcWUhYgUddc]bhYXh\YagY`jYg
hccifVcUfXk]h\h\YVYgh]bhYbh]cbgVihVUXWcbgYeiYbWYg"Cifkcf_]gbckU`ÙVcihh\Y
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hfUbg]h]cbhcUacfYdckYfZi`VcUfX"
25
ANNUAL REVENUE, SELECTED CONSERVANCIES

2009-2012 ave rage
Private Group
City
Annual Revenue
New York
$38,912,440
New York
$23,550,671
Detroit
$13,999,813
Forest Park Forever
St. Louis
$12,998,911
New York
$9,996,987
Memphis
$9,040,279
Dallas
$8,599,294
Houston
$6,873,615
Houston
$6,699,486
Atlanta
$6,678,384
New York
$6,170,925
Pittsburgh
$4,807,576
Houston
$3,927,356
Buffalo
$3,415,794
New York
$3,345,021
Rose Fitzgerald Kennedy Greenway Conservancy
Boston
$3,034,730
Myriad Gardens Foundation*
Oklahoma City
$2,840,753
Birmingham
$2,773,465
New York
$2,472,244
Overton Park Conservancy*
Memphis
$2,456,492
Washington
$2,220,063
Boston
$1,977,304
Louisville
$1,782,767
Philadelphia
$1,743,632
New York
$1,574,183
Detroit
$1,394,878
Boston
$1,300,425
Houston
$1,274,455
New York
$1,199,471
Atlanta
$1,097,644
New York
$884,966
Denver
$637,387
Atlanta
$557,473
San Jose
$494,722
Dallas
$444,700
Forest Park Conservancy
Portland
$413,907
New York
$402,265
Baltimore
$378,297
Hartford
$133,522
Atlanta
$116,013
San Antonio
$113,045
*2012 only
26
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gh]``dfcj]XY_YmWcbbYWh]cbgUbXj]g]V]`]hmcbUbUg!bYYXYXVUg]g"
Robust Fundraising is Mandatory

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a][\hWfYUhYh\Y]adfYgg]cbh\UhdUf_dfcV`YagUfYVY]b[gc`jYXk\Yb]bZUWhh\YmUfYbh"
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[cjYfbaYbh"
Getting Recognition Right

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k]h\]hVch\UXjUbhU[YgUbXW\U``Yb[Yg"
27
ANNUAL SPENDING, SELECTED CONSERVANCIES

2009-2012 ave rage
Conservancy
Annual Spending
Per Park Acre
New York
$11,928,415
$1,772,424
New York
$3,092,202
$498,742
Houston
$4,751,895
$395,991
Dallas
$1,344,733
$258,602
Boston
$3,849,152
$256,610
Detroit
$1,554,426
$200,313
Birmingham
$3,446,114
$181,374
Oklahoma City
$1,881,606
$110,683
New York
$1,751,335
$70,053
Atlanta
$11,608,365
$62,748
Detroit
$7,242,497
$61,902
Denver
$541,715
$45,143
New York
$37,227,935
$44,161
Houston
$1,683,192
$37,404
Washington, D.C.
$4,779,953
$32,661
Baltimore
$185,345
$29,420
New York
$11,698,228
$19,997
Atlanta
$842,622
$17,665
New York
$1,045,982
$16,092
Boston
$1,255,495
$15,333
New York
$6,214,614
$14,352
Forest Park Forever
St. Louis
$3,926,486
$10,471
Houston
$3,486,526
$7,835
Memphis
$1,210,906
$6,653
New York
$1,681,304
$5,095
Pittsburgh
$5,347,882
$3,146
Hartford
$110,560
$2,988
Buffalo
$3,503,314
$2,919
Philadelphia
$2,146,947
$2,359**
Memphis
$6,550,650
$2,047
Dallas
$519,666
$1,876
San Jose
$444,816
$1,853
Atlanta
$453,747
$1,693
New York
$894,714
$1,627
Boston
$1,171,475
$1,403
Atlanta
$124,481
$947
Louisville
$1,953,275
$936
Houston
$1,100,350
$769
San Antonio
$92,281
$375
New York
$446,567
$249
Portland
$433,255
$84
*2012 only
28
City
**Reflects the portion of park acreage served
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Concessions and Earned Revenue

