PAES Definition of Terms

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Definition of Terms

PAES 101: 2000

TECHNICAL MEANS FOR ENSURING SAFETY- GENERAL
1. Shield or Cover- protective devices designed and fitted so that alone or with other parts of the
machine, they prevent the dangerous part being reached from the side or sides covered.
2. Casing- protective device designed and fitted so that, alone or with other parts of the machine, it
prevents contact with the dangerous part from all sides.
3. Enclosure- protective device, which by means of a rail, fence, frame or the like ensures the safety,
distance necessary so that the dangerous part cannot be reached inadvertently.
PAES 102: 2000
OPERATORS MANUAL- CONTENT AND PRESENTATION
1. Left-hand side- for mobile machines, it is the side which is on the left when an observer is facing in
the normal forward direction of travel of the machine; and for stationary machines, it is the side
which is on the left when an observer is facing the machine.
2. Right-hand side- for mobile machines, it is the side which is on the right when an observer is facing
in the normal forward direction of travel of the machine; and for stationary machines, it is the side
which is on the right when an observer is facing the machine.
PAES 103: 2000
METHOD OF SAMPLING
1. Acceptance test- test carried out on samples selected from a lot for the purpose of acceptance of the
lot.
2. Lot- in any consignment, all components or equipment under study.
NOTE: To constitute a lot, all components or equipment of the same kind, type, size, and
manufactured from the same material shall be grouped together.
3. Routine test- test carried out on each and every component or equipment to check the specifications
which are likely to vary during production.
4. Type test- test carried out to prove conformity to the requirements of the relevant specification.
NOTE: This is intended to check the general qualities and design of a given type of component or
equipment.
PAES 104: 2000
LOCATION AND METHOD OF OPERATION OF OPERATORS CONTROLS- CONTROL FOR
AGRICULTURAL TRACTORS AND MACHINERY
1. Agricultural tractor- self-propelled, wheeled, track-laying or semi track-laying machine primarily
designed to pull, push, carry and/or operate trailers or provide power to implements and machines
used for agricultural, forestry and other related works.
2. Pedestrian-operated machine- machine, having an integral power unit but normally operated by a
pedestrian, designed to carry out agricultural operation, and which may also be operated from a seat
on an attachment or trailer.
3. Right-hand and left-hand- designations related to the operator when sitting on the operators
station.
4. Self-propelled machine- having one or more integral power units which propel and operate the
machine, designed to carry out agricultural operations while on the move.

PAES 105: 2000

SYMBOLS FOR OPERATORS CONTROLS AND OTHER DISPLAYS- COMMON SYMBOLS
1. Agricultural machines- consist of agricultural tractors, self-propelled and pedestrian-operated
machines, implements, and combinations thereof primarily used for agricultural operations.
2. Symbol- visually perceptible figure used to transmit information independent of language.
NOTE: It may be produced by drawing, printing or other means.
PAES 106: 2000
SOIL TILLAGE AND EQUIPMENT- TERMINOLOGY
Basic tillage goals
1. Tillage action- action of a tillage tool in executing a specific form of soil manipulation.
EXAMPLE: soil cutting, shattering and/or inversion.
2. Tillage objective- desired soil condition produced by one or more tillage operations.
3. Tillage requirement-soil physical conditions which can be produced by tillage and is necessary
based on utilitarian and/or economic considerations.
General tillage terms and kind of tillage
1. Broadcast tillage, overall tillage- tillage of an entire area as contrasted to a partial tillage as in
bands or strips.
2. Deep tillage- primary tillage operation which manipulates soil to a greater depth than 300 mm.
NOTE: It may be accomplished with a very heavy-duty moldboard or disc plow which inverts the
soil, or with a chisel plow or subsoiler which shatters the soil.
3. Earthmoving- tillage action and transport operations utilized to loosen, load, carry, and unload soil.
4. Land forming- tillage operation which move soil to create desired soil configurations.
NOTE: Forming may be done on a large scale such as contouring or terracing, or on a small scale
such as ridging or pitting.
5. Land grading- tillage operation which move soil to establish a desired soil elevation and slope
EXAMPLE: leveling, contouring, cutting, and filling.
6. Land planing- tillage operation that cuts and moves small layers of soil to provide smooth, refined
surface.
7. Oriented tillage- tillage operation which is oriented in specific paths or directions with respect to the
sun, prevailing winds, previous tillage actions, or field base lines.
8. Rotary tillage- tillage operation employing power-driven rotary action to cut, break up, and mix soil.
9. Soil cultivation- shallow tillage operation performed to promote growth of crop plants by creating a
soil condition conducive to aeration, infiltration, and moisture conservation or to pest control.
10. Tillage- mechanical manipulation of soil for any desired purpose.
NOTE: In agriculture the term is usually restricted to the changing of soil conditions for the
enhancement of crop production.
11. Primary tillage- tillage, which constitutes the initial major soil-working operation, normally
designed to reduce soil strength, cover plant materials, and rearrange aggregates
12. Secondary tillage- tillage, following primary tillage, which are designed to control weed growth and
to create specific soil surface configurations before seeding.
13. Tillage depth, Tool depth- vertical distance from the initial soil surface to a specified point of
penetration of the tool.
Tillage systems
1. Conservation tillage- system that maintains a minimum of 30% residue cover on the soil surface
after planting or maintains at least 1,100 kg/ha of flat small grain residue equivalent on the soil
surface during the critical erosion period.

2. Conventional tillage- system traditionally performed in preparing a seedbed for a given crop and
grown in a given geographical area.
3. Minimum tillage- system wherein least soil manipulation is performed.
4. Mulch tillage- system in which tillage of the total soil surface is performed in such a way that plant
residue is specifically left on or near the soil surface.
5. Optimum tillage- idealized system which permits a maximized net return for a given crop under
given conditions.
6. Precision tillage- subsoiling under the plant row prior to planting usually intended for subsurface
drainage.
7. Reduced tillage- system in which the primary tillage operation is performed in conjunction with
special planting procedures in order to reduce or eliminate secondary tillage operations.
8. Reservoir tillage- system in which a large number of depressions or small reservoirs are formed to
hold rain or sprinkler applied water.
9. Ridge tillage- system in which the ridges are formed during cultivation or after harvest and
maintained from year to year in the same location.
NOTE: Seeding is done on the ridge top.
10. Strip tillage- system in which only isolated bands of soil is tilled.
Specific tillage operation
1. Anchoring- tillage to partially bury and thereby prevent movement of materials such as plant
residues or artificial mulches.
2. Bedding, Ridging, Listing- tillage which forms a ridge and furrow soil configuration.
3. Bulldozing- pushing or rolling of soil by a steeply inclined blade
4. Chisel plowing- tillage in which a narrow curved shank is used.
NOTE: Chisel plowing at depths greater than 350 mm is termed subsoiling.
5. Combined tillage operations- operations simultaneously utilizing two or more different types of
tillage tools or implements (subsoil-lister, lister-planter, or plow-planter combinations) to simplify,
control, or reduce the number of trips over a field.
6. Harrowing- operation which pulverizes, smoothens, and makes the soil ready for planting
NOTE: It is commonly used before seeding.
7. Incorporating, Mixing- operation which mix or disperse foreign materials, such as pesticides,
fertilizers or plant residues into the soil.
8. Middlebreaking, Hilling-up- operation wherein a lister is used in a manner that forms a furrow
midway between two previous rows of plants
9. Off barring- operation that cuts and throws the soil away from the base of plants
NOTE: This is the reverse of middlebreaking or hilling-up.
10. Moldboard plowing- operation which is performed to cut the soil with partial or complete soil
inversion.
11. Residue processing- operation that cut, crush, anchor or otherwise handle residues in conjunction
with soil manipulation.
12. Subsoiling- deep tillage, below 350 mm for the purpose of loosening soil for root growth and/or
water movement.
13. Vertical mulching- operation in which a vertical band of mulching material is injected into the slit
immediately behind a tillage tool shank.
Tillage equipment
1. General-purpose tillage implement- implement performing functions simultaneously that of initial
cutting, breaking and pulverizing the soil.

2. Plow-harrow- implement which works under the combined principles of the regular disc plow and
harrow.
NOTE: It has a frame, wheel arrangement and depth adjustment of the disc plow but the disc are
assembled on a single shaft and turn as a unit similar to a gang of disc harrow.
3. Rotary tiller- implement used for broadcast or strip tillage and is also used as chemical incorporator
and as row crop cultivator
NOTE: It consists of power-driven shaft, transverse to the direction of travel, equipped with at slice
through the soil, chop surface residue and mix all materials in the disturbed layer.
4. Spiral plow, Rotary plow- implement which consists of two horizontal power driven spiral flanged
shafts which rotate vertically.
NOTE: The two shafts are placed end-to-end and oriented to throw the soil outward.
5. Primary tillage implement- implement used for cutting, displacing and/or shattering the soil to
reduce soil strength and to bury or mix plant materials, pesticides, and fertilizers in the tillage layer.
6. Chisel plow- implement which shatters the soil without complete burial or mixing of surface
materials
NOTE: Multiple rows of staggered curved shanks are mounted either rigidly, with spring cushions,
spike, or shovel tools are attached to each shank.
7. Disc plow- implement with individually mounted concave disc blades which cut, partially or
completely invert a layer of soil to bury surface material, and pulverize the soil.
NOTE: Blades are attached to the frame in a tilted position relative to the frame and to the direction
of travel for proper penetration and soil displacement.
8. Moldboard plow- implement which cuts, partially or completely inverts a layer of soil to bury
surface materials, and pulverizes the soil
NOTE: It consists of cutting edge, stabilizer and curved surface.
9. Right-hand plow- turns the furrow slice to the right of the plow.
10. Left-hand plow- turns the furrow slice to the left of the plow.
11. Two-way plow- eliminates back and dead furrows and is used for surface irrigation.
NOTE: It consists of both the right-hand and left-hand plows, with one type being used at a time.
12. Subsoiler- implement for intermittent tillage at depths sufficient to shatter compacted subsurface
layers.
NOTE: It is equipped with widely spaced shanks either in-line or staggered on a V-shaped frame.
13. Secondary tillage implement- implement used for tilling the soil to a shallower depth than primary
tillage implements, provide additional pulverization, mix pesticides and fertilizers into the soil, level
and firm the soil, close air pockets, and eradicate weeds.
14. Comb-tooth harrow- implement used for breaking clods after initial plowing, for subsequent
operations prior to transplanting and for puddling and leveling.
NOTE: It consists of a row of teeth that works like a rake.
15. Disc harrow- implement used to pulverize the soil to attain a better soil tilth for the seed germination
and growth.
NOTE: It consists of two or four gangs of concave steel disc.
16. Single-action disc harrow- consists of two gangs of discs, placed end-to-end at an angle, which
throw the soil in opposite directions.
17. Double-action disc harrow, Tandem disc harrow- consists of two or more gangs, in which a set of
two gangs follows behind the front gangs and is arranged in such a way that the discs on the front
gangs throw the soil in one direction (usually outward) and the discs on the rear gangs throw the soil
in the opposite directions.

18. Offset disc harrow- consists of two gangs wherein one gang is located behind the other at an angle
and the harrow is operated in an offset position in relation to the tractor.
19. Field cultivator- implement for seedbed preparation, weed eradication, or fallow cultivation
subsequent to some form of primary tillage
NOTE: It is equipped with spring steel shanks or teeth (generally spaced 150-230 mm in a staggered
pattern) which has an integral forged point or mounting holes for replaceable shovel or sweep
tools.
20. Packer- implement for crushing soil clods and compacting the soil
NOTE: It consists of one or two in-line gangs of rollers such as lugged wheels or any one of various
shaped ridged wheels.
21. Roller-harrow- implement used for seedbed preparation which crushes soil clods and smoothens
and firms the soil surface
NOTE: It consists of an in-line gang of ridged rollers, followed by one or more rows of staggered
spring cultivator teeth, followed by a second in-line gang of ridged rollers.
22. Rotary hoe- implement for dislodging small weeds and grasses and for breaking soil crust and is
used for fast, shallow cultivation before or soon after crop plants emerge
NOTE: Rigid curved teeth mounted on wheels toll over the soil, penetrating almost straight down
and lifting soil as they rotate. Hoe wheels may be mounted in multiple gangs or as short
gangs on spring loaded arms suspended from the main frame.
23. Row crop cultivator- implement wherein the frame and cultivating tools are designed to adequately
pass through standing crop rows without crop damage
NOTE: Gangs of shanks are often independently suspended on parallel linkages with depth
controlling wheels to provide floatation with the soil surface.
24. Spike-tooth harrow- implement consisting of long spikes attached rigidly to cross bars and
staggered to attain maximum stirring and raking of soil
25. Spring-tooth harrow- implement consisting of long, flat and curved teeth made of spring steel
NOTE: The teeth are fastened to cross bars with the other end pointed to give good soil penetration.
26. Cultivating tillage implement- implement performing shallow post-plant tillage to aid the crop by
loosening the soil and/or by mechanical eradication of undesired vegetation.
27. Continuous-tool bar cultivator- implement consisting of tool bars that extend across the top of the
rows, which allow lateral adjustments of the tools for different row spacing.
28. Separated gang cultivator- implement consisting of tool bars that drop down between the rows to
provide maximum vertical clearance for the plants.
Nomenclature for tillage tools and implements
1. Bed shaper- soil-handling implement which forms uniform ridges of soil to predetermined shapes
2. Blade- soil-working tool, consisting of an edge and a surface, which is primarily designed to cut
through the soil
EXAMPLE: rotary tiller blades, anhydrous ammonia blades
3. Coulter- circular, flat tool used to cut plant material and soil
4. Draft- force to propel an implement in the direction of travel which is equal and opposite to drawbar
pull
5. Effective operating width- operating width excluding overlap
6. Edge clearance angle- effective angle which is included between the line of travel and a line drawn
through the back or nonsoil-working surface of the tool at its immediate edge
7. Ground clearance- minimum vertical distance between the soil surface and a potentially obstructing
machine element.
8. Hitch- portion of an implement designed to connect the implement to a power source.

9. Implement width- horizontal distance perpendicular to the direction of travel between the outermost
edges of the implement.
PAES 107: 2000
HITCH FOR WALKING-TYPE AGRICULTURAL TRACTOR- SPECIFICATIONS
1. Hitch assembly- structure made for attaching and/or supporting the implement
NOTE: It consists of hitch frame, pin sleeve and hitch pin
2. Size of primemover- rated power rating of the primemover as specified by the manufacturer
3. Walking-type agricultural tractor, Pedestrian controlled tractor, Hand tractor- self-propelled
machine having a single axle designed primarily to pull and propel trailed or mounted agricultural
implements and machinery
PAES 108: 2000
HEXAGONAL AXLE AND HUB FOR WALKING-TYPE AGRICULTURAL TRACTORSPECIFICATION
1. Type 1- hexagonal axle for walking-type agricultural tractor with a primemover size of up to 3.4 kW
(4.5 hp) using diesel engine and up to 3.7 kW (5.0 hp) using gasoline engine
2. Type 2- hexagonal axle for walking-type agricultural tractor with a primemover size of 3.5 Kw to
10.8 kW (4.6 hp - 14.5 hp) using diesel engine and 3.8 kW to 11.9 kW ( 5.1 hp - 16.0 hp) using
gasoline engine
PAES 109: 2000
WALKING-TYPE AGRICULTURAL TRACTOR- SPECIFICATIONS, PART 1: PULL-TYPE
2. Pull type, Traction type- capable of pulling various kinds of implements
PAES 110: 2001
WALKING- TYPE AGRICULTURAL TRACTOR- SPECIFICATIONS, PART 2: ROTARY
TILLING-TYPE
1. Rotary tilling type- a type of walking-type agricultural tractor equipped with rotary tiller which cuts,
breaks up, and mixes the soil and/or plant residues
PAES 111: 2000
WALKING- TYPE AGRICULTURAL TRACTOR- METHODS OF TEST
1. Applicable work- range of operations that could be performed by the machine as specified by the
manufacturer
2. Ground clearance- distance between the supporting surface and the lowest point of the tractor
3. Overall height- distance between the horizontal supporting surface and the horizontal plane touching
the uppermost part of the tractor
NOTE: All parts of the tractor, in particular, fixed components projecting upwards are contained
between these two planes.

4. Overall length- distance between two vertical planes at right angles to the median plane of the
tractor and touching its front and rear extremities
NOTE: All parts of the tractor, in particular, components projecting at the front and at the rear are
contained between these two planes. Where an adjustment of components is possible, it shall be set at
minimum length.
5. Overall width- distance between two vertical planes parallel to the median plane of the tractor, each
plane touching the outer-most point of the tractor on its respective side and with wheels set for
minimum track
NOTE: All parts of the tractor, in particular, fixed components projecting laterally are contained
between these two planes.
6. Slip- ratio of the difference between the speed of pulley or belt and wheels or track with load, to the
speed without load
7. Tractor weight- total weight of the machine excluding ballast and implements with the fuel tank
filled to 80 percent capacity and with normal amount of cooling water and lubricating oil (if engine is
integrated with the tractor) and with specified wheels.
8. Walking-type agricultural tractor- self-propelled machine having a single axle designed primarily
to pull and propel trailed or mounted agricultural implements and machinery
PAES 112: 2000
LEVER- OPERATED KNAPSACK SPRAYER- SPECIFICATIONS
1. Lever-operated knapsack sprayer (LOKS), Backpack sprayer- sprayer which is operated
manually with a lever and can be carried on the back of an operator for spraying
2. Pressure chamber- component of the sprayer that evens out the fluctuations of the fluid pressure
and induces more uniform flow of the sprayed liquid
3. Tank capacity- maximum allowable volume of the liquid to fill the sprayer tank, when equipped
with all its internal mounting
PAES 113: 2000
LEVER- OPERATED KNAPSACK SPRAYER- METHODS OF TEST
PAES 114: 2000
CENTRIFUGAL PUMP- SPECIFICATIONS
1. Capacity- discharge at maximum efficiency
2. Centrifugal pump- type of pump with impellers rotating inside a closed casing which draws water
into the pump through a central inlet opening and forces water out through a discharge outlet at the
periphery of the housing by means of centrifugal force
3. Diffuser pump, Turbine pump- type of centrifugal pump wherein the impeller is surrounded by
diffuser vanes
NOTE: The diffuser vanes have small openings near the impeller and enlarge gradually to their outer
diameter where the water flows into the chamber and around to the pump discharge.
4. volute pump- type of centrifugal pump with a casing made in the form of a spiral or volute curve
NOTE: The casing is proportioned to reduce gradually the velocity of water as it flows from the
impeller to the discharge, thus changing velocity head to pressure head.
5. Head- quantity used to express a form (or combination of forms) of the energy content of the liquid
per unit weight of the liquid referred to any arbitrary datum
6. Net positive suction head required (NPSHR)- performance characteristic required of the pump and
is the NPSH at the pump inlet

NOTE: It is the statement of the minimum suction conditions required to prevent cavitation.
7. Pump- device used to lift or transfer water from one source to another
8. Pump efficiency (p)- ratio of the power output to the power input of the pump
9. Priming- filling up the pump with water to displace or evacuate the entrapped air through a vent and
create a liquid seal inside the casing
10. Shaft power- power required to drive the pump shaft
NOTE: It is the input power to the pump.
11. Water power- theoretical power required for pumping
NOTE: It is the head and capacity of the pump expressed in kilowatt.
PAES 115: 2000
CENTRIFUGAL, MIXED FLOW AND AXIAL FLOW WATER PUMPS- METHODS OF TEST
1. Axial flow pump- type of pump which develop most of the suction and discharge head by propelling
or lifting action of the impeller vanes on the water
2. Base plane, Datum elevation- for horizontal shaft pumps, the distance from the level of water
source to the centerline of the pump shaft; for vertical single suction pumps (volute and diffusion
vane type), the distance from the entrance eye to the first stage impeller; for vertical double suction
pumps, the distance from the level of water source to the impeller discharge horizontal centerline
3. Cavitation- formation of cavities filled with water vapor due to local pressure drop and collapse as
soon as the vapor bubbles reach regions of high pressure
4. Centrifugal pump- type of pump with vanes or impellers rotating inside a close housing which
draws water into the pump through a central inlet opening and forces water out through a discharge
outlet at the periphery of the housing by means of centrifugal force
5. Discharge- volume of water pumped per unit time
6. Friction head, hf- equivalent head required to overcome the friction caused by the flow through the
pipe and pipe fittings
8. Mixed flow pump- type of pump which combines some of the features of both centrifugal and the
axial flow pump and in which head is developed partly by the centrifugal force and partly by the lift
of the vanes on the water
9. Net positive suction head-NPSH (hsv)- total suction head determined at the suction nozzle
(corrected to pump center line) minus the vapor pressure of water at the pumping temperature
10. Net positive suction head available (NPSHA)- NPSH as determined from the actual suction piping
conditions
11. Net positive suction head required (NPSHR)- performance characteristic required of the pump and
is the NPSH at the pump inlet
NOTE: It is the statement of the minimum suction conditions required to prevent cavitation.
12. Performance curve- curve which represents the interrelationship between capacity, head, power,
NPSH and efficiency of the pump
13. Pump- device that is used to lift or transfer water from one source to another
14. Priming- filling up the pump with water to displace or evacuate the entrapped air through a vent and
create a liquid seal inside the casing
15. Pump efficiency (p)- ratio of the power output to the power input of the pump
16. Shaft power- power required at the pump shaft
NOTE: It is the input power to the pump.

