Orifice & Free Jet Flow

Instruction Manual
F1-17
ISSUE 8
November 2013

Table of Contents
Copyright and Trademarks ...................................................................................... 1
General Overview ....................................................................................................... 2
Equipment Diagrams................................................................................................... 3
Important Safety Information....................................................................................... 4
Introduction.............................................................................................................. 4
Electrical Safety....................................................................................................... 4
Description .................................................................................................................. 5
Overview.................................................................................................................. 5
Installation ................................................................................................................... 6
Advisory................................................................................................................... 6
Installing the Equipment and Commissioning.......................................................... 6
Operation .................................................................................................................... 7
Operating the Equipment......................................................................................... 7
Equipment Specifications............................................................................................ 8
Environmental Conditions........................................................................................ 8
Routine Maintenance .................................................................................................. 9
Responsibility .......................................................................................................... 9
General.................................................................................................................... 9
Laboratory Teaching Exercises................................................................................. 10
Index to Exercises ................................................................................................. 10
Nomenclature Exercise A ...................................................................................... 10
Nomenclature Exercise B ...................................................................................... 11
Nomenclature Exercise C...................................................................................... 11
Technical Data....................................................................................................... 12
Exercise A - Determination of Coefficient Of Velocity From Jet Trajectory............... 13
Exercise B - Determination of Coefficient of Discharge Under Constant Head ........ 16
Exercise C - Determination of Coefficient Of Discharge Under Varying Head.......... 19
Operating the Optional Software (F1-301) ................................................................ 21
Contact Details for Further Information ..................................................................... 28
ii

Disclaimer
This document and all the information contained within it is proprietary to Armfield
Limited. This document must not be used for any purpose other than that for which it
is supplied and its contents must not be reproduced, modified, adapted, published,
translated or disclosed to any third party, in whole or in part, without the prior written
permission of Armfield Limited.
Should you have any queries or comments, please contact the Armfield Customer
Support helpdesk (Monday to Thursday: 0830 1730 and Friday: 0830 - 1300 UK
time). Contact details are as follows:
United Kingdom

International

(0) 1425 478781

(calls charged at local rate)

+44 (0) 1425 478781

(international rates apply)

Email: support@armfield.co.uk
Fax: +44 (0) 1425 470916

Copyright and Trademarks

Copyright 2013 Armfield Limited. All rights reserved.
Any technical documentation made available by Armfield Limited is the copyright
work of Armfield Limited and wholly owned by Armfield Limited.
Brands and product names mentioned in this manual may be trademarks or
registered trademarks of their respective companies and are hereby acknowledged.

General Overview
Fluid mechanics has developed as an analytical discipline from the application of the
classical laws of statics, dynamics and thermodynamics, to situations in which fluids
can be treated as continuous media. The particular laws involved are those of the
conservation of mass, energy and momentum and, in each application, these laws
may be simplified in an attempt to describe quantitatively the behaviour of the fluid.
The hydraulics bench service module, F1-10, provides the necessary facilities to
support a comprehensive range of hydraulic models each of which is designed to
demonstrate a particular aspect of hydraulic theory.
The specific hydraulic model that we are concerned with for this experiment is the
Orifice and Jet Apparatus, F1-17. This consists of a reservoir of water with an orifice
plate set into it. A jet of water issues from this hole and its trajectory may be
measured using a set of needles. A full description of the apparatus is given later in
these texts.

Equipment Diagrams

Figure 1: F1-17 Orifice and Free Jet Flow Apparatus

Important Safety Information

Introduction
Before proceeding to operate the equipment described in this text we wish to alert
you to potential hazards so that they may be avoided.
Although designed for safe operation, any laboratory equipment may involve
processes or procedures which are potentially hazardous. The major potential
hazards associated with this particular equipment are listed below.

Injury through misuse

Injury from electric shock

Damage to clothing

Risk of infection due to lack of cleanliness

Accidents can be avoided provided that equipment is regularly maintained and

staff and students are made aware of potential hazards list of general safety rules is
included in the F1 Product Manual to assist staff and students in this regard. The list
is not intended to be fully comprehensive but for guidance only.
Please refer to the notes in the F1 Product Manual regarding the Control of
Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations.

