Laporan Praktikal Kit

Practical Training
7th January 07 19th April07
1.0 ABSTRACT
The concrete cascade aerator will received pumped raw water from the intake
works. Pre-chlorine is applied to the raw water before entering the aerator. Prechlorination provides control of algae and slime growths in the subsequent
treatment works, kill most of disease-causing organisms and help to control taste
and odors. Raw water is then passed through aerator consist of three tier with a
total fall of approximately 2m that provides the necessary aeration essential for
removal of iron and manganese.
The aerated water is then flow to mixing chamber. Pre-limes dosed at the
mixing chamber to obtain the optimum pH for maximum amount of coagulant
precipitates.
Alum is also dosed in the mixing chamber to clump together fine particles into
larger particles. A motor driven flash mixer is installed at chemical mixing
chamber to thoroughly mix the coagulating chemicals (alum) with the water being
treated.
Polyelectrolyte is dosed at the entry of flocculation tank. The flocculation
process provides contact between particles to promote their gathering together
into floc for ease of removal by sedimentation and filtration. Each flocculation
tank is fitted with mechanical flocculate. Polyelectrolyte is dosed at the entrance
to the flocculation tank.
From the flocculation zone the water will enter into the clarification zone
through the perforated partition wall. Dense flocs will settle into the hoppers at the
base of clarification zone. The water will be induced to move upward by the
evenly spaced clarified water collection launders above the tube settlers. The
water will carry with it the fine flocs into the tube settlers. The tube settlers will
provide the additional settling area for fine flocs to settle onto its lower inclined
surfaces.
Each clarifier shall have four numbers of sludge collection hoppers. The
settled flocs are allowed to concentrate to form sludge in these shoppers. The
sludge collected in these hoppers is removed hydraulically via 75mm diameter
NURUL ADNIN BT ZAHARI
DIPLOMA IN INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY
Practical Training
desluging pipe intermittently by open\ close the butterfly desluging valve with
timer programme.
Sludge from these clarifiers will be channeled into sludge into lagoons.
Effluent from these lagoons is discharged into Sg.Galang.
The filtration plant consists of five rapid gravity filters. The filters are
constructed in reinforced concrete and down-flow open gravity type, operating at
a constant rate with variable head. Filter nozzles is made from polypropylene.
From the settled water distribution channel, the settled water enters the filters
through the inlet penstocks into filter distribution channel. It will be distributed
equally between the five filters by means of stainless steel weirs at the filters
inlets. After the splitting weirs, the water enters into filter tanks through arranged
at both sidewalls.
After the filtration process, filtered water is then gravity flow to the clear
water tank. Post-chlorination for disinfection and fluoride for corrosion control is
dosed prior entry to chlorine contact tank which attached to clear water tank.
Post-lime dosing for pH adjustment is applied in the clear water tank before
pumping to Bukit Kobah reservoir.

Practical Training
2.0 COMPANY BACKGROUND (AKSB)
AKSB is the only accountable company in Kelantan that is responsible in water

treatment process and also managing water supply throughout Kelantan state. Air
Kelantan Sdn. Bhd. or well known, as AKSB has been incorporate on March 9,
1994 (formerly known as Kelantan Water Sdn. Bhd.) is a joint venture company
owned by Thames Water United Kingdom and Yayasan Kelantan Darulnaim
(YAKIN). On April 29, 1999, Kelantan Water Sdn. Bhd. was taken over by
Kelantan Chief Minister Corporation.
The first step taken by Kelantan Chief Minister Corporation is by changing the
companys name from Kelantan Water Sdn. Bhd. into Air Kelantan Sdn. Bhd.
AKSB is wholly owned by the Kelantan Chief Minister Coprporation. AKSB
manages the existing water supply, treatment, distribution system , billing and
collection throughout Kelantan State. AKSB formerly sited at Level 4, Petronas
Building, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, Kota Bharu and had moved to Kelantan Chief
Minister Corporation Building, Jalan Kuala Krai, 15050 Kota Bharu, Kelantan.

Practical Training
DATE OF
INCORPORATION
CHANGE NAME
OWNED BY
COMPANY NO.
9 Mac 1994 (before this formely known as Kelantan

Water (Malaysia) Sdn Bhd)
11 Mei 1999 (known as Air Kelantan Sdn Bhd)
Kelantan Chief Minister
291969-M
AUTHORISED CAPITAL
RM100 million
PAID-UP CAPITAL
RM 40 million
REGISTERED ADDRESS
Level 4, PKINK Building, Jalan Tengku Maharani,

15000 Kota Bharu, Kelantan.
Level 5, Kelantan Chief Minister Building,
OPERATION ADDRESS
Lot 2 & 257, Jalan Kuala Krai

15050 Kota Bharu, Kelantan
TELEPHONE NO.
FAX NO.
EMAIL
09-7437777 (14 lines)

09-7472030
aksb@airkelantan.com.my
Ernest & Young
AUDITOR
Level 11,Teruntum Complex

Jalan Mahkota
25000 Kuantan, Pahang darul Makmur
1. Bank Islam Malaysia Berhad ( Kota Bharu Branch)
BANK
2. Maybank Perbankan Islam (Lundang Kota Bharu

Branch)
DEFINITION OF LOGO

Practical Training
First circle showed word Air Kelantan Sdn. Bhd in Arabic(at the top) and
Roman(at the bottom) language. Meaning that our life depend on water
and we need it to keep living.
Waterfall at the middle means of calmness, peaceful and comfortable

feeling of our God creating.
Meanwhile, water at bottom symbolized that it was very compulsory to us

and we should appreciate it. And thus, we should implant good habit s
LIST OF WATER TREATMENT PLANT BY DISTRICT
Pengkalan Chepa
Tanjung Mas
Kg. Puteh
Pintu Geng (Old)
Pintu Geng (New)
Kubang Kerian
Kg. Chap
Bachok
Jelawat
Pasir Puteh
Wakaf Bunut
Kg. Tualang (Old)
Kg. Tualang (New)
Kg. Pahi
Manek Urai
Kota Bharu
Kuala Krai

Practical Training
Bertam Baru
Limau Kasturi
Aring
Chiku
Panggung Lalat
Sg. Ketil
Kg. Sedar
Tumpat
Wakaf Bharu
Pasir Mas
Lemal
Kelar
Rantau Panjang
Kemahang
Bendang Nyior
Bukit Remah
Batu Gajah
Kuala Tiga
Gemang
Pasir Dusun
Kuala Balah
Dabong / Stong
Gua Musang
Tanah Merah
Jeli
DEPARTMENT OF AKSB
Logistic Department
Operation Department
Legislation Department
Practical Training
Human Resource Department

Credit Controlling Department
Customer Service Department
Process and Quality Department
Account and Finance Department
Information Technology System Unit
Scheme and Development Department
Corporate and Communication Department
Mechanical and Electrical Maintenance Unit
Objectives
To supply enough water with high quality and to make sure that it can
achieve consumer needed.
Staffs developement as company aset in condusive working enviroment.
To make sure that professional improvement trainning is given to all staffs.
To achieve company status according ISO standard.
To build a company that are dynamic, sensitive and responsible according

to company needed.
To enhance team spirit, cooperation and motivation among staffs to

produce respectful organization.
To carry out social responsibility.
To decrease the NRW according to planned

Practical Training
Visions
To be the best water company and the most efficient water services and related
products in the world.
Missions
To supply the water that are effective to consumer according to technology and
the workers that are committed, professional and to produce the conducive
environment.
Board of Director
Practical Training

Practical Training
Organization chart (AKSB)
2.1
Background of Merbau Chondong Water Treatments

10
Practical Training
Merbau Chondong Water Treatment Plant (LRAMC) is located at Kampung Pulai

Chondong, Machang, Kelantan Darul Naim. It is resources of raw water, which is
intake, is from Kelantan River at Kampung Bandar, Kelantan. LRAMCs area is
20,000m.
Operation of LRAMC is 24 hours per day, according to scheduled which have
three shift supervisors and four operators assistant.
LRAMC is starting to operate on 7th February 2005 and it has ability to produces
40,000m per day or 40 MLD. LRAMC supply water to Machang and Pasir Puteh.
The instruments and apparatus in this plant are sophisticated and systematic.
The operation of instruments and machines are controlled through SCADA
telemetry system.
Schedule of shift
No
Shift
Time
12.00pm8.00am
8.00am4.00pm
4.00pm-
No
of No
of No
of
supervisors operators
workers
duty
assistant
per day
duty
1
2
3
1
12.00pm
Distribution Area
Tank
Bukit Kobah
No of tanks
1
Capacity, m3
9080

11
Practical Training
Machang
Banggol Judah
Bukit Amboran
Padang Pak Amat
Bukit Hangus
1
1
1
1
1(new)
1(old)
2031
900
7500
3500
2500
680
Vision
To be efficient water treatment plant in Malaysia.
Mission
To supply sufficient and quality water this followed standard of MOH and
WHO.
Objective
To make sure that instrument at water treatment plant in good quality

situation.
To make sure that water treatment plant followed five stage as preferred:
Aeration
Flocculation
Coagulation
Sedimentation
Filtration
To make sure that the instrument is always been controls follow by

schedule.
Organization Chart (Water Treatment Plant Merbau Chondong)

12
AREA MANAGER
Practical Training
PLANT
SUPRITENDANT
MR. MOHD RAJAB
B. YA
SUPERVISOR
(LAB)
MR. HAMIZI B.
ISHAK
SUPERVISOR
(CHEMICAL)
MR. FIRDHAUZ B.
HAMAT
SUPERVISOR
(MAINTENANCE)
MR. MOHD RAHIMI
B. ABD HALIM
SUPERVISOR
(CLEARANCE)
MR. MOHD FADHIL
B. ZAINAL ABDIM
OPERATOR
MR. MOHAMED
OPERATOR
MR. SABRI
OPERATOR
MR. WAN MOHD
FAIZAL
OPERATOR
MR. TUAN KAIROL
2.2 Central Lab

13
Practical Training
Water which have been supplied by AKSB is controlled their quality by Ministry of
Health (MOH) and World Health Organization (WHO). By the way, in order to
ensure that water quality is complied with standard, AKSB established Water
Quality Department. This department has been fully operated at Central
Laboratory which is located strategically catchments area in Water Treatment
Plant Kampung Puteh. Tests are carried out on water samples from water
catchments and distribution in the whole state of Kelantan in order to ensure the
WHO (World Health Organization) standards are meet.
This lab is fully equipped with laboratory apparatus used for water testing
purposes, which capital costs RM450, 000. At this lab, two types of water are
being tested; it is raw water and treated water. Raw water quality must be
checked before proceed for treatment. Quality of raw water must meet the
guidelines from Ministry of Health, Malaysia. While treated water must meet the
guidelines for drinking water from Ministry of Health, Malaysia.
2.2.1 Activities in Central Laboratory

14
Practical Training
The usual activities which being done in Central Laboratory consists of:
Sampling activities at all sampling point provided.
Analyze water quality of water sample in order to ensure that the quality of
water which has been produced complied with Ministry of Health (MOH)
standard.
1) Report about quality violation everyday, monthly, and annually.
2) Observation about raw water (river or well).
3) Investigate all the complained from the customer that relates with the
problem on water quality.
4) Flushing program.
Inform the water quality department about water quality regarding any
problem that occurred on plant, water reservoir, or reticulation.
Ensure that all the new piping system is confirmed safe and clean before
use it for water supply process
Investigated the problem that frequently happened and tried to overcome

the problem.
Water testing
There are four main types of tests that being carried out by central laboratory,
which are; Group 1 (GI), Group 2 (GII), Group 3 (GIII) and Group 4 (GIV).
GROUP 1
Group 1 test consists of parameters such as total coliform, E.coli, pH, free
chlorine residual, turbidity, color and temperature. Group I test also known as onsite test since all test are carried out onsite except for bacteria test, which is
this test is carried out in Central Laboratory. Bacteria test must be carried out in
Microbiology Laboratory Room because the reading may varied from time to time
and some substance such as chlorine in treated water is easy to vaporize after
being exposed to the air.