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29
E A R N E D R E V E N U E A S P E R C E N T O F T O TA L R E V E N U E
2009-2012 ave rage
Conservancy
City
Earned Percent
Oklahoma City
61.9%
New York
53.9%
New York
53.8%
New York
40.1%
Houston
33.8%
New York
23.4%
Detroit
17.2%
New York
17.1%
Buffalo
16.4%
Atlanta
16.0%
Houston
13.0%
New York
11.9%
Memphis
11.0%
Atlanta
9.8%
San Jose
7.8%
Denver
6.8%
Birmingham
6.4%
Atlanta
6.1%
Houston
5.8%
Portland
4.0%
Atlanta
3.6%
Woodall Rogers Park Foundation*
Dallas
2.9%
New York
1.7%
Philadelphia
1.5%
Forest Park Forever
St. Louis
1.4%
New York
1.4%
Friends of the Public Garden, Inc.*
Boston
1.2%
Dallas
1.1%
New York
1.1%
New York
1.0%
Louisville
0.5%
San Antonio
0.4%
Boston
0.3%
Houston
0.2%
Hartford
0%
Detroit
0%
Baltimore
0%
Memphis
0%
Pittsburgh
0%
Boston
0%
Washington, D.C.
0%
*2012 only
30
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Cordoned-off Events
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31
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Civic Center Conservancy, Denver

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32
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C i v i c Ce nte r Conse rva nc y
12 acres
Park size
1894
Park created
2004
Conservancy founded
$541,715
Expenditures*
$637,387
Revenue*
93%
7%

Employees
45
Volunteers
13
6-member executive
committee, 9 directors,
2 ex-officio**
Some
Board structure
Yes
Yes
Yes

**Ex-officio: Parks Director, and City Council Member.
34
What About Maintenance?

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35
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36
ca se study
Olmsted Parks Conservancy, Louisville

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O l mste d Pa rks Conse rva nc y
2,087 acres (18 parks)
Park size
1880
Park created
1989
Conservancy founded
$1,953,275
Expenditures*
$1,782,767
Revenue*
99%
2%
21
Employees
5,000
Volunteers
36
6-member executive
committee, 30 general
directors, 6 ex-officio**

Board structure
Yes
Yes
No
No

**Ex-officio: Parks Director, 2 Mayoral appointees, and 3 neighborhood representatives
39
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Who Really Owns the Park?

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CbYcZh\YacghYaiÙhYXWcaaib]hm!cihfYUW\acXY`gWcaYgZfcaDfcgdYWhDUf_5``]!
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Combatting Fearfulness
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41
Flashpoints
As with their urban park department partners, conservancies inevitably face issues that
can cause discord. Solving them will not only improve the park experience for all users,
it will go a long way toward building a conservancys reputation for thoughtfulness,
commitment, and fairness. Among common challenges are:
Dogs. Most conservancies establish one or more off-leash dog areas and then strive
to be strict about enforcing leash laws in the rest of the park. Dogs are heavy users
of parks, and they provide many enjoyable moments (even for non-owners), but they
also present problems, including waste, smell, noise, and fear. Best is to have an active
canine committee (including at least one non-dog owner) to handle day-to-day conflicts.
That way, the conservancy board (and the city) need only deal with matters that rise to
the level of a major policy consideration.
Music. For some people, nothing is nicer than a concert in a park; for others, loud music
fractures nature. Obviously, its best to provide both ambiances, either by geography (in
large parks) or by time (in plazas and squares). Even personal boom boxes can be disruptive and might need to be banned in certain locations or perhaps regulated by time
of day. For conservancies that host weddings and parties in their park, noise conflicts
can be even more significant since these are emotional and costly gatherings. Clear
policies and appropriate signage are necessary.
Cars. Many older parks have been damaged over the years by the addition of roadways
and parking, and a conservancy may be called upon to figure out a rebalance. Those
that have instituted auto restrictions (by location or time) have invariably gained total
users through an increase in walkers, runners, cyclists, skaters, and families. But they
have also been excoriated by drivers. In recompense, some conservancies have sought
to establish transit connections or have set up shuttles. Some have resorted to building structured garages or charging for parking. The issue of autos is too fraught to be
decided solely by the conservancy; it requires a full-fledged policy decision by the city
itself. However, the conservancy is often called upon to raise enough money to pay for
whatever solutions are devised.
Bicycles. Most people consider bicycles benign, but, like cars, they can also reach
speeds and density levels that diminish the park experience for pedestrians, seniors,
small children, and people pushing strollers. In Central Park, with 40 million annual visitors, cyclists are permitted on all the original roadways but have been banned from foot
trails and paths. Other heavily used parks are following similar rules. As cycling continues to increase in urban America, more focused attention is needed on park regulations
governing bike speed, parking, and etiquetteand conservancies are likely to be taking
the lead.
42
Giving the Grass a Rest. No lawn can withstand millions of users without an occasional
breather, and conservancies must decide between protecting plantings and allowing
unfettered human access. (For most cities this is a new situation, since most municipal
agencies without conservancies lack the manpower to fence lawns and enforce their
closure.) Scheduling the level of lawn use and enforcing closures through explanatory
signageand, in some instances, public service announcementsis one of the tougher
jobs that a conservancy must face.
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Wcaaib]hmXYjY`cdaYbhcf[Ub]nUh]cbh\UbUhfUX]h]cbU`WcbgYfjUbWm"
43
ca se study
Overton Park Conservancy, Memphis