17. Static discharge head ( hd )- vertical distance from the centerline of the pump to the discharge
water level
18. Static suction head ( hs )- vertical distance from the free suction water level to the center line of the
pump
NOTE: It exists when the source of water supply is above the center line of the pump.
19. Static suction lift ( hs )- vertical distance from the free suction water level to the center line of the
pump
NOTE: It exists when the source of water supply is below the centerline of the pump.
20. Total discharge head (Hd)- sum of static discharge head, friction, and exit losses in the discharge
piping plus the velocity head and pressure head at the point of discharge
NOTE: As determined on test, it is the reading of a pressure gauge at the discharge pipe of the pump
referred to datum plus velocity head at the point of gauge attachment.
21. Total head (TH)- measure of energy increase imparted to the water by the pump and the algebraic
difference between the total discharge head and total suction head
NOTE: Total head, as determined on test where suction lift exists, is the sum of the total discharge
head and total suction lift. Where positive suction head exists, the total head is the total
discharge head minus the total suction head.
22. Total suction head ( Hs )- vertical distance from the center line of the pump to the free level of the
water to be pumped minus all friction losses in suction pipe and fittings, plus any pressure head
existing on the suction supply
NOTE: As determined on tests, it is the reading of a gauge at the suction of the pump referred to
datum plus the velocity head at the point of gauge attachment. Suction head exists when the
total suction head is above atmospheric pressure.
23. Total suction lift ( Hs )- sum of static suction lift, friction and entrance losses in the suction piping
NOTE: As determined on the tests, it is the reading of the pressure gauge at the suction nozzle of the
pump corrected to the datum minus the velocity head at the point of gauge attachment.
Suction lift exists where the total suction head at pump datum is below atmospheric pressure
which the flow source vented to atmosphere.
24. Velocity head (hv)- pressure expressed in meters required to create the velocity of flow
NOTE: It is the head and capacity of the pump expressed in kilowatt.
PAES 116: 2001
SMALL ENGINE- SPECIFICATIONS
1. Air-cooled, Direct cooling system- system wherein air is used to remove excess heat from the
engine through metal fins or shrouds which are located around the cylinder thus creating the flow of
air to the engine body in order to maintain its operating temperature
2. Cycle- series of events occurring one after the other in a definite order and repeats the events after
the last one has occurred
3. Four-stroke- piston requires four movements to complete one cycle
NOTE: One movement of piston for each of the events such as intake, compression, power and
exhaust.
4. Two-stroke cycle- piston requires two movements to complete one cycle
NOTE: One downward movement of piston for the events exhaust and intake and one upward
movement of piston for the events compression and power
5. Internal combustion engine- type of engine where the combustion of fuel takes place inside the
cylinder

6. Compression ignition engine, Diesel engine- engine in which combustion is achieved by

compressing the air until a high temperature is achieved to initiate combustion of fuel
NOTE: As the compressed air inside the cylinder reaches a high temperature, atomized fuel is
injected in the combustion chamber, it ignites on contact with high temperature air to
generate power.
7. Spark ignition engine, Gasoline engine- engine in which combustion occurs through the initiation
of a spark on the compressed fuel and air mixture
NOTE: Fuel and air mixture is first introduced inside the cylinder in gaseous condition. It is then
compressed and ignited resulting to the generation of power.
8. Overhead valve (OHV), I-head arrangement- arrangement of valves wherein the intake and
exhaust valves are located in the cylinder head
9. Side valves (SV), L-head arrangement- arrangement of valves wherein the intake and exhaust
valves are located on one side of the cylinder block
10. Water-cooled, Liquid-cooled, Indirect cooling system- system in which water/liquid-coolant
serves as the cooling medium which circulates in the water jackets to absorb the heat of the engine
PAES 117: 2000
SMALL ENGINE- METHODS OF TEST
1. Bore- diameter of the cylinder
2. Compression ratio- ratio of the cylinder volume on top of the piston (piston displacement and
combustion chamber) when it is at its lowest position to the volume remaining above the piston when
it is at its highest position (combustion chamber)
3. Continuous brake power- power recommended by the manufacturer for satisfactory operation
under continuous duty condition within a specified speed range
4. Engine, Heat engine- mechanical device that converts heat energy produced by combustion of fuel
into mechanical energy
5. Compression-ignition engine- engine in which combustion is achieved by compressing the air until
a high temperature is achieved to initiate combustion of fuel
6. Spark-ignition engine- engine in which combustion occurs through the initiation of a spark on the
fuel and air mixture
7. Engine performance- maximum brake power, fuel consumption and operating characteristics of the
engine at different speeds
8. Fuel consumption- volume of fuel consumed by the engine on per hour basis
9. Fully equipped engine- engine equipped with all the accessories necessary to perform its intended
functions such as air cleaner, exhaust system, radiator, generator, starter and related parts
10. Maximum brake power- highest power developed at a given speed
11. Net power- power output of a fully equipped engine
12. Peak brake power- highest power developed
13. Rated brake power- power indicated in the specification sheet or plate at a given rated speed
submitted by the manufacturer
14. Stroke- length of the piston travel
15. Torque- product of the force and the perpendicular distance from the line of action of that force to
the axis of rotation and is expressed in kg-m
PAES 118: 2001
FOUR-WHEEL TRACTOR- SPECIFICATIONS
1. Drawbar- bar at the rear of a tractor to which implements are hitched

2. Drawbar power- power available at the drawbar sustainable over a distance of at least 20 meters
3. Four-wheel tractor- self-propelled, wheeled vehicle having two axles designed to carry, pull or
propel agricultural implements and machines
4. Four-wheel drive- type of four-wheel tractor where power is transmitted to all wheels
5. Two-wheel drive- type of four-wheel tractor where power is transmitted to rear wheels with small
front wheels being pushed along
6. Linchpin- retaining pin used in the hitch pins or studs
7. Lower hitch point tire clearance- clearance (x) expressed as a radial dimension from the lower
hitch point to the outside diameter of the tire with the implement in raised position and all side sway
removed from the links
8. Lower hitch point tractor clearance- horizontal dimension (z) between the rearmost parts of the
tractor in the area between the two lower links and the horizontal line through the two lower hitch
points throughout the range of vertical movement of the hitch points
NOTE: The power-take-off master shield may be removed, if necessary to meet this dimension.
9. Power-take-off (PTO) shaft- external shaft usually at the rear of the tractor providing rotational
power to implements and machines
10. PTO output power- power measured at the PTO shaft
11. Roll-over protective structure (ROPS), Roll-over protective device (ROPD), Safety frame- twoor four-post structural frames primarily used to protect a seat-belted operator from being crushed in
case the machine rolls over
12. Three-point linkage- combination of one upper link and two lower links, each articulated to the
tractor and the implement at opposite ends in order to connect the implement to the tractor
13. Hitch point- articulated connection between a link and the implement (see Figure 2)
NOTE: For geometrical analysis, the hitch point is established as the center of the articulated
connection between a link and the implement.
14. Leveling adjustment- adjustment of the right lower link so that the hitch point may be moved
vertically with respect to the left lower hitch point to provide an inclination of the implement
15. Link point- articulated connection between a link and the tractor
NOTE: For geometrical analysis, the link point is established as the center of the articulated
connection between a link and the tractor.
16. Upper hitch pin-pin that connects the upper link to the implement
17. Upper link pin- pin that connects the upper link to the tractor
18. Wheel tread- center to center distance between two front or rear wheels
PAES 119: 2001
FOUR-WHEEL TRACTOR- METHODS OF TEST
1. Ballast- any material added to the tractor for the purpose of enhancing traction or stability
2. Engine power- power measured at the flywheel or the crankshaft
3. Ground clearance- distance between the supporting surface and the lowest point of the tractor
4. Maximum drawbar pull- mean maximum sustained pull of the tractor at the drawbar over a given
distance, the pull being exerted horizontally and in the vertical plane containing the longitudinal axis
of the tractor
5. Tractor weight- total weight of the tractor excluding tools with the fuel tank filled to 80 percent
capacity and with normal amounts of cooling water and lubricating oil when the tractor is at work
6. Overall height- distance between the supporting surface and the horizontal plane touching the
uppermost part of the tractor

7. Overall length- distance between the two vertical planes at right angles to the median plane of the
tractor and touching its front and rear extremities
8. Overall width- distance between two vertical planes parallel to the median plane of the tractor, each
plane touching the outermost point of the tractor on its respective side
NOTE: All parts of the tractor, in particular all fixed components projecting laterally (i.e. wheel
hubs), are contained between these two planes.
9. Radius of turning area, Radius of clearance circle- radius of the smallest circle described by the
outermost point of the tractor
10. Radius of turning circle- radius of the smallest circle tangentially described by the median plane of
the outermost wheel of the tractor
11. Rated engine speed- speed in revolutions per minute specified by the manufacturer
12. Wheel slip- slip of the driving wheels
13. Specific fuel consumption- quantity of fuel consumed by an engine on the basis of per horsepower
hour
PAES 120: 2001
DISC HARROW- SPECIFICATIONS
1. Concave disc- circular concave steel plate used for cutting and inverting the soil
2. Disc spacing- transverse distance between two adjacent disc edges
NOTE: This can be obtained by adding thickness of one disc and length of spool.
3. Disc harrow- implement used to pulverize the soil to attain a better soil tilth for the seed germination
and growth
NOTE: It consists of two or four gangs of concave steel disc.
4. Single-action disc harrow- consists of two gangs of discs, placed end-to-end at an angle, which
throw the soil in opposite directions
5. Tandem disc harrow- consists of two or more gangs, in which a set of two gangs follows behind the
front gangs and is arranged in such a way that the discs on the front gangs throw the soil in one
direction (usually outward) and the discs on the rear gangs throw the soil in the opposite direction
6. Offset disc harrow- consists of two gangs wherein one gang is located behind the other at an angle
and the harrow is operated in an offset position in relation to the tractor centerline
7. Frame- structure on which the gangs are fitted
8. Gang- set of concave discs, which is mounted on a common shaft and separated by a spool
9. Gang angle- angle between the axis of gang and the line perpendicular to the direction of motion
10. Gang angling mechanism- mechanism by which the gang angles are adjusted
11. Gang axle- shaft on which a set of concave discs are fitted
12. Ground clearance- vertical distance between the ground and the lowest edge of the disc when the
trailed harrow is supported on transport wheels
13. Hitch- portion of an implement designed to connect the implement to the power source
14. Included angle- angle between the axes of two adjacent gangs
15. Scraper- component which scrapes the soil adhering to the concave side of the disc
16. Side angle, Disc angle- angle, in the soil surface plane, between a tool axis and a line, which is
perpendicular to the direction of travel
17. Spool- flanged tube mounted on gang axle and placed between two discs to prevent the lateral
movement of the discs on the shaft
18. Width of cut- transverse distance between the top or bottom cutting edges of the end discs

PAES 121: 2001

DISC PLOW- SPECIFICATIONS
1. Concave disc- circular concave steel plate used for cutting and inverting the soil
2. Concavity- vertical distance measured from the lowest point to the center of the disc when its
concave side is placed on a flat surface
3. Disc plow- implement with individually mounted concave disc blades which cut, partially or
completely invert soil slices to bury surface material, and pulverize the soil
NOTE: Blades are attached to the frame in a tilted position relative to the frame and to the direction
of travel for proper penetration and soil displacement.
4. Frame- structure on which the standards are fitted
5. Hitch- portion of an implement designed to connect the implement to a power source
6. Scraper- component which scrapes the soil adhering to the concave side of the disc
7. Side angle, Disc angle- angle, in the soil surface plane, between a tool axis and a line, which is
perpendicular to the direction of travel
8. Standard, Beam- upright support which connects the shank to tillage implement frame
9. Tilt angle- angle, in a vertical plane perpendicular to the direction of travel, between a tool axis and
the soil surface
10. Width of cut- transverse distance between either the top or bottom cutting edges of the end discs
NOTE: For measuring the width of cut, the tilt angle shall be set at 15 to 25. For nonadjustable plow
disc blades, the tilt angle shall be set at 18 to 20.
11. One-way Disc Plow- tractor-mounted or integral one-way disc plows are attached to the tractor by
three-point hitch linkages and are fully carried by the tractor during transport.
12. Tractor-mounted reversible disc plow- this plow is attached to the three-point hitch and is fully
carried by the tractor in transport. This type is usually limited in size (2-4 discs) due to tractor frontend stability and hydraulic lift capacity.
13. Semi-mounted reversible disc plow- is attached to the tractors lower hitch points and is raised/
lowered by the tractor hitch as well as a remote hydraulic cylinder on the rear transport wheel. On
some of these plows, the rear wheel operates on the land and serves as a gauge wheel when plowing
and as transport wheel (free to caster) when the plow is raised. The rear wheel is an attachment for
converting a fully integral, reversible disc plow to semi-integral operation.
PAES 122: 2001
SEEDER AND PLANTER- SPECIFICATIONS
1. Grain seeder, Seeder- planting equipment used to deposit seeds in the soil for crop production
NOTE: It can be a manually-operated, animal-drawn or tractor power-driven seeder.
2. Field efficiency- ratio of effective field capacity to the theoretical field capacity
3. Effective field capacity- actual rate of being able to plant a given area per unit of time
NOTE: The time pertains to the actual time which includes the time spent for turning at headland,
adjustment of machine and machine trouble.
4. Theoretical field capacity- computed rate of being able to plant a given area per unit of time
5. Seed delivery rate- amount of seeds that can be planted per unit area
6. Manually-operated, Hand seeder- this is a type of seeder which deposits the seeds in holes with
spacing set by the operator.
7. Tractor power-driven seeder and planter- this is a type of seeder with metering mechanisms
driven by the ground wheels or by power take-off from a tractor

8. Seed drill- this is a type of tractor power-driven seeder which drills and deposits the seeds at a
specified rate and depth and in narrow-spaced rows. It cannot deposit the seeds in hills or even in
check rows.
9. Row-crop planter- this is a type of tractor power-driven seeder which can deposit the seeds at a
specified rate in hills and rows spaced to permit inter-row cultivation and also functions as a seed
drill if required.
10. Hill-drop planter- this is a type of row-crop planter which is designed to deposit one or more seeds
in a hill at equal intervals.
11. Checkrow planter- this is a type of row-crop planter which enables operator to perform hill planting
at definite spacing (in checks or squares). This facilitates mechanical weed control and other
operations.
12. Precision planter- this is a type of row-crop planter which is designed to deposit a single seed at
equal row intervals.
PAES 123: 2001
SEEDER AND PLANTER- METHODS OF TEST
1. Fuel consumption- volume of fuel consumed by the engine on per hour basis
PAES 124: 2002
WALKING-TYPE AGRICULTURAL TRACTOR- SPECIFICATIONS, PART 3: SPECIAL TYPE
(FLOAT-ASSIST TILLER)
1. Float-assist tiller- a special type of walking-type agricultural tractor with a front-mounted tilling
wheel and equipped with a flotation structure commonly used in waterlogged fields
2. Flotation structure, Float, Hull- component of float-assist tiller which provides buoyancy for the
tiller
3. Tilling wheel- consists of a single or pair of wheels with radially mounted tilling blades attached to a
common shaft or axle, supported and powered by the transmission
4. Walking-type agricultural tractor, Hand tractor, Pedestrian tractor- self-propelled machine
having a single axle designed primarily to pull and propel trailed or mounted agricultural implements
and machinery
PAES 125: 2002
SPRINKLER HEAD- SPECIFICATIONS, PART 1: ROTATING IMPACT- DRIVEN TYPE
1. Nozzle- aperture of the sprinkler head through which the liquid is discharged
NOTE: A sprinkler head may contain one or several cylindrical nozzles or nozzle of other shapes and
sizes.
2. Radius of throw- farthest distance measured from the sprinkler head centerline to a point at which
liquid is deposited
3. Rotating sprinkler head- rotating sprinkler device which by its rotating motion around its vertical
axis distributes liquid over an area
4. Impact-driven sprinkler head- type of rotating sprinkler head which rotates using weighted or
spring-loaded arm which is propelled by the liquid stream and hits the sprinkler body
5. Sprinkler head- hydraulically operated mechanical device which discharges liquid through a nozzle
6. Trajectory angle- angle of the liquid stream above a horizontal plane, as discharged from the
sprinkler nozzle operating at the test pressure
7. Part-circle sprinkler- rotating sprinkler designed to irrigate a sector of a circular area, either with or
without the possibility of adjusting it to irrigate the entire circular area

8. Range of effective pressure- pressure range between the minimum effective pressure, pmin, and the
maximum effective pressure, pmax, declared by the manufacturer as the pressure range in which the
sprinklers operate effectively.
NOTE: The pressure is measured at the base of the sprinkler, at a point situated about 0.20 m below
the main nozzle of the sprinkler, but with the pressure gauge situated in the same plane as the
main nozzle.
PAES 126: 2002
ROTATING SPRINKLER HEAD- METHODS OF TEST
1. Base pressure- pressure measured at a point on the riser with a distance of at least five times the
nominal sprinkler inlet diameter from the last upstream direction change or change in pipe cross
sectional area
2. Nozzle- aperture of the sprinkler through which the liquid is discharged
3. Radius of throw- farthest distance measured from the sprinkler head centerline to a point at which
liquid is deposited
4. Rotating sprinkler head, Rotating sprinkler- device which by its rotating motion around its
vertical axis distributes liquid over an area
PAES 127: 2002
DRILLING RIG- SPECIFICATIONS
1. Drilling rig- structural assembly which is used to drill holes for the purpose of water-well
construction
2. Drilling pipe- serves as an adaptor of the drill bit and conduit of water jet channel
3. Drill bit- bit attached to the end of the drilling pipe which is directly in contact with the soil
formation and serves as cutting device during drilling operation
4. Main rig assembly- structure which supports the entire drilling system
5. Surging stem, Jetting stem- lightweight pipes used during high velocity flow (jetting) operation
6. Rotary- a type of drilling rig in which the mode of drilling is done by using a rotating drill bit that
cut and loosen the soil thus producing a hole of required diameter.
7. Percussion- a type of drilling rig in which the mode of drilling is done by alternately raising and
dropping either an external weight (solid steel or wood) or the drilling stem itself, causing the impact
of the drill bit to the soil, thus producing a hole of required diameter.
8. Combination- a type of drilling rig in which the mode of drilling is done by rotary action and
percussion.
NOTE: For all types of drilling rig, water jet is applied to facilitate boring.
PAES 128: 2002
DRILLING RIG- METHODS OF TEST
PAES 129: 2002
ELECTRIC MOTOR- SPECIFICATIONS
1. Ampacity- current, in amperes, that a conductor can carry continuously under the conditions of use
without exceeding its temperature rating
2. Disconnecting means, Switch- device, or group of devices, or other means by which the electric
motor can be disconnected from the power supply
3. Duty rating, Time rating- refers to how frequently the motor is started and how long it will run each
time it is started

4. Electric motor- machine which converts electrical energy to mechanical energy

5. Enclosure- case or housing which prevents the operator from accidental contact with energized parts
and protect the motor from physical damage
6. Frame designation- standardized motor mounting and shaft dimensions as established by National
Electric Manufacturers Association (NEMA) or International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)
7. Locked-rotor current- maximum current required to start the motor
8. Phase- number of individual voltages applied to the motor
9. Three-phase- has three individual voltages applied to the motor
NOTE: The three-phase are at 120 degrees with respect to each other so that peaks of voltage occur
at even time intervals to balance the power received and delivered by the motor throughout
its 360 degrees of rotation.
10. Single-phase- has one voltage applied to the motor in the shape of a sine wave
11. Rotor, Armature winding- rotating part of electric motor which is typically constructed of a
laminated steel core containing current-carrying copper wires
12. Service factor- indicates the maximum load that can be successfully carried by the motor if it is to
operate continuously and remain within a safe temperature range
13. Stator, Field poles- stationary part of electric motor consisting of copper windings which is placed
in a laminated iron core
14. Temperature rise- temperature of a motor operating under rated conditions, which is above ambient
temperature
15. Thermal protector- device which protects the motor against overheating due to overload or failure
to start
16. Torque- twisting or turning force produced by the motor
17. Breakdown torque, Pull out torque- maximum torque a motor can develop during overload
without stalling
18. Starting torque, Locked rotor torque- motor torque at zero speed or the maximum torque required
to start the load
19. Alternating current (AC) motor- in AC motor, current is sent into the stator winding which is
placed in a stationary laminated iron core; the rotating element may or may not be a set of magnet
poles.
20. Direct current (DC) motor- in the DC motor, current is sent into the armature winding, which is
placed in-between a set of radially supported magnet poles.
21. Universal motor- is a small series motors up to 3.73 kW rating which are commonly designed to
operate on either direct current or alternating current.
22. Shunt-wound motor- a type of DC motor, in which the field winding is connected in parallel with
the armature.
NOTE: The shunt motor is used in constant speed application.
23. Series-wound motor- a type of DC motor, in which the field winding is connected in series with the
armature.
NOTE: The series motor is used in applications where a high starting torque is required.
24. Compound-wound motor- a type of DC motor, which has a series-field and shunt-field winding.
NOTE: In compound motor, the drop of the speed-torque characteristics may be adjusted to suit the
load.
25. Synchronous- a type of AC motor capable of raising the power factor of systems having large
induction motor loads.
26. Wound-rotor- a type of AC motor, wherein secondary windings are wound with discrete conductors
with the same number of poles as the primary winding on the stator.