Electrical Safety
The F1-10 Service Bench operates from a mains voltage electrical supply. The
equipment is designed and manufactured in accordance with appropriate regulations
relating to the use of electricity. Similarly, it is assumed that regulations applying to
the operation of electrical equipment are observed by the end user.
However, to give increased operator protection, Armfield Ltd have incorporated a
Residual Current Device (RCD, alternatively called an Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker
or ELCB) as an integral part of the service bench. If through misuse or accident the
equipment becomes electrically dangerous, an RCD will switch off the electrical
supply and reduce the severity of any electric shock received by an operator to a
level which, under normal circumstances, will not cause injury to that person.
Check that the RCD is operating correctly by pressing the TEST button. The circuit
breaker MUST trip when the button is pressed. Failure to trip means that the operator
is not protected and the equipment must be checked and repaired by a competent
electrician before it is used.

Description
Where necessary, refer to the drawings in the Equipment Diagrams section.

Overview
The rig is designed to be positioned on the side channels of the hydraulics bench top
channel. The inlet pipe should be connected to the bench supply.
An adjustable overflow pipe is provided adjacent to the header tank to allow changes
in the head. A flexible hose attached to the overflow pipe returns excess water to the
sump tank. A scale indicates the water level. Finally a baffle at the base of the tank
promotes smooth conditions prior to the orifice plates.
Two orifice plates of differing diameters are provided and may be interchanged by
slackening the two thumb nuts. The orifice plate is sealed against an O-ring by
means of a special fitting which gives a flush inside surface.
The trajectory of the jet may be plotted using the vertical needles. In operation, a
piece of paper is attached to the backboard, and the needles are adjusted to follow
the profile of the water jet. The needles may be locked using a screw on the
mounting bar. The profile may be plotted by marking the position of the needle top.
A drain plug in the base of the header tank allows water to be drained from the
equipment after use into the channel of the F1-10.

Installation
Advisory
Before operating the equipment, it must be unpacked, assembled and installed as
described in the steps that follow. Safe use of the equipment depends on following
the correct installation procedure.

Installing the Equipment and Commissioning

The Orifice and Free Jet Flow apparatus is supplied ready for use and only requires
setting up and connection to the F1-10 Hydraulics Bench as follows:
Carefully remove the components from the cardboard packaging. Retain the
packaging for future use.
Wash each of the orifices and the inside of the transparent acrylic tank with warm
water to which a few drops of wetting agent have been added.
Locate the apparatus over the moulded channel in the top of the bench.
Using the spirit level attached to the base, level the apparatus by adjusting the feet.
Connect the flexible inlet tube on the side of the transparent header tank to the quick
release fitting in the bed of the channel.
Place the free end of the flexible tube from the adjustable overflow on the side of the
header tank in to the volumetric tank (the volumetric tank will not be used for flow
measurements). Make sure that this tube will not interfere with the trajectory of the jet
flowing from the orifice
Position the adjustable overflow tube at mid height and tighten the locknut.
Secure each needle in the raised position by tightening the knurled screw.
Attach the large spring clamp supplied to the top of the back plate. This clamp is
used to secure a sheet of paper when plotting the trajectory of a jet using the
needles.
Install one of the two orifices in the fitting at the right hand side of the header tank
using the two securing screws supplied. Ensure that the 'O' ring seal is fitted between
the orifice and the tank.
Close the bench flow control valve, switch on the service pump then gradually open
the bench flow control valve. When the water level in the header tank reaches the top
of the overflow tube, adjust the bench flow control valve to give a water level of 2 to
3mm above the overflow level. This will ensure a constant head and produce a
steady flow through the orifice.
If necessary adjust the frame so that the row of needles are parallel with the jet but
located just behind it by 1 or 2mm. This will avoid disturbing the jet but minimise
errors due to parallax.
The volume flowrate through the orifice can be determined by intercepting the jet
using the measuring cylinder supplied in conjunction with a stopwatch (not supplied).
The F1-17 Orifice and Free Jet Flow apparatus is ready for use.
6

Operation
Where necessary, refer to the drawings in the Equipment Diagrams section.