15
Practical Training
GROUP 2
Group II test consist of 15 tests to determine the chemicals and organics matter
level in supplied water. This test is carried out once per months in Central
Laboratory.
GROUP 3
Group III test is carried out twice per year in the Central Laboratory to determine
chemical substance in water supplied by AKSB to the consumers. This test
consist of 18 tests, which substance that been tested are hazardous to human
health.
GROUP 4
Group IV test consist of two tests to determine or detect any toxic or hazardous
matters from pesticides or toxic waste in water supplied by AKSB to the
consumers.
2.2.2 Process Flow in Central Laboratory
AKSB Sdn. Bhd Water Quality Department is divided to Central Laboratory Unit
and Field Analysis Unit which every unit is handled by own manager respectively.
The water sample from entire Kelantan will be sent to Central Laboratory for further
testing or experiment to check all the parameter that was stated or required
depends on type of water sample. For Field Analysis Unit, the parameters that
have tested for in-situ test are pH, turbidity, and residual chlorine. For raw water,
only two parameters are tested which are pH and turbidity.
For Central Laboratory Unit, its divided to chemical section and microbiology
section. For chemical section, parameter that are tested include Color, Ammonia,
Chloride, Fluoride, Hardness, Aluminium, Manganese, Cyanide, Phenol, Oil &
Grease, Sulphide, Nitrate, Argentums, Chromium, Copper, Mercury, Magnesium,
Cadmium, Sodium, Plumbum, Zinc, Pesticide, Trihalomethane (THM), Total
Organic Carbon (TOC), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Total Dissolved Solid
(TDS) and Sulphate. While for microbiology section, the parameters that are

16
Practical Training
tested include Total Coliform and E-Coli. This Central Laboratory was including
five programs which is weekly, monthly, half yearly, quarterly and yearly program.
2.2.3 Organization chart
LAB CONTROLLER / MICROBIOLOGIST

WAN KHAIRUDDIN WAN OMAR
CHEMIST
KHAIRILBARIAH IBRAHIM
LAB TECHNICIAN
FADZILAH MOHAMAD
PROCESS COORDINATOR
AZIZ ABDULLAH
WATER QUALITY
INSPECTOR
CHE MOHAMAD
WATER QUALITY
INSPECTOR
CHE MUSTAPA IDRIS
WATER QUALITY
INSPECTOR
JUHARI SULAIMAN
WATER QUALITY
INSPECTOR
HJ. ALWI AWANG
OFFICE ASSISTANT / CLERK

ROHAIZA BHARUN SKEDEK

17
Practical Training
2.2.4 Instruments
2.2.4.1 On-site test
HACH Portable Turbidimeter (model 2100 P)

1) Use to measure turbidity in range 0.01-1000 NTU.
2) Result in NTU unit (Nephelometric turbidity unit).
HACH 1000 calorimeter (iron test) (model 41100-10)

1) Use to measure iron content in water from 0-5mg/l
2) Reagent use is 1,10-phenantroline (APHA Standard method)

18
Practical Training
HACH Portable Calorimeter (Chlorine Test)

1) Use to measure chlorine content in water in range 0-4.5 mg/l
2) Reagent use is 1,10-phenantroline (APHA Standrard Method)
2.2.4.2 Chemical Test
1) Used DR/4000 UV-VIS spectrophotometre.

2) Integration system with scanning spectrophotometre.
3) Use to test 48 different parameter.
4) This instrument can test 4 different sample at the same time.
5) Size parameter that can be test in range 320nm-1100nm.
6) This instrument can do 200 self-calibration which was programme.

19
Practical Training
3.0 WATER TREATMENT PROCESS

3.1 River Intake
Floating booms are installed to capture the debris floating on the surface of water
before river water enters the abstraction channels. Trash screen of long narrow
metal bar spaced 50mm is installed at the entrance of abstraction channel to
retain debris such as wood, rags or other bulky objects that not captured by
floating booms. Stop log is used when maintenance of cleaning of trash screen is
needed. Twelve stop logs are supplied for two channels. The water flows through
1000mm x 1600 mm inlet penstock at low velocity before enter two sand ejector
hoppers in each channel. Sand will accumulate at the sand ejector hopper and
remove periodically by the sand ejector system.

20
Practical Training
3.1.1 Bandscreen
Before operate
After operate
Bandscreen is installed to remove water weeds, sticks and larger particulate

matters. A Brackett Dual Flow Band Screen consists of an endless belt of mesh
panels contained within a vertical self-supporting steel frame. The front face of
the frame is plated in and the incoming flow divides to each side. The water being
screened passes from the outside of the screen, through both descending and
ascending mesh panels to the inside of the frame. It then flows out through an
opening in the back wall of the screen chamber.
3.1.2 Raw water pumping station

21
Practical Training
The raw water pumping station is located at Kg. Bandar. The raw water output is
42 Mld based on 24 hours operation. The raw water is transfer to aerator located
at Merbau Chondong Water Treatment Plant. One unit of horizontal surge vessel
is supplied in this station. The surge vessel is of the horizontal mounted
cylindrical type with hemispherical ends. The surge vessel is connected to the
pumping main by a 400mm diameter with a 400mm diameter non-return valve. To
allow water to flow back into the surge vessel and for controlling the up surge
pressures, a 250mm diameter pipe without orifice plate is connected as a bypass
to the non-return valve. The function of this surge vessel is to provide protection
to the pumping facilities and pumping main against the surges and water hammer
as caused by the starting of the pumps, normal and emergency stoppage of the
pumps, and power supply failure.
3.2 Aeration (Cascade aerator)
Aeration process has some functions in water treatment, which are:

To increase the content of the absorbent oxygen in the water.
To decrease the taste and smell from the absorbent gasses in water
Hydrogen Sulphite that will be free and to oxidize and remove the
smell of the organic material.
To decrease the content of Carbon Dioxide (CO 2) in the water and with
that it can reduce the nature of corrosive and increase the pH of the
water.

22
Practical Training
To change Iron and Manganese materials from dissolve condition to

undisclosed condition. This is because to make it being dregs so that
will be easy to separate it with use filters.
3.3 Coagulation
Chemical mixing chamber with flash mixer

The term coagulation describes the effect produced when certain chemicals are
added to raw water containing slowly settling or nonsettable particles. The small
particles begin to form larger or heavier floc which will be removed by
sedimentation and filtration. The mixing of the coagulant chemical and the raw
water to be treated water is commonly referred to as FLASH MIXING. The
primary purpose of the flash mix process is to rapidly mix and equally distribute
the coagulant chemical throughout the water. The entire process occurs in a very
short time (several seconds), and the first result are the formation of very small
particles.
Chemical coagulants are referred to either as primary coagulant or as
coagulant aids. Primary coagulants are used to cause the particles to become
destabilized and begin to clump together, while the purpose of coagulant aids is
to add density to slow-settling flocs and add toughness so the floc will not break
up in the following processes. Coagulant aids could be called flocculation or
sedimentation aids.
When lime and alum are added to water, a series of reactions occur with the
water and with other ions in the water. Sufficient chemical quantities must be

23
Practical Training
added to the water to exceed the solubility limit of the metal hydroxide, resulting
in the formation of a precipitate (floc). The resulting floc formed will then adsorp
on particles (turbidity) in the water.
Coagulation is a physical and chemical reaction occurring between the alkalinity
of the water and the coagulant added to the water which results in the formation
of insoluble flocs (floc that will not dissolve). For a specific coagulant (such as
aluminum sulfate or alum), the pH of the water determines which hydrolysis
species (chemical compounds) predominate. Lower pH values tend to favor
positively charged species which are desirable for reacting with negatively
charged colloids and particulates, forming insoluble flocs and removing impurities
from the water.
3.4 Flocculating tank with mechanical flocculator.
Water then will flow to the flocculation tank. Flocculation is a slow strirring
process that causes the gathering together of small, coagulated particles into
larger, settleable particles. The flocculation process provides contact between
particles to promote their gathering together into floc for ease of removal by
sedimentation and filtration. Generally, these contact or collisions between
particles result from gentle strirring created by a mechanical or hydraulic means
of mixing.
Floc formation is controlled by the rate at which collisions occur between particles
and by the effectiveness of these collisions in promoting attachment between
particles. The purpose of flocculation is to create a floc of a good size, density,
and toughness for later removal in the sedimentation and filtration processes.
A mechanical flocculator is installed in each of flocculation tank. The mechanical
flocculator is electrical geared driven vertical mechanical stirers design to ensure
thorough agitation and mixing of the contents without causing splashing. The
drive shaft and propeller is made of stainless steel 316. The propeller diameter,
pitch and rotation speed shall be such that adequate performance is obtained
from minimum power consumption. The selection shall be based on maximum
water level in the tank (3.75m) and maximum density of the content. The motor
24
Practical Training
shall be drive with variable speed drive will be provided for wide range of velocity
gradient control.
An efficient flocculation process involves the selection of the right stirring time
(detention time), the proper stirring intensity, a properly shaped basin for uniform
mixing, and mechanical equipment or other means of creating the stirring action.
Insufficient mixing will result in ineffective collisions and poor floc formation.
During flocculation process, floc were developed in this process will combine with
other floc to give more big and heavy floc. This is to make the flocs easy to
precipitate. This was happened when the water flow were reduced during passing
the two portion of buffle. Flocculant was added after formation of floc result from
coagulation process. The purpose is to produce a bigger floc to help in filtration
process which the filtration process becomes easily.
3.5 Sedimentation
25
Practical Training
Sedimentation tank
The tank was cleared to wash.

Sedimentation tanks incorporating tube settlers
The water then being flow to the sedimentation tank. Sediment process was
done after coagulation and flocculation process but before filtration process. The
purpose of sedimentation process is to produce the water that has a lower
turbidity. This can reduce the amount of float materials which will burdensome the
filter.
Lamella tube settler is installed in each clarifier tank. The tube settlers installed is
inclined at 600 to the horizontal and placed at 1.0 m below the nominal water of
the tank. The tube settlers are hexagonal in shape with 75mm hydraulic diameter.
The tubes are constructed of 1.0 mm thick Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene (ABS)
26
Practical Training
that does not degrade under normal ultra-violet solar radiation and sufficiently
robust to be able to easily withstand hosing down by high pressure water when
the tanks are empty.
The tube settlers are installed in modules for easy removal; the modules are
rested on top of 25mm x 50mm x 1.2mm thick stainless steel channel and 70mm
x 198mm x 4mm thick stainless steel channel support steel system. The support
is design to adequately support the weight of the tube settlers when the tank is
empty with possible material deposits within the tube.
3.6 Filtration
Rapid gravity filters

The filtration plant consists of five rapid gravity filters each with 72m 2 filtration
areas. The filters are constructed in reinforced concrete and of down-flow open
gravity type, operating at a constant rate with variable head. The design filtration
rate/loading is about 9.0m/hr with two filters down. Under normal operation, all
five filters will be in service. At any one time when two filters are out of service
(one filter is out of service while another is being backwashed), the flow will be
distributed evenly among the other remaining filters.