27. Squirrel-cage- a type of AC motor wherein the rotor or secondary winding consists merely of 28
identical copper or cast-aluminum bars solidly connected to conducting end wings on each end, thus
forming a squirrel-cage structure.
PAES 130: 2002
ELECTRIC MOTOR- METHODS OF TEST
PAES 131: 2004
MOLDBOARD PLOW- SPECIFICATIONS
1. Colter- flat knife or revolving disc, mounted in front of the plow bottom, which cuts the soil
vertically
2. Frame- structure to which the standards are fitted
3. Frog- central part of the plow to which the share, moldboard and landside are attached
4. Hitch- part of an implement designed to connect it to a power source
5. Landside- part of the plow that presses and slides against the furrow wall, providing lateral stability
during operation
6. Landside heel- part, attached to the rear of a landside, which applies the vertical load of the plow
bottom to the furrow bottom
7. Moldboard- part of the plow which lifts, inverts and throws the furrow slice to one side
8. General-purpose moldboard- plow bottom that has less curvature than the stubble and can be used
easily for stubble, ordinary trash and stalk cover land
9. Slatted moldboard- plow bottom which is used in sticky soils and soils that does not scour on solid
moldboard
10. Sod moldboard- plow bottom that has long, narrow and less sloping moldboard with a gradual twist
that allows complete inversion of the furrow slice with minimum breakage
11. Stubble moldboard- plow bottom that has short, broader and curved more abruptly along the top
edge and is suited to work in soil which has been cultivated from year to year
12. Moldboard plow- sliding implement that cuts, lifts, inverts and throws to one side a layer of soil
(furrow slice) to bury surface materials
NOTE: Main component consists of share, moldboard and landside.
13. Left-hand plow- throws the furrow slice to the left of the plows direction
14. Right-hand plow- throws the furrow slice to the right of the plows direction
15. Two-way plow, Reversible plow- throws the furrow slice either to the left or right of the plows
direction
NOTE: It consists of both the right-hand and left-hand plow with one type being used at a time.
16. Plow bottom, Plow body- working part of the plow which includes the share, moldboard, and
landside, all attached to the frog
17. Share- part of the plow that penetrates the soil and cuts the furrow slice horizontally
NOTE: It may be single integral piece or may consist of replaceable components
18. Shin- leading edge of the moldboard located above the landside
19. Standard, Beam, Leg- upright support which connects the plow bottom to tillage implement frame
20. Horizontal suction, Horizontal clearance- distance by which the point of the share is bent out of
line with the landside to cut the proper furrow width
21. Vertical suction, Vertical clearance- distance by which the point of the share is bent downward for
the plow to penetrate the soil to the proper depth
22. Tailpiece- optional accessory, attached to the wing of the moldboard to improve inversion of the
furrow slice

23. Trash board- optional accessory, mounted above the shin, which deposits the upper edge of the
furrow in the furrow bottom
24. Tractor-mounted moldboard plow- type of plow mounted on the tractors three-point linkage and
depends upon the tractor for its general operation
25. Semi-mounted moldboard plow- type of plow that has the front end directly connected to the
tractors three-point linkage and its rear end is supported by furrow and land wheels. The plow is also
equipped with hydraulic lines and cylinders for its lifting and/or depth control.
26. Trailing moldboard plow- type of plow hitched to the drawbar or lower links of the tractor,
supported by two or three wheels and equipped with hydraulic lines and cylinders for lifting and/or
depth control
PAES 132: 2004
DISC/MOLDBOARD PLOW- METHODS OF TEST
1. Disc plow- rolling implement that cuts, lifts, inverts and throws to one side a layer of soil (furrow
slice) to bury surface materials
2. Four-wheel tractor- self-propelled, wheeled vehicle having two axles designed to carry, pull or
propel agricultural implements and machines
3. Headland- unplowed portion of the field at both ends of the furrow strip initially used for turning the
draft animal/tractor and implement
4. Moldboard plow- sliding implement that cuts, lifts, inverts and throws to one side a layer of soil
(furrow slice) to bury surface materials
5. Side angle, Disc angle- horizontal angle made by the disc with the direction of travel
6. Tilt angle- angle made by the disc with the vertical line
7. Walking-type agricultural tractor, Two-wheel tractor, Hand tractor, Pedestrian tractor- selfpropelled machine having a single axle designed primarily to pull and propel trailed or mounted
agricultural implements and machinery
8. Width of cut (disc plow)- transverse distance between the cutting edges of the end discs at their
depth of cut
NOTE: For measuring the width of cut, the tilt angle shall be set at 15 to 25. For nonadjustable plow
disc blades, the tilt angle shall be set at 18 to 20.
9. Width of cut (moldboard plow)- distance measured from the wing of share to the point of share
PAES 133: 2004
DISC HARROW- METHODS OF TEST
1. Disc harrow- implement consisting of two or four gangs of concave steel discs used for additional
pulverization, mixing of pesticides and fertilizers into the soil, leveling and firming the soil, closing
of air pockets and eradication of weeds
2. Gang- set of concave discs, which is mounted on a common shaft and separated by a spool
PAES 134: 2004
FURROWER- SPECIFICATIONS
1. Furrower, Lister, Ridger, Bedder- tillage implement resembling a double moldboard, one left wing
and one right wing, used to make ridges and beds for planting and trenches for irrigation and
drainage purposes
2. Furrower bottom, Lister bottom- working part of the furrower which includes the share and
moldboard

3. Blackland bottom- bottom that has smaller moldboards and are designed for better scouring in
sticky soils
4. General-purpose bottom- bottom that has wider moldboards that works well at fairly high speeds in
most soil conditions
5. Hard-ground bottom- bottom that has very small share and moldboard designed for use in
combination with disc openers to open hard-baked soils
6. Hitch- part of an implement designed to connect to the tractor
7. Moldboard- part of the furrower which lifts, inverts and throws laterally the layer of soil (furrow
slice) in opposite directions
8. Row marker- toolbar mounted device used to guide the operator in setting the furrower for the next
pass to ensure uniform furrow spacing
9. Share- part of the furrower that penetrates the soil and cuts the furrow slice horizontally
10. Standard, Beam, Leg- upright support which connects the furrower bottom to a toolbar
11. Toolbar- structure to which the standards are mounted
PAES 135: 2004
FURROWER- METHODS OF TEST
1. Furrower, Lister, Ridger, Bedder- tillage implement resembling a double moldboard, one left wing
and one right wing, used to make ridges and beds for planting and trenches for irrigation and
drainage purposes
2. Furrowing, Listing, Ridging, Bedding- tillage and land-forming operations using the furrower
which lifts, inverts and throws laterally the layer of soil (furrow slice) in opposite directions
3. Furrow- trench formed after the furrower bottom cuts and turns the furrow slices
4. Row marker- toolbar mounted device used to guide the operator in setting the furrower for the next
pass to ensure uniform furrow spacing
PAES 136: 2004
AGRICULTURAL TRAILER- SPECIFICATIONS
1. Agricultural trailer- trailer designed to carry load for agricultural purposes without power of its
own
2. Balanced trailer- agricultural trailer whose total load is supported by at least two axles with four or
more wheels when detached from the towing tractor
3. Semi-trailer- agricultural trailer with one axle and two wheels which, while in use, part of its load is
transferred to the towing tractor and the rest of the load is carried on its axle
4. Axle load- total static load supported by the wheels on the respective axle
5. Gross load, Gross weight- sum of payload and unladen mass of the trailer expressed in metric tons
6. Ground clearance- vertical distance between the ground and the lowest point of the trailer
NOTE: In measuring ground clearance, the trailer shall be loaded to its payload and the tires shall be
inflated at the recommended pressure.
7. Over-run brake- brake actuated by a compressive force in the hitch between a trailer and the towing
tractor used to decelerate a moving trailer
8. Parking brake- brake actuated by a pedal or lever to keep the trailer in stationary or parked position
9. Payload, Net weight- uniformly distributed maximum safe load which can be transported by the
trailer expressed in tons
10. Service brake- brake actuated by a pedal or lever to decelerate and stop a moving trailer
11. Tow eye- hitch point of the trailers pullbar to be attached to the towing tractor

12. Unladen mass, Tare weight- mass of a trailer with all its usual fittings but without any load
13. Wheel base- horizontal distance between foremost and rearmost axles or wheels measured at the
center of the ground contact
14. Wheel tread, Wheel track- distance between the outermost wheels at the same axle measured at the
center of ground contact
PAES 137: 2004
AGRICULTURAL TRAILER- METHODS OF TEST
1. Agricultural trailer- trailer designed to carry load for agricultural purposes without power of its
own
2. Gross load- sum of payload and unladen mass of the trailer expressed in tons
3. Ground clearance- vertical distance between the ground and the lowest point of the trailer
NOTE: In measuring ground clearance, the trailer shall be loaded to its payload and the tires shall be
inflated at the recommended pressure.
4. Over-run brake- brake actuated by a compressive force in the hitch between a trailer and the towing
tractor used to decelerate a moving trailer
7. Payload, Net weight- uniformly distributed maximum safe load which can be transported by the
trailer expressed in tons
8. Service brake- brake actuated by a pedal or lever to decelerate and stop a moving trailer
9. Unladen mass, Tare weight- mass of a trailer with all its usual fittings but without any load
10. Wheel base- horizontal distance between foremost and rearmost axles or wheels measured at the
center of the ground contact
11. Wheel tread, Wheel track- distance between the outermost wheels at the same axle measured at the
center of ground contact
PAES 138: 2004
GUIDELINES ON AFTER- SALES SERVICE
1. After- sales services- consists of parts and services provided by the manufacturers/ distributors/
dealers to the end user to ensure continuous serviceability of agricultural machinery
2. Agricultural machinery- consists of agricultural tractors, self-propelled and pedestrian-operated
machines, implements, and other equipment primarily used for agricultural operations
3. Dealer- authorized representative of distributors and/or manufacturers to supply, trade, sell and
service agricultural machinery to end-users
4. Distributor- trading entity authorized by foreign and local suppliers and/or manufacturers to
distribute agricultural machinery to dealers
5. Manufacturer- Philippine-based, foreign or Filipino-owned, manufacturing entity involved in the
production and distribution of agricultural machinery
6. Warranty, Guarantee- expressed assurance of the quality of the materials and workmanship of the
products offered for sale or length of satisfactory use to be expected from a product under normal use
PAES 139: 2004
ROLL- OVER PROTECTIVE STRUCTURES (ROPS) - SPECIFICATIONS
1. Roll-over protective structure (ROPS)- cab or frame installed on agricultural tractors to protect or
minimize injury of the operator from accidental overturning during operation
2. Seat index point (SIP)- point on the central vertical plane of the seat

PAES 140: 2004

ROLL- OVER PROTECTIVE STRUCTURES (ROPS) - METHODS OF TEST
1. Crushing test- application of a vertical load through a beam placed laterally across the uppermost
members of the protective structure
2. Horizontal loading test- application of a horizontal load to the rear, front and side of the protective
structure
NOTE: As loading continues, the cab/frame deformation may cause the direction of loading to
change. This is permissible.
3. Impact test- application of a dynamic load produced by a block acting as a pendulum
4. Roll-over protective structure (ROPS)- cab or frame installed on agricultural tractors to protect or
minimize injury of the operator from accidental overturning during operation
5. Seat index point (SIP)- point on the central vertical plane of the seat
6. Tractor mass- mass of the unladen tractor in working order with tanks and radiator full, protective
structure with cladding, and any track equipment or additional front-wheel drive components
required for normal use
NOTE: The operator, optional ballast weights, additional wheel equipment, special equipment and
loads are not included.
PAES 141: 2004
WEEDER- SPECIFICATIONS
1. Weeding efficiency, Weeding index- percentage of weeds removed/destroyed per unit area
2. Weeder- implement used to remove/destroy the weeds from an agricultural land
3. Weeds- unwanted plants growing in a field competing with the main crop for nutrients, moisture and
sunlight
4. Blade type- type of weeder with rectangular, triangular or crescent shapes with cutting edges
sharpened and hardened
5. Tine type- type of weeder with a straight, curved, round or square cross-section steel rods with
sharply pointed and hardened soil engaging ends
6. Rotary type- type of weeder with curved or straight spikes or puddles radially attached to a common
axle, which rotate to uproot and bury weeds
7. Hand-held weeder- type of weeder which utilize either blade or tine type of soil working parts with
short (0.15 m to 0.5 m), medium (>0.5 m to 1 m) and long (>1 m) handles
8. Push-type weeder- type of weeder which utilizes either blade, tine or rotary soil working parts for
dry and wet field weeding
9. Animal- drawn weeder- type of weeder in which soil working parts are mounted on a frame or tool
bar and pulled by an animal for dry field weeding
10. Power-weeder- type of rotary weeder driven by its own engine for wet field weeding
11. Tractor-mounted weeder- type of weeder in which soil working parts are mounted on a frame or
tool bar and pulled by either two- or four-wheel tractor for dry field weeding
PAES 142: 2004
WEEDER- METHODS OF TEST
1. Damaged plants- plants injured (i.e. teared leaves, broken stems, and/or uprooted plant) that may
affect crop growth
2. Percent damaged plants- percentage of plants injured during the weeding operation
3. Weeding efficiency, Weeding index- percentage of weeds removed/destroyed per unit area
4. Weeder- implement used to remove/destroy the weeds from an agricultural land

5. Weeds- unwanted plants growing in a field competing with the main crop for nutrients, moisture and
sunlight
PAES 143: 2005
RICE DRUM SEEDER- SPECIFICATIONS
1. Adjusting ring- metal or rubber ring positioned to regulate the seeding rate
2. Drum hopper- part of the seeder where the seeds are loaded and metered
3. Drum seeder- planting equipment (Figure 2) used for pre-germinated rice seeds for wet fields
4. Ground wheel- part of the seeder which provides traction and activates rotation of the hopper for
seed discharge
5. Seeding rate- amount of seeds discharged from the seeder per unit time or area
6. Skid- part of the seeder which serves as a float to prevent the seeder from sinking
PAES 144: 2005
RICE DRUM SEEDER- METHODS OF TEST
1. Effective field capacity- actual rate of planting a given area per unit of time or area
2. Damaged seed- seed distinctly injured during operation
4. Hopper capacity- maximum amount of seeds which can be loaded to the hopper
5. Percent damaged seeds- percentage of seeds injured during operation
6. Seeding rate- amount of seeds planted per unit time or area
7. Theoretical field capacity- computed rate of planting a given area per unit of time or area
PAES 145: 2005
GRANULAR FERTILIZER APPLICATOR- SPECIFICATIONS
1. Application rate- amount of fertilizer applied in the field per unit area
2. Delivery tube- part of the applicator which directs the distribution of fertilizer in the field
3. Furrow closer- device which covers the distributed fertilizer in the furrow
4. Furrow opener- device which makes the trench for the placement of fertilizer
5. Granular fertilizer applicator- device for applying granular fertilizer
6. Ground wheel- part of the fertilizer applicator which drives the metering device
7. Metering device- mechanism used to regulate the amount of fertilizer to be discharged
8. Row fertilizer applicator- type of fertilizer applicator which applies fertilizer in rows
9. Broadcaster- the type of fertilizer applicator used to spread fertilizer uniformly in the field without
rows
10. Star-wheel- consist of a star-shaped agitating device located at the bottom of the hopper with an
adjustable gate to regulate the discharge
11. Auger type- consists of a variable speed auger at bottom of hopper and agitator to discharge
fertilizer
12. Belt type- consists of moving belt located at the bottom of the hopper with an adjustable gate to
discharge fertilizer
13. Plate and flicker type- consists of a slowly rotating plate, which carry a layer of fertilizer under an
adjustable gate from the inside to the outside of the hopper, where it is flicked from the plate by a
series of fingers

14. Rotor type- consists of a ground-wheel-driven vane or fluted rotor above an adjustable discharge
opening
PAES 146: 2005
GRANULAR FERTILIZER APPLICATOR- METHODS OF TEST
1. Application rate- amount of fertilizer applied in the field per unit area
2. Effective field capacity- actual rate of planting a given area per unit of time or area
4. Fuel consumption- volume of fuel consumed by the engine
5. Theoretical field capacity- computed rate of planting a given area per unit of time or area
PAES 147: 2010
FIELD CULTIVATOR- SPECIFICATIONS
1. Field cultivator- implement for seedbed preparation, weed eradication, or fallow cultivation
subsequent to some form of primary tillage, equipped with spring steel shanks
2. Gauge wheel- auxiliary component of the field cultivator that helps maintain uniform depth of
cultivation and eliminate the need to set the tension with the three-point hitch every time you set a
cultivator down
3. Ground clearance- minimum vertical distance between the soil surface and a potentially obstructing
machine element
4. Main frame- part of the field cultivator that holds the transverse toolbars and gauge wheels together
5. primary tillage- tillage which constitutes the initial major soil-working operation, normally designed
to reduce soil strength, cover plant materials, and rearrange aggregates
6. Secondary tillage- any group of different tillage operation, following primary tillage, which are
designed to create refined soil conditions before the seed is planted
7. Shank- structural member primarily used for attaching a tillage tool to a beam
8. Shovel- spade-shaped, V-pointed soil working tool, which is used for various plowstocks,
cultivators, grain drills, and soil scarifiers
9. Spike- type of shovel used in hard soil conditions and for deeper penetration
10. Sweep- type of shovel which is wing-shaped
11. Transverse tool bar- part of the main frame to which shank assemblies are attached
12. Two-wheel tractor driven- type of field cultivator wherein a two-wheel tractor is used to drive the
soil tool
13. Four-wheel tractor driven- type of field cultivator wherein a four-wheel tractor is used to drive the
soil tool
14. Rear mounted- type of field cultivator wherein the implement is mounted behind the tractor.
15. Drawn type cultivator- type of field cultivator wherein main frame is mounted far behind the
tractor. Guide wheels are necessary for transport
16. Three-point hitch mounted- type of field cultivator wherein main frame is mounted to the rear of
the tractor using the three-point hitch linkages
17. Front mounted- type of field cultivator wherein main frame is mounted on the front of the tractor.
For a four-wheel driven type, hydraulic cylinders are required for lowering or lifting of the
implement. Gauge wheels are used for adjusting the depth for a two wheel driven type

PAES 148: 2010

FIELD CULTIVATOR- METHODS OF TEST
1. Draft- total force parallel to the direction of travel required to move the implement
2. Drawbar power- power requirement of an implement being towed or pushed
3. Effective field capacity- function of field speed, operating width and field efficiency expressed in
hectares per hour
4. Field efficiency- ratio between the productivity of a machine under field conditions and the
theoretical maximum productivity
5. Implement- any agricultural tool mounted on the tractor
edges of the implement
7. Nose angle- angle formed by the edges of the sweep
8. Operating width- horizontal distance perpendicular to the direction of travel within which an
implement performs its intended function; distance between the outermost shanks of the field
cultivator
9. Stem angle- angle formed by the shank or the shovel relative to the ground surface or to its base,
respectively
10. Theoretical field capacity- function of speed and operating width expressed in hectares per hour
11. Transport height- overall height of the implement measured from the topmost point to its lowest
point
12. Transport length- overall length of the implement measured from the terminal point of the
implement to the mounting point
13. Wheel slip- reduction on the distance traveled by the tractor due to the attached implement
PAES 149: 2010
SUBSOILER- SPECIFICATIONS
1. Gauge wheel- auxiliary component of the subsoiler that helps maintain uniform operating depth and
for adjusting depth of cut
2. Main frame- part of the subsoiler that holds the transverse toolbars together
3. Primary tillage- tillage which constitutes the initial major soil-working operation, normally
designed to reduce soil strength, cover plant materials, and rearrange aggregates
4. Ripper point- tool attached to the shank of the subsoiler to cut through the soil
5. Shank- structural member primarily used for attaching a tillage tool to a beam
6. Soil abrasion- scratching, cutting, or abrasing of materials caused by the action of soil
7. Subsoiler- implement for intermittent tillage at depths sufficient to shatter compacted subsurface
layers, equipped with widely spaced shanks either in-line or staggered on a V-shaped frame
8. Subsoiling- deep tillage with at least 350 mm depth for the purpose of loosening soil for root growth
and/or water movement
10. Wear shin- metal plate attached to the shank to reduce abrasion and enhance durability of the shank
11. Drawn type subsoiler- type of subsoiler wherein main frame is mounted far behind the tractor.
Guide wheels are necessary for transport
12. Three-point hitch mounted- type of subsoiler wherein main frame is mounted to the rear of the
tractor using the 3-point hitch linkages

PAES 150: 2010

SUBSOILER- METHODS OF TEST
2. Drawbar power- power requirement of an implement being towed or pushed
3. Effective field capacity- function of field speed, working width and field efficiency expressed in
hectares per hour
implement performs its intended function; distance between the outermost shanks of the subsoiler
8. Sweep angle- angle measured from the outer side of the wing in reference to the direction of travel
9. Theoretical field capacity- function of speed and operating width expressed in hectares per hour
10. Tip angle- angle formed by the top and underside of the ripper point
point
12. Wing lift- length of the side of the wing opposite the wing lift angle
13. Wing lift angle- angle measured between the two sides of the wing
14. Wing width- distance between the tip of each wing
PAES 151: 2010
MECHANICAL RICE TRANSPLANTER- SPECIFICATIONS
1. Grasping fork- part of the transplanting arm that picks rice seedlings
2. Mechanical rice transplanter- machine designed for transplanting rice seedlings into a puddled and
leveled field
3. Paddle wheel- modified wheel used in transplanters to facilitate movement in the field
4. Root-washed seedlings- rice seedlings grown in nurseries for transplanting wherein the roots are
washed thoroughly to remove the soil
5. Soil-bearing seedlings- rice seedlings grown in nursery for transplanting wherein the soil is retained
with the roots for transplanting
6. Transplanting- method of crop establishment for rice wherein rice seedlings grown in a nursery are
pulled and transferred into puddled and leveled fields, 15 to 40 days after seeding
7. Transplanting arm- part of the mechanical transplanter that actuates picking and transplanting
seedlings into a puddled field
PAES 152: 2010
MECHANICAL RICE TRANSPLANTER- METHODS OF TEST
1. Effective field capacity- function of field speed, operating width and field efficiency expressed in
hectares per hour
2. Effective working width- total width per row of transplanting arm
4. Hills- points in the field where a seedling is transplanted
5. Overall length- measurement between extremities of the mechanical rice transplanter along its
longer side including all protruding parts

6. Overall width- measurement between extremities of the mechanical rice transplanter along its
shorter side including all protruding parts
7. Percent damaged hill- ratio of the total number of hills with seedlings damaged by cutting, bending
or crushing during transplanting to the total number of hills expressed in percentage
8. Percent missing hill- ratio of the total number of hills without seedlings to the total number of hills
expressed in percentage
9. Planting efficiency- ratio of the number of hills with seedlings to the total number of hill expressed
in percentage
10. Rows- series of hills in a field
11. Theoretical field capacity- function of speed of transplanter and the width of operation expressed in
hectares per hour
12. Tray angle- angle between the bottom of the seedling tray and the horizontal
PAES 153: 2010
HAND PUMP- SPECIFICATIONS
1. Check valve- valve inside the cylinder that holds the column of water in the draw pipe while the
plunger is being pushed down after each up-stroke
2. Discharge valve- valve attached to the discharge side (for lift type hand pump) or to the body of the
cylinder (for force type hand pump) to allow one direction of flow of water only
3. Hand pump- water pump powered by the movement of human arms
4. Handle- lever that connects the pump rod to the pump head which often includes some mechanism
to add counterweight to balance the weight of the water being lifted up the draw pipe
5. Outlet- spout assembly of pump where water comes out
6. Plunger, Piston- part of the cylinder that is connected to the pump rod and which forces water up the
draw pipe
7. Pump head- pump assembly attached to the stand which contains the handle outlet assembly
8. Pump rod, Plunger rod- steel rod that connects the pump handle to the plunger assembly within the
cylinder
9. Pump stand, Pedestal- base that attaches the hand pump to the ground and connects to the draw
pipe
10. Stroke- maximum distance that the plunger moves when the handle is moved
11. Suction inlet- inlet to which the suction pipe is connected
12. Suction pipe- pipe connecting the pump cylinder to the pump body where water moves up and out to
the pump spout during pumping
13. Lift type- type of hand pump intended for use in lifting water from low-head cisterns and wells, the
depth of which is not beyond the head furnished by atmospheric pressure
14. Force type- type of hand pump that performs the work of a lift pump and in addition forces the water
from the outlet at a pressure to suit any domestic application
15. Single acting- type of force type hand pump that discharges water only on the forward stroke of the
piston or plunger and draw in water into the cylinder during the back stroke.
16. Double acting- type of force type hand pump that discharges water on both forward and back
strokes.
PAES 154: 2010
HAND PUMP- METHODS OF TEST
1. Base plane- center line of the pump containing the center of the plunger in its highest position
2. discharge rate- volume of water pumped per unit time

3. Friction head- equivalent head required to overcome the friction caused by the flow through the pipe
and pipe fittings
4. Full stroke- operation of the pump from the topmost position of the handle to its lowest position
6. Overall height- measurement from the topmost part of the hand pump to the base or pedestal
7. Overall length- measurement between extremities of the hand pump along its longer side including
all protruding parts
8. Overall width- measurement between extremities of the hand pump along its shorter side including
all protruding parts
9. Static suction head (h1)- vertical distance from base plane of the pump to the free level of water
source
10. Static discharge head (h2)- vertical distance from the base plane of the pump to the discharge water
level
11. Total static head (hg)- vertical distance from suction water level to discharge water level, the sum of
the static suction and discharge heads
12. Volumetric efficiency- ratio of the actual volume of fluid discharge to that of the piston or plunger
displacement in one stroke.
PAES 155: 2010
MIST BLOWER- SPECIFICATIONS
1. Cut-off valve- valve used to stop the flow of fluid
2. Mist- fine drops of liquid, such as water or chemical pesticide, sprayed into the air
3. Mist blower- equipment that sprays liquid in the form of mist
4. Wand- part of the mist blower that connects the nozzle to the blower
5. Backpack mist blower- type of mist blower that is carried by an operator on his back for mobility
6. Mounted mist blower- type of mist blower that is mounted on a tractor or other vehicle for mobility
PAES 156: 2010
MIST BLOWER- METHODS OF TEST
1. Blower range- distance from the nozzle at which spraying could be carried out
2. Number median diameter- diameter of a droplet which will divide the number of sample droplets
into two equal halves
3. Volume median diameter- diameter of a droplet which will divide the volume of sample droplets
into two equal halves
PAES 157: 2011
POWER SPRAYER FOR MANGO- SPECIFICATIONS
1. Cut-off valve- valve used to stop the flow of fluid
2. Lance- metallic tube that connects the nozzle to the hose of power sprayer
3. Power sprayer for mango- equipment powered by an electric motor or by an engine used to spray
fertilizer or pesticide to a certain height
4. Nozzle- tip of lance of the power sprayer where the chemical is sprayed out
5. Pressure relief valve- component of the power sprayer used to regulate the pressure
6. Runoff- overflow of water from the nozzle