Operating the Equipment

See Laboratory Teaching Exercises for details on operating the equipment.

Equipment Specifications
Environmental Conditions
This equipment has been designed for operation in the following environmental
conditions. Operation outside of these conditions may result reduced performance,
damage to the equipment or hazard to the operator.
a. Indoor use;
b. Altitude up to 2000m;
c. Temperature 5C to 40C;
d. Maximum relative humidity 80% for temperatures up to 31C, decreasing
linearly to 50% relative humidity at 40C;
e. Mains supply voltage fluctuations up to 10% of the nominal voltage;
f.

Transient over-voltages typically present on the MAINS supply;

Note: The normal level of transient over-voltages is impulse withstand (overvoltage) category II of IEC 60364-4-443;

g. Pollution degree 2.
Normally only nonconductive pollution occurs.
Temporary conductivity caused by condensation is to be expected.
Typical of an office or laboratory environment.

Routine Maintenance
Responsibility
To preserve the life and efficient operation of the equipment it is important that the
equipment is properly maintained. Regular maintenance of the equipment is the
responsibility of the end user and must be performed by qualified personnel who
understand the operation of the equipment.

General
Little maintenance is required but it is important to drain all water from the header
tank and associated pipework when not in use. A drain plug in the base of the
reservoir allows water to be drained into the channel of the F1-10.
The orifice plates should be dried before being stored. The apparatus should be
stored where protected from damage.
Following storage, wash each of the orifices and the inside surface of the clear
acrylic tank with warm water to which a few drops of wetting agent have been added,
before using the apparatus. This will remove any dirt or grease adhering to the
surfaces and improve the accuracy of readings obtained using the apparatus.

Laboratory Teaching Exercises

Index to Exercises
Exercise A - Determination of Coefficient Of Velocity From Jet Trajectory
Exercise B - Determination of Coefficient of Discharge Under Constant Head
Exercise C - Determination of Coefficient Of Discharge Under Varying Head

Nomenclature Exercise A

Name

Unit Symbol Type

Orifice Diameter m

Head

Horizontal
Distance

Vertical Distance m

(yh)0.5

Definition

Orifice diameter. The diameter is

Measured measured in mm. Convert to metres for
the calculation.
Head in reservoir for which trajectory
Measured data has been taken. The head is
entered in mm. Convert to metres for
the calculation.
Distance from the orifice of the
Measured measuring needle. The value is entered
in mm. Convert to metres for the
calculation.
Distance the jet has fallen from the level
Measured of the orifice. The value is entered in
mm. Convert to metres for the
calculation.
Calculated

Allows the plotting of a straight line

relationship between coefficient of
velocity Cv and the horizontal distance
for the jet. A graph of x plotted against
will have a slope of 2Cv

Slope
Velocity
Coefficient Cv

Calculated Slope of x vs

for each point.

Calculated

10

Laboratory Teaching Exercises

Nomenclature Exercise B

Name

Unit Symbol Type

Orifice
Diameter

Head

Volume

m3

Time

Flowrate

m3/s Qt

Definition

Orifice diameter. The diameter is

Measured measured in mm. Convert to metres for
the calculation.
Measured Head in reservoir for which trajectory data
has been taken. The head is entered in
mm. Convert to metres for the calculation.
Taken from scale on hydraulics bench.
Measured The volume collected is measured in
litres. Convert to cubic metres for the
calculations (divide reading by 1000)
Measured

Time taken to collect the known volume

of water

Calculated
Allows the plotting of a straight line
Calculated relationship between coeffecient of
velocity, Cv, and the flowrate for the jet, Qt

(h)0.5

Slope

Calculated Slope of flow rate vs.

Discharge
Coefficient Cd

Cd

Calculated

for each point.

Nomenclature Exercise C

Name

Unit Symbol Type

Definition

Orifice Diameter m

Measured Orifice diameter. The diameter is

measured in mm. Convert to metres for
the calculation.