27
Practical Training
Each filter shall consist of one electric actuated inlet penstock, with the size of
500 x 500mm. The electric actuated inlet penstock is for controlling the slow startup system where gradual flow into the filter is controlled upon going into service
or after washing. The other function is to control the surface wash by the settled
water during washing. Filter shall be backwashed either due to the preset time
the filter is in service, which in default is 72 hours, or due to the high loss of the
head across the filter media reaches a preset level. Washing of filters is done by
air scouring, combined air-water wash and water upward through the bed by
reverse flow through the under drain system. Water for backwashing will be via
service ring main.
For Merbau Chondong Water Treatment Plant, Rapid sand filter is used. For filter
media:
1) Sand volume (x area in sand) area: 72m x in : 900mm (5 filters)
2) Type of filter media:
Course sand
Fine sand
Filter design for Merbau Chondong water treatment plant are:
q maximum = 10m/m/hour
q minimum
Filter area (length x width filter): a (meter) x b(meter) = abm
Output; Q, m/hour
No of filter
Formula:
= 5 m/m/hour
=N
q, flow rate filter , Output = Q (m/ hour)

Area filter x No. filter [ab (m) x N]
= q, m/m/hour
At Merbau Chondong water treatment plant; there are three media filters
there, single media, duel media and triple media filter.
Single media

28
Practical Training
1) Sand
= 700mm
2) Coarse sand
= 50mm
3) Gravel
= 150mm
Duel media filter

1) Anthracite
= 250mm
2) Sand
= 450mm
3) Coarse sand
= 50mm
4) Gravel
= 150mm
Triple media
1) Anthracite
= 200mm
2) Sand
= 350mm
3) Fine garnet
= 150mm
4) Coarse garnet
= 50mm
5) Gravel
= 150mm
3.7 Clear contact tank
Clear contact tank is to store the water for a while before it sent to clear water
tank. This tank is to make sure that all the chemicals such as post-chlorine,
sodium silicofluoride and post-lime are dose to the water before it stored to clear
water tank. This tank can fill maximum of water up to 80 Mld.
29
Practical Training
3.8 Clear water tank
Clear water tank is the tank to store the treated water before it send to Bukit
Kobah Reservoir. The size is 54.4 m length, 35.0 m width and the depth of the
water is 5.0 m. The tank is divided into two parts to easy the maintenance. This
tank can fill maximum of water up to 80 Mld.
3.8.1 Surge vessel
One unit (1) of surge vessel of size 1370 mm ID x 1830 mm shell height
with a gross volume of 3.46 m3 is supplied in the pumping station. The surge
vessel is of the vertical mounted cylindrical type with hemispherical ends. There
is one no. 305 mm x 406 mm elliptical access manhole complete with cover is
provided at the side of the vessel. The surge vessel is connected to the pumping
30
Practical Training
main by a 350 mm diameter pipe with a 350 mm diameter non-return valve. To

allow water to flow back into the surge vessel and for controlling the up surge
pressures, a 200mm diameter pipe without orifice plate is connected as a bypass
to the non-return valve. During normal operating condition, the water level inside
the surge vessel is between 0.80m (H) to 1.10m (L) from the top of the vessel.
The function of these surge vessels is to provide protection to the pumping
facilities and pumping main against the surges and water hammer as caused by
the starting of pumps, normal and emergency stoppage of pumps and power
supply failure.
3.9 Bukit Kobah Reservoir
Bukit Kobah reservoir is the place where the treated water was stored before it
distributes to consumer. The reservoir can contain maximum water up to 9 MLd.
Water from Bukit Kobah Reservoir will deal out to other tank which allocated at
Padang Pak Amat, Bukit Amboran, Bukit Jawa, Bukit Banggol Juddah Bukit
Hangus and Machang suction.
3.10 Water Substances and Their Characteristics

31
Practical Training
NO.
SUBSTANCES
Acidity
CHARACTERISTIC
Acid water is one, which has pH value of less than
7.0. In unpolluted water, acidity is generally caused
by dissolved carbon dioxide. The final water
leaving a treatment plant should be non-corrosive,
with the pH increased to correct acidity when
necessary. When pH correction is not applied and
acidic water is allowed into the distribution system,
corrosion problems can arise.
Aluminium
The most usual sources of aluminium in drinking

water come from corrosion of aluminium utensils,
tanks, and pipes, or incorrect dosing of aluminium
sulphate as a coagulant at the treatment works.
The concentration of aluminium in drinking water is
importance for sufferers of kidney diseases, who
have to use dialysis machines.
Ammonia
Ammoniacal compounds are found in most natural

waters. They originate from various sources, some
of which are completely harmless, but in other
cases their presence can indicate pollution by
sewage or industrial effluent.
Arsenic
Arsenic is completely toxic to man, and if detected

in water should give cause for concern and
investigation. Arsenic can be found in surface
waters from areas where there are certain types of
metal ores
Calcium
Calcium is found in most natural waters, the level

depending on the type of rock through which the
water has passed. There is no health objection to
high calcium content in the water, the limitations
being made on the grounds of excessive scale

32
Practical Training
formation.
Chloride
Chlorides are compounds of chlorine with other

natural elements, for example sodium. The main
problems caused by excessive chlorides in water
concern the acceptability of the supply. Whilst
chlorides are not normally detrimental to health, the
salt intake for people suffering from heart attack or
kidney disease has to be restricted. However, a
sensitive palate can detect chlorides levels as low
as 150 mg / l, and concentration above 250 mg / l
impart a distinctly salty taste to a water.
Chlorine
The maximum amount of residual chlorine, which

may be permitted in water going into supply,
depends upon the taste, odor, and corrosion that
may result. Trihalometants can be produced if
chlorine is used as a pre-treatment measure on
highly colored water, waters containing organic
material, or pollution. Typical chlorine residuals for
treated water going into supply are of the order of
0.5 mg / l.
Colors
Color in unpolluted water can be caused by humic

and peaty material, and by naturally occurring
metallic salts, usually of irons and manganese.
Water often appears colored because of material in
suspension, so true color can only be determined
after acceptable per-treatment, such as filtration.
Cyanide
Cyanide and cyanide complexes, are highly toxic,

and will only be found in waters polluted by
industrial or mining effluents involving processes
using cyanide such gold mining.
10
Fluoride
Fluoride may occur naturally in water, or it may be

added in controlled amounts during the treatment

33
Practical Training
process. It is generally accepted that fluoridation in

water supplies to a level of 1 mg / l is both safe and
effective in reducing dental care.
11
Iron
Iron is not harmful to health, but is undesirable on

aesthetic ground; it can impart a bitter taste when
present in large amounts. When water containing a
lot of iron takes up oxygen on exposure to air, the
iron is likely to be precipitated, causing brown stain
on laundry and plumbing fixtures. As well as being
unacceptable to the consumer, such deposits can
give rise to iron bacteria, which in turn cause
further deterioration in the quality of water by
12
Manganese
producing slimes or objectionable odors.

Manganese can be a troublesome element, even
when present in small quantities. It can deposit out
from the water in the presence of oxygen, or after
chlorine has been added, coating the interior of the
pipes
with
black
slime.
Large quantities
of
manganese are toxic, but water requires treatment

on the grounds of taste an aesthetic quality, long
before such levels are reached.
13
Phosphate
Phosphate in surface water mainly originates from

sewage effluents, or from agricultural effluents,
including round off from inorganic fertilizers.
Groundwater
usually
contains
insignificant
concentration, unless they have become polluted.
14
Turbidity
Turbidity is an indication of the clarity of water, and

is defined as the optical property that causes light
to
be
scattered
and
absorbed
rather
than
transmitted in straight lines through a sample of

water. Turbidity measurements are often used to
monitor
the
performance
of
treatment
processes.

34
work
Practical Training
15
Total solids in solution
total
dissolved
solid
is
quantitative
measurement of the dissolved salts in water. For

given water, the dissolved solids concentration can
be
directly
related
to
the
conductivity. The
flocculation and clarification process does not

reduce the dissolved solids, only the suspended
solids.
3.11
Water Treatment Plant: Maintenance, common operational problems

and
troubleshooting.
3.11.1 Raw water (intake)

Purpose: To find optimum quality water from river or well.
A) Bad odor and taste from not good quality water.
Must do test for every water strata to make sure water was taken
from epiliminum strata.
Water gate must open not over than 8m from water level.
At hypoliminion level (DO low content) will caused raw water

quality is not good. (Ion mineral content and manganese are
high).
B) Log, rubbish and plants will influent raw water quality like odor,
flowrate water and influence head loss of raw water pump.
3.11.2 Coagulation and flocculation
Coagulation and flocculation is a series of water treatment which is used to
remove turbidity, iron and manganese in raw water. To get good result in quality
water it is depend on coagulation and flocculation process.
Identify operation problem on coagulation and flocculation. Problems that relates
with coagulation and flocculation:
Instruments break down (feeder, stirrer etc).
Process which is not efficient
Consequence of bad performance of coagulation and flocculation.

35
Practical Training
1) High effluents turbidity, no carry over floc, cause:
Low dose coagulant or mixing coagulant is not complete.
Process is not complete
Solution:
Do jar test to make sure mixing coagulant dose is accurate.
Do adjustment metering pump follow result from jar test.
2) Low turbidity (raw water)will cause no floc:

Solution:
Add recycle sludge and add Bentonite
3) High effluent turbidity, have carry over floc: caused:
Weak in settling floc (sedimentation)
Solution:
Add coagulant aid, (polymer) use to make floc become larger and
make it easy to settle.
Operation and maintenance for rapid mixing and flocculation structure.
Do jar test when water quality has change
Clean up sludge every year in floc tank and rapid mixing
Do chemical feeder calibration every day
Invigilate chemical concentration in aluminium stirrer.
Put grease to rapid mixing mechanical instrument and flocculator

include gear box.
Check rapid mixing impeller and flocculator fan every year. Remove
scaling calcium carbonate.
3.11.3 Sedimentation Tank

It is a physical process whereas gravity is use to separate suspended solid from
treated water or process to remove turbidity after coagulation and flocculation.
Sedimentations capable to remove total suspended solid are 80% until 90%.
Capable sedimentation tank (80%-90%) will help filtrations performance and filter
will slow to do backwash process.
36
Practical Training
Operation and identify problems.

Inefficient sedimentation tank depend on two things:
Inefficient sludge removal
Short-circuiting
1) Problem in operation is motor sludge remover overload.

Solution: Remove sludge frequently.
2) Water pipe out always cork and caused sludge out slower.
Solution: Add remover rate
3) Algae are easy leave at basin wall and weir sedimentation. It will give
problem to odor and taste water.
Solution: Wash basin wall, it is better use chlorine as detergent.
4) Sludge which is has high organic contents it will affect to odor and taste.
Solution: Add remover sludge.
Operation and maintenance sedimentation tank.
Wash sedimentation tank wall every year, remove sludge and algae.
Put grease to sludge collection equipment.
Do turbidity effluent when flow rate raw water and quality raw water have
been change.
3.11.4 Filter
Filtration units should be operated and maintained only by personnel trained in
operation of filters. This training should include a review of the theory of filtration,
filter hydraulics, and filter control, as well as of proper water quality testing
procedures required to monitor filter performance. Maintenance personnel should
37
Practical Training
be knowledgeable in basic electrical power systems and plumbing pages 414.