7. Frame mounted power sprayer- type of power sprayer mounted on a steel frame which is carried
by at least two (2) operators for transport
8. Wheel-mounted power sprayer- type of power sprayer mounted on wheels, either pushed by an
operator or towed by a vehicle. The pump can be powered by an engine or an electric motor
PAES 158: 2011
POWER SPRAYER FOR MANGO- METHODS OF TEST
1. Mean diameter- average diameter of droplets
2. number median diameter- diameter which divides the number of droplets into two equal halves
3. Sprayer range- distance from the nozzle at which spraying could be carried out
4. Volume median diameter- diameter divides the volume of spray into two equal halves
PAES 159: 2011
SUGARCANE PLANTER- SPECIFICATIONS
1. Drawbar- bar at the rear of a tractor to which implements are attached
2. Feeder- person who aids in dropping sugarcane billets into the furrow
3. Feeding shank- component of the sugarcane planter that cuts the sugarcane billets and drops it into
the furrow
4. Gauge wheel- auxiliary component of the sugarcane planter that helps maintain uniform depth of
furrows
5. Main frame- part of the sugarcane planter that holds the transverse toolbars and gauge wheels
together
6. Shank- structural member primarily used for attaching a tillage tool to a beam or a standard
7. Sugarcane billet- sugarcane stalks containing buds used as planting material
8. Sugarcane planter- agricultural equipment used for planting sugarcane billets
9. Semi-automatic sugarcane planter- type of sugarcane planter that is capable of chopping
sugarcanes into billets which are dropped into the furrows
10. Manual sugarcane planter- type of sugarcane planter that is not capable of chopping sugarcane but
instead, requires pre-cut billets for planting
PAES 160: 2011
SUGARCANE PLANTER- METHODS OF TEST
3. Effective field capacity- actual rate of being able to plant a given area per unit of time
4. field efficiency- ratio between the productivity of a machine under field conditions and the
implement performs its intended function
8. Percent cutting- ratio of the number of stalks cut to the total number of stalks in the reservoir
expressed in percentage
9. Percent damaged stalk eyes- ratio of the number of billets with damaged stalk eyes to the total
number of billets dropped expressed in percentage
10. Plant distance- distance between the two sugarcane billets planted in a row

point
13. Wheel slip- reduction on the traveled distance by the tractor due to the attached implement
PAES 161: 2011
SOIL AUGER- SPECIFICATIONS
1. Auger head, Drill bit- boring part of the soil auger
2. Extension rod- accessory part of the soil auger to lengthen the reach of the tool
3. Soil auger- tool used for displacing soil at various depths for soil research and analysis or for digging
post holes by means of a rotating helical flighting
4. Soil sampling auger- type of soil auger with a diameter of at least 50 mm with provision for
obtaining soil samples in the auger head through different soil types
5. Soil boring auger- type of soil auger designed for drilling holes in the soil
6. Hand-operated type- type of soil auger that makes use of human force to drill the soil
7. Motor-powered- type of soil auger that is powered by an electric motor or an engine to drill the soil
8. Fluid-powered- type of soil auger that is powered by either pneumatic or hydraulic pump to drill the
soil
PAES 162: 2011
SOIL AUGER- METHODS OF TEST
1. Boring depth- maximum depth that the soil auger can reach
2. Boring efficiency- ratio between the actual boring time and the theoretical boring time expressed in
percent
3. Minor diameter, d- for a straight thread, this diameter is the imaginary cylinder bounding the root of
an external thread
4. Overall length- measurement from the tip of the auger head of the soil auger to its opposite end
along its longitudinal side
5. Overall width- measurement between the outermost dimensions of the soil auger along its lateral
side
6. Pitch, P- distance (in millimeters), measured parallel to the thread axis, between corresponding
points on adjacent thread forms in the same axial plane on the same side of the axis
7. Pitch diameter, D- for a straight thread, this is the diameter of the imaginary cylinder whose surface
passes through the thread profiles in such a way to make the widths of the thread ridge and the thread
groove equal
8. Sampling efficiency- ratio between the actual volume contained in the auger head and the theoretical
volume that can be contained in the auger head expressed in percent
PAES 163: 2011
SPRING- TOOTH HARROW- SPECIFICATIONS
2. Harrowing- operation which breaks the clods, levels and makes the soil ready for planting
3. Lever assembly- mechanism that adjusts the tooth depth to fit the soil condition
4. Main frame- part of the spring-tooth harrow that holds the transverse toolbars and lever assembly
together

5. Runner- auxiliary part of spring-tooth harrow attached at the bottom of the main frame to facilitate
easy turning
6. secondary tillage implement- implement used for tilling the soil to a shallower depth than primary
tillage implements, provide additional pulverization, mix pesticides and fertilizers into the soil, level
and firm the soil, close air pockets, and eradicate weeds
7. Spring-tooth harrow- secondary tillage implement consisting of long and curved teeth made of
spring steel which are fastened on the transverse toolbars with the other end pointed to give good soil
penetration
8. Tooth, Tine- part of the spring-tooth harrow that engages with the soil during operation
10. Trailing spring-tooth harrow- type of spring-tooth harrow wherein main frame is towed behind the
tractor
11. Three-point hitch-mounted spring-tooth harrow- type of spring-tooth harrow wherein main frame
is mounted to the rear of the tractor using the three-point hitch linkages
PAES 164: 2011
SPRING- TOOTH HARROW- METHODS OF TEST
2. Drawbar power- power requirement of an implement being towed
3. Effective field capacity- actual rate of being able to work a given area per unit of time
implement performs its intended function; distance between the outermost teeth of the springtooth
harrow
point
10. Wheel slip- reduction on the traveled distance by the tractor due to the implement attached
PAES 165: 2011
GRANULE APPLICATOR- SPECIFICATIONS
1. Agitator- part of the granule applicator that puts the granule in motion through continuous stirring or
rotation
2. Granule- generic term used for a small particle having a diameter ranging from 2 to 4 mm
3. Granule applicator- agricultural tool used to apply granular fertilizers or pesticides to the field
4. Hopper- part of granule applicator where granules are loaded
5. Orifice- opening in the hopper or tank through which the granules pass through
6. Power take-off shaft- external shaft on the rear of a tractor that provides rotational power to
implements
7. Spinner plate- part of the granule applicator that spreads the granules
8. Handheld granule applicator- type of granule applicator designed for handheld operation. It makes
use of screw or spinner plate operated manually to facilitate metering of granules

9. Knapsack granule applicator- type of granule applicator designed to be carried on back during
application
10. Gravity knapsack- type of knapsack granule applicator that makes use of gravitational force to
apply granules
11. Powered knapsack- type of knapsack granule applicator which makes use of an engine or an electric
motor attached to a fan blower to facilitate its operation
12. Walk-behind granule applicator- type of granule applicator that makes use of the ground wheels to
facilitate movement of the unit during operation.
13. Mechanical walk-behind type- type of walk-behind granule applicator that makes use of ground
wheels to actuate the screw or spinner plate for application of granules
14. Powered walk-behind type- type of walk-behind granule applicator that uses engine to actuate the
agitator and screw or spinner plate for application of granules
15. Mounted granule applicator- type of granule applicator mounted on a tractor or vehicle
16. Three-point hitch type granule applicator- type of granule applicator that uses a spinner plate or a
screw attached to the power take-off shaft to actuate metering of granules
17. Trailing granule applicator- type of granule applicator that uses wheel rotational motion to actuate
application of granules. The granules are metered by a spinner plate or a screw attached to the ground
wheel
PAES 166: 2011
GRANULE APPLICATOR- METHODS OF TEST
3. Effective field capacity- actual area covered per unit time
5. Fuel consumption- volume of fuel consumed by the engine
point
8. Wheel slip- reduction on the traveled distance by the tractor due to the attached implement
9. Width of application- farthest distance of granule perpendicular to the direction of travel

Definition of Terms

PAES 201: 2000

HEATED- AIR MECHANICAL GRAIN DRYER- SPECIFICATIONS
1. Batch type- mechanical grain dryer wherein the grain in fixed volume is held in the drying chamber
in batches until the grain reaches the desired moisture content.
2. Flatbed type- shallow bed batch type dryer wherein a fixed volume of grain is held stationary in a
horizontal grain holding bin.
3. Recirculating type- batch type dryer equipped to circulate and/or mixed fixed volume of grain
during the drying operation.
4. Vertical bin type, Columnar type- batch type dryer wherein a fixed volume of grain is held
stationary in a vertical grain holding bin.
5. Continuous flow dryer- dryer in which the material being dried moves through the drying chamber
in a substantially continuous stream and is discharged without being recirculated.
6. Concurrent flow type, Parallel flow type- continuous flow dryer wherein the product being dried
moves in the same direction as drying air
7. Counter-flow type- continuous flow dryer wherein the grain being dried move in one direction and
the drying air moves in the opposite direction.
8. Cross-flow type- continuous flow dryer wherein the flow of air is transverse to the direction of flow
of the grain being dried.
9. Mixing type- continuous flow dryer wherein the drying bin is similar to columnar drying bin except
that it includes louvers causing mixing to occur as the grain flows through the system.
10. Non-mixing type- continuous flow dryer wherein the grains in the drying bin flows through the
column in a straight path
NOTE: It consists of two parallel screens or columns of louvers. The space between the two columns
is the plenum chamber where heated air is introduced and forced through the grain.
11. Cracked grain- grains which show signs of fissures or fractures or splinters
12. Direct-fired dryer - dryer in which the products of combustion come into direct contact with the
product being dried
13. Indirect-fired dryer- dryer in which the products of combustion do not come in contact with the
products being dried
14. Drying efficiency, Heat utilization efficiency- ratio of the total heat utilized to vaporize moisture in
the material, to the amount of heat added to the drying air expressed in percent
15. Dust collecting system- device used to collect dust (i.e. consist of aspiration fan, cyclone, etc.)
16. Fan, Blower- air moving device that is used to force heated air through the mass of grains at the
desired air flow rate and pressure
17. Grain dryer- device for removing excess moisture from the grain, generally by forced or natural
convection with or without addition of heat
18. Head rice- grain or a fraction of grain with its length equal to or greater than eight-tenth (8/10) of the
average length of the whole grain
19. Heated-air mechanical grain dryer- device used to remove grain moisture by forcing heated air
through the grain mass until the desired moisture content is attained
20. Heating system efficiency- product of combustion efficiency and burner/furnace efficiency
21. Moisture gradient- difference between the maximum and the minimum grain moisture content
randomly sampled after drying
22. Multi-pass dryer- mechanical grain dryer wherein grain is passed intermittently in cycles or stages
through a drying chamber either by mechanical means or by gravity with subsequent cooling and
tempering until the grain reaches the desired moisture content.

23. Plenum- chamber wherein air pressure is developed for uniform distribution of the heated air
through the grain mass.
24. Safety device- any device that is used to avoid human accident and/or damage to the parts and
components of the dryer during the operation and automatically shuts-off the operation of the dryer
in case of malfunction.
PAES 202: 2000
HEATED- AIR MECHANICAL GRAIN DRYER- METHODS OF TEST
1. Airflow rate- volume of air in cubic meters delivered to the mass of grains per second
2. Burner efficiency, Furnace efficiency- ratio of the heat supplied by the burner/furnace, to the heat
released by the fuel
3. Combustion efficiency- ratio of the heat released by the fuel, to the theoretical heat available from
the fuel
4. Conventional energy source- source of energy which includes petroleum-based fuels such as
kerosene, gasoline, diesel oil and bunker fuel oil.
5. Damaged grains- grains which are heat damaged, weather damaged, sprouted or distinctly damaged
by insects, water, fungi and/or any other means.
6. Drying air temperature- mean temperature of the air to be used for drying the grain, measured at a
number of points as close as practicable to its entry to the grain bed
7. Drying rate- amount of water removed per unit of time, expressed in kilogram per hour
8. Drying system efficiency- ratio of the total heat utilized for drying, to the heat available in the fuel
expressed in percent
9. Foreign matter- all matters other than rice/corn grains such as sand, gravel, dirt, pebbles, stones,
lumps of earth, clay, mud, chaff, straw, weed seeds and other crop seeds
10. Fuel consumption- total amount of fuel consumed divided by the total drying time
11. Grain holding capacity, Load capacity
Continuous flow dryer: weight of grain in the dryer after a period of stable operation
Batch type dryer: weight of grain required to fill the dryer at the input moisture content
12. Heat utilization- total amount of heat utilized to vaporize moisture in the material, expressed in
kJ/kg of H2O
13. Immature grains- palay which are light green and chalky with soft texture
14. Moisture reduction rate- ratio of the average percent moisture content removed from the grain, to
drying time, expressed in percent per hour
15. Nonconventional energy source- source of energy that includes non-petroleum based fuels such as
biomass and solar energy
16. Purity- percentage of grains free of foreign matter
17. Scattered grains- ratio of the weight of grains that fell out from the machine during the drying
operation, to the weight of the total grain input to the dryer, expressed in percent
18. Static pressure- pressure build-up in the plenum chamber to maintain uniform distribution of air
flow through the grain mass, expressed in Pascal
19. Tempering- temporarily holding the grain between the drying passes, allowing the moisture content
in the center of the grain and that on the surface of the grain to equalize
PAES 203: 2000
MOISTURE CONTENT DETERMINATION FOR RICE AND CORN
1. Moisture content- amount of moisture in the grain expressed as percentage of the total weight of the
sample, wet basis

2. Primary method-method of grain moisture determination based on actual extraction of water either
by convection heating (oven method) or distillation
3. Secondary method- method of grain moisture determination based on some characteristics of the
grain sample such as electrical resistance and capacitance which are related to moisture content and
must be periodically calibrated against an official primary method
PAES 204: 2000
MECHANICAL RICE THRESHER- SPECIFICATIONS
1. Axial flow thresher- throw-in type of thresher which allows the cut plants to move in a helical
manner around the threshing cylinder with a net effect of moving the material axially between the
feeding and discharge outlets.
2. Blower loss- ratio of the weight of grains blown with the chaff by the thresher fan, to the weight of
the total grain input of the thresher, expressed in percent.
3. Chaff- empty grains and crushed straw being discharged from the threshing chamber
4. Concave grate, Concave component- iron grill frame partially or fully surrounding the cylinder on
which the threshing elements rubs, shear and/or impact the cut plants.
5. Cracked grains- grains which show signs of fissures or fractures or splinters
6. Grain-straw ratio, Grain content- ratio of the weight of the grains present in the panicles, to the
total weight of the grain and straw in the same sample
7. Hold-on thresher- type of thresher wherein the panicles of the cut plants are fed into the threshing
chamber while the stalks are mechanically or manually held during the threshing operation
8. Mechanically damaged grain- grains that were broken and/or dehulled (partially or fully) as a result
of threshing operation
9. Mechanical rice thresher- machine used to detach and separate the palay from the panicles
NOTE: It may or may not have a grain cleaning unit.
sample (wet basis).
11. Palay, Paddy, Rice, Rough rice- unhulled grain of Oryza sativa L., that is, grain with the hull/husk.
12. Peg-tooth cylinder- type of threshing cylinder wherein spikes or pegs are attached on the periphery
of the cylinder in tandem or in helical arrangements.
13. Purity- ratio of the weight of clean grains, to the total weight of unclean grains sample, expressed in
percent.
14. Rasp-bar cylinder- type of threshing cylinder wherein threshing is done between bar-like
protrusions in parallel orientation laid on the periphery of the cylinder and stationary bars built into
or attached to the concave grate.
15. Rated engine speed- engine speed indicated in revolutions per minute (rpm) of the engine shaft as
specified by the engine manufacturer for operation at nominal continuous load.
16. Scattering loss- ratio of the weight of grains that fell out from the machine during threshing
operation, to the weight of the total grain input of the thresher, expressed in percent.
17. Separation loss- ratio of the weight of grains that come out of the threshing chamber with the straw,
to the weight of total grain input of the thresher, expressed in percent.
18. Straw length- cut plants length measured from the point of cut to the tip of the panicle
19. Threshed grain- grains that are detached from the panicles by the thresher inclusive of mature,
immature, and damaged grains
20. Threshing unit, Threshing chamber- part of the thresher where the grains are detached and
separated from the panicles.

21. Threshing cylinder, Threshing drum- part of the threshing unit that rotates about an axis and it is
equipped with either pegs, rasp bars, or wire loops on its periphery.
22. Threshing efficiency- ratio of the weight of the threshed grains collected at all outlets, to the total
grain input of the thresher, expressed in percent
23. Threshing element- attachments of the threshing cylinder such as peg tooth, wire-loop and rasp-bar
that detaches the grains from the panicles
24. Threshing recovery- ratio of the weight of the threshed grains collected at the main grain outlet, to
the weight of the total grain input of the thresher, expressed in percent
25. Through flow thresher- throw-in type of thresher wherein cut plants are fed between the rotating
cylinder and stationary concave and the threshed materials/straws are discharged out of the threshing
chamber tangentially.
26. Throw-in thresher- type of thresher which detaches the grains by feeding the cut plants into the
machine.
27. Total grain input- sum of the weights of collected threshed grains and all grains loss during
threshing
28. Unthreshed loss- ratio of the weight of grains that remained in the panicles of the plants fed into the
threshing chamber, to the weight of total grain input of the thresher, expressed in percent.
29. Wire-loop cylinder- type of threshing cylinder wherein wires of the same arc and size are attached
on the periphery of the cylinder in tandem arrangement with or without the threshing concave.
PAES 205: 2000
MECHANICAL RICE THRESHER- METHODS OF TEST
1. Actual capacity- the weight of the threshed grain collected from the main grain outlet per unit time.
2. Clean threshed grain- threshed grain with 100% purity exclusive of the empty grains and other
impurities.
3. Concave clearance- the clearance between cylinder threshing elements and concave component.
4. Concave component- an iron grill frame partly surrounding the cylinder on which the threshing
elements rubs, shear and/or impact the cut plants
5. Corrected capacity- the corrected capacity of the thresher at 20% grain moisture content (wet basis),
grain-straw ratio of 0.55 and 100% purity
6. Cylinder length- the distance between the outermost points along the cylinder base axis
7. Cylinder peripheral speed- the equivalent linear speed of the cylinder tip when running at normal
operating speed, expressed in m/s
8. Effective cylinder diameter- outside diameter generated by the outermost point of the cylinder
threshing elements
9. Grain-straw ratio, Grain content- the ratio of the weight of the grains present in the panicles, to the
total weight of the grain and straw in the same sample
10. Lower concave- a semi-circular shaped wire mesh or bar grate covering the lower portion of the
threshing chamber which causes the grains to separate from the panicles
11. Primemover- an electric motor, or a gasoline, or a diesel fed engine used to run the thresher
12. Threshing output- the weight of the threshed grains collected at the grain outlet
13. Total grain input- the sum of the weights of collected threshed grains and all threshing losses.
14. Upper concave- a semi-circular shaped grate at the upper portion of the threshing cylinder with
louvers which assist threshing and axial movement of the straw.

PAES 206: 2000

RICE MILL- SPECIFICATIONS
1. Bran- outer layer of the brown rice consisting of the aleurone cells covering the endosperm of the
rice grain.
2. Broken grains- grains that break in the process of milling which have a size of less than eight-tenth
(8/10) of the average length of whole grain.
3. Brown rice- dehulled palay (husk/hull removed) with the bran layer still intact.
4. Coefficient of hulling- measure of the ability of the machine to remove the hulls.
5. Coefficient of wholeness- measure of the ability of the machine to remove the hulls without
breaking the grain.
6. Head rice- grain or fraction of grain with its length equal to or greater than eight-tenth (8/10) of the
average length of the whole grain.
7. Huller, Dehuller- component of a rice mill that removes the hulls (palea and lemma) from the grains
8. Hulling efficiency- product of the coefficient of hulling and the coefficient of wholeness of grains,
expressed in percent.
9. Input capacity- weight of palay per unit loading time into the hopper/intake pit, expressed in
kilogram per hour.
10. Milled rice- grains obtained after the removal of hull and bran.
11. Milling capacity- quantity of palay that the rice mill can process to a specified quality per total
milling time, expressed in kilogram per hour.
12. Milling degree- extent or degree by which the bran layer of the brown rice is removed as a result of
whitening.
13. Milling recovery- ratio of the weight of milled rice to the total weight of palay, expressed in percent.
14. Milling recovery index- ratio of the milling recovery obtained in actual testing, to the milling
recovery obtained from the laboratory test mill.
15. Multi-pass rice mill- rice mill that employs a series of two or more whitening machines
16. Palay, Paddy, Rough rice- unhulled grain of Oryza sativa L., that is grain with the hull/husk
enclosing the grain
17. Percent head rice- ratio of the weight of grains that do not break in the process of milling and with a
size of three-fourth (3/4) or more of the whole grain to the total weight of milled rice, expressed in
percent.
18. Percent head rice index- ratio of the percent head rice obtained in actual testing, to the percent head
rice obtained from the laboratory test mill.
19. Polisher- auxiliary device of a rice mill, which removes the remaining small bran particles on the
milled rice and gives it a glossy appearance.
20. Rice hull- outermost rough covering of the palay grain (palea and lemma) consisting of the empty
glumes, floral glumes, and awn.
21. Rice mill- machine used to remove the hull and bran of the palay to produce milled rice and consists
mainly of hulling and whitening assembly.
22. Cone cono type- type of rice mill having an under-runner stone disc huller and vertical cone
whitener.
23. Rubber roll type- type of rice mill using rubber roll huller and utilizes friction and/or combination
of other types of whitener.
24. Single-pass rice mill- rice mill that employs only one whitening machine.
25. Well-milled rice- rice grain from which the hull, the germ, the outer bran layers, and the greater part
of the inner bran layer have been removed, but part of the lengthwise streaks of the bran layers may
still be present on less than 15% of the sample grains.