Area of Orifice

Ao

Calculated

Orifice area, calculated from the orifice

diameter

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Armfield Instruction Manual

Area of
Reservoir

Ar

Given

Surface area of the reservoir including

area of constant head tank.
Ar = 1.832x10-2 m2

Head

Measured Head in reservoir at time t. The head is

entered in mm. Convert to metres for the
calculation

Head at Start

h1

Measured Head in reservoir at time t = 0. The head

is entered in mm. Convert to metres for
the calculation

Time

Measured Time since start of run

Allows the plotting of a straight line
Calculated relationship between coefficient of
discharge, Cd, and the head loss.

h0.5

Slope

Calculated Slope of t vs

Discharge
Coefficient Cd

Cd

Calculated

for each point

Technical Data
The following dimensions from the equipment are used in the appropriate
calculations. If required these values may be checked as part of the experimental
procedure and replaced with your own measurements.
Diameter of small orifice: 0.003m (3mm)
Diameter of large orifice: 0.006m (6mm)
Surface Area of Reservoir: AR = 1.832 x 10-2m2
Pitch of needles: 0.05m (50mm)

12

Exercise A - Determination of Coefficient Of Velocity From

Jet Trajectory
Objective
To determine the coefficient of velocity of two small orifices.

Method
By measurement of the trajectory of a jet issuing from an orifice in the side of a
reservoir under steady flow conditions (constant reservoir head).

Equipment
In order to complete the demonstration we need a number of pieces of equipment.

The F1-10 Hydraulics Bench which allows us to measure flow by timed

volume collection.

The F1-17 Orifice and Jet Apparatus.

A stopwatch to allow us to determine the flow rate of water (not supplied).

Equipment Set Up
Position the reservoir across the channel on the top of the hydraulic bench and level
the reservoir by the adjustable feet using a spirit level on the base. Remove the
orifice plate by releasing the two knurled nuts and check the orifice diameter; take
care not to lose the O-ring seal. Replace the orifice and connect the reservoir inflow
tube to the bench flow connector. For accurate results measure the actual distance
from the orifice plate to the first needle (nominal distance X1 = 50mm). Position the
overflow connecting tube so that it will discharge into the volumetric tank; make sure
that this tube will not interfere with the trajectory of the jet flowing from the orifice.
Turn on the pump and open the bench valve gradually. As the water level rises in the
reservoir towards the top of the overflow tube, adjust the bench valve to give a water
level of 2 to 3mm above the overflow level. This will ensure a constant head and
produce a steady flow through the orifice.

Theory
From the application of Bernoulli's Equation (conservation of mechanical energy for a
steady, incompressible, frictionless flow):
the ideal orifice outflow velocity at the jet vena contracta (narrowest diameter) is

where h is the height of fluid above the orifice.

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Armfield Instruction Manual

The actual velocity is

. (1)
Cv is the coefficient of velocity, which allows for the effects of viscosity and, therefore
Cv < 1
Cv can be determined from the trajectory of the jet using the following argument:
Neglecting the effect of air resistance, the horizontal component of the jet velocity
can be assumed to remain constant so that in time, t, the horizontal distance
travelled,
X = vt

. (2)

Because of the action of gravity, the fluid also acquires a downward vertical (ydirection) component of velocity. Hence, after the same time, t, (ie. after travelling a
distance x) the jet will have a y displacement given by

which can be rearranged to give:

. (3)
Substitution for t from (3) into (2) and for v from (1) into (2) yields the result:

Hence, for steady flow conditions, ie. constant h, Cv can be determined from the x, y
co-ordinates of the jet. A graph of x plotted against