Water Works Engineering, Syed R. Qasim, Edward M.Motly, Guang Zhu. Prentice
Hall PTR USA.
Operation and identify filters problem.
1) Head loss high or time when filter running is really short, caused:
Filter bed must be backwash
Air Binding
Flowrate is not accurate
Underdrain cork
Media filter is not correctly design
Floc is really tight and it is hard to filter with media filter.
2) High effluent turbidity
Filter bed must be backwash
High flowrate
Flowrate which is inaccurate
Mud ball in filter bed
Air binding
Media filter is not correctly design
Floc is soft or weak because of incorrect process.
3.11.5 Disinfection
Problem in disinfections are:
Low chlorine dose
Sort contact time
Chlorine dose
Why water must do disinfection?
Remove iron
Remove sulphur compounds

38
Practical Training
Remove manganese
Reduce color problems
Control taste and odor
Control algae and slime
Method of disinfection
Ultra violet radiation experimental
Heat-boiling water for about 5 minutes will destroy all micro-organisms, but
the energy required makes it too expensive to be used other than in
emergencies
Ultrasonic-experimental
Ozone- very effective, but requires a large investment other chemicals
Iodine-too expensive
Bromine- too hard to handle
Sodium hydroxide or lime-leaves a bitter taste
Basic Chlorine Chemistry

When chlorine gas is dissolved in pure water, a dilute solution of hydrochloric and
hypochlorous acid is formed. The reaction in symbolic form is: Chlorine gas
Water Hypochloric acid, the hypochlorous acid is the effective disinfection but if
sodium hypochlorite is used instead of chlorine gas, the main disinfection that is
formed is still hypochlorous acid. The reaction in symbolic form is Sodium
hypochlorite water hypochlorous Acid Lye.
Factors affecting disinfection

Many factors affect how well chlorine disinfects water. Some of the most
important ones are:

39
Practical Training
Contact time
Dosage
Chlorine demand
Turbidity
Water temperature
Sunlight
Ph
Contact time is the length of time the chlorine is in contact with the water before it
is used or goes to the next treatment stage. Chlorine needs time to spread
through the water and to work. Sometimes the reaction is very quick, but it can
take hours in some cases. The contact time could be in a tank or in the water
distribution main. Disinfection can take from 10 minutes for free chlorine to hours
for combined chlorine. Taste and odor control could take up to four hours.
Dosage is the amount of chlorine that is added per unit of water. It is usually
given as milligrams per liter (mg/l). This is the same as parts per million (ppm).
The actual dosage will be different for each water system. It depends on many
other factors, such as amount and type of impurities, pH and so on. Chlorine
demand is the amount of chlorine that is used up by impurities in the raw water.
Some of these impurities include iron, sulphides, algae, organic waste and
ammonia.
Turbidity is caused by suspended material. It makes the water look cloudy.
Chlorine works through the surface of bacteria cells. Suspended particles can
shield bacteria from the chlorine. Also, any suspended matter in the water in the
form of turbidity, silt or coagulated color may be host to pathogens.
When turbidity and silt are not removed during treatment, the water mains will act
as set of long settling tanks, especially at night when flows are usually very low.
Normally, these deposits are harmless, but they can shield some pathogens from
chlorine.
40
Practical Training
Whenever chlorine is used as the main disinfectant, turbidity should be lowered

to less than 1 NTU, by means of coagulation, sedimentation and filtration.
Unfortunately, very few water treatment systems in new found land and Labrador
provide for turbidity removal. In some water supplies, algae blooms or iron
bacteria can cause turbidity levels to rise. Whenever turbidity levels reach 5 NTU
or higher, the chlorine residual and coliform levels should be checked carefully.
When turbidity levels are high, chlorine becomes less effective, either because
the chlorine starts to react with the material in the water, or because of shielding
effects (the chlorine must come into direct contact with the bacteria or virus).
When this is happens, coliform tests give very high result, even at very high
chlorine residual levels. This is why the operators of water distribution systems
must prevent suspended material from entering the system, or settling in the
lines. Water distribution lines must be cleaned of settled material on a regular
basis. Flushing
Mains at least once a year is a good practice. In the case of very bad
encrustation, removal of the deposits by other cleaning methods such as pigging
might be needed.
PH is measurement of how acid water is. Pure water has a pH of 7.0 and raw
water of a lower pH is acidic. Each unit on the pH scale stands for ten-fold
change in acidity. Thus water of pH 5 is 10 times more acid than water of pH 6.
Chlorination works best below a pH of 8. Between a pH 8 and 9 and increase of
50% in chlorine residual or contact time would be needed for the same effect on
bacteria. Most surface water supplies in new found land and Labrador have a pH
lower than 8.
The effectiveness of the chlorine as a sterilizing agent is related to water pH. At
20C, the most useful oxidizing and disinfection agent (HOCl) is about 75%
formed at pH 7.0 but only 25% formed at pH 8.0. It is therefore essential that
chlorine is applied before the pH of filtered water (normally ph 7.0 or lower) is
adjusted upwards for distribution. The effectiveness of chlorine as a disinfecting
41
Practical Training
agent is significantly reduced above pH 7.2-7.3, mostly wasted at pH 8 and pH 9

or above almost no disinfection occurs. The clear well should be designed so that
the chlorinated water will remain in the basin for at least 30 minutes and
preferably longer. This is done by baffling the tank so that the water will not shortcircuit and discharge too quickly into the distribution system.
3.11.6 Stabilization
Stabilization of the treated water is very important because water which is either
corrosive or depositing can do great harm when discharged to the distribution
system. Many water treatment plants are operated without full regard for the
importance of stabilization and distribution system may be damaged before this
problem is recognized and corrected which the raw water has passed. Where
limestone is predominant the waters are of high alkalinity and hardness, and
have a high pH: conversely if limestone is absent the water is lower in alkalinity,
generally soft and has a lower pH. The pH has a significant influence on the
reaction of coagulants with the raw water: amounts of Al 2 (SO4)3 and Fe2 (SO4)3
required to reduce turbidity to one-half of its original level vary with pH. For
maximum effectiveness of alum as a coagulant, the pH range is quite narrow,
while that for ferric sulphate is wide. In treatment plants using alum as the
coagulant (the great majority), the optimum pH is particularly important, or
coagulant is wasted.
Most treatment plants do not routinely adjust the pH for coagulation except if
additional alkalinity is essential for the reaction to proceed. The coagulant dose to
produce a good settleable floc is usually determined in the laboratory and through
experience. The main reason for this practice is convenience- the pH may not be
optimum but in the opinion of the operators it may be satisfactory. Adjusting pH
with either acid or alkali requires more equipment, some expense and the
attention of operators to the process. However, the final cost may be about the
same.

42
Practical Training
4.0 CHEMICALS
Chemicals that are used in water treatment plant in Merbau Chondong are
hydrated lime, aluminum sulphate, polyelectrolyte, fluoride and chlorine.

43
Practical Training
4.1 Hydrated lime plant
Lime plant.
Hydrated lime is delivered in bulk as powder; 90% Ca (OH) 2. The hydrated
lime transfers to solution mixing tank via a multi-screw feeder. The solution will
then pumps to the points of application by metering pumps. The hydrated lime is
stored in two silos (1 duty, 1 standby); the capacity of each silo is sufficient for an
average total dose of 15mg/l at the plant inflow of 47.25 Mld for 60 days. Each
silo is designed to be 28 tonnes. TOMAL multi-screw feeder in carbon steel
construction with feed rate of up to 80 kg/hr is installed to transfer lime from the
silo to lime mixing tank. Mixing tanks in stainless steel construction with effective
capacity of 1.0m3 complete with motor driven stirrers. It designs to provide the
preparation of lime slurry up to 5.5% concentration. Mixing tank is completed with
feeder inlet, water inlet, slurry outlet, drain and overflow pipework and level
indicator
4.2 Alum plant

44
Practical Training
Aluminum sulphate shall be delivered in bulk as liquid; the Al2O3

concentration will be 8% w/w. the design parameter for the application of
aluminum sulphate are:
Dosage (mg/l)
Aluminum
sulphate
Minimum
5
Average
20
Maximum
20
liquid
(8% w/w Al2O3)

The actual dosage shall base on Jar Test result. The aluminum sulphate solution
shall be drawn directly from the bulk storage tanks and pumped to the points of
application by metering pumps. The aluminum sulphate solution stored in two
vertical storage tanks; the capacity of the tanks shall be sufficient for an average
dose of 20 mg/l at the plant inflow of 47.25 Mld for 60 days. Each tank shall hold
not less than 30 m3. The solution shall then be pumped to the dosing points by
metering pumps. Carrier water for the aluminum sulphate solution will be supplied
from the high pressure water supply system. The service water system is also
used for flushing of the chemical dosing lines automatically once the pump
suction valve closes before the stopping of the pumps.
4.3 Polyelectrolyte plant.

45
Practical Training
Polyelectrolyte is delivered in 25 kg bags.

Dosage (mg/l)
Polyelectrolyte
Minimum
0.05
Average
0.1
Maximum
0.2
The preparation of the sodium polyelectrolyte is skid mounted package type with
controls for automatic batch preparation of stock solution. Two (2) units (1 duty 1
standby) are provided for the plant. The solution shall be pumped to the dosing
points by metering pumps. Carrier water for the polyelectrolyte is supplied from
the high pressure water supply system. The service water supply system is also
used for flushing of the chemical dosing lines automatically once the pump
suction valve closes before the stopping of the pumps.
4.4 Fluoride plant

46
Practical Training
Sodium silicoflouride are delivered in 25 kg bags. The design parameter for

the application of sodium silicofluoride is:
Dosage (mg/l)
Sodium
Minimum
0.5
Average
0.8
Maximum
1.0
Silicofluoride
The preparation of sodium silicofluoride is skid mounted package type with
controls for automatic batch preparation of stock solution. Two (2) units (1 duty 1
standby) shall be provided for the plant. The solution shall be then pumped to the
dosing points by metering pumps.
4.5 Chlorination plant

47
Practical Training
Chlorine is delivered in standard drums (914 kg content capacity). The design

parameters for the application of chlorine are;
Dosage (mg/l)
Pre-filtration
Post-filtration
Minimum
1.0
1.0
Average
2.0
2.0
Maximum
5.0
5.0
Twelve (12) nos. of chlorine drums support plinths are provided in chlorine store
room for 60 days usage. Two duty and two standby on-line drums are placed
horizontally on the 2 nos. of weighing platform in chlorine store room.
The duty drums changeover shall be controlled from a chlorine changeover
panel, when the pressure in the drum drops to a preset level, a signal to the
changeover panel initiates the changeover from the empty bank of drums to the
standby bank of drums.
Four vacuum operated chlorinators (1 duty 1 standby for pre-chlorine and 1 duty
1 standby for post-chlorine) are provided in chlorinator room, each with a capacity
of 10 kg/hr. The chlorinators are vacuum operated type and suitable for flow
signal control to maintain a selected uniform chlorine dosage rate. .
The motive water pump for injector system is located at Chemical Plant (poly &
Flouride Room) and the water supply is from service water tank located on the
roof top of lime plant.
4.5.1 Scrubber System

48
Practical Training
The scrubber system is designed for air cleaning system and removal of chlorine
from contaminated air following a high level chlorine leak in the drum store or
chlorinator room.
Contaminated air shall be extracted by the exhaust fan through the ductwork and
be forced upward through a tower filled with PP packing and absorbent, to
discharge chlorine- free air to atmosphere through a vent stack.
The scrubbing tower is constructed of FRP and shall be filled 3.5 feet high nonclogging PP packing.
4.5.2 High pressure gas zone
The chlorine containers are arranged in two banks of two (2) each. Gas chemical
is supplied by the ton containers connected to gas manifolds with flexible
connectors. Two Chlorine gas line filters are supplied for each manifold. The
pressure switch (PSL) on each manifold will sense the pressure of the source. If
one source is exhausted (actuation pressure of the PSL: (15-20 psig), the wallmounted automatic vacuum switchover module will automatically change to
standby source to replenish the supply of chemical. Alarm will be activated to
alert the plant operating personnel to change the empty containers.
From the container, the gas is fed into the remote mounted Vacuum Regulators
(VR). They are provided with a drip leg assembly with 240V, 25 Watt heater. The
purpose of the vacuum is for proper operation.
49
Practical Training
5.0 LABORATORY ANALYSIS

50
Practical Training
Normally, parameter test and jar test must be done every shift to make sure water
quality is followed MOH and WHO standard. At plant laboratory, the type of
measurement and parameter inspection frequency that being made was to
supervise the level water treatment process. Supervision measurement for each
parameter was done every shift to determine raw water pH, raw water turbidity,
dosed water pH, settled water pH, settled water turbidity, filtered water turbidity,
final water colour, final water pH, final turbidity, fluoride residual, Aluminium
residual, iron, hardness, sulphate, manganese and chloride.
The purpose of a water treatment is to produce safe and pleasant drinking water.
This water must free of disease-causing organisms and toxic substances, also
the water should not have a disagreeable taste, odor or appearance.
Merbau Chondong Water Treatment plant is designed to treat river water with
turbidity less than 1000 NTU. If turbidity raw water is above 1000 NTU, water
treatment plant is recommended to shut down.The standard or criteria for
drinking water quality used to design the Merbau Chondong Water Treatment
plant are as follows:
Parameter
Standard
Unit
Turbidity
<5
NTU
pH
6.50-9.00
Color
<5
Mg/l
Flouride residual
0.5-0.9
Mg/l
Chlorine residual
2.0-2.5
Mg/l
Iron
< 0.3
Mg/l
Aluminium
< 0.2
Mg/l
Manganese
< 0.1
Mg/l
Ammonia(As N)
< 0.5
Mg/l
Sulphate
< 400
Mg/l
Chloride
< 250
Mg/l
Hardness
< 500
Mg/l
5.1 Water quality daily test