26. Whitener- component of a rice mill that removes the bran layer in the brown rice.
27. Abrasive type- type of whitening machine consisting of a cylinder or cone coated with abrasive
material such as emery stone or any similar materials enclosed in a perforated steel housing.
28. Friction type- type of whitening machine consisting of a ribbed cylinder enclosed in a perforated
steel housing.
PAES 207: 2000
RICE MILL- METHODS OF TEST
1. Brewers Rice, Binlid, Chips- small pieces or particles of grains that pass through a sieve having
round perforations 1.4 millimeters in diameter
2. Destoner- auxiliary device used to separate stones from the palay and/or brown rice
3. Output capacity- weight of milled rice per unit of milling time, expressed in kg/h
4. Overmilled rice- rice grain from which the hull, the germ, and the bran layers have been completely
removed
5. Paddy grader- auxiliary device used to classify paddy based on length and thickness
6. Paddy separator- auxiliary device used to separate paddy from brown rice
7. Polisher, Pearler- auxiliary device used to remove the remaining small bran particles on the milled
rice and gives it a glossy appearance
8. Pre-cleaner- auxiliary device used to remove foreign matter/impurities from the paddy before
milling
9. Regular milled rice- rice grain from which the hull, the germ, the outer bran layers and the greater
part of the inner bran layers have been removed but part of the lengthwise streaks of the bran layers
may still be present on 15% to 40% of the sample grains.
10. Undermilled rice- rice grain from which the hull, the germ, the outer bran layer, and the greater part
of the inner bran layer have been removed, but part of the lengthwise streaks of the bran layer may
still be present on more than 40 % of the sample grains.
11. Well-milled rice- rice grain from which the hull, the germ, the outer bran layer, and the greater part
still be present on less than 15% of the sample grains.
PAES 208: 2000
POWER- OPERATED CORN SHELLER- SPECIFICATIONS
1. Blower loss- ratio of the weight of corn kernels blown by the sheller fan, to the weight of the total
corn kernel input of the sheller, expressed in percent
2. Closed-frame cylinder- type of shelling cylinder formed by a rolled metal sheet/plate or formed by
longitudinal bars adjacently arranged forming a continuous cylinder
NOTE: The shelling elements are either attached around the periphery of a cylinder or at the
longitudinal bars.
3. Concave component- iron grill frame partially or fully surrounding the cylinder on which the
shelling elements rubs, shear and/or impact the corn ear with or without husk.
4. Corn cob- part of the ear corn where the kernels are attached.
5. Corn ear- pistillate inflorescence of the plant Zea mays L., enclosed with a leaf-like protective
covering known as husk
6. Corn husker-sheller- machine used to remove the husk of corn ear, detach, separate and clean the
corn kernels from the cobs in one operation
7. Corn sheller- machine used to detach, separate and clean the corn kernels from the cobs

8. Cylinder-type- type of shelling unit consisting of a cylinder with shelling elements such as knife bar
or pegtooth
NOTE: The cylinder rotates inside a concave component.
9. Cracked kernels- kernels which show signs of fissures or fractures or splinters.
10. Disc-type- type of shelling unit consisting of a vertical disc with spiked surface
NOTE: The disc rotates along horizontal axis.
11. Ear corn, Dehusked corn, Corn-in-cob- unshelled fruit of the corn plant where the husk has been
removed mechanically or manually.
12. Hopper-fed type- type of corn sheller wherein the ear corn are fed into shelling chamber by gravity.
13. Kernel- dry and indehiscent seed developed from the ovary of the ear corn
14. Kernel-ear corn ratio- ratio of the weight of the corn kernel present in the ear corn to the weight of
the ear corn.
15. Mechanically damaged kernels- kernels that were broken and/or scratched as a result of shelling
operation.
16. Moisture content- amount of moisture in the kernel expressed as percentage of the total weight of
the sample, wet basis
17. Net cracked kernel- difference between the percent cracked sample taken before and after the
shelling operation.
18. Open-frame cylinder- type of shelling cylinder where the shelling elements are attached to the
equally spaced longitudinal bars arranged cylindrically.
19. Purity- ratio of the weight of clean corn kernels, to the total weight of unclean corn kernels sample,
20. Scattering loss- ratio of the weight of corn kernels that fell out from the machine during shelling
operation to the weight of the total corn kernel input of the sheller, expressed in percent.
21. Separation loss- ratio of the weight of corn kernels that come out of the shelling chamber with the
cobs at the cob outlet, to the weight of the total corn kernel input of the sheller, expressed in percent
22. Shelled kernels- whole and damaged corn kernels separated from the cob after shelling
23. Shelling cylinder, Shelling drum- part of the shelling unit that rotates about an axis and it is
equipped with pegs on its periphery
24. Shelling efficiency- ratio of the weight of the shelled corn kernels collected at all outlets, to the total
corn kernel input of the sheller, expressed in percent
25. Shelling recovery- ratio of the weight of the shelled corn kernels collected at the main outlet, to the
total weight of the corn kernel input of the sheller, expressed in percent
26. Shelling unit, Shelling chamber- part of the sheller where the kernels are detached and separated
from the corn cobs
27. Table-fed type- type of corn sheller wherein the ear corn are fed into shelling chamber with the
application of external force
28. Unshelled kernels- kernels that remain in the cob after shelling
29. Unshelled loss- ratio of the weight of corn kernels that remained in the cobs of the corn fed into the
shelling chamber, to the weight of the total corn kernel input of the sheller, expressed in percent
30. Whole kernels- unbroken kernels after shelling
PAES 209: 2000
POWER-OPERATED CORN SHELLER- METHODS OF TESTS
1. Clean shelled kernel- shelled kernel free from foreign matter
2. Concave clearance- clearance between cylinder shelling elements and concave component

3. Corrected capacity- actual capacity of the sheller corrected at 20% kernel moisture content (wet
basis), and 100% purity
4. Feed rate- weight of unshelled corn fed into the sheller per unit of time
5. Foreign matter- all matters other than corn kernels such as sand, gravel, dirt, pebbles, stones, lumps
of earth, clay and mud, weed seeds and other crop seeds
6. Output capacity- weight of shelled kernel collected per unit of time
7. Oscillating screen- wire mesh or perforated sheet metal used to separate large and/or small particles
8. Primemover- electric motor, a gasoline or diesel fed engine used to run the sheller
9. Total kernel input- sum of the weight of collected shelled kernels and all the shelling losses
10. Total losses- sum of blower, separation, unshelled and scattering losses in a sheller, expressed in
percent by weight
PAES 210: 2000
CORN MILL- SPECIFICATIONS
1. Bran, Tahop- coarse powder from outer covering of the corn kernel removed during the milling
process
2. By-product, refers to corn grit # 20 and # 24, floured corn, germ and bran
3. By-product recovery- ratio of the weight of by-products, to the total weight of corn kernel input,
4. Corn kernels- shelled corn of either dent or flint varieties
5. Corn grits- milled corn kernels where the outer covering and germs have been removed and with
particle size of not less than 0.86 mm
6. Grit #10- milled corn kernels with particle size between 1.8 mm to 2.0 mm
7. Grit # 12- milled corn kernels with particle size between 1.5 mm to 1.7 mm
11. Conditioning- rewetting of dried corn kernels to about 18% to 22% moisture content and tempering
it to make the pericarp and the germ more pliable and easier to remove
12. Corn mill- equipment used to produce corn grits using the dry milling process
13. Degerminator- machine used to remove the germ and pericarp from the corn kernel
14. Degerminator efficiency- ratio of the weight of degerminated corn kernel sample, to the initial
weight of the sample, expressed in percent
15. Dry milling- process of reducing the corn kernels into pieces of grits, germ and pericarp with or
without conditioning.
16. Floured corn, fines, tiktik- fine powder by-product of corn milling process.
17. Germ, Sungo- embryo of the kernel removed during the degermination process.
18. Grit # 20- corn grit by-product with particle size between 0.70 mm to 0.85 mm.
19. Grit # 24- corn grit by-product with particle size smaller than 0.70 mm.
20. Input capacity- weight of corn kernel per unit loading time into the hopper/intake pit, expressed in
kilogram per hour.
21. Main product- refers to corn grit # 10, #12, #14, #16, and # 18.
22. Main product recovery- ratio of the weight of corn grits, to the total weight of corn kernel input,
23. Moisture content- amount of moisture in the corn kernels expressed as percent of the total weight of
the sample, wet basis
24. Roller mill- major component of the corn mill used to reduce corn kernels into corn grits.

PAES 211: 2000

CORN MILL- METHODS OF TESTS
1. Aspirator- cleaner that uses air to separate lower density material from the corn kernels/corn grits
such as floured corn, germ and bran.
2. bulk density- ratio of the weight (kg) of the corn kernels, to its volume (m3)
3. Degerminated corn kernels- shelled corn kernels where the germ and pericarp have been removed
4. Feed rate- weight of the corn kernels fed into the corn mill per unit of time
5. Foreign matter, Impurity- any matter which is not corn kernels/corn grits or fragment of corn
kernels/corn grits sand, gravel, dirt, pebbles, stones, lumps of earth, clay, mud, weeds and other crop
seeds.
6. Input capacity- weight of corn kernel per unit loading time into the hopper/intake pit, expressed in
kilogram per hour.
7. Laboratory sieve shaker- equipment with definite shaking motion used to sort the size of the milled
materials using standard screen sieves
8. Milling capacity- quantity of corn kernels that the corn mill can process to produce corn grits per
unit of time
9. Output capacity- weight of the milled corn collected per unit of time
10. Precleaner- auxiliary device of the corn mill that removes foreign material
11. Primemover- electric motor, or gasoline-fed, or diesel-fed engine used to run the corn mill
12. Purity- ratio of the weight of clean corn kernels, to the total weight of uncleaned corn kernels,
13. Sifter, Oscillating screen- wire mesh or perforated metal sheet, moving in back-and-forth direction,
permitting smaller particles to fall through the openings and larger particles to remain on top
PAES 212: 2004
RICE REAPER- SPECIFICATIONS
1. Actual field capacity- actual rate of being able to reap palay in a given area per unit of time
NOTE: The time pertains to the actual time which includes the time spent for turning at the headland,
2. Conveying loss- free grains that fall with the cut stalks during delivery and release at the side of the
reaper during operation.
3. Field efficiency- ratio of the actual field capacity and theoretical field capacity, expressed in percent.
4. Header loss- grains that have fallen to the ground due to the machines cutting operation
5. Reciprocating cutter knife- cutting mechanism consists of fixed lower knife and reciprocating
upper knife wherein its movement is controlled by the crank connected to the gear box or belt drive.
6. Rice reaper- machine that cuts and lays stalks of planted rice crop
7. Rotary knife- cutting mechanism consists of planetary type circular saw-toothed blade which rotates
at the same time with the pick-up triangular frame.
8. Theoretical field capacity- computed rate of being able to reap palay in a given area per unit of
time.
PAES 213: 2004
RICE REAPER- METHODS OF TEST
1. Cutting width- distance between two outermost divider tips
2. Lodging angle- degree between the vertical line joining the center of the plant and the imaginary line
where the stalk lodges
3. Potential yield- maximum yield per unit area

the uppermost part of the reaping unit
NOTE: All parts of the reaping unit projecting upwards are contained between these two planes.
5. Overall length- distance between the vertical planes at the right angles to the median plane of the
reaping unit and touching its front and rear extremities
NOTE: All parts of the reaping unit, in particular, components projecting at the front and at the rear
are contained between these two planes. Where an adjustment of components is possible, it
shall be set at minimum length.
6. Overall width- distance between the vertical planes parallel to the median plane of the reaping unit,
each plane touching the outermost point of the reaper on its respective side
NOTE: All parts of the reaping unit projecting laterally are contained between these two planes.
7. Running-in period- preliminary operation of the machine to make various adjustments prior to the
conduct of test until the operation is stable.
PAES 214: 2004
RUBBER ROLL FOR RICE MILL- SPECIFICATIONS
1. Metal drum core- cylinder where rubber is bonded
2. Rubber roll- component of rice mill made of rubber bonded to an inner metal drum core use for
hulling.
3. Rubber thickness- depth of the rubber bonded on the metal drum core
4. Size- specified by the width, by the outside diameter and by the core diameter of the rubber roll
5. Width- longitudinal dimension of a roll in right angle to the diameter
PAES 215: 2004
RUBBER ROLL FOR RICE MILL- METHODS OF TEST
1. Broken brown rice- grain that breaks in the process of dehulling which has a size of less than
eighth-tenth (8/10) of the average length of the whole grain
2. Brown rice- dehulled paddy with bran layer still intact
3. Cracked grain- grain which show signs of fissures or fractures or splinters
4. Coefficient of hulling- measure the ability of the huller to remove the hulls
5. Coefficient of wholeness- measure the ability of the huller to remove the hull without breaking the
grain
6. Damaged grain- grain which is heat damaged, weather damaged, sprouted or distinctively damaged
by insects, water, fungi, and/or any means
7. Foreign matter- all matters other than paddy such as sand, gravel, dirt, pebbles, stones, metal
fillings, lumps of earth, clay, mud, chaff, straw, weed seeds and other crop seeds
8. Hull, Husk- outermost rough covering of the palay grain (palea and lemma) consisting of the empty
glumes, floral glumes, and awn
9. Hulling capacity- quantity of paddy that the huller can dehulled per total hulling time, expressed in
kilogram per hour
10. Hulling efficiency- product of the coefficient of hulling and coefficient of wholeness, expressed in
percentage.
11. Immature grain- paddy which are light green and chalky with soft texture.
12. Moisture content- amount of moisture in the grain expressed as percentage of the total mass of the
sample (wet basis).
13. Paddy, Palay, Rough Rice- unhulled grain of Oryza sativa l., that is grain with hull enclosing the
grain.

14. Purity- amount of rice grains free of foreign matter expressed as percentage of the total weight of the
sample.
15. Running-in period- pre-test operation of the rice huller to make various adjustments prior to the
16. Whole brown rice- grain or a fraction of grain with its length equal to or greater than eighth-tenth
(8/10) of the average length of the whole grain.
PAES 216: 2004
HAMMER MILL- SPECIFICATIONS
1. Fineness modulus- classification system that indicates the uniformity of grind in the resultant
product; sum of the weight fractions retained above each sieve divided by 100
2. Hammer mill- device use for grinding which is a result of the impact between the particles and
hammers, which are mounted on a shaft rotating along a horizontal axis
3. Reduction ratio- ratio of the average size of input to the average size of the product
PAES 217: 2004
HAMMER MILL- METHODS OF TEST
1. Fineness modulus- classification system that indicates the uniformity of grind in the resultant
product and is defined as the sum of the weight fractions retained above each sieve divided by 100
2. Foreign matter, Impurity- all matters other than input materials such as sand, gravel, dirt, pebbles,
stones, metal fillings, lumps of earth, clay, mud, chaff, straw, weed seeds and other crop seeds
3. Hammer mill- device used for milling which consists of rotating hammer(s) and a heavy perforated
screen at the bottom
4. Input capacity- weight of input materials per unit loading time into the hopper/intake pit, expressed
in kilogram per hour
5. Laboratory sieve shaker- equipment with definite shaking motion used to sort size of the milled
materials using standard screen sieves
6. Milling capacity- quantity of input materials that the hammer mill can process to produce milled
materials per unit of time, expressed in kilogram per hour
7. Output capacity- weight of the milled materials collected, expressed in kilogram per hour
the uppermost part of the hammer mill
NOTE: All parts of the hammer mill projecting upwards are contained between these two planes.
hammer mill and touching its front and rear extremities
NOTE: All parts of the hammer mill, in particular, components projecting at the front and at the rear
10. Overall width- distance between the vertical planes parallel to the median plane of the hammer mill,
each plane touching the outermost point of the hammer mill on its respective side
NOTE: All parts of the hammer mill projecting laterally are contained between these two planes.
11. Primemover- electric motor, or internal combustion engine used to run the hammer mill
12. Purity- amount of input materials free of foreign matter expressed as percentage of the total weight
of the sample.

PAES 218: 2004

FORAGE CHOPPER- SPECIFICATIONS
1. Blow-up type- type of forage chopper where the chopped materials are blown up through the blowup pipe
2. Cutterhead, Cutting rotor- devices intended to cut the crop into short lengths with reasonable
consistency within a range of optional settings.
3. Cylinder cutterhead- knives on cylindrical mountings such that the cutting edges of the knives are
essentially parallel to the axis of rotation.
4. Feedroll- cylindrical roll generally with protrusions or flutes, used to gather, compress and advance
the crop into the cutterhead.
5. Flywheel cutterhead- knives mounted essentially radially with the cutting edges describing a plane
perpendicular to the axis of rotation.
6. Forage chopper- machine used to cut the crop into short parallel lengths.
7. Let-fall type- type of forage chopper where the chopped materials are dropped down to the bottom
of machine.
8. Precision-cut forage chopper- forage chopper which uses a feeding mechanism consisting of four
or more feed rolls to partially orient and advance the crop at a consistent rate into the cutting
mechanism
NOTE: This type of forage chopper is capable of producing the shortest and most uniformly cut
particles.
9. Random-cut forage chopper- forage chopper without a distinct feeding mechanism, usually
employing flails to impact-cut and chop crop directly into shorter pieces.
NOTE: This type of forage chopper usually produces the longest mean particle lengths, and the least
uniformly cut particles.
10. Semi-precision-cut forage chopper- forage chopper which uses a feeding mechanism consisting of
two feed rolls, or other means such as an auger, to advance the crop to the cutting mechanism.
NOTE: Mean particle lengths and particle uniformity are intermediate between those obtained with
precision cut and random-cut forage choppers.
11. Stationary knife, Shear bar- fixed plate providing a stationary edge against which the cutterhead
knives shear the crop.
12. Throw-away type- type of forage chopper where the chopped materials are thrown away to the front
area of the machine.
PAES 219: 2004
FORAGE CHOPPER - METHODS OF TEST
1. Chopping efficiency- ratio of the weight of the fresh chopped materials collected at all outlets, to the
total fresh weight of the input of the chopper, expressed in percent.
2. Forage- any crop used as silage, soilage or animal feed, usually mixed with fermenting agents.
3. Feeding table- part of the forage chopper where the forage to be chopped are loaded.
4. Output capacity- weight of processed material collected per unit time, expressed in kilogram per
hour.

8. Primemover- electric motor or internal combustion engine used to run the chipping machine
9. Running- in period- preliminary operation of the machine to make various adjustments prior to the
PAES 220: 2004
PEANUT SHELLER SPECIFICATIONS
1. Blower loss- ratio of the weight of kernels blown by the sheller fan, to the weight of the total kernel
input of the sheller, expressed in percent.
2. Damaged kernel- wholly or partially broken and insect-damaged kernel.
3. Kernel- edible part of peanut.
4. Main kernel outlet- outlet at which shelled kernel moves out of the machine.
5. Peanut sheller- machine used to remove kernels from the shell by breaking/splitting the pods
6. Pod- unbroken shell with kernel inside.
7. Purity- amount of kernels free of foreign matter expressed as percentage of the total weight of the
sample
8. Scattering loss- ratio of the weight of kernels that fell out from the machine during shelling
operation to the weight of the total kernel input of the sheller, expressed in percent.
9. Separation loss- ratio of the weight of kernels that come out of the shelling chamber at the shell
outlet, to the weight of the total kernel input of the sheller, expressed in percent
10. Shell- hull of the pod
11. Shell outlet- outlet at which shells come out of the machine in case of the machine with blower(s)
12. Shelled kernels- whole and damaged kernels freed from shell.
13. Shelling efficiency- ratio of the weight of the shelled kernels collected at all outlets, to the total
kernel input of the sheller, expressed in percent
14. Shelling recovery- ratio of the weight of the shelled kernels collected at the main outlet, to the total
weight of the kernel input of the sheller, expressed in percent
15. Unshelled loss- ratio of the weight of kernels that remained in the pods collected from all outlets, to
the weight of the total kernel input of the sheller, expressed in percent
16. Whole kernel- unbroken and non-insect damaged kernel
PAES 221: 2004
PEANUT SHELLER- METHODS OF TEST
1. Blower loss- ratio of the weight of kernels blown by the sheller fan, to the weight of the total kernel
input of the sheller, expressed in percent.
2. Cracked kernel- kernel which shows signs of fissures or fractures
3. Input capacity- weight of input materials per unit loading time into the hopper/intake pit, expressed
in kilogram per hour.
4. Kernel- edible part of peanut.
5. Kernel-pod ratio- ratio of the weight of kernel to the weight of the pod, expressed as percent
6. Main kernel outlet- outlet at which shelled kernel move out of the machine

7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
NOTE: In the case of the machine with no separating devise or in case of machine with blowers,
shelled and unshelled and partially-shelled pods also come out.
Mechanically damaged kernels- broken kernels and/or scratched as a result of shelling operation.
Net cracked kernel- difference between the percent cracked kernel taken before and after the
shelling operation
Output capacity- weight of the shelled kernel received at the main kernel outlet per unit time,
expressed in kilogram per hour
Overall height- distance between the horizontal supporting surface and the horizontal plane touching
the uppermost part of the shelling unit
Overall length- distance between the vertical planes at the right angles to the median plane of the
shelling unit and touching its front and rear extremities
Overall width- distance between the vertical planes parallel to the median plane of the shelling unit,
Partially-shelled pod- pod being left with kernels in it after shelling
Pod- unbroken shell with kernel inside
Running-in period- preliminary operation of the machine to make various adjustments prior to the
conduct of test until the operation is stable
Separation loss- ratio of the weight of the kernel that comes out of the shelling cylinder with the
shell, to the total kernel input expressed as percentage by weight
Shell outlet- outlet at which shells come out of the machine in case of the machine with blower(s)
Shelling efficiency- shelled kernel received at all outlet with respect to the total kernel input
expressed as percentage by weight
Shelling recovery- ratio of the weight of the kernel collected at the main kernel outlet to the total
kernel input expressed as percentage by weight
Total kernel input- sum of the weight of kernel collected from the main kernel input and the clean
kernel from the blower loss, separation loss, unshelled loss and scattering loss
Unshelled loss- ratio of the weight of the kernel that remained in the shell after feeding into the
shelling cylinder to the total kernel input expressed as percentage by weight
PAES 222: 2005

CHIPPING MACHINE- SPECIFICATIONS
1. Chip- thin slice of material with thickness of about 4 mm
2. Chipping machine, Chipper- size reduction machine either power or manually operated which is
used to cut or slice root crops or banana into small thin pieces called chips
3. Chipping capacity- amount of material that can be processed per unit time, kg/h
4. Cutterhead, Cutting rotor- devices intended to slice the crop into chips with reasonable consistency
within a range of optional settings
5. Discharge chute- opening through which chipped material is thrown out
6. Flywheel type- type of chipping machine with knives mounted radially with the cutting edges
describing a plane perpendicular to the axis of rotation.
7. Guard- component intended to provide protection for the operator or bystander from injury.