14

will have a slope of 2Cv

Exercise A

Procedure
Position the overflow tube to give a high head. Note the value of the head. The jet
trajectory is obtained by using the needles mounted on the vertical backboard to
follow the profile of the jet. Release the securing screw for each needle in turn and
move the needle until its point is just immediately above the jet and re-tighten the
screw. Attach a sheet of paper to the back-board between the needle and board and
secure it in place with the clamp provided so that its upper edge is horizontal. Mark
the location of the top of each needle on the paper. Note the horizontal distance from
the plane of the orifice (taken as x = 0) to the co-ordinate point marking the position
of the first needle. This first co-ordinate point should be close enough to the orifice to
treat it as having the value y = 0. Thus y displacements are measured relative to this
position. Estimate the likely experimental errors in each of the quantities measured.
Repeat this test for a low reservoir head.
Then repeat the above procedure for the second orifice.
Orifice
Diameter
d
(m)

Head
h
(m)

Horizontal
Distance

Vertical
Distance

(m)

(m)

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

0.30

0.35

0.40

yh0.5
(m)

9
10
11

Plot x vs

and determine the slope of the graph.

The velocity coefficient Cv is equal to the average slope/2.

15

Exercise B - Determination of Coefficient of Discharge

Under Constant Head
Objective
To determine the coefficient of velocity of two small orifices.

Method
By measurement of the trajectory of a jet issuing from an orifice in the side of a
reservoir under steady flow conditions (constant reservoir head).

Equipment
In order to complete the demonstration we need a number of pieces of equipment.

The F1-10 Hydraulics Bench which allows us to measure flow by timed

volume collection.

The F1-17 Orifice and Jet Apparatus.

A stopwatch to allow us to determine the flow rate of water (not supplied).

Equipment Set Up
Position the reservoir across the channel on the top of the hydraulic bench and level
the reservoir by the adjustable feet using a spirit level on the base. Remove the
orifice plate by releasing the two knurled nuts and check the orifice diameter; take
care not to lose the O-ring seal. Replace the orifice and connect the reservoir inflow
tube to the bench flow connector. Position the overflow connecting tube so that it will
discharge into the volumetric tank; make sure that this tube will not interfere with the
trajectory of the jet flowing from the orifice.
Turn on the pump and open the bench valve gradually. As the water level rises in the
reservoir towards the top of the overflow tube, adjust the bench valve to give a water
level of 2 to 3mm above the overflow level. This will ensure a constant head and
produce a steady flow through the orifice.

Theory
From the application of Bernoulli's Equation (conservation of mechanical energy for a
steady, incompressible, frictionless flow):
the ideal orifice outflow velocity at the jet vena contracta (narrowest diameter) is

where h is the height of fluid above the orifice.

16

Exercise B

The actual velocity is

. (1)
Cv is the coefficient of velocity, which allows for the effects of viscosity and, therefore
Cv < 1
The actual flow rate of the jet is defined as:
Qt = Acv
where Ac is the cross-sectional area of the vena contracta, given by :
Ac = CcAo
where
Ao is the orifice area and Cc is the coefficient of contraction and, therefore, Cc < 1
Hence

The product CcCv is called the discharge coefficient, Cd , so finally

If Cd is assumed to be constant, then a graph of Qt plotted against

will be linear

and the slope,

Procedure
Measure the flow rate by timed collection, using the measuring cylinder provided and
note the reservoir head value. Repeat this procedure for different heads by adjusting
the level of the overflow tube.
The procedure should also be repeated for the second orifice.

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Armfield Instruction Manual

Orifice
Diameter
d
(m)

Head

Volume

Time

Flowrate

Qt

h0.5

(m)

(m3)

(secs)

(m3/sec)

(m0.5)

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11

Plot flowrate Qt vs

and determine the slope of the graph.

The coefficient of discharge Cd can then be calculated from

18

Exercise C - Determination of Coefficient Of Discharge

Under Varying Head
Objective
To determine the coefficient of velocity of two small orifices.

Method
By measurement of the trajectory of a jet issuing from an orifice in the side of a
reservoir under steady flow conditions (constant reservoir head).

Equipment
In order to complete the demonstration we need a number of pieces of equipment.

The F1-10 Hydraulics Bench which allows us to measure flow by timed

volume collection.

The F1-17 Orifice and Jet Apparatus.

A stopwatch to allow us to determine the flow rate of water (not supplied).