51
Practical Training
5.1.1 Water Turbidity (NTU)
Turbidimeter.
Check the turbidity of raw water, settled water and treated water. The
instrument used to check the water turbidity is spectrophotometer.
5.1.2 Water pH
pH meter.
5.1.3 Chlorine Test

52
Practical Training
Spectrophotometer
Chlorine is done to make sure that the chlorine dosed does not exceed the
optimum dose. The instrument used is spectrophotometer. The procedure is:
Free chlorine test.
1. Fill the blank bottle with treated water.
2. Insert the blank bottle into the instrument and press zero.
3. Fill the sample bottle with treated water. Mix it with free chlorine reagent
powder. Shake the bottle thoroughly.
4. Put the sample bottle into the instrument. Press read.
Test total chlorine
1. Fill the sample bottle with 10ml treated water.
2. Mix reagent total chlorine powder into the sample bottle.
3. Shake the bottle until the powder dissolved.
4. Set the time for 3 minutes.
5. Fill the treated water into the blank bottle.
6. After 3 minutes, put the blank bottle into the instrument. Press zero.
7. Put the sample bottle into instrument and press read.
5.1.4 Fluoride test

53
Practical Training
1. Rinse the blank bottle with distills water. Fill the water with 10 ml distill
water.
2. Rinse the sample bottle with treated water and fill it with the treated water.
3. By using pipette, put 2ml SPADNS solution (dark red solution) into both
bottle.
4. Shake the bottles to dissove it.
5. Insert the flouride programme and press timer for 1 minute.
6. After 1 minute, put the blank bottle and press zero
7. Put the sample bottle and press read.
5.1.5 Iron test
1. Make sure all the apparatus are clean.
2. measure 10 ml of water then fill into the sample bottle(final water)
3. Put the iron reagent into the sample bottle. Do not put anything into the
blank bottle!
4. Make sure that the solution is fully dissolved.
5. Set the spectrophotometer and enter the iron program.
6. Set the timer about 3 minutes and start countdown.
7. After 3 minute, put the blank bottle into instrument and press zero.
1. Then put the sample bottle and press read.
2. Record the reading.
5.1.6 Aluminum test (final water)
1. Make sure all the bottle are clean.
2. Fill the water that are to be test into 50 ml volumetric flask.
3. Mix the ascorbic acid into the volumetric flask.
4. Make sure all the solutions are dissolves.
5. Put the aluminum reagent into the volumetric flask.
6. Shake the volumetric flask until all the solutions dissolve.
7. Divide the solution into 25ml bottle (sample/blank).
8. Put the bleaching reagent into the bottle and shakes well.
9. Wait for 15 minutes.
10. Put the blank bottle into the spectrophotometer and press zero.
54
Practical Training
11. Put the sample bottle into the instrument and press read.
12. Record the reading.
5.1.7 Colour test (apparent)
1. Fill the blank and sample bottle with distill water.
2. Set the programme colour.
3. Put the blank bottle into the instrument and presszero.
4. Put the sample bottle into the insteument and press read.
5. Record the readings.
Example of water quality daily done in Water Treatment Plant
Parameters
Raw water pH
Raw water Turbidity
Dosed water pH
Settled water pH
Filtered Water Turbidity
Final Water Color
Final Water pH
Final Water Turbidity
Fluoride Residual
Chlorine Residual
Aluminum
Iron
Settled water turbidity
Criteria
5.50 9.00
<1000 NTU
6.00 7.00
< 5 NTU
< 5 Hazen units
6.50 9.00
< 5 NTU
0.50 0.9 mg/l
2.0 2.5 mg/l
< 0.2 mg/l
< 0.3 mg/l
<10 NTU
Results
6.9
155
6.6
0
6.8
0.016
0.5 0.9 mg/l
2.0 2.5 mg/l
0.032
-0.01
6.15
5.2 Jar Test

THE DETERMINATION OF OPTIMUM CHEMICAL DOSE TO ACHIEVE
EFFICIENT COAGULATION AND FLOCCULATION.

55
Practical Training
Jar test machine

The coagulation and flocculation of water is influenced by a number of
interrelated variable factors such as temperature, turbidity, color, pH, alkalinity,
the period and degree of agitation during flocculation and the characteristics of
the coagulant in use. Therefore the optimum dose of coagulant cannot be
determined from the results of water analysis but must based on experience with
any given water; for an unknown water this is supplied by the coagulation and
flocculation or jar test. The problem is to determine the most effective dose of
chemicals for specific water in the control of coagulation and flocculation,
especially when water quality fluctuates rapidly.
The purpose of the jar test is to determine such experimental conditions as the
speed of the stirring and the length of the flash mix, flocculation, and settling
intervals. The various conditions described in the following procedure are good
starting point for a laboratory trying the test for the first time. Some or all of the
times and speeds may have to be changed to reflect the deficiencies of an old
plant or the improved operation of a new or remodeled plant.
Even the smallest detail may have an important influence on the result of a jar
test. Therefore, all samples in a series of tests should be handled as nearly alike
as possible.
5.2.1 Preparations of stock solution
56
Practical Training
Lime
Weight 10 g of lime and dilute with 1000 ml of distill water. The concentration of
lime is 10 000 ppm.
Alum
The concentration of alum delivered is 8%, according to standard the

concentration must be 1%. So the alum must be dilute first.
M1v1 = M2V2
8% (V1) = 1% (100ml)
V1 = 1/8 x 100
= 12.5 ml
1% = ? ppm
s.g alum = 1.3 g/ml
1/10 x 1.3 g/ml

= 0.013 g/ml
= 0.013 g/ml x 1000 ml/1L x 1000 mg/g
= 13000 mg/L @ ppm
1) Measure 12.5 ml of alum and dilute in 100 ml distill water
Poly
Dilute 1g of polyelectrolyte in 1000 ml distill water. The concentration is 0.1

ppm.
5.2.2 Methods
The apparatus required in jar test is beaker 1000ml, measuring pipette, bulb
pipette, measuring cylinder 1000ml, stirring machine, floc illuminator, chemicals
and others.

57
Practical Training
JAR TEST- First step:
Air mentah
kosong
Campuan 2
Campuan 1
1
3
2
Campuan 5
Campuan 4
Campuan 3
6
5
10gram alum masuk dalam 1000

ml water. Dari sini 1 ml = 10 ppm
Air Kelantan Sdn. Bhd.
Solutions of 5% alum and lime are prepared.

Raw water is inserted into 6 beakers of 1000ml each.
JAR TEST- Second step :

Campuan 1
Campuan 2
Air mentah
kosong
Campuan 5
Campuan 3
Campuan 4
pH is increased to 6.5- 8.0 ( pre-lime at the WTP)

The solutions are stirred (flash mix) 200rpm for 5 minutes. At the same, alum
solution is added in with various amount is added in each beaker.( same as what
happen in floc tank at WTP)

58
Practical Training
JAR TEST- Third step

Air mentah
kosong
Campuan 2
Campuan 1
1
2
Campuan 5
Campuan 4
Campuan 3
6
5
The solution is stirred at slow velocity (slow mix), with 70rpm for about 10
minutes.
The flocs will formed.
JAR TEST- Fourth step
After mixing process had been done, the stirring process had to be stopped
and the flocs formed is let to be settled for a while.

59
Practical Training
JAR TEST- Fifth step
after the flocs had settled down, water at the surface of the solution is taken
(this water is called clarified water)
Testings are done on the parameters of the wateer (turbidity, pH, and colour.)
JAR TEST- Sixth step
Lastly, the water is filtered with filter paper (same as the filter in WTP).
Tests on parameters of the water is conducted (turbidity ,pH, iron, and colour).

60
Practical Training
6.0 SCADA SYSTEM
The systems that are used in the Water Treatment Plant at Merbau Chondong
are SCADA. SCADA stand for Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition. This
system is to monitor and control the collection, treatment and distribution of water
and wastewater. The overall system consists of three main locations:
Intake Works
Treatment Works
Out station Reservoir
The instrument signals of these three locations are linked to the SCADA system,
which allows remote monitoring. The instrumentation system will monitor and
record production of treated water, including flow and level measurements,
pressures, and analyzers such as pH, turbidity, residual chlorine, and residual
fluoride. Instrumentation at the intake works will be monitoring parameters such
as level measurement, pressures, flow and online water quality. The purpose of
the instrument panels and analyzers racks is to collect, monitor and record the
field signals and transmitted to SCADA system.

61
Practical Training
7.0 PROJECT DONE

7.1 First Project
On 25th January 2007, trainees were done water quality test for water from sludge
lagoon and drain at water treatment plant. Trainees do this test because our
supervisors, En. Yusoff bin Yaacob wants to know chemical those contain in
sludge and if it will give side effect to villagers. Water from lagoon will lead to
paddy field.
7.1.2 Result
FL
DIFO
LLGN
MD
LD
pH
7.3
6.3
6.8
7.8
6.9
Turbidity
32.1
11.9
24.9
6.65
2.13
(NTU)
Color
343
79
269
43
Fluoride
u.
u. range
u. range
u. range
u.
Chlorine
range
-0.01
1.08
0.03
0.54
range
0.01
Aluminium
0.103
0.063
u. range
0.036
0.121
Iron
0.35
0.22
0.41
0.09
0.01
Manganese
0.460
0.053
0.452
0.048
0.003
11
2.62
2.53
2.91
3.81
2.60
0.05
-0.05
0.01
u. range
u.
range
Sulphate
Hardness
Mg
(ppm)
FL
Ca (ppm)
= First Lagoon
DIFO = Drain in front Office

LL
= Last Lagoon
MD
= Middle Drain
LD
= Last Drain

62
Practical Training
7.1.3 Discussion
From test that trainees do, trainees find that water from sludge lagoon is safe and
it did not give many influents to paddy field. Chemical content in sludge lagoon
are not dangerous like chlorine residual is below criteria (2.0-2.5 mg/l), Aluminium
also below range that was state by MOH and WHO. In conclusions, water from
sludge lagoon is safe and did not have many influents to paddy field and nearer
river.
7.1.4 Recommendation
For my recommendation, I think AKSB should send sludge from lagoon to
Chemistry department to do some analysis whether it has heavy metal or not.
7.2 Second Project

On 11th- 15th of February, trainees were going to centre lab at Water Treatment
Plant Kg. Puteh. During whole week there, trainees were lectured by En. Wan
Khairuddin, Quality manager AKSB and Pn. Khairil Bariah, Chemist AKSB.
Trainees were lectured on Barrel Test, calculation of solution, jar test formula and
63
Practical Training
its procedure and stock solution preparation. Last day there, Chemist was do
discussion and application of findings with trainees.
7.2.1 Concentration of solution
7.2.1.1 Lime
v = jt , h = 7 x 3.24 = 213cm
h
Thick wall = 22cm

d = 305 (2(22 cm)
d = 305cm- 44cm
j = 261 cm 2 = 130.5 cm
v = jt
= (130.5cm) (213 cm)
= 11395949.07 cm x
1m
(100 cm)
= 11.4 m

64
Practical Training
7.2.1.2 Alum
Specific gravity = 1.3
Volume
= 11250 liter
Barrel Test
Barrel test was done on Pre-Lime and Aluminium Sulphate. Results were shown
below;
Alum
Lime / 10s
No
1
2
3
4
Total
Average
30 stroke
880 ml
850 ml
820 ml
860 ml
3410 ml
852.5 ml
60 stroke
1770 ml
1760 ml
1760 ml
1750 ml
7040 ml
1760 ml
90 stroke
2640 ml
2440 ml
2550 ml
2550 ml
10230 ml
2557.5 ml
Calibration curve Flowrate vs. Pump Stroke is plotted.
Aluminium Sulphate
Alum/ 30 s
No
1
2
3
Total
Average
30 Stroke
540 ml
550 ml
570 ml
1660 ml
553.33 ml
60 Stroke
1020 ml
980 ml
990 ml
2990 ml
996.67 ml
90 Stroke
1190 ml
1300 ml
1340 ml
3830 ml
1276.67 ml
* Calibration curve vs. pump stroke is plotted.