8. Drum type- knives on cylindrical mountings such that the cutting edges of the knives are essentially
parallel to the axis of rotation.
PAES 223: 2004
CHIPPING MACHINE- METHODS OF TEST
1. Blade bevel angle- angle of the cutting edge of the blade
2. Chip- thin slice of material with thickness of about 4 mm
3. Chipping machine, Chipper- size reduction machine either power or manually operated which is
used to cut or slice root crops or banana into small thin pieces called chips
4. Chipping capacity- amount of material that can be processed per unit time, kg/h
5. Chipping efficiency- ratio of the weight of the chips collected at all outlets, to the total weight of the
input of the chipper, expressed in percent
6. Chipping recovery- ratio of the weight of the chips collected at the main outlet, to the total weight
of the input of the chipper, expressed in percent
7. Cutting disc- rotating part of the chipping machine that holds the cutting knives
8. Foreign matter- all matters other than root crops/banana such as sand, gravel, dirt, pebbles, stones,
metal fillings, lumps of earth, clay, mud, chaff, straw, weed seeds and other crop seeds
12. Plate angle- angle of orientation of the chipping plate with respect to the horizontal plnae
13. Primemover- electric motor or internal combustion engine used to run the chipping machine
14. Rake angle- angle of inclination of the blade with respect to the chipping plate
PAES 224: 2005
RICE COMBINE- SPECIFICATIONS
1. Blower, Cleaning fan- rotary device which produces a draught of air across the chaffer and cleaning
sieve(s) to blow away the materials or impurities lighter than grains
2. Concave- concave-shaped, stationary element adjacent to the threshing cylinder or threshing rotor,
fitted primarily to enhance threshing
NOTE: In the case of a concave that is permeable to grain flow, either in whole or in part, it has the
important secondary function of primary separation.
3. Crop elevator- auxiliary conveyor to assist in feeding the crop to the threshing cylinder
4. Field efficiency- ratio of the actual field capacity and theoretical field capacity, expressed in percent
5. Grain elevator- device which carries the grains from grain auger to grain tank or bin
6. Grain loss- loss classified according to source, including all field losses attributable to the machine

7. Grain pan- pan for collecting the clean grains after being passed through cleaning sieve(s) for
conveying to grain auger
8. Grain tank, Bin- tank used to hold the threshed grain
9. Header, Feed table- portion of the combine comprising the mechanism for gathering, cutting, and
picking the crop
10. Header loss- grains that have fallen to the ground due to the machines cutting operation
11. Impurities- all matters other than grains such as paddy stalks and leaves, and weeds.
12. Reel- revolving slats or arms with battens arranged parallel to the cutter bar to hold the crop being
cut by the knife and to push and guide it to a conveyor platform or feeder conveyor auger.
13. Rice combine- mobile grain-harvesting machine for cutting, picking, stripping or picking up crop,
threshing, separating, cleaning and conveying grain into a grain hopper and depositing harvest
residue onto the ground.
14. Shaker shoe, Shoe- oscillating structure which supports the cleaning sieve(s) and which may also
support the chaffer and the chaffer extension
15. Straw walker- assembly of two or more racks which agitates the straw and separates the remaining
grains from straw
16. Stripper beater, Rear beater- element placed on the rear side of the cylinder and above to rear ward
of concave or concave grate extension or transition grate to assist the deflection of straw on straw
walker
17. Threshing cylinder, Threshing drum- balanced rotating assembly, comprising rasp bars, beater
bars or spikes on its periphery and their supports, for threshing the crop, which, in conjunction with a
stationary element adjacent to it, is fitted primarily to enhance threshing, where the crop being
threshed is contained between rotating and stationary elements for less than 360
18. Theoretical field capacity- computed rate of being able to reap palay in a given area per unit of
time.
PAES 226: 2005
MICROMILL- SPECIFICATIONS
1. Bran- outer layer of the brown rice consisting of the aleurone cells covering the endosperm of the
rice grain
2. Brewers Rice, Binlid, Chips- small pieces or particles of grains that pass through a sieve having
round perforations 1.4 millimeters in diameter
3. Broken grains- grains that break in the process of milling which have a size of less than eight-tenth
(8/10) of the average length of whole grain
5. Household model- type of micromill with milling capacity of 50 kg/h to less than 100 kg/h
6. Input capacity- weight of palay per unit loading time into the hopper, kg/h
7. Micromill- friction type rice mill performing simultaneous hulling and whitening operations and
having a milling capacity of 50-250 kg/h
8. Milled rice- grains obtained after the removal of hull and bran
9. Milling capacity- quantity of palay that the micromill can process per total milling time, kg/h
10. Milling degree- extent or degree by which the bran layer and germ have been removed
11. Milling recovery- ratio of the weight of milled rice to the total weight of palay, percent
12. Paddy, Palay, Rough rice- unhulled grain of Oryza sativa L., that is, grain with the hull/husk
enclosing the grain

13. Percent head rice- ratio of the weight of grains that do not break in the process of milling and with a
size of eight-tenth (8/10) or more of the whole grain to the total weight of milled rice, percent
14. Rice hull- outermost rough covering of the palay grain (palea and lemma) consisting of the empty
glumes, floral glumes and awn
15. Village model- type of micromill with input capacity of 100-250 kg/h
still be present on less than 15% of the sample grains
PAES 227: 2005
MICROMILL- METHODS OF TEST
1. Bran streaks- longitudinal bran layers remaining in the dorsal grooves after milling
2. Brewers rice, Binlid- small pieces or particles of grains that pass through a sieve with round
perforations of 1.4 mm in diameter
4. Milling degree- extent or degree by which the bran layer and germ have been removed
5. Output capacity- weight of milled rice per unit of milling time, kg/h
9. Overmilled rice- rice grain from which the hull, the germ, and the bran layers have been completely
removed
10. Regular milled rice- rice grain from which the hull, the germ, the outer bran layers and the greater
part of the inner bran layers have been removed but part of the lengthwise streaks of the bran layers
may still be present on 15% to 40% of the sample grains
conduct of the test until the operation is stable
12. Undermilled rice- rice grain from which the hull, the germ, the outer bran layer, and the greater part
still be present on more than 40 % of the sample grains
still be present on less than 15% of the sample grains
PAES 228: 2005
FIBER DECORTICATOR- SPECIFICATIONS
1. Fiber- slender and greatly elongated natural filament of fiber plant
Note: raw material only and not fiber partially or entirely manufactured

2. Fiber decorticator, Decorticator- mechanical device used for extracting fibers by crushing, beating
and scraping actions effected by the rotating cylinder with equally spaced blades and breaker or
scraper block.
3. Fiber quality- refers to the physical, chemical and morphological properties of fibers extracted
4. Fiber recovery- ratio of the dry weight of fiber extracted and total fresh weight of stalks / leaves,
5. Input capacity- weight of the raw materials (fresh stalks / leaves) fed to the machine per unit time,
kg/h
6. Scraper block, Breaker block- part of the decorticator where raw materials are beaten up and
crushed
PAES 229: 2005
FIBER DECORTICATOR- METHODS OF TEST
1. Cleaning- the method or extent of extracting (by retting or decorticating) the fiber from the leaves.
2. Color- principal factor which determine the grade of a fiber.
3. Cylinder length- distance between the outermost points along the cylinder base axis.
4. Cylinder peripheral speed- equivalent linear speed of the cylinder tip when running at normal
operating speed.
5. Elongation- elasticity or stretch of a fiber before rupture.
6. Effective allowance- distance between the scraper block/breaker block and blades in order to
separate fiber elements from the non-fiber elements of the plant.
7. Effective cylinder diameter- outside diameter generated by the outermost point of the cylinder
decorticating elements.
8. Extraction efficiency- ratio of the amount between the total weight of the fiber extracted to the total
amount of fiber content on a dry basis.
9. Extraction loss- difference between the total amount of fiber content and amount of fiber extracted
on a dry basis
10. Fiber quality- refers to the physical, chemical and morphological properties of fibers extracted
11. Fiber recovery- ratio of the dry weight of fiber extracted and total fresh weight of stalks/leaves,
12. Grade- indicator of the quality or the characteristics of the physical property of a fiber
13. Labor requirement- number of persons needed in the operation of the fiber decorticator
14. Morphological properties- properties of the fiber which deal with its anatomical characteristics
such as length, diameter, lumen and wall thickness
15. Output capacity- dry weight of the fiber at 13-14% moisture content extracted per unit time
the uppermost part of the machine
NOTE: All parts of the machine projecting upwards are contained between these two planes.
17. Overall length- distance between the vertical planes at the right angles to the median plane of
machine and touching its front and rear extremities
NOTE: All parts of the machine, in particular, components projecting at the front and at the rear are
contained between these two planes. Where an adjustment of components is possible, it shall
be set at minimum length.
18. Overall width- distance between the vertical planes parallel to the median plane of the machine,
each plane touching the outermost point of the machine on its respective side
NOTE: All parts of the machine projecting upwards are contained between these two planes.

19. Physical properties- inherent strength and behavior of fibers under applied force which determines
the mechanical serviceability or usefulness in commerce such as tensile strength, cleaning and color
20. Primemover- electric motor or internal combustion engine used to run the decorticating machine.
21. Running -in period- preliminary operation of the machine to make various adjustments prior to the
22. Total decorticating input- sum of the weights of collected decorticated fiber and all losses
PAES 230: 2005
COCONUT OIL EXPELLER- SPECIFICATIONS
1. Choke- permit a final adjustment of pressure and capacity in order to correct variations in the raw
material and to secure the lowest possible oil content of the copra meal residue
2. Copra- dried coconut meat from which oil is extracted
3. Copra meal- residue collected after extracting oil from milled copra
4. Crude oil- freshly extracted coconut oil containing moisture, fiber, resins, colors, etc. from copra
5. Expeller barrel- barrel or cage consists of a heavy cradle-type frame into which flat steel bars are set
edgewise around the periphery, therefore parallel to the worm shaft functioning as a screen
6. Extraction chamber- part of the oil expeller where the extraction process occurs
7. Input capacity- weight of input test material per unit loading time into the hopper/intake pit,
8. Oil expeller- motor-driven extrusion type machine capable of extracting crude oil from copra for use
in cooking, soap making, or as ingredient in other foods such as baked or fried goods
9. Primemover- electric motor, or internal combustion engine used to run the oil expeller
10. Worm shaft- a kind of a screw which has the double task of conveying the raw material through the
pressure chamber formed by the barrel, and at the same time of exerting a pressure on it
PAES 231: 2005
COCONUT OIL EXPELLER- METHODS OF TEST
1. Desiccators- container where oven-dried samples are cooled without affecting its moisture content
2. Crude oil production rate- quantity of crude oil that the expeller can extract per unit of time,
6. Purity- amount of input test material free of foreign matter expressed as percentage of the total
weight of the sample
8. Wet copra meal- copra residue that pass through the expeller barrel together with the crude oil but is
filtered by the perforated screen placed at the entrance of the crude oil chute

PAES 232: 2008

MULTICROP WASHER- PEELER- SPECIFICATIONS
1. Clean- practically free from dirt, stains, other foreign materials or absence of caked dirt on the
rhizome or between segments of the rhizome and other crops
2. Multicrop washer-peeler- machine that peels outer skin, or cleans and removes undesirable debris
of ginger rhizomes, sweet potato, potato, arrow root, radish and carrot
3. Prime mover- electric motor or internal combustion engine used to drive the multicrop washerpeeler
4. Rhizome- horizontally elongated subterranean stem, which forms roots on the lower side and shoots
on the upper side of the nodes
5. Effective capacity, Washing-peeling capacity- the amount of washed and peeled crops per unit
time during the actual washing-peeling operation time, expressed in kilogram per hour
6. Washing drum assembly- a cylinder encased in a water container and rotating in a horizontal axis
where crops are being loaded for the washing and peeling operation
7. Water container- a cylindrical container that holds the water and washing drum assembly
8. Small-scale- multicrop washer-peeler that has an effective capacity of up to 15 kg/h.
9. Medium-scale- multicrop washer-peeler that has an effective capacity of more than 15 kg/h up to 40
kg/h
10. Commercial-scale- multicrop washer-peeler that has an effective capacity of more than 40 kg/h
PAES 233: 2008
MULTICROP WASHER- PEELER- METHODS OF TEST
1. Freshly harvested- crop condition stored not more than 2 days after harvest
2. Holding capacity- weight of input test material per batch, expressed in kilogram per batch
3. Labor requirement- number of persons needed to operate the multicrop washer-peeler
4. Machine efficiency- quantitative efficiency of the machine in cleaning and peeling crops, expressed
in percent
5. Mechanically damaged materials- materials that are damaged (i.e. bruises/scratched, broken,
sliced, etc.) as a result of washing and peeling operation, expressed in percent
6. Operating time- length of time measured from the time the prime mover was started until it was
turned off

PAES 234: 2008

MULTICROP JUICE EXTRACTOR- METHODS OF TEST
1. Extracting chamber- part of the multicrop juice extractor where juice extraction takes place
2. Extraction efficiency- ratio between the total moisture extracted by the machine to the total initial
moisture content of the crop.
3. Extraction recovery- total amount of extracted juice collected based on the extraction losses,
expressed in percentage.
4. Meal- residues of the crop after extraction
5. Moisture content- weight of water in a crop usually expressed in percentage by weight on the wet
basis.
6. Multicrop juice extractor- machine capable of extracting the juice of different crops.
7. Household/ Small scale- multicrop juice extractor that has an input capacity of up to 15 kg/ h.
8. Medium scale- multicrop juice extractor that has an input capacity of up to 15 kg/ h to 40 kg/ h.
9. Commercial/ Large scale- multicrop juice extractor that has an input capacity of more than 40 kg/ h.
10. Piston press type- machines that extract juice by squeezing or compressing. Crops are placed
between two surfaces and subjected to pressure.
11. Screw press type- machines that extract juice through a tapered, rotating screw that moves and
compresses crops. Extraction takes place by shearing and pressing actions.
12. Roller press type- machines that extract juice by passing the crops in between rolling plates/ disc.
PAES 235: 2008
MULTICROP JUICE EXTRACTOR- METHODS OF TEST
1. Extraction efficiency- ratio between the total moisture extracted by the machine to the total initial
moisture content of the crop
2. Extraction loss- difference between the total amount of potential juice content and total amount of
juice recovered
3. Extraction rate- quantity of juice that the extractor can obtain per unit of time, expressed in
kilogram per hour
4. Juice quality- refers to the physical and chemical properties of juice extracted
5. Juice recovery- ratio of the extracted juice and the total weight of the input crop, expressed in
percent
6. Meal- residues of the test materials after juice extraction
7. Potential juice content- initial moisture content of the crop
8. Morphological properties- properties of the test material which deal with its anatomical
characteristics such as length, width and thickness.
9. Running-in period- preliminary operation of the machine to make final adjustments prior to the
conduct of test
PAES 236: 2008
CRYSTALLIZER- SPECIFICATIONS
1. Burner- main source of heat used in cooking ginger juice
2. Crystallizer- machine that cooks ginger juice to produce ginger tea (instant salabat)
3. Cooking basin- part of the crystallizer where ginger juice are being loaded for cooking operation
4. Cooking recovery- ratio between the total weight of recovered ginger tea (instant salabat) and the
weight of sugar added to the input ginger juice
5. Ginger tea (instant salabat)- crystallized form of ginger from its juice
6. Holding capacity- weight of input juice per batch, expressed in kilogram per batch

7. Liquefied petroleum gas (lpg)- type of fuel used in cooking ginger juice
8. Paddle- component of the crystallizer that is used in stirring to attain the desired consistency of the
mixture to produce ginger tea (instant salabat)
PAES 237: 2008
CRYSTALLIZER- METHODS OF TEST
1. Biomass fuel- type of fuel from living organisms such as plants, animals and their by-products
2. Cooking losses- total percent of ginger tea (instant salabat) loss based on the recovered product
3. Cooking rate- quantity of juice that the crystallizer can cook per unit of time, expressed in kilogram
per hour
4. Cooking recovery- ratio between the total weight of recovered ginger tea (instant salabat) and the
weight of sugar added to the input juice, expressed in percentage
5. Fineness modulus- principal factor which indicates the uniformity of ginger tea (instant salabat)
6. Ginger tea quality- refers to the physical and chemical properties of the product, instant salabat
7. Holding capacity- weight of input juice per batch, expressed in kilogram
8. Liquefied petroleum gas (lpg)- type of fuel used in cooking ginger juice
9. Operating time- length of time measured from the time the burner is turned on until it is turned off
10. Prime mover- electric motor or internal combustion engine used to drive the crystallizer
PAES 238: 2008
MULTICROP MICROMILL- SPECIFICATIONS
1. Collecting bin- part of the machine where the ground/milled products are being discharged
2. Cyclone- part of the machine (usually made of cheesecloth) where the small or powdered solids are
being separated and protected from the air
3. Flour- finely ground or powdered foodstuffs from grains or other starchy plant foods used mainly in
baking
4. Food seasoning- an ingredient (as condiment, spice or herb) added to food primarily to enhance its
flavor
5. Input capacity- weight of material per unit loading time into the hopper, expressed in kilogram per
hour
6. Milling chamber- part of the multicrop micromill where milling/grinding takes place
7. Milling efficiency- ratio between the amount of acceptable ground/milled product and the total
milling recovery, expressed in percentage
8. Multicrop micromill- machine that grinds dried product meal of various crops into finer particles
suitable for the purpose of food seasoning or as flour
9. Prime mover- electric motor or internal combustion engine used to drive the multicrop micromill
10. Hammer mill- it consists of a rotating beater and a heavy perforated screen. Size reduction of
materials is done due to impact
11. Attrition mill- it consists of two roughed plates, one stationary and the other rotating. The material is
reduced by crushing and shears
12. Roller mill- it consists of rollers, with or without serrated surfaces. It reduces the material by
pressing or squeezing until the material breaks
PAES 239: 2008
MULTICROP MICROMILL- METHODS OF TEST
1. Fineness- indicates the uniformity of grind in the resultant product
2. Input capacity- weight of input test material per unit time, expressed in kilogram per hour

3. Input time- time required to empty the hopper from full load per trial
4. Labor requirement- number of man-day needed in the operation of the multicrop micromill
5. Milling capacity- total amount of materials milled over the total time the multicrop micromill is in
operation, expressed in kilogram per hour
6. Milling efficiency- ratio between the amount of acceptable ground/milled product and the total
milling recovery, expressed in percentage
7. Milling recovery- ratio between the total amount of ground/milled product recovered and the total
input materials, expressed in percentage
8. Operating time- actual milling operation of the machine
9. Prime mover- electric motor or internal combustion engine used to drive the machine
10. Quality- refers to the fineness of the ground/milled product
11. Running-in period- preliminary operation of the machine to make final adjustments prior to the
conduct of test
12. Sealed- free of openings that allow the entry or passage of moisture
PAES 240: 2010
FANS AND BLOWERS- SPECIFICATIONS
1. Airfoil- shape of a wing or blade of a propeller, rotor, or turbine or sails as seen in cross section
2. Camber- asymmetry between the top and the bottom curves of an airfoil in cross-section
3. Drag- force cause by friction which slows down the movement of an object
4. Fan, Blower- device for moving air which utilizes a power-driven rotating impeller
5. Fan/ Blower guard- structure mounted on the inlet and/or outlet part of fan/blower for safety
purpose
6. Angle of attack- angle measured between the air inlet and lower camber of the fan/blower
7. Lift- sum of all the forces on a body that force it to move perpendicular to the direction of flow
8. Lift-drag ratio- ratio between the lift force and the drag force on fan/blower blades during operation
9. Leading edge- side of the fan/blower blade where the air comes in contact with at entry
10. Trailing edge- side of the fan/blower blade that is usually pointed and where the deflection of air
occurs
11. Hub-tip ratio- ratio between the hub diameter and the fan/blower wheel diameter
12. Rotor- rotating device with blades projecting from a hub
13. Fan/ Blower wheel- any revolving vane or vanes used for producing currents of air
14. Belt-drive dan/ Blower- type of driving mechanism that can obtain any fan/blower speed by
controlling the pulley ratio.
15. Direct-drive fan/ Blower- type of driving mechanism that directly transfers energy or power from
engine crankshaft or motor shaft to the fan/blower. This enables better fan/blower efficiency and has
less fan/blower components.
16. Rigid coupling- type of coupling that is used when the shafts are virtually collinear and when they
remain in fixed angular relation with respect to each other (except for angular deflection).
17. Flexible coupling- type of coupling that is designed to connect shafts which are misaligned either
laterally or angularly. A secondary benefit is the absorption of impacts due to fluctuations in shaft
torque or angular speed
18. Variable drive fan/ Blower- type of driving mechanism that uses hydraulic or magnetic couplings
between fan/blower wheel shaft and motor shaft which allows control of fan/blower wheel speed
independent of the motor speed.
19. Asymmetrical airfoil blade- blade that has a blunt leading edge and a pointed trailing edge. It has a
streamline cross sectional shape.