Equipment Set Up
Position the reservoir across the channel on the top of the hydraulic bench and level
the reservoir by the adjustable feet using a spirit level on the base. Remove the
orifice plate by releasing the two knurled nuts and check the orifice diameter; take
care not to lose the O-ring seal. Replace the orifice and connect the reservoir inflow
tube to the bench flow connector. Position the overflow connecting tube so that it will
discharge into the volumetric tank; make sure that this tube will not interfere with the
trajectory of the jet flowing from the orifice.
Turn on the pump and open the bench valve gradually. As the water level rises in the
reservoir towards the top of the overflow tube, adjust the bench valve to give a water
level of 2 to 3mm above the overflow level. This will ensure a constant head and
produce a steady flow through the orifice.

Theory
For unsteady flow, the time, t, for the head to drop from to is given by

where Ar is the cross-sectional area of the reservoir (including the secondary

chamber).
Note: This is an approximate result, which does not allow fully for the effects of flow
unsteadiness.

Procedure
For flow under a varying head, the overflow pipe is raised to obtain the maximum
head, the header tank is filled to just below the top and the bench flow control valve
closed and the pump stopped. Start a stopwatch when the level reaches the first
convenient scale mark (noted as h1). You will need to take readings of the falling
head (h) at 20 second intervals. You may find the easiest way of doing this is to
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Armfield Instruction Manual

attach a piece of masking tape immediately adjacent to the scale on the reservoir
and at 20 second intervals mark the position of the falling level. At the end of this
procedure, you can then read off the head position corresponding to the known time.
The above procedure should be repeated using the second orifice.
Orifice
Diameter

Area of
Reservoir

AR

(m)

(m2)

Head

Time

h0.5

(m)

(sec)

(m0.5)

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11

Plot time t vs.

and determine the slope of the graph.

The coefficient of discharge Cd can be calculated from

Conclusion
Is it justifiable to assume that Cd is a constant over the range of steady flows tested?
Why are the Cd values significantly less than 1.0?
Compare the Cd values obtained for the constant and falling head tests. Which value
is the more reliable result?

20

Operating the Optional Software (F1-301)

Note: The diagrams in this section are included as typical examples and may not
relate specifically to an individual product.
The Armfield Software is a powerful Educational and Data Logging tool with a wide
range of features. Some of the major features are highlighted below, to assist users,
but full details on the software and how to use it are provided in the presentations
and Help text incorporated in the Software. Help on Using the Software or Using the
Equipment is available by clicking the appropriate topic in the Help drop-down menu
from the upper toolbar when operating the software as shown:

Load the software. If multiple experiments are available then a menu will be
displayed listing the options. Wait for the presentation screen to open fully as shown:

Presentation Screen - Basics and Navigation

As stated above, the software starts with the Presentation Screen displayed. The
user is met by a simple presentation which gives them an overview of the capabilities
of the equipment and software and explains in simple terms how to navigate around
the software and summarizes the major facilities complete with direct links to detailed
context sensitive help texts.

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Armfield Instruction Manual

To view the presentations click Next or click the required topic in the left hand pane
as appropriate. Click More while displaying any of the topics to display a Help index
related to that topic.
To return to the Presentation screen at any time click the View Presentation icon
from the main tool bar or click Presentation from the dropdown menu as
shown:

For more detailed information about the presentations refer to the Help available via
the upper toolbar when operating the software.

Toolbar
A toolbar is displayed at the top of the screen at all times, so users can jump
immediately to the facility they require, as shown:

The upper menu expands as a dropdown menu when the cursor is placed over a
name.
The lower row of icons (standard for all Armfield Software) allows a particular
function to be selected. To aid recognition, pop-up text names appear when the
cursor is placed over the icon.