Conversion Units
Lime
1) 30 Strokes; 852.5 ml / 10 s; for 1 s: 85.25 ml
85.25 ml
s
1L
1000 ml
3600s
1 hr
= 306.9 l/hr

65
Practical Training
2) 60 Stroke; 1760 ml / 10 s; 1 s; 176 ml

176 ml
1L
1000 ml
3600s
1 hr
= 633. 6 l/hr
3) 90 Stroke; 2557.5 ml / 10 s; 1 s; 255.75 ml
255.75 ml
1L
3600s
1000 ml
1 hr
= 920. 7 l/hr
Alum
1) 30 Stroke; 553.33 ml / 30s; 1 s; 18.444 ml /s
18.444 ml
1L
1000 ml
3600s
1 hr
= 66. 398 l/hr
2) 60 Stroke; 996.67 ml / 30 s; 1s; 33.22 ml /s

33.22 ml
1L
3600s
1000 ml
1 hr
= 119. 59 l/hr
1 hr
= 153.20 l/hr
3) 90 Stroke; 1276.67 ml / 30 s; 1s; 42.556 ml /s

42.556 ml
s
1L
1000 ml
3600s

66
Practical Training
Barrel Test Graph

67
Practical Training
Jar test (procedure, formula and stock solution).

Normally, lime concentration = 5 % and alum concentration = 8% if in liquid form
and its specific gravity = 1.3 g/ml. To calculate it we used this formula:
Formula: q = Qd
36C
q=
Q = Raw water flowrate, m/hr
d = Chemical dosing (ppm)
C = Chemical concentration
Stock Solution
To make stock solution for lime, 10 gram of hydrated lime must dissolve in 1000
ml distilled water. It will produce 10,000 ppm stock solution. To use in jar test, it
must be dilute first. In this case, trainees were used dilution formula:
M1 V 1 = M 2 V 2
M1 = Concentration of stock solution

V1= Chemical volume
M2 = Concentration which we want use
V2 = Volume of jar that is used
Stock Solution
Lime
1) 10 g of lime must dissolve in 1000 ml distilled water. It will produce
10,000ppm stock solution.
2) Do jar test for lime only to get optimum dosing rate for lime. Should do
dilution (M1V1=M2V2) to get the volume
3) For the first trial, trainees were chose 15ppm, 20ppm, 25ppm, 30ppm,
35ppm and 40ppm.

68
Practical Training
Example :15ppm
mava = mbvb
(10,000ppm) (va) = (15ppm) (1000ml)
va = 1.5 ml
Alum (liquid form)
8%
1%
M1V1 = M2V2
(8%) (V1) = (1%) (100 ml)
8 V1= 100 ml
V1 = 12.5 ml
1%
x ppm , s.g 1.3 g /ml

= 0.013 g / ml
= 13,000 mg /l (ppm)
M1V1 = M2V2
Example: (13,000) (V1) = (8 ppm) (1000 ml)
V1
= 0.62 ml
Jar Test
Raw water at time: 11.10 am
Sample /
parameter
Raw water
Timer
pH
NTU
Fe
11.30 am
5.882
9.26
0.86 mg/l
Result of first trial (13/2/07)

69
Practical Training
Lime dosing + timer:

No
Lime(ppm
1
15 ppm
2
20 ppm
3
25 ppm
4
30 ppm
5
35 ppm
6
40 ppm
)
pH
5.886
5.913
5.960
5.939
5.947
6.002
Iron
0.55
0.55
0.46
0.38
0.38
0.37
NTU
2.18
2.64
2.56
1.46
1.35
1.23
* From observation, trainees were chosen jar no 4 depend on Ferum content, pH
and turbidity.
Lime dosing + Alum + timer:
No
Lime(ppm)
1
30
ppm
Alum (ppm) 8 ppm
pH
4.868
Iron
0.30
NTU
3.48
After filter + timer =
Jar
Lime(ppm)
Alum (ppm)
Iron
Turbidity
(NTU)
2
30 ppm
3
30 ppm
4
30 ppm
5
30 ppm
6
30 ppm
10 ppm
4.659
0.47
2.75
12 ppm
4.583
0.42
1.69
14 ppm
4.465
0.49
1.99
16 ppm
4.435
0.44
1.55
18 ppm
4.332
0.48
2.12
2
30
10
0.50
0.23
3
30
12
0.39
0.32
4
30
14
0.40
0.26
5
30
16
0.39
0.33
6
30
18
0.44
0.33
1
30
8
0.44
0.48
*After filtration process, trainees were chose jar no 2 depend on its pH and
turbidity.
Observation: Floc is difficult to see during jar test process student only
depended on result of pH and turbidity.
Second Jar Test
On 14th of February 2007, trainees were doing second jar test to make sure
trainees understood about jar test, procedure and stock solution.
Result
Sample /
Timer
pH
NTU
Fe

70
Practical Training
parameter
Raw water
12.00 pm
6.66
3.43
0.72 mg/l
Lime dosing + timer

Jar
Lime
(ppm)
pH
Iron
NTU
1
20 ppm
2
25 ppm
3
30 ppm
4
35 ppm
5
40 ppm
6
45 ppm
6.70
0.38
1.63
6.64
0.35
1.03
6.65
0.32
1.21
6.85
0.35
1.14
6.82
0.36
1.15
6.90
0.34
1.25
Floc Observation
After 3 minute (200 rpm): tight floc
soft floc, jar (4, 3, 2, 1, 5, 6)
soft floc, jar (6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1)
soft floc, jar (5, 6, 4, 3, 1, 2)
soft floc, jar (6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1)
* Trainees were choosing jar no 3 (30 ppm) depend on its pH and turbidity.
Alum + lime dosing + timer =

Jar
Lime
(ppm)
Alum(ppm
)
pH
Iron
NTU
1
30 ppm
2
30 ppm
3
30 ppm
4
30 ppm
5
30 ppm
6
30 ppm
8 ppm
10 ppm
12 ppm
14 ppm
16 ppm
18 ppm
6.86
0.15
0.98
6.78
0.17
1.41
6.71
0.18
1.50
6.63
0.14
1.50
6.57
0.13
1.63
6.49
0.07
1.18
After filter + timer

Jar
Iron
1
0.09
2
0.07
3
0.05
4
0.08
5
0.08
6
0.06

71
Practical Training
NTU
0.98
1.41
1.50
1.50
1.63
1.18
* Trainees were chosen jar no 3 because Iron content is low and its turbidity
reasonable.
Calculation for chemical cost.

Chemical cost:
Lime
= RM 0.34 / kg
Alum
= RM 285 / tone
Chlorine
= RM 2135 / drum (930 kg)
Calculation for Aluminium Sulphate

Q = Mld
= 36,000 m / day, Production = 39 Mld

q = Qd, (39 Mld) (12 ppm)
= 468 kg / day
1000 kg
= RM 285
468 kg
= RM 133.38
39,000 m
= RM 133.38
1 m
=x
= RM 0.00342
* 1 unit cost lime for 1 m = RM 0.00342

Calculation for Hydrated Lime
72
Practical Training
q = Qd
= (39 Mld) (30 ppm)
= 1170 kg / day
1 kg
= RM 0.34
1170 kg / day
=x
= RM 397.80
39,000 m
= RM 397.80
1 m
=x
= RM 0.0102
* 1 unit cost for 1 m = RM 0.0102
Calculation for Chlorine

3 kg
hr
24 hr
1 day
= 72 kg / day
930 kg
= RM 2135
72 kg
=x
= RM 165.29
39,000 m
= RM 165.29
1 m
= RM 0.00424
* 1 unit cost for 1 m = RM 0.00424

Total cost chemical use (Alum, Lime and chlorine)
Alum
= RM 0.00342

73
Practical Training
Lime
= RM 0.0102
Alum
= RM 0.00424
Total
= RM 0.01786
*Total cost for chemical / m water = RM 0.01786

Calculation for chemical / m water (day)
1 m water
= RM 0.01786
36,000 m
=x
= RM 642.96 / day
Calculation chemical for 1 month (assume 1 month = 30 day)

RM 642.96
x 30 day
day
1 month
= RM 19288.80 / month
7.3 Third project

Introduction
Wakaf Bunut Water Treatment Plant is an old water treatment plant.
It has
started its operation since 1981 and has been officiated in 1983 by DYMM the
Sultan of Kelantan.
Most of the instrumentations used in Wakaf Bunut are out dated and a lot of them
are not operating anymore. Everything has to be operated manually. Flowmeter
of the raw water is major equipment that has failed. This has been a big problem
to us during our optimization project because we cannot get real information of
the raw water intake to the water treatment plant.
Important information that should be pointed out when doing optimization in LRA
Wakaf Bunut is:

74
Practical Training
1. There is no instrumentation that have been installed or operating to detect

the flowrate of raw water.
2. There are two (2) nos. of raw water pumps installed to supply raw water to
the treatment plant. The pumps have different sizes and capacity. This
resulting on the different capacity of raw water being supply when different
pump is used.
3. The operators in LRA Wakaf Bunut only depending on their experience
when dosing the suitable chemicals to treat the water. But their methods
seems to be effective as the water quality in this water treatment plant is
always in good condition except when there is a major problem with their
equipment such as leakage or pumps breakdown.
4. All the operators in this treatment plant do not know the actual
concentration of the chemicals solution in the dosing tank. Thus we have
taken action to determine the solutions concentration by calculating it
manually. There might be some errors but we have to accommodate with
it.
5. Since there is no instrumentation to detect the raw water flowrate, we
calculate it based on 10% loss of the raw water in the production.
6. Since there are two different raw water pump installed in this treatment
plant, we have done the optimization twice with different pump operating at
one time.
The optimization when both pumps are operating is not
commenced is this project.

On 27th of February, trainees were do Barrel test at 10.30 am
Barrel Test Result
a) Alum Metering Pump (Pump No.1 )
Pump
Stroke
3
6
9
Reading 1
250.0
550.0
780.0
Flowrate ( ml/30s )
Reading 2
250.0
540.0
780.0
Reading 3
250.0
550.0
780.0
b) Lime Metering Pump (Pump No.1)

Pump
Flowrate ( ml/30s )

75
Practical Training
Stroke
3
6
9
Reading 1
300.0
780.0
1000.0
Reading 2
310.0
760.0
1080.0
Reading 3
300.0
760.0
1060.0
c) Lime Metering Pump (Pump No.1 )

Pump
Stroke
3
6
9
Reading 1
30.0
66.0
93.6
Flowrate (l/hr)
Reading 2
Reading 3
30.0
30.0
64.8
66.0
93.6
93.6
Average
30.0
65.6
93.6
d) Alum Metering Pump (Pump No.1 )

Pump
Stroke
3
6
9
Reading 1
36.0
93.6
120.0
Flowrate (l/hr)
Reading 2
Reading 3
37.2
36.0
91.2
91.2
129.6
127.2
Average
36.4
92.0
125.6
Calibration curve Flow rate vs. Pump Stroke is plotted.