20. Single-thickness sheet metal blade- blade type that has pointed leading and trailing edge.
21. Axial-flow fans/ Blowers- fans that force the air to move parallel to the shaft on which the fan
blades rotate.
22. Propeller fan- fans that are commonly used for supplying cool air to certain processes and
exhausting hot or contaminated air and corrosive gases in buildings.
23. Tube- axial fan- fan that serves as exhausting material from an inlet duct.
24. Vane-axial fan- fan that neutralizes air spin for it to be used as blower in outlet duct and exhaust in
inlet duct.
25. Centrifugal fans- this fan causes the air/gas to enter from the side fan wheel, deflected 90 degrees
and accelerates due to centrifugal force as it flows over the fan blades and exits the fan housing.
26. Centrifugal fans with airfoil blades - this type of fan has the best mechanical efficiency and the
lowest noise level among the centrifugal fans. Used primarily for clean air, gas application and for
general ventilation.
27. Backward- curved blades- type of centrifugal fan that has single-thickness steel fan blade and can
handle contaminated air streams.
28. Backward-inclined blades- type of centrifugal fan that is more economical in production and has
low structural strength and efficiency. In this type, the direction of the outflow air is opposite to the
inclination of the blades.
29. Centrifugal fans with forwardcurved blades- type of centrifugal fan that have blades which are
curved forward to the direction of the rotation and have larger flow rate when compared to other
centrifugal fans of the same size and speed.
30. Centrifugal fans with radial blades- type of centrifugal fan that are rugged and self- cleaning and
have non-tangential flow at the leading edge. This type can handle corrosive fumes and abrasive
materials from grinding operations.
31. Centrifugal fans with radial tip blades - type of centrifugal fan that is curved, with good flow
condition at the leading edge and blade tips are radial.
32. Axial- centrifugal fans- this type of fan is also known as tubular centrifugal fan, in-line centrifugal
fan or mixed flow fan.
33. Fan wheel with flat back plate- in this type of fan, the air stream has to make two 90 degrees turns
before exiting the fan housing.
34. Fan wheel with conical back plate- in this type of fan, the air stream has to make two 45 degrees
turns before exiting the fan housing.
35. Roof ventilators- these types of fan have up blast, down flow and radial discharge of air. This is
mainly use for exhausting and supplying air from and into the building.
36. Cross-flow blowers- in this type of fan, the airflow passes twice through a fan wheel with forwardcurved blades. This type is mainly used as air curtains, long and narrow heating or cooling coils and
dry blowers.
37. Vortex or Regenerative blowers- this type of fan causes the airflow to circle around in an annular,
torus-shaped space. The rotating fan blades, which are located on one side of the torus, are throwing
the air outward, and then airflow is guided back by the other side of the torus for it to reenter the
inner portion of the rotating blade
PAES 241: 2010
FANS AND BLOWERS- METHODS OF TEST
1. Air power- part of the energy per unit time that is imparted by the fan to the air by increasing its
total pressure from the inlet to the outlet
2. Angle of attack- angle measured between the air inlet and the lower camber of the fan/blower

3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
Back-flow- when the air flow/movement produces by fan/blower starts to reverse direction
Fan/ Blower- device for moving air which utilizes a power driven rotating impeller
Hub-tip ratio- ratio between the hub diameter and the fan/blower wheel diameter
Lift-drag ratio- ratio between the lift force and the drag force on fan/blower blades during
operation.
Pitot tube- tube that is being connected to a manometer and is being used to measure the static and
total force of air in the testing duct of fan/blower
Static air power- part of the energy per unit time that is imparted by the fan/blower to the air in
overcoming static pressure from the inlet to the outlet
Static pressure- potential energy put into the system by the fan/blower and is given up to friction in
the ducts and at the duct inlet as it is converted to velocity pressure
Throttling device- conical structure or orifice rings that are being used at the end of testing duct of
fan/blower to enable variation in air volumetric flow rate
Total pressure- sum of the static and velocity pressure
Traverse point- point in the duct at which measurement using pitot tube shall be done
Velocity pressure- pressure along the line of the flow that result from the air flowing through the
duct.
PAES 242: 2010

BIOMASS FURNACE- SPECIFICATIONS
1. Biomass- organic materials used as renewable source of energy like wood chips, corncobs and rice
hulls, etc.
2. Biomass furnace- enclosed structure for intense heating by fire using any biomass like woodchips,
corncobs and rice hulls as fuel
3. Hearth- fire resistant surface located at the heating chamber of the biomass furnace
4. Workload- materials to be processed (i.e. dried, burned, melted, etc.) using biomass furnace
5. Grate- framework of metal bars or fire bricks used to hold biomass fuel in furnace for more efficient
combustion
6. Direct-fired biomass furnace- flue gas and other products of combustion goes into the dryer.
7. Cyclonic- biomass fuels are fed on the combustion chamber in cyclonic manner using a blower. The
biomass fuels in this type of furnace are burned while in suspension.
8. Step-grate- biomass furnace with combustion chamber that have stair-liked arrangement of grate.
9. Gravity- biomass furnace that uses gravitational force on feeding the biomass fuel.
10. Indirect-fired biomass furnace- this type of biomass furnace shall use a heat exchanger to prevent
flue gas and other products of combustion to go with the drying air.
11. Dry type biomass furnace- uses ambient air to be heated inside or outside the heat exchanger and be
used as drying air.
12. Wet type biomass furnace- uses hot fluid as medium of heat transfer.
13. Brick lining- heat resisting lining of the furnace using layer/s of fire bricks
14. Ceramic fiber lining- heat resisting lining of the furnace using ceramic materials
15. Monolithic lining- heat resisting lining of the furnace using aggregates and bonding agent(s)
16. Castable refractory- consists of course and fine grains with suitable bonding cement. These are
poured in place using molds or pouring forms after mixing with water.
17. Trowelable refractory- kind of castable refractory mortar with a consistency that makes it easy to
trowel into place. These are very useful for patching and for shaping complex surfaces.
18. Plastic refractory- contains a binder material, and are tempered with water so that they have suitable
plasticity for pounding or ramming into place.

19. Ramming refractory- similar to that of plastic refractory but stiffer.

20. Patching refractory- tempered with water and/or with a binder added for softer plasticity and
permits patching in place.
21. Gunning refractory- have course and fine refractory grains and bonding agents, suitable for
installation with a gunning machine.
22. Injection refractory- can be injected in a slurry state into small places such as gaps and wide cracks,
and for filling molds with narrow passageways.
23. Vibratable refractory- castable refractory materials that should be vibrated to fill all the voids in a
mold.
24. Coating refractory- form of a thin slurry that can be brushed onto or otherwise coated on the
working surface of other refractory.
25. Refractory mortars- finely ground refractory materials that, when tempered with water, become
trowelable for bonding layered-up refractory shapes.
PAES 243: 2010
BIOMASS FURNACE- METHODS OF TEST
1. Burning efficiency- ratio of the actual and the theoretical heating value of fuel, expressed in percent
2. Furnace efficiency- ratio of the heat transferred and heat available in biomass furnace, expressed in
percent.
3. latent heat of vaporization- heat absorbed by a unit mass of a material at its boiling point in order to
convert the material into a gas without temperature change
7. Sensible heat- heat absorbed or evolved by a substance during a change of temperature that is not
accompanied by a change of state.
8. Heating system efficiency- ratio of actual and theoretical heat supplied by the fuel to the furnace,
PAES 244: 2010
BIOMASS SHREDDER- SPECIFICATIONS
1. Biomass shredder- machine used to cut biomass materials into strips
2. Chipping section- part of a shredding machine which is used to cut or sliced twigs or small branches
of trees into small and uniform sizes called chips
NOTE: This is auxiliary component of some biomass shredder
3. Biomass- organic materials used as renewable source of energy and other agricultural applications
4. Hopper- part of the biomass shredder where the biomass materials to be cut are loaded
5. Prime mover- electric motor or internal combustion engine used to drive the biomass shredder
6. Input capacity- weight of biomass material fed into the shredder, expressed in kilogram per hour

7. Shredding efficiency- ratio of the weight of the input biomass materials less unshredded biomass
materials, to the total weight of the input biomass materials to the shredder, expressed in percent
8. Stationary type- biomass shredder that is installed permanently and commonly provided with
adjustable anchors to level up the machine during operation.
9. Trailer type- biomass shredder that is commonly hitched to transport vehicle to facilitate mobility.
10. Cart type- biomass shredder that is being manually pushed and/or pulled by a person to facilitate
mobility.
11. Vertical- the blades and shaft assembly rotates with respect to the vertical axis.
12. Horizontal- the blades and shaft assembly rotates with respect to the horizontal axis.
13. Open cylinder- blades are connected and arranged to an open cylinder main shaft.
14. Closed cylinder- blades are connected and arranged to a closed cylinder main shaft.
15. Shredding only- machine that is composed of shredding chamber only.
16. Chipping and shredding- machine that is composed of shredding chamber (cutting biomass
materials into small strips) and chipping section (cutting twigs or small branches of trees into small
and uniform thickness).
PAES 245: 2010
BIOMASS SHREDDER- METHODS OF TEST
1. Biomass- organic materials used as renewable source of energy and other agricultural applications
5. Input capacity- weight of biomass material fed into the shredder, expressed in kilogram per hour
6. Unshredded- biomass material that is not totally cut into strips
PAES 246: 2010
DEHUSKED CORN DRYER- SPECIFICATIONS
1. Dehusked corn, Ear corn, Corn-on-cob- unshelled fruit of the corn plant where the husk has been
removed mechanically or manually
2. Husk- refers to the leafy outer/protective covering of an ear of corn as it grows on the plant
3. Dehusked corn dryer- device for removing excess moisture from the ear of corn without husk,
generally by forced or natural convection with or without addition of heat
4. Fan, Blower- air moving device that is used to force heated air through the mass of materials to be
dried at the desired air flow rate and pressure
5. Moisture gradient- difference between the maximum and the minimum moisture content randomly
sampled after drying
through the material to be dried

in case of malfunction
8. Batch type- mechanical dryer wherein the corn in fixed volume is held in the drying chamber in
batches until it reaches the desired moisture content.
9. Direct- dryer in which the products of combustion come into direct contact with the product being
dried.
10. Indirect- dryer in which the products of combustion do not come in contact with the products being
dried. This type enables the use of heat exchanger.
11. Conventional- source of energy which includes petroleum-based fuels such as kerosene, gasoline,
Diesel oil and bunker fuel oil.
12. Non-conventional- source of energy that includes non-petroleum fuels such as biomass fuel.
PAES 247: 2010
DEHUSKED CORN DRYER- METHODS OF TEST
1. Airflow rate- volume of air in cubic meters delivered to the mass of dehusked corn per minute
2. Damaged kernels- corn kernels which are heat damaged, weather damaged, sprouted or distinctly
damaged by insects, water, fungi and/or any other means
3. Drying air temperature- mean temperature of the air to be used for drying the dehusked corn,
measured at a number of points practicably as close to its entry to the drying bed
4. Drying capacity- maximum capacity that the dehusked corn dryer can dry to meet the desired
moisture content
5. Fuel consumption- total amount of fuel consumed divided by the total drying time, expressed in
kg/h
6. Heating system efficiency- product of combustion efficiency and burner/furnace efficiency; the ratio
of heat supplied to the dryer and the heat available from the fuel used, expressed in percent
7. Holding capacity, Load capacity- weight of dehusked corn required to fill the dryer at the input
moisture content
8. Moisture reduction rate- ratio of the average percent moisture content removed from the dehusked
corn to drying time, expressed in percent per hour
9. Static pressure- pressure build-up in the plenum chamber to maintain uniform dustribution of air
flow through the dehusked corn mass, expressed in mm H2O.
PAES 248: 2010

FRUIT DRYER- SPECIFICATIONS
1. Fan/ Blower- air moving device that is used to force heated air through the mass of materials to be
dried at the desired air flow rate and pressure
2. Fruit- ripened ovary or ovaries of a seed-bearing plant that are edible, usually sweet and in fleshy
form
3. Fruit dryer- device for removing excess moisture from the fruits, generally by forced or natural
convection with or without addition of heat
4. Moisture gradient- difference between the maximum and the minimum moisture content randomly
sampled after drying
through the material to be dried.

in case of malfunction.
7. Water activity- ratio of vapor pressure of water in the product to the water vapor pressure of pure
water at the same temperature.
Note: Measure of water available for the growth of microorganism
PAES 249: 2010
FRUIT DRYER- METHODS OF TEST
1. Airflow rate- volume of air in cubic meters delivered to the mass of fruits per minute
2. Drying air temperature- mean temperature of the air to be used for drying the fruit, measured at a
number of points as close as practicable to its entry to the drying bed
3. Drying capacity- maximum capacity that the fruit dryer can removed moisture content per unit time
4. Drying efficiency, Heat utilization efficiency- ratio of the total heat utilized to vaporize moisture in
the material, to the amount of heat added to the drying air, expressed in percent
5. Drying rate- amount of water removed per unit of time, expressed in kilogram per hour
6. Drying system efficiency- ratio of the total heat utilized for drying, to the heat available in the fuel
7. Fuel consumption- total amount of fuel consumed divided by the total drying time
8. Heat utilization- total amount of heat utilized to vaporize moisture in the material, expressed in
kJ/kg of water
9. Holding capacity, Load capacity- weight of fruits required to fill the dryer at the initial moisture
content
10. Moisture reduction rate- ratio of the average percent moisture content removed from the fruits, to
drying time, expressed in percent per hour
11. Static pressure- pressure build-up in the plenum chamber to maintain uniform dustribution of air
flow through the sliced fruits, expressed in mmH2O
PAES 250: 2011

COCONUT COIR DECORTICATOR- SPECIFICATIONS
1. Coconut husk- fibrous covering of a coconut fruit comprising of 30% fiber and 70%
parenchymatous cells
2. Coconut coir- slender and elongated fibrous materials extracted from coconut husk
3. Coconut peat- fine and powder-like particles parenchymatous cells that are extracted from the
coconut husk
4. Coconut coir decorticator- machine to crush matured coconut husk through impact or beating
action to separate cocofiber and coconut peat from the husk
5. Decorticating efficiency- ratio of the weight of the input coconut husk partially and totally
undecorticated coconut husk to the total weight of the input coconut husk to the decorticator,
6. Coir quality- refers to the physical and morphological (e.g. tensile strength, maturity, color, fiber
length and cleanliness) properties of fibers extracted
7. Input capacity- weight of coconut husk fed into the decorticator expressed in kilogram per hour
8. Manual feeding- operation of the decorticator shall require the manual feeding of coconut husk to
the hopper.

9. Mechanical feeding- operation of the decorticator require mechanical means of feeding the coconut
husk to the hopper (e.g. conveyor).
10. Stationary type- coconut coir decorticator without transport mechanism (e.g. pneumatic tires).
11. Mobile type- coconut coir decorticator with pneumatic tires.
12. Radial arrangement- blades are arranged symmetrically around a shaft or to an open cylinder.
13. Spiral arrangement- each set of blades are arranged spirally along the axis of the shaft.
PAES 251:2011
COCONUT COIR DECORTICATOR- METHODS OF TEST
1. Coconut husk- fibrous covering of a coconut fruit comprising of 30% fiber and 70%
parenchymatous cells.
2. Coconut coir- slender and elongated fibrous materials extracted from coconut husk
3. Coconut peat- fine and powder-like particles parenchymatous cells that are extracted from the
coconut husk
4. Coconut coir decorticator- machine to crush matured coconut husk through impact or beating
action to separate coco fiber and coconut peat from the husk
5. Decorticating efficiency- ratio of the weight of the input coconut husk partially and totally
undecorticated coconut husk to the total weight of the input coconut husk to the decorticator,
6. Input capacity- weight of coconut coir fed into the decorticator expressed in kilogram per hour
7. Coir quality- refers to the physical and morphological (e.g. tensile strength, maturity, color, fiber
length and cleanliness) properties of fibers extracted
12. Undecorticated- portion of the coconut husk that is partially crushed and totally crushed
PAES 252: 2011
COFFEE PULPER- SPECIFICATIONS
1. Coffee pulper- machine to remove and separate the soft pulp of ripe coffee cherry without making
any damage to the parchment coffee
2. Coffee cherry- ripened fruits of coffee shrubs
3. Flute- thread like component of rotating cylinder of the pulping chamber
4. Flute inclination- angle of inclination of the rubber coated flutes
5. Input capacity- weight of coffee cherry fed into the pulper per unit of time, expressed in kilogram
per hour

6. Output capacity- weight of parchment coffee collected at coffee outlet per unit time, expressed in
kilogram per hour
7. Pulping- process of removing and separating the skin and pulp of coffee cherry
8. Mucilage- slimy layer found between the pulp and adhering to the parchment
9. Parchment- endocarp of the coffee cherry, lies between the fleshy part (or pulp) of the cherry and
coffee bean
10. Parchment coffee- final output product when the coffee cherry has undergone pulping process
11. Main parchment coffee outlet- part of machine where parchment coffee are collected
12. Pulp outlet- part of machine where pulps are collected
13. Pulp- red or green thin fleshy outer layer of the coffee cherry
14. Pulping efficiency- ratio of total weight of parchment coffee collected at all outlets to the total
coffee cherry input to the machine, expressed in percentage
15. Pulping recovery- ratio between the total weight of parchment coffee collected at the main outlet to
the total weight of input coffee cherry to the machine, expressed in percentage
16. Separation loss- ratio of the total weight of the parchment coffee that comes out to the pulp outlet to
the total input weight of coffee cherry to the pulper, expressed in percentage
17. Unpulped loss- ratio of the total weight of unpulped coffee cherry to the total input weight of coffee
cherry to the pulper, expressed in percentage
18. Scattering loss- ratio of the total weight of the parchment coffee that fell around the base of coffee
pulper to the total coffee cherry input to the machine, expressed in percentage
19. Mechanically damaged parchment coffee- ratio of the total weight of damaged parchment coffee to
the total weight of sample, expressed in percentage
20. Disc pulper- pulper that uses rubbing action of disc bulbs and chop rails to remove the pulp from
parchment coffee.
21. Drum pulper- pulper that uses a rotating cylinder with flutes inside a fixed pressed plate with
pulping channels and ribs.
22. Fluted Cylinder- pulper that uses rotating cylinder with flutes or threads.
23. Slotted plate pulper- pulper machine that uses a fixed slotted metal screen and a rotating cylinder
that serves as the pulping chamber.
24. Dry feeding- coffee cherry are fed into the hopper of the coffee pulper without using water
25. Wet feeding- coffee cherry are fed into the hopper of the coffee pulper using water.
PAES 253: 2011
COFFEE PULPER- METHODS OF TEST
1. Mechanically damaged parchment coffee- ratio of the total weight of damaged parchment coffee to
the total weight of sample, expressed in percentage
2. Input capacity- weight of coffee cherry fed into the pulper per unit of time, expressed in kilogram
per hour
3. Output capacity- weight of parchment coffee collected at coffee outlet per unit time, expressed in
kilogram per hour

6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
Overall width- distance between the vertical planes parallel to the median plane of the hammer mill,
Running-in period- preliminary operation of the machine to make various adjustments prior to the
Separation loss- ratio of the total weight of the parchment coffee that comes out to the pulp outlet to
Pulping efficiency- ratio of total weight of parchment coffee collected at all outlets to the total
coffee cherry input to the machine, expressed in percentage
Pulping recovery- ratio between the total weight of parchment coffee collected at the main outlet to
the total weight of input coffee cherry to the machine, expressed in percentage
Unpulped loss- ratio of the total weight of unpulped coffee cherry to the total input weight of coffee
cherry to the pulper, expressed in percentage
Separation loss- ratio of the total weight of the parchment coffee that comes out to the pulp outlet to
Purity- ratio of the total weight of parchment coffee free of foreign matters to the total weight of
sample expressed in percentage
PAES 254: 2011

ABACA STRIPPER- SPECIFICATIONS
1. Abaca fiber- long and slender natural filament of abaca plant
2. Abaca stalk- part of abaca plant which consist of several layers of leaf sheath
3. Abaca stripper- mechanical device used for extracting primary fibers by scraping action from blade
and stripping block
4. Bacnis method- method that uses bolo to partially cut (leaving the upper layer 1 mm to 2 mm thick
uncut) crosswise the middle of the inner portion of the leaf sheath to be able to extract the tuxies
5. Fiber quality- refers to the physical properties such as tensile strength, length, color and texture
(fineness and coarseness) of fibers extracted
6. Locnit method- method that uses tuxying knife to thrust one side of the leaf sheath and make a cut
between the upper and the inner portions of the material to be able to extract the tuxies
7. Output capacity- weight of the output fiber extracted from the abaca stripper per unit time, kg/h
8. Parenchymatous material- soft tissue or non-fibrous material attached to the fiber
9. Potential fiber content- summation of the dry weight (moisture content of 14%) of extracted fiber
using manual or mechanical abaca stripper and unextracted fiber manually obtained
10. Potential fiber recovery- ratio of fresh weight of fiber extracted and the total fresh weight of input
abaca tuxies to the abaca stripper, expressed in percent
11. Stripping- extracting the fiber from abaca tuxies using abaca stripper
12. Stripping block- part of the abaca stripper that provides friction and where raw materials are being
locked in position during fiber extraction
13. Stripping efficiency- ratio of the total dry (moisture content of 14%) weight of the fiber extracted to
the potential fiber content of abaca tuxies, expressed in percent
14. Stripping knife- metal plate, non-serrated or serrated, that provides stripping action
15. Tuxy- the outer layer of abaca leaf sheath which contains the primary fiber

16. Tuxying- separating the outer layer from inner layer of leaf sheath which is at most 1.8 mm of abaca
leaf sheath either by locnit method (using tuxying knife) or bacnis method (using bolo)
17. Improved manual stripping device Hagotan- type of abaca stripper that uses serrated blade and
stripping block to be able to extract abaca fiber
18. Spindle type mechanical stripping- operating by rotating the flywheel and spindle using a prime
mover.
19. Mobile- abaca stripper with pneumatic tires.
20. Stationary- abaca stripper without transport mechanism (e.g. pneumatic tires)
PAES 255: 2011
ABACA STRIPPER- METHODS OF TEST
1. Stripping efficiency- ratio of the total dry weight (moisture content of 14%) of the fiber extracted to
the potential fiber content of abaca tuxies, expressed in percent
2. Extraction loss- difference between the potential fiber content of abaca tuxies and dry weight
(moisture content of 14%) of the actual fiber extracted using abaca stripper, expressed in percent
3. Fiber quality- refers to the physical properties such as tensile strength, length, color and texture
(fineness and coarseness) of fibers extracted
4. Grade- indicator of the quality or the characteristics of the physical property of a fiber
5. Output capacity- fresh weight of the output fiber extracted from the abaca stripper per unit time,
kg/h
9. Potential fiber content- summation of the weight of extracted fiber using manual or mechanical
abaca stripper and unextracted fiber manually obtained
11. Potential fiber recovery- ratio of fresh weight of fiber extracted and the total fresh weight of input
abaca tuxies to the abaca stripper, expressed in percent
PAES 256: 2011
CORN PICKER- SPECIFICATIONS
1. Corn (Zea mays)- cereal grass belonging to the Poaceae family
2. Corn ear- fruit of the corn plant with husk
3. Single-row side-mounted corn picker- machine attached to the side of tractor designed for picking
corn
4. Snapping rolls- part of the corn picker that pulls the corn stalk downward thereby, stripping the corn
ear during operation
5. Stalk guide rod- direct the stalks of the corn plant to the snapping rolls

6. Stripper plate- part of the corn picker that prevents the corn stalk from bending and separate the
corn ear from the stalk
PAES 257: 2011
CORN PICKER- METHODS OF TEST
1. Actual field capacity- actual rate of being able to harvest corn in a given area per unit of time
NOTE: Total operating time which includes the time spent for turning at the headland, adjustment,
repair and troubleshooting of the machine
2. Corn (Zea mays)- cereal grass belonging to the Poaceae family
3. Corn ear- fruit of the corn plant with husk
4. Single-row side-mounted corn picker- machine attached to the side of tractor designed for picking
corn
5. Conveyance efficiency- measures the ability of the corn picker to deliver the harvested corn ear to
the collecting bin
6. Field efficiency- ratio of the actual field capacity and theoretical field capacity, expressed in percent
7. Picking efficiency- measures the ability of the corn picker to harvest the corn ear from the corn stalk
through snapping and stripping action
8. Potential yield- maximum yield per unit area
9. Theoretical field capacity- computed rate of harvested corn in a given area per unit time
PAES 258: 2011
FEED MIXER- SPECIFICATIONS
1. Feeds- meal type, pellets or crumble type of food that are mixed from various raw materials and
additive
2. Feed mixer- machine used to mix uniformly the feed ingredients
3. Coefficient of variation- statistical representation of the precision of distribution of feed ingredients
4. Mixing rate- weight of the feed ingredients fed to the machine per unit time, expressed in kilogram
per hour
5. Horizontal feed mixer- type of mixer that have horizontal feed mixing device(s). This mixer moves
the feed ingredients from one end to the other.
6. Auger mixer- feed mixer that uses augers to mix the feed ingredients.
7. One and two augers- feed mixer that moves the feed ingredients towards the middle, to the top,
towards the sides and back down to the auger.