Mimic Diagram
The Mimic Diagram is the most commonly used screen and gives a pictorial
representation of the equipment, with boxes to enter measurements from the
equipment, display any calculated variables etc. directly in engineering units.
To view the Mimic Diagram click the View Diagram icon
or click Diagram from the View drop-down menu as shown:

22

from the main tool bar

Operating the Software

A Mimic diagram is displayed, similar to the diagram as shown:

The details in the diagram will vary depending on the equipment chosen if multiple
experiments are available.
Manual data input boxes with a coloured background allow measured variables,
constants such as Orifice Cd and Atmospheric Pressure, as appropriate, to be
changed by over-typing the default value. After typing the value press the Return key
or click on a different box to enter the value.
In addition to measured variables such as Volume, Time, Temperature or Pressure,
calculated data such as Discharge / Volume flowrate, Headloss etc are continuously
displayed in data boxes with a white background. These are automatically updated
and cannot be changed by the user.
After entering a complete set of data from measurements on the equipment click on
the

icon to save the set of results before entering another set.

The mimic diagram associated with some products includes the facility to select
different experiments or different accessories, usually on the left hand side of the
screen, as shown:

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Armfield Instruction Manual

Clicking on the appropriate accessory or exercise will change the associated mimic
diagram, table, graphs etc to suit the exercise being performed.

Data Logging Facilities in the Mimic Diagram

Armfield software designed for manual entry of measured variables does not include
automatic data logging facilities and these options are greyed out where not
appropriate. When manually entering data the
icon simply saves the set of
entered data into a spreadsheet as described above.

Tabular Display
To view the Table screen click the View Table icon
click Table from the View dropdown menu as shown:

24

from the main tool bar or

Operating the Software

The data is displayed in a tabular format, similar to the screen as shown:

As the data is sampled, it is stored in spreadsheet format, updated each time the
data is sampled. The table also contains columns for the calculated values.
New sheets can be added to the spreadsheet for different data runs by clicking the
icon from the main toolbar. Sheets can be renamed by double clicking on the
sheet name at the bottom left corner of the screen (initially Run 1, Run 2 etc) then
entering the required name.
For more detailed information about Data Logging and changing the settings within
the software refer to the Help available via the upper toolbar when operating the
software.

Graphical Display
When several samples have been recorded, they can be viewed in graphical format.

To view the data in Graphical format click the View graph icon
tool bar or click Graph from the View drop-down menu as shown:

from the main

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Armfield Instruction Manual

The results are displayed in a graphical format as shown:

(The actual graph displayed will depend on the product selected and the exercise
that is being conducted, the data that has been logged and the parameter(s) that has
been selected).
Powerful and flexible graph plotting tools are available in the software, allowing the
user full choice over what is displayed, including dual y axes, points or lines,
displaying data from different runs, etc. Formatting and scaling is done automatically
by default, but can be changed manually if required.
To change the data displayed on the Graph click Graph Data from the Format
dropdown menu as shown:

26

Operating the Software

The available parameters (Series of data) are displayed in the left hand pane as
shown:

Two axes are available for plotting, allowing series with different scaling to be
presented on the same x axis.
To select a series for plotting, click the appropriate series in the left pane so that it is
highlighted then click the appropriate right-facing arrow to move the series into one of
the windows in the right hand pane. Multiple series with the same scaling can be
plotted simultaneously by moving them all into the same window in the right pane.
To remove a series from the graph, click the appropriate series in the right pane so
that it is highlighted then click the appropriate left-facing arrow to move the series into
the left pane.
The X-Axis Content is chosen by default to suit the exercise. The content can be
changed if appropriate by opening the drop down menu at the top of the window.
The format of the graphs, scaling of the axes etc. can be changed if required by
clicking Graph in the Format drop-down menu as shown:

For more detailed information about changing these settings refer to the Help
available via the upper toolbar when operating the software.

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Contact Details for Further Information

Main Office:

Armfield Limited
Bridge House
West Street
Ringwood
Hampshire
England BH24 1DY
Tel: +44 (0)1425 478781
Fax: +44 (0)1425 470916
Email: sales@armfield.co.uk
support@armfield.co.uk
Web: http://www.armfield.co.uk

US Office:

Armfield Inc.
9 Trenton - Lakewood Road
Clarksburg, NJ 08510
Tel/Fax: (609) 208 2800
Email: info@armfieldinc.com

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