Barrel Test Graph

76
Practical Training
Chemical Concentration
Concentration of the chemical solution is not available; trainees have to calculate
the concentration manually based on the volume of the mixing tank and the
amount of chemical used. The dimension of the tank is measured and the volume
is calculated as below.
a) Volume of Lime Mixing Tank
Vtank = 54cm x 165cm x 90cm
= 801900cm3
= 0.8091m3
= 809.1 liter
Lime Concentration
Amount of lime = 25kg + 30/90(25)
= 33.33kg
[%concentration]
= 33.33kg/809.1 liter
= 0.0412kg/liter
= 4.12 %
b) Volume of Alum Mixing tank

77
Practical Training
Vtotal = 129.3cm x 119cm x 132cm

= 2031044.4 cm3
Vbeam = V1 + V2
V1
= 15cm x 53cm x 119cm
= 94605cm3
V2
= (12cm x 54cm x 119cm) (12cm x (6.82/4) cm2)
= 77112cm3 435.8cm3
= 76676.2cm3
Vbeam = 94605cm3 + 76676.2cm3
= 171281.2cm3
Vtank = Vtotal Vbeam
= 2031044.4cm3 171281.2cm3
= 1859763.1cm3
= 1.8598m3
Alum Concentration
Amount of lime
=150kg + (30/129.3)(150)
= 184.8kg
[% concentration]
= 184.8kg/1859.8litre
= 0.0994kg/litre
= 9.94%
Jar Test Result (28 February 2007)
Optimum dose selected:i) Pre-lime : 4ppm
ii) Alum
: 12ppm
Calculation of Pump Stroke
Formula , q = Qd
36C
Initial Pump Stroke (28/02/07 - 1.50p.m)
i) Pre-lime Pump = 2.1p.s
ii) Alum Pump
= 2.6p.s

78
Practical Training
a) Pre-lime Pump
q
=
8.9895 ml/s
333.33 ( 4 )
36 ( 4.12 )
8.9894822
32.36 l/hr
From Calibration Curve for Pre-lime Pump Stroke = 3.08

3.1 p.s
b) Alum Pump
q
=
=
333.33 ( 12 )
36 ( 9.94 )
11.1780684
11.178 ml/s 40.24 l/hr

From Calibration Curve for Alum Pump Stroke = 2.83
2.8 p.s
Water Quality ( Optimization No.1 28 / 02 / 07)

Raw Water
pH
NTU
6.03
12.9
6.83
12.84
Before
After
Remarks:
Settled Water
pH
NTU
5.86
3.23
The result that we got after the first trial in Wakaf Bunut is not
satisfying. This maybe due to the error that we believed occur in the calculation
of the chemical concentration.
We make a decision to recalculate the
concentrations in both tanks; alum and lime.

Recalculation of Chemical Concentration ( 2nd March 2007)
Flowrate Method

79
Practical Training
Alum Mixing Tank

Water Flowrate
: 0.45397 litre/s
Time to fill the tank : 37m 47.68s (2267.68s)

Amount of Chemical
Volume
: 150kg alum
= Water Flowrate x Filling Time
= 0.45397 liter/s x 2267.68s
= 1029.45869 litre
Concentration
= 150kg / 1029.45869litre
= 0.1457kg/litre
= 14.57% concentration
14.6% concentration
Lime Mixing Tank

Water Flowrate
: 0.45397 litre/s
Time to fill the tank
: 45m 46.11s (2746.11s)
Amount of Chemical
: 25kg
Volume

= 0.45397liter/s x 2746.11s
= 1246.651557 liter
Concentration
= 25kg / 1246.651557litre
= 0.02005 kg/litre
= 2.0 % concentration
Recalculation of Chemical Concentration ( 8th March 2007)

80
Practical Training
*Since the concentration of the lime solution is too small, we decided to increase
the concentration by mixing 2bags of lime powder in the mixing tank. A bag
weights 25kg nett. The step is taken because we try fulfill the requirement of 5%
lime concentration outlined by AKSB.
Flowrate Method
Lime Mixing Tank
Water Flowrate
: 0.4454277286 ml/s
Time to fill the tank
: 62m 30.03s (3570.03)
Amount of Chemical
: 50kg
Volume

= 0.4454277286 litre/s x 3750.03s
= 1643.641681litre
Concentration
= 50kg / 1643.641681litre
= 0.029933535
= 2.99% concentration
3.0% concentration
Remarks: The concentration 5% outlined by the AKSB for lime is too thick for the
application in LRA Wakaf Bunut. This is because the dosing line that has been
installed in LRA Wakaf Bunut is too small. When the plant using lime solution
with 5% concentration, the line will easily clogged by the suspended lime that
appears in the solution. This will disrupt the pre-lime dosing process. By the
way, the pH for raw water from Sg. Rasau is not too low and using a thick
solution of pre-lime is not advisable since it will increase the chemical usage in
LRA Wakaf Bunut. The determined concentrations are 14.6% for alum and 3.0%
for lime.
Date
Time
RWP operating
Production
RW Flowrate
: 8 March 2007
: 10.00 a.m
: Pump No.1
: 7.027MLD
: 325.32 m3/hr

81
Practical Training
Jar Test Result (8th March 2007)

Optimum dose selected:i) Pre-lime
: 2ppm
ii) Alum
: 16ppm
Formula:
q=
Qd
36 c
*Initial Pump Stroke (8/03/07 12.30p.m)

iii) Pre-lime Pump = 2.1p.s
iv) Alum Pump = 2.6p.s
c) Pre-lime Pump
=
=
325.32 ( 2 )
36 ( 3.00 )
6.024
6.024 ml/s 21.688 l/hr

2.1 p.s
d) Alum Pump
=
=
325.32 ( 16 )
36 ( 14.6 )
9.9032
9.9032 ml/s 36.65 l/hr

2.5 p.s
Water Quality
Before
After
Raw Water
pH
NTU
8.25
6.90
-
Settled Water
pH
NTU
5.98
2.07

82
Practical Training
Remarks : The new pumps stroke calculated is the same as set in the treatment
plant at the moment. The result for water quality is as stated above. Since the
pumps stroke calculated is the same, we can conclude that LRA Wakaf Bunut is
using the optimum dosing. The results are based on the raw water intake from
RWP No.1.

83
Practical Training
Date
Time
RWP operating
Production
RW Flow rate
: 20th March 2007

: 9.00 a.m
: Pump No. 2
: 6.830 MLD
: 316.20375 m3/hr
Jar Test Result (20th March 2007)

Optimum dose selected:iii) Pre-lime
: 3ppm
iv) Alum : 20ppm
Formula:
q=
Qd
36 c
*Initial Pump Stroke (20/03/07 11.00 a.m)

v) Pre-lime Pump = 2.5p.s
vi) Alum Pump = 3.0p.s
e) Pre-lime Pump
Q 316.20375
=
(3)
36 ( 3.00 )
= 8.7834375
8.783
ml/s 31.62 l/hr

3.0 p.s
f) Alum Pump
Q
=
=
316.20375
(18 )
36 ( 14.6 )
12.032
10.829 ml/s 38.98 l/hr

2.8 p.s

84
Practical Training
Water Quality
Before
After
*Treated Water
Raw Water
pH
NTU
6.66
9.59
Settled Water
pH
NTU
6.39
2.76
6.31
1.44
After
6.66
1.09
Remarks : The new pumps stroke is calculated and set to the plant. The
result for water quality is as stated above. The results are based on the raw
water intake from RWP No.2. The stroke for the lime is increased from 2.5 to
3.0 pump stroke, and the alum pump stroke is reduced to 2.8 compare to
initial stroke; 3.0 pump stroke.

85
Practical Training
RECOMMENDATIONS
From our observation and non-professional experience, we have detected a
lot of weaknesses and flaws in LRA Wakaf Bunut. We hope that the
recommendations we have stated here will be taken for further consideration
by your division.
1. We recommend that all the testing apparatus in LRA Wakaf Bunut should
be taken to AKSB Central Laboratory for checking and calibration.
Because there are not enough testing equipments in Wakaf Bunut, some
water quality cannot be determined such as Ferum, Ammonia, Manganese
and etc. We hope that in the future, LRA Wakaf Bunut will be equipped
with these apparatus.
2. The flowmeter for the RWP should be checked and repaired. If it fails, a
new flowmeter should be installed so the raw water intake can be
monitored.
3. If the concentration in Wakaf Bunut did not meet the standard, we
proposed for a new dosing line being installed that can hold the desired
concentration. The new line should have the sufficient diameter so the
dosing process can be done smoothly without any interruptions. A new
mixing routine should be set up. We propose that a proper research been
carried out to deal with this problem.
4. All the maintenance works for the equipments should be done periodically.
A proper schedule must be set up by the supervisor in LRA Wakaf Bunut.
5. The RWP operation should runs alternately. A proper operation schedule
should be set up by the supervisor.
6. To avoid clogging in the intake, we recommend that a trash screen with a
sufficient distance should be installed around the foot valve.

86
Practical Training
WAKAF BUNUT Treatment Plant
Cascade Aerator
Baffle Plate Mixing, Flocculation and Coagulation Tank
Diploma in Industrial Chemistry (DIC)
105
Practical Training
Clarifier
Settled Water Flow from Clarifier
Filter Tank
105
Practical Training
Clear Water Tank
7.4 Forth Project

Date: 28th march 2007
Time: 10.45 am
Production: 41 ML/D
Objective: To make sure that alum can be recycle or not by using lagoon
water.
Water Quality Daily
Parameter
Iron
Sulphate
Dosed water Ph
Settled water pH
Settled water turbidity
Filtered water turbidity
Final water pH
Results
0.13
11 mg/l
6.5
8.14
105
Practical Training
Final water turbidity

Fluoride Residual
Chlorine Residual
Alum
Ur
0.07
0.108
Water Quality (Lagoon Water)

Parameter
Turbidity
Water pH
Fluoride Residual (mg/l)
Chlorine Residual (mg/l)
Aluminum (mg/l)
Iron (mg/l)
Results
18.0
19.9
UN
0.02
0.109
0.08
Water Quality (Clarified Water)

Parameter
Fluoride Residual (mg/l)
Chlorine Residual (mg/l)
Aluminum (mg/l)
Iron (mg/l)
Sulphate (mg/l)
Manganese (mg/l)
Hardness (ppm)
Results
16.10
0.030
0.106
0.140
11.0
0.107
Mg = 0.01
Ca = 0.08
Jar test (Raw Water)

1) alum + polymer
No of jar
Alum
(ppm)
Alum (ml)
Polymer
(ml)
pH
NTU
1
30
2
31
3
32
4
33
5
34
2.3
0.1
2.4
.01
2.5
0.1
2.6
0.1
2.7
0.1
3.5
14.3
3.6
19.9
3.5
18.8
3.6
19.8
3.4
18.8
1) M1V1 = M2V2
(13000)(V1) = (30 ppm) (1000ml)
V1= 2.3 ml
1) M1V1 = M2V2
(13000)(V1) = (31 ppm) (1000ml)
V1= 2.4 ml
105
Practical Training
2) M1V1 = M2V2
(13000)(V1) = (32 ppm) (1000ml
V1 = 2.5 ml
4) M1V1 = M2V2
(13000)(V1) = (33 ppm) (1000ML)
V1 = 2.6 ML
4) M1V1 = M2V2
(13000)(V1) = (34 ppm) (1000ml)
V1 = 2.7 ml
Jar test (lagoon water + raw water)
No. of jar
Raw
1
500
2
400
3
300
4
800
5
900
water(ml)
Lagoon
500
600
700
200
100
water(ml)
pH
NTU
Polymer(ml)
8.6
83.1
0.1
8.5
76.1
0.1
8.5
108.0
0.1
6.9
123.0
0.1
6.2
167.0
0.1
Observation: From observation pH and turbidity. We found that alum maybe

can be recycle, but in a small amount. The lagoon water can be recycled, but
the alum must be added to the water because the amount of alum residual in
lagoon water is not enough according to the standard.
Result :
1) M1V1 = M2V2
(13000)(V1) = (20 ppm)(1000ml)
V1 = 1.5 ml
2) M1V1 = M2V2
(13000)(V1) = (22 ppm)(1000ml)
V1 = 1.7 ml
3) M1V1 = M2V2
(13000)(V1) = (24 ppm)(1000ml)
105
Practical Training
V1 = 1.9 ml
4) M1V1 = M2V2
(13000)(V1) = (26 ppm)(1000ml)
V1 = 2.1 ml
5) M1V1 = M2V2
(13000)(V1) = (28 ppm)(1000ml)
V1 = 2.3 ml
Sample + Alum + timer (use a same sample)