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]bbYUfVm@]W_7fYY_"
overton park conservancy
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44
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45
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igYfgUbX]hgWi`hifU`]bgh]hih]cbg"H\YAYad\]gNcc AYad\]g6fcc_gAigYiacZ5fh
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aiW\!bYYXYXnccdUf_]b[[UfU[Y\UgdfcjYbYìg]jY k\]`Y7]h]nYbghcDfchYWhCjYfhcb
DUf_\Ug]bWfYUgYXh\YWcibhYfjU]`]b[dfYggifYVmÙibW\]b[UWUadU][bWU``YX;YhCZZ
Cif@Ukb
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Ybh\ig]UgaZcfdUf_g AYad\]g]gW`YUf`mUW]hmhckUhW\"Cb`mh]aYk]``hY``]Z]hg
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XYWUXYg"
O v erton Pa rk Conse rva nc y
184
Acres managed (of 342-acre park)
1901
Park created
2011
Conservancy founded
$1,210,906
Expenditures*
$2,456,492
Revenue*
100%
0%

Employees
33
Volunteers
38
9 ex officio**
Some
Board structure
Yes
Yes
No
*Annual, 2012
**Ex-officio: Parks Director, Zoo, College of Art, Museum of Art, Levitt Shell, Rhodes College, Lick Creek Stormwater
Coalition, Citizens to Protect Overton Park, Evergreen Historic District Association, and Park Friends.
46
Conclusion
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47
Acknowledgments
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N]bb]Y`"
About the authors
flickr/lauren parker
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4OQba"5XX]h]cbU`fYgYUfW\Zcfh\]gfYdcfhkUgdfcj]XYXVm7c`YYb;Ybh`Yg"
Shelby Farms Park Conservancy reinvigorated Memphiss largest park, a former penal farm.
Among the new features is the 3.5-acre Woodland Discovery Playground, which the conservancy
built and now maintains.
48
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Ccpe Parks Conservancy Report

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Ccpe Parks Conservancy Report

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Public Spaces/Private Money

The Triumphs and Pitfalls of Urban Park Conservancies

Funding for this report was provided by:

Public Spaces/Private Money

The Trust for Public Land

Cover: Boston Public Garden, maintained by

Chastain Park Conservancy

Grant Park Conservancy

Historic Oakland Foundation

Piedmont Park Conservancy

Mount Vernon Place Conservancy

Mount Vernon Place

Railroad Park Foundation

Emerald Necklace Conservancy

Friends of the Public Garden, Inc.

Rose F. Kennedy Greenway Conservancy

Buffalo Olmsted Parks Conservancy

21 parks and parkways

Friends of Fair Park

Woodall Rogers Park Foundation

Klyde Warren Park

Civic Center Conservancy

Detroit 300 Conservancy

Detroit Riverfront Conservancy

Bushnell Park Foundation

Buffalo Bayou Partnership

Discovery Green Conservancy

Hermann Park Conservancy

Memorial Park Conservancy

Louisville Olmsted Parks Conservancy

18 parks and parkways

Overton Park Conservancy

Shelby Farms Park Conservancy

Shelby Farms Park

Brooklyn Bridge Park Conservancy

Brooklyn Bridge Park

Central Park Conservancy

Friends of Hudson River Park

Hudson River Park

Friends of the High Line

Madison Square Park Conservancy

Madison Square Park

Prospect Park Alliance

Randall's Island Park Alliance

Randalls Island Park

Riverside Park Conservancy

Staten Island Greenbelt Conservancy

The Battery Conservancy

Myriad Gardens Foundation

Myriad Botanical Gardens

Fairmount Park Conservancy

Pittsburgh Parks Conservancy

Forest Park Conservancy

Brackenridge Park Conservancy

Guadalupe River Park Conservancy

Guadalupe River Park

Forest Park Forever

Trust for the National Mall

The National Mall

What is a City Park Conservancy?

Founding Models: New York and San Francisco

And What Isnt a Conservancy.

How Big is the Movement?

Forest Park Forever, St. Louis

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