No. of jar
Alum
1
20.0
2
22.0
3
24.0
4
26.0
5
28.0
(ppm)
Alum (ml)
pH
NTU
1.5
3.3
17.6
1.7
3.3
18.6
1.9
3.5
21.0
2.1
3.6
24.6
2.3
3.5
20.7
Observation: Trainees were choose Jar. No.1 depend on its turbidity but pH is
low, so the water is acidic.
Recommendation: If use lagoon water, I think AKSB (WTP Merbau
Chondong) must add more hydrated lime.
Calculation:
1) Use lagoon water only (assume as alum)
0.019 mg/l
= 0.109 ppm x 100% = 0.363 %

30.0 ppm
2) Use lagoon water + 200 ppm (Alum)

20.0 ppm + 0.109 ppm x 100 % = 66.7%
105
Practical Training
30.0
Chemical cost
Alum = RM 285/tone
Lime = RM 0.34/kg
Chlorine = RM 2135/drum (930 kg)
1) Alum
41,000 m3/day (production)
Q = MLD ,
i.
q = Qd
= (41 MLD)(20.109)
= 824.469 kg/day
ii.
1000kg = 1 tone
1000kg = RM 285
iii.
41,000 m3 = RM 234.97
1m3 = X
X = 0.057
= RM 0.0057 / m3
= 10% from production 41 MLD = 36,900 m3
= RM 210.33 / day
= 1 month (assume 30 day)
= RM 6309.
If use alum = 300 ppm (raw water only)
Lime
= RM 0.34 / kg
Alum
= RM 285 / tone
Chlorine = RM 2135/drum (930 kg)
Alum
q = Qd
, production = 41,000 m3
= (41 MLD)(30 ppm)
105
Practical Training
= 1320 kg/day
1000 kg = RM 285
X = RM 350.55
41,000 m3 = RM 350.55
1m3 = X
X = RM 0.00855
= RM 0.008550x36900 m3
= RM 315.50 x 30
= RM 9464.85/month
% (profit and loss)
RM 6309.90 x 100 = RM 66.67
RM 9464.85
Conclusion: If we used lagoon water we can reduce cost RM 66.67.

Since, Alum residual is in small amount. I think it is safe although it will
flow through to the river again.
105
Practical Training
8.0 Benefit of practical training.

1. Giving me a chance to achieve my objective to practice what have I
learn in our study in the university to being more practical.
2. I got more experience and knowledge about the water treatment
process, which is start from the intake (raw water) until the water
being treated and distribute to consumer as a drinking water.
3. Give me knowledge about Ministry of Health (MOH).
4. Give me more advantage to gain more knowledge and experiences
to prepare myself in the scenario of working after I end my studies.
5. Give me more experiences and knowledge of working, and I also
sharp my communication skills with many difference kinds of
people.
APPENDIX
105
Practical Training
Well Water versus AKSB Treatment Water.

Well water
Contain dangerous bacteria
coliform and E.coli
Smelly and it have bad taste.
Treatment water AKSB

like Free from dangerous bacteria
Odorless and the taste can be

accepted
Contain floating materials
Dont have the floating materials
High risks getting disease such as It is safe according to the
Unit
Limitof WHO
Limit MOH
diarrhea, hepatitis A Parameter
and Cholera.
requirement
and MOH.
WHO
Malaysia
The consumer
having
the problem of Do not have the problem of sticky
Group
1:
coliform
100ml although
0
0 area of seaside
sticky water Total
at the
area that is closedcfu/ water
at the
Escherichia
coli
cfu/
100ml
0
0
to the sea.
pH
pH value
6.5 9.0
6.5 8.5
The water quality
water
quality
was been
Chlorineis not monitored by
mg/lThe
> 0.2
> 0.2
Turbidity
NTU
5
5
authorized.
monitored everyday by the centre lab
Color
Hazen
15
15
Temperature
C of AKSB and
TD Health
TDDepartment.
Group 11:
All the problems
must be solved by Complains are handled immediately.
Total dissolved
mg/ TDS
1000
1000
yourself.
Total organic carbon
mg/l TOC
5
TD
demand
(chemistry)
COD of billing
10
TD lowest around
No water billOxygen
will be
charged
but themg/lRate
is the
Oxygen demand(microbiology)
TD
payment of electric
bills will increase.mg/BOD
Malaysia. 6
Ammonia
Nitrate
Nitrit
Total Nitrogen Organic
Alkalinity
Keliatan
Flouride
Chloride
Iron
Manganese
Aluminium
Group 111:
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chloroform
Cromium
Kuprum
Cyanide
Hydrogen Sulfide
Plumbum
Magnesium
Mercury
Phenol
Phosphate
Selenium
Silcer
Sulfate
Zink
mg/I NH4
mg/l NO3
mg/l NO2
mg/l TON
mgl HCO3
mg/l HCO3
mg/l F
mg/l Cl
mg/l Fe
mg/l Mn
mg/l Al
1.5
50
0.1
1.0
500
500
1.5
250
0.3
0.1
0.2
0.5
10
TD
TD
TD
500
1.5
250
0.3
0.1
0.2
mg/l As
mg/l Cd
mg/l CHCHl3
mg/lCr
mg/l Cu
mg/l CN
mg/l H2S
mg/iPb
mg/l Mg
mg/l Hg
mg/l C6H5OH
mg/l PO4
mg/l Se
mg/l Na
mg/l SO4
mg/l Zn
0.01
0.01
0.03
0.05
1.0
0.07
0.05
0.01
TD
0.001
TD
100
0.01
200
250
3
0.05
0.005
0.03
0.05
1.0
0.1
0.00
0.05
150
0.001
0.002
TD
0.01
200
400
5
Treated water
standard
quality
Parameter
Unit

Group IV
PAH
Pesticide
mg/l
mg/l
Limit
WHO
Limit MOH
Malaysia
0.0002
0.0005
0.0002
0.0005
105
Practical Training
Note
:
WHO World Health Organisation Standard (1994) Guideline
MOH - Ministry of Health Malaysia Standard (1983)
105
Practical Training
Sample water analysis
NO.
PARAMETER
METHOD
EQUIPMENT
Alkalinity
Aluminium (Al)
Eriochrome Cyanide R
DR4000U
Ammonia (NH3)
Nessler
DR4000U
Biological Oxygen Demand

(BOD)
Cadmium (Cd)
Dithizone
DR4000U
Chemical Oxygen Demand

(COD)
Reactor Digestion
DR4000U
Chloride (Cl)
Mercuric Thiocyniate
DR4000U
Chromium (Cr)
1,5-Diphenylcarbohydrazide
DR4000U
Coliform & E. coli
Colilert
10
Color
Digital Titrator
DO175 Dissolved
Oxygen Meter
Color test kit CO - 1
105
11
Conductivity
12
Copper (Cu)
NO.
Practical Training
CO150 Conductivity
meter
Bicinconinate
PARAMETER
DR4000U
METHOD
EQUIPMENT
13
Cyanide (Cn)
Pyridine - Pyrazalone
DR4000U
14
Ferum (Fe)
FerroVer
DR4000U & DR100

colorimeter
15
Flouride (F - )
SPANDS
DR4000U
16
Hardness
17
Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S)
Methylene Blue
DR4000U
18
Manganese (Mn)
PAN
DR4000U
19
Nitrate (NO3)
Cadmium reduction
DR2000
20
Nitrite(NO2)
Diazotization
DR4000U
21
pH
22
Phenols
Digital Titrator
HACH EC10 & EC20

WTW pH 330
4-Aminoantipyrine
DR4000U
105
Practical Training
23
Phosphate (PO4)
PhosVer 3 (ascorbic acid)
DR4000U
24
Plumbum (Pb)
Dithizone
DR4000U
25
Pottassium (K)
Tetraphenylborate
DR4000U
NO.
PARAMETER
METHOD
EQUIPMENT
26
Residual Chlorine
DPD
Pocket Colorimeter
27
Selenium (Se)
Diaminobenzidine
DR4000U
28
Silica (SiO)
Heteropoly blue
DR4000U
29
Silver (Ag)
Colorimetric
DR4000U
30
Sulphate (SO4)
SulfaVer 4
DR4000U
31
Surfactant / Detergent
Crystal Violet
DR4000U
32
Total Dissolved Solid (TDS)
CO150 Conductivity
Meter
33
Turbidity
Turbidimeter 2100P
34
Zinc (Zn)
Zincon
DR4000U
105
Practical Training
105

Laporan Praktikal Kit

Caricato da

Informazioni sul documento

Descrizione originale:

Copyright

Formati disponibili

Condividi questo documento

Condividi o incorpora il documento

Opzioni di condivisione

Hai trovato utile questo documento?

Questo contenuto è inappropriato?

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

Laporan Praktikal Kit

Caricato da

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

Practical Training

7th January 07 19th April07

NURUL ADNIN BT ZAHARI

2.0 COMPANY BACKGROUND (AKSB)

AKSB is the only accountable company in Kelantan that is responsible in water

NURUL ADNIN BT ZAHARI

9 Mac 1994 (before this formely known as Kelantan

Level 4, PKINK Building, Jalan Tengku Maharani,

Lot 2 & 257, Jalan Kuala Krai

09-7437777 (14 lines)

Level 11,Teruntum Complex

2. Maybank Perbankan Islam (Lundang Kota Bharu

NURUL ADNIN BT ZAHARI

Waterfall at the middle means of calmness, peaceful and comfortable

Meanwhile, water at bottom symbolized that it was very compulsory to us

LIST OF WATER TREATMENT PLANT BY DISTRICT

Pintu Geng (Old)

Pintu Geng (New)

Kg. Tualang (Old)

Kg. Tualang (New)

NURUL ADNIN BT ZAHARI

Human Resource Department

Staffs developement as company aset in condusive working enviroment.

To make sure that professional improvement trainning is given to all staffs.

To achieve company status according ISO standard.

To build a company that are dynamic, sensitive and responsible according

To enhance team spirit, cooperation and motivation among staffs to

To carry out social responsibility.

To decrease the NRW according to planned

NURUL ADNIN BT ZAHARI

NURUL ADNIN BT ZAHARI

Organization chart (AKSB)

Background of Merbau Chondong Water Treatments

NURUL ADNIN BT ZAHARI

Merbau Chondong Water Treatment Plant (LRAMC) is located at Kampung Pulai

NURUL ADNIN BT ZAHARI

To be efficient water treatment plant in Malaysia.

To make sure that instrument at water treatment plant in good quality

To make sure that the instrument is always been controls follow by

Organization Chart (Water Treatment Plant Merbau Chondong)

NURUL ADNIN BT ZAHARI

2.2 Central Lab

NURUL ADNIN BT ZAHARI

2.2.1 Activities in Central Laboratory

NURUL ADNIN BT ZAHARI

Investigated the problem that frequently happened and tried to overcome

NURUL ADNIN BT ZAHARI

NURUL ADNIN BT ZAHARI

LAB CONTROLLER / MICROBIOLOGIST

OFFICE ASSISTANT / CLERK

NURUL ADNIN BT ZAHARI

HACH Portable Turbidimeter (model 2100 P)

HACH 1000 calorimeter (iron test) (model 41100-10)

NURUL ADNIN BT ZAHARI

HACH Portable Calorimeter (Chlorine Test)

1) Used DR/4000 UV-VIS spectrophotometre.

NURUL ADNIN BT ZAHARI

3.0 WATER TREATMENT PROCESS

NURUL ADNIN BT ZAHARI

Bandscreen is installed to remove water weeds, sticks and larger particulate

NURUL ADNIN BT ZAHARI

Aeration process has some functions in water treatment, which are:

NURUL ADNIN BT ZAHARI