8. Three and four augers- feed mixer that moves the feed ingredients towards the side and from
bottom to top of the mixer.
9. Ribbon mixer- feed mixer that uses helical ribbons to mix the feed ingredients.
10. Paddles- feed mixer that uses paddles (arranged radially around the shaft) to mix the feed
ingredients.
11. Reel and augers- feed mixer that uses a reel (lifts and tumbles the feed ingredients) and a set of
augers (mix the feed ingredients and move the feed to the discharge area).
12. Tumble mixer- feed mixer that have spirals and/or pans on the interior surface of the drum and a
central auger to lift, tumble and mix the feed ingredients.
13. Chain, paddle and auger- feed mixer that uses a tub or a box containing a chain, paddles or slat
conveyor and auger to tumble and mix the feed ingredients.
14. Vertical feed mixer- type of feed mixer that have vertical feed mixing device. This type of feed
mixer takes the ingredients to the top of mixing device where it falls and repeat this procedure until
the feed ingredients are well mixed.
15. Trailer type- feed mixer that is commonly hitched to transport vehicle to facilitate mobility.
16. Cart type- low capacity mixer that can be manually moved.
PAES 259: 2011
FEED MIXER- METHODS OF TEST
1. Mixing rate- weight of feed ingredients fed into the feed mixer per unit time, expressed in kilogram
per hour.
NOTE: Applicable for feed mixer with continuous input of feed ingredients to the hopper
2. Coefficient of variation of salt content- statistical representation of the precision of distribution of
feed ingredients
3. Mean- mathematical average of the samples taken from the feed mixed
7. Standard deviation- statistical measurement of dispersion or variation in distribution of feed
ingredients.
conduct of the test

Definition of Terms

PAES 301: 2000

V-BELTS AND PULLEYS FOR AGRICULTURAL MACHINES
V-belt drives are commonly used for transmitting motion and power to shafts with short center
distances, and may be operated with small pulley diameters. In addition, a number of
V-belts may be used on a multi-grooved pulley, thus making a multiple-belt drive.
1. V-belt- flexible machine element used to transmit motion and power between two shafts, the cross
section of which is shaped roughly like a regular trapezoid outlined by the base, sides and top of the
belt
2. V-pulley- wheel with one or more grooved rims used to transmit motion and power by means of one
or more V-belts
NOTE: The cross section of the grooved rim is in the shape of an open-channel outlined by the base
and the two slanted
3. V-belt drive- power transmission device, which consists of one or more V-belts, mounted on two or
more V-pulleys
4. Pulley diameter- the outside diameter of the pulley
5. Pulley pitch diameter- the diameter of the pulley, which coincides with the belt pitch
6. Belt pitch- the region in the belt that keeps the same length when the belt is bent perpendicularly to
its base
7. Belt length- the length of the belt at the level of its pitch
8. Speed ratio- ratio of the angular velocities of the pulleys making no allowance for slip and creep
9. Belt speed- the linear speed of the belt at the level of the pulley pitch diameter
PAES 302: 2000
FLAT BELTS AND PULLEYS FOR AGRICULTURAL MACHINES
Flat belts are commonly used where center distances between pulleys are fairly long. They are very
flexible and can transmit power in quarter twist and crossed drives.
1. Flat belt- belts used to transmit rotary motion and power between two shafts, which lie flat on the
face of its corresponding pulley
2. Flat belt pulley- wheel having flat or crowned face used to transmit motion and power by means of
flat belts
3. Flat belt drive- power transmission device used to transmit power and motion between two shafts
consisting of flat belts which ride in flat pulleys
4. Pulley diameter- outside diameter of the pulley
5. Belt length- stretched-out length of the belt
6. Speed ratio- ratio of the angular velocities of the pulleys making no allowance for slip and creep
7. Belt speed- the linear speed of the belt calculated by multiplying the rpm and the diameter of the
driver pulley and to the value of pi
PAES 303: 2000
ROLLER CHAINS AND SPROCKETS FOR AGRICULTURAL MACHINES
Roller chains are used to transmit power at high torque and low speed without slippage.
1. Chain pitch- distance between adjacent joint members
2. Pitch diameter- the diameter of the pitch circle that passes through the centers of the link pins as the
chain is wrapped on the sprocket
3. bottom diameter- the diameter of a circle tangent to the curve (called the seating curve) at the
bottom of the tooth gap

4. Caliper diameter- for a sprocket with an odd number of teeth, it is the distance from the bottom of
the tooth gap to that of the nearest opposite tooth gap
NOTE: The caliper diameter is the same as the bottom diameter for a sprocket with an even number
of teeth.
5. outside diameter- it is the diameter over the tips of the teeth
PAES 304: 2000
KEYS AND KEYWAYS FOR AGRICULTURAL MACHINES
Keys are used to prevent relative movement of rotating members and the shafts or spindles to which
they are mounted.
1. Parallel keys- keys whose longitudinal sides are parallel with each other
2. Taper keys keys with a tapered longitudinal section
3. Woodruff keys keys with a semi-circular cross-section
PAES 305: 2000
SHAFTS FOR AGRICULTURAL MACHINES
Shafts are rotating members, usually of circular cross section used to transmit power or motion. It
provides the axis of rotation, or oscillation, of elements such as gears, pulleys, flywheels, cranks, sprockets,
and the like and controls the geometry of their motion.
PAES 306: 2000
SPUR GEARS FOR AGRICULTURAL MACHINES
Spur gears are used to connect parallel shafts and have teeth formed in cylindrical blanks parallel to
the shaft axis. They can be used in transmitting motion and power between two shaft in the same or in
opposite directions. They can also be used in transmitting linear motion.
1. Spur gear- a cylindrical gear whose tooth traces are straight lines parallel to the axis. Generally, it
transmits rotational motion and power between two axes
2. Gear tooth- each of the projecting parts of a gear which are intended to ensure, by contact with the
teeth of another gear, that one of the other gear turns the other
3. Module- the quotient of the pitch, expressed in millimeters, to the number (or the quotient of the
reference diameter, expressed in millimeters, to the number of teeth)
4. Pitch circle- the line of intersection of the pitch cylinder by a plane perpendicular to the axis of the
gear
5. Addendum- the radial distance between the addendum circle and the pitch circle
6. Addendum circle- the circle that bounds the outer ends of the teeth
7. Dedendum- the radial distance between the dedendum circle and the pitch circle
8. Dedendum circle- the line of intersection of the dedendum cylinder by a plane perpendicular to the
axis of the gear
9. Clearance- the amount by which the dedendum in a given gear exceeds the addendum of its meshing
gear
10. Pitch diameter- the diameter of the pitch circle
11. Addendum diameter- the diameter of the addendum circle
12. Dedendum diameter- the diameter of the of the dedendum circle
13. Tooth depth- the radial distance between the addendum circle and the dedendum circle
14. Circular pitch- the length of the arc of the pitch circle between two consecutive corresponding
profiles
15. Tooth thickness- the width of the tooth measured along the circular pitch

16. Tooth space- the space between teeth measured along the pitch circle
17. Backlash- the tooth space minus the tooth thickness
18. face width- the width over the toothed part of a gear, measured along a straight line generator of the
reference cylinder
19. Tooth flank- the portion of the surface of a tooth lying between the tip surface and the root surface
20. Pressure angle- angle at the point where the profile cuts the pitch circle
21. Base circle- of an involute cylindrical gear, the "base circle" of the involutes forming the tooth
profiles
22. Tooth profile- the line of intersection of a tooth flank with any defined surface cutting the reference
surface
23. tooth trace- the line of intersection of a flank with the reference surface
24. involute cylindrical gear- a cylindrical gear of which every usable tooth profile is an arc of an
involute to a circle
25. involute to a circle- a plane curve described by a point on a straight line (the "generating line"),
which rolls out without slip on the base circle
PAES 307: 2001
HELICAL GEARS FOR AGRICULTURAL MACHINES
Helical gears can be used in transmitting motion and power between two shafts in the same or in
opposite directions. They can also be used in transmitting linear motion. Helical gears are used for higher
speed application due to more quiet operation.
1. Helical gear- cylindrical gear whose tooth traces are helices, it transmits rotational motion and
power between two parallel axes
2. Gear tooth- each of the projecting parts of a gear which is intended to ensure, by contact with the
teeth of another gear, that one gear turns the other
3. Module- quotient of the circular pitch, expressed in millimeters, to the number (or the quotient of
the diametral pitch, expressed in millimeters, to the number of teeth)
4. Normal module- quotient of the normal circular pitch (expressed in millimeters)and the number ,
where the normal circular pitch is the product of the circular pitch and the cosine of the helix angle
5. Pitch circle- line of intersection of the pitch cylinder by a plane perpendicular to the axis of the gear
6. Addendum- radial distance between the addendum circle and the pitch circle
7. Addendum circle- circle that bounds the outer ends of the teeth
8. Dedendum- radial distance between the dedendum circle and the pitch circle
9. Dedendum circle- line of intersection of the dedendum cylinder by a plane perpendicular to the axis
of the gear
10. Clearance- amount by which the dedendum in a given gear exceeds the addendum of its meshing
gear
11. pitch diameter- diameter of the pitch circle
12. Addendum diameter- diameter of the addendum circle
13. Dedendum diameter- diameter of the of the dedendum circle
14. Tooth depth- radial distance between the addendum circle and the dedendum circle
15. Circular pitch- length of the arc of the pitch circle between two consecutive corresponding points of
adjacent teeth
16. Normal circular pitch- length of the arc, living between the tooth traces of two consecutive
corresponding flanks of a cylindrical normal helix
17. Tooth thickness- width of the tooth measured along the circular pitch
18. Tooth space- space between teeth measured along the pitch circle

19. Backlash- difference between the tooth space and the tooth thickness
20. Face width- width over the toothed part of a gear, measured along a straight line generator of the
reference cylinder
21. Tooth flank- portion of the surface of a tooth lying between the tip surface and the root surface
22. Pressure angle- pressure angle at the point where the profile cuts the pitch circle
23. Normal pressure angle- pressure angle at a point on a tooth trace
24. Helix- curve whose tangents are inclined at a constant angle to the axis of the cylinder
25. Normal helix- in a cylinder on which helix is considered, a helix which is perpendicular to that helix
26. Helix angle- acute angle between the tooth trace and the generator of any imaginary cylinder or cone
coaxial with a gear whose tooth trace is under consideration
27. Base circle- of an involute cylindrical gear, the "base circle" of the involutes forming the tooth
profiles
28. Tooth profile- the line of intersection of a tooth flank with any defined surface cutting the reference
surface
29. Tooth trace- the line of intersection of a flank with the reference surface
30. Involute cylindrical gear- a cylindrical gear of which every usable tooth profile is an arc of an
involute to a circle
31. Involute to a circle- a plane curve described by a point on a straight line (the "generating line"),
which rolls out without slip on the base circle
PAES 308: 2001
STRAIGHT BEVEL GEARS FOR AGRICULTURAL MACHINES
Bevel gears may be used to transmit power between shafts at practically any angle.
1. Bevel gears- gears which are used to transmit motion and power to shafts having intersecting axes
2. Straight bevel gears- bevel gears whose teeth are straight but the sides are tapered so that they
would intersect the axis at a common point called the pitch cone apex if extended inward
3. Miter gears- bevel gears having equal numbers of driver and driven gear teeth and operate at axes
with right angles
4. Module- the quotient of the pitch, expressed in millimeters, to the number (or the quotient of the
reference diameter, expressed in millimeters, to the number of teeth)
5. Circular pitch- the length of the arc of the pitch circle between two consecutive corresponding
profiles which is measured at the large end of the tooth
6. Pitch diameter- the diameter of the pitch circle at the large end of the tooth
7. Addendum angle- the angle between the elements of the face cone and the pitch cone
8. Dedendum angle- the angle between the elements of the root cone and the pitch cone
9. Facewidth- the length of teeth along the cone distance
10. Cone distance- the distance from the end of the tooth to the pitch apex
11. Pitch angle- the angle formed between an element of the pitch cone and the bevel gear axis, it is the
half angle of the pitch cone
12. Back angle- the angle between an element of the back cone and the plane of rotation
13. Back cone- the angle of a cone whose elements are tangent to a sphere containing a trace of the pitch
circle
14. Back cone distance- the distance along an element of the back cone from the apex to the pitch circle
15. Mounting distance- for assembled bevel gears, the distance from the crossing point of the axes to
the registering surface, measured along the gear axis; ideally it should be identical to the apex to back
16. Mounting surface- the diameter and/or plane of rotation surface which is used in locating the gear in
the application assembly

17. Crown- the sharp corner forming the outside diameter

18. Crown-to-back- the distance from the crown to the rear of the gear
19. Pitch apex to back- the distance along the axis from apex of pitch cone to a locating registering
surface on back
20. Root angle- the angle formed between a tooth element and the axis of the bevel gear
21. Shaft angle- the angle between meshing bevel gear axes: also, the sum of the two pitch angles
NOTE: For the purpose of this standard, the shaft angle shall be 90.
22. Face angle- the between an element of the face cone and its axis
23. Front angle- the angle between an element of the front cone and a plane of rotation
24. Heel- the portion of the bevel gear tooth near the outer end
25. Toe- the portion of the bevel gear tooth near the inner end
PAES 309: 2001
ANTI-FRICTION BEARINGS FOR AGRICULTURAL MACHINES
Anti-friction bearings are designed to support and mount rotating shafts. They transfer loads
between rotating and stationary members and permit relatively free rotation with minimum friction. The
most significant advantage of anti-friction bearings is that the starting friction is not very much larger than
the operating friction.
1. Radial load- load or force passing through the axis of rotation
2. Rated life, L10- the number of revolutions or hours at a given constant speed that 90 percent of an
apparently identical group of bearings will complete or exceed before the first evidence of fatigue
develops
3. Basic dynamic load rating, C- the radial load that a ball bearing can withstand for one million
revolutions of the inner ring
4. Equivalent dynamic load, P- constant stationary radial load which, if applied to a bearing with
rotating inner ring and stationary outer ring, would give the same life as that which the bearing will
attain under the actual conditions of load and rotation
5. Basic static load rating, CO- the maximum radial load, which corresponds to a calculated contact
stress at the center of the most heavily, loaded rolling element/raceway contact of:
4,600 MPa for self-aligning ball; bearings;
4,200 MPa for all other ball bearings
4,000 MPa for all roller bearings
6. Equivalent static load, PO- static radial load, if applied, which produces a maximum contact stress
equal in magnitude to the maximum contact stress in the actual condition of loading
7. Single-row Radial- this bearing is often referred to as the deep groove or conrad bearing It is
available in many variations such as single, double shields, and seals. This type of bearing is
normally used for radial; and thrust loads (maximum two-thirds of radial).
8. Maximum capacity bearings- have a geometry that is similar to that of a deep-groove bearing
except for a filling slot. This slot allows more balls in the complement and thus will carry heavier
radial loads. However, because of the filling slot, the thrust capacity in both directions is reduced
drastically.
9. Double-row- this bearing provides for heavy radial and light thrust loads without increasing the
outside diameter of the bearing. It is about 60 to 80 percent wider than a comparable single-row
bearing. Because of the filling slot, thrust loads may be light.
10. Internal self-aligning double-row- this bearing may be used for primarily radial loads where selfalignment (4) is required. The self-aligning feature should not be abused, as excessive
misalignment or thrust load (10 percent of radial) causes early failure.

11. Angular-contact bearings- these bearings are designed to support combined radial and thrust loads
or heavy thrust loads depending on the contact-angle magnitude.
12. Ball bushings- this type of bearing is used for linear motions on hardened shafts (Rockwell C 58 to
64). Some types can be used for linear and rotary motions.
13. Split-type ball bearing- this type of ball or roller bearing has split inner, outer ring, and cage, which
are assembled by screws. This feature is expensive but useful where it is difficult to install or remove
a solid bearing.
14. Ball thrust bearing- it may be used for low-speed applications where other bearings carry the radial
load. These bearings are made with shields, as well as the open type.
15. Cylindrical roller- these bearings utilize cylinders with approximate length/diameter ratio ranging
from 1:1 to 1:3 as rolling elements. They are normally used for heavy radial loads and especially
useful for free axial movement of the shaft. They also have the highest speed limits for roller
bearings.
16. Needle bearings- these bearings have rollers whose length is at least 4 times their diameter. They are
the most useful where space is a factor and are available with or without inner race, it must be
hardened or ground. Full-complement type is used for high loads, oscillating, or slow speed. Cage
type should be used for rotational motion. They cannot support thrust loads.
17. Tapered roller- these bearings are used for heavy radial and thrust loads. They are designed so that
all elements in the rolling surface and the raceways intersect at a common point on the axis: thus true
rolling is obtained. Where maximum system rigidity is required, the bearings can be adjusted for a
preload. They are available in double-row.
18. Spherical roller- these bearings are excellent for heavy radial loads and moderate thrust. Their
internal self-aligning feature is useful in many applications such as HVAC fans.
19. Straight-roller thrust bearing- these bearings are made of a series of short rollers to minimize the
skidding, which causes twisting of the rollers. They may be used for moderate speeds and loads.
20. Tapered-roller thrust bearing- it eliminates the skidding that takes place with straight rollers but
causes a thrust load between the ends of the rollers and the shoulder on the race. Thus speeds are
limited because the roller end and race flange are in sliding contact.
PAES 310: 2001
Journal Bearings for Agricultural Machines
Journal bearings are designed to support and mount rotating shafts. They are used in drives where
quietness in operation and rigidity is a requirement. Other advantages of journal bearings are low cost, less
space requirement, good capacity to absorb shock loading, and its life is generally not limited by fatigue.
1. Journal bearing, Sleeve bearing- a cylinder which surrounds the shaft and is filled with some form
of fluid lubricant.
2. Journal- the part of the rotating shaft , axle, roll or spindle that turns in a bearing.
3. Lubricant- a medium that supports the shaft preventing metal to metal contact.
4. Hydrodynamic bearings- in a hydrodynamic bearing, fluid is drawn into the region between the
moving parts of the bearing by virtue of its adhesion to the surfaces of the bearing and of its viscosity
and due to the shape of the bearing surfaces, pressure is generated within the fluid, which keeps the
bearing surfaces separated. In a fully hydrodynamic bearing therefore there is no contact between the
moving parts of the bearing, and theoretically no wear.
5. Hydrostatic bearings- in a hydrostatic bearing, the load is carried by fluid pressure generated
outside the bearing, unlike the hydrodynamic bearing where the load is sustained by fluid pressure
self-generated by the bearing. The essential requirement for hydrostatic lubrication is therefore that a
sufficient fluid pressure can be supplied and retained. It is not necessary that the working fluid shall

have viscosity or shall adhere to the bearing materials, or in fact that there shall be relative motion in
a bearing. A hydrostatic bearing will operate whether the bearing is rotating or not, so that this type
of lubrication is peculiarly suitable for cases where loads must be carried statically or with very slow
motion, and where low friction is required.
6. Boundary lubrication bearings- the essential requirements of a boundary lubrication system are
such that the lubricant shall wet the surfaces involved, and that the shapes and surfaces roughness
of these shall be such as to keep the load to acceptable peak values.
7. Dry bearings- operate without significant fluid film to separate the moving surfaces therefore low
friction materials, or materials impregnated with a lubricant, must be used.
PAES 311: 2001
BOLTS AND NUTS FOR AGRICULTURAL MACHINES
Bolts and nuts are used for fastening materials permanently or semi-permanently. The use of bolts
provides easy assembly and disassembly of a joint.
1. Fastener- a mechanical device designed specifically to hold, join, or maintain equilibrium of single
or multiple components.
2. Bolt- an externally threaded fastener designed for insertion through holes in assembled parts, and
normally tightened or released by torqueing a nut.
3. Nut- a block or sleeve having an internal thread designed to assemble with the external thread on a
bolt, screw, stud or other threaded part.
4. Nominal size- the designation used for the purpose of general identification; for external and internal
threaded fasteners nominal size usually is the basic major diameter of the thread; for unthreaded
fasteners, nominal size is usually the basic body diameter.
5. Length of fastener- the length of a headed fastener is the distance from the intersection of the largest
diameter of the head with the bearing surface to the extreme end of the fastener, measured parallel to
the axis of the fastener.
6. Right-hand thread- a thread which winds in a clockwise and receding direction from the starting
end, when viewed from that end
7. Left-hand thread- a thread which winds in a counterclockwise and receding direction from the
starting end, when viewed from that end.
8. Proof load- the specified load which the fastener must withstand without any indication of
permanent deformation after the load is released.
9. Pitch- the distance (in millimeters), measured parallel to the thread axis, between corresponding
points on adjacent thread forms in the same axial plane on the same side of the axis.
10. Major diameter- for a straight thread, this is the diameter of the imaginary cylinder bounding the
crest of an external thread or the root of an internal thread.
11. Minor diameter- for a straight thread, this diameter is the imaginary cylinder bounding the root of
an external thread or the crest of an internal thread.
12. Pitch diameter- for a straight thread, this is the diameter of the imaginary cylinder whose surface
groove equal.
PAES 312: 2001
RIVETS FOR AGRICULTURAL MACHINES
Rivets are used primarily for moderately loaded joints. Unlike screws, rivets are not precision items;
its main advantage is its high speed of assembly.

1. Rivet- a headed pin of metal used for uniting two or more pieces by passing the shank through a hole
in each piece and then by beating or pressing down the plain end so as to make a second head.
2. Nominal diameter- the diameter of the shank.
3. Nominal length (rivets other than countersunk or raised countersunk rivets) - the length from
the underside of the head to the end of the shank.
4. Nominal length (countersunk and raised countersunk head) - the distance from the periphery of
the head to the end of the rivet measured parallel to the axis of the rivet.
5. Lap-joint- a type of riveted joint wherein the plates overlap each other and are held together by one
or more rows of rivets.
6. Butt-joint- a type of riveted joint wherein the plates being joined are in the same plane and are
joined by means of a cover plate or butt strap which is riveted to both plates by one or more rows of
rivets.
7. Pitch- spacing between rivet centers.
8. Margin- the distance from the edge of the plate to the centerline of the nearest row of rivets.
9. Clinch allowance- allowance in length of rivet in order to turn over or flatten the protruding end.
PAES 313: 2001
SCREWS FOR AGRICULTURAL MACHINES
Screws are used for fastening materials permanently or semi-permanently. When mentioned in
contrast to bolts, screws are used without assembling with nuts.
1. Fastener- a mechanical device designed specifically to hold, join, or maintain equilibrium of single
or multiple components.
2. Screw- an externally threaded fastener capable of being inserted into holes in assembled parts, of
mating with preformed internal thread or forming its own thread, and of being tightened or released
by torqueing the head.
3. Nominal size- the designation used for the purpose of general identification; for external and internal
threaded fasteners nominal size usually is the basic major diameter of the thread; for unthreaded
fasteners, nominal size is usually the basic body diameter
4. Length of fastener- the length of a headed fastener is the distance from the intersection of the largest
diameter of the head with the bearing surface to the extreme end of the fastener, measured parallel to
the axis of the fastener; the length of a headless fastener is the distance from one extreme end to the
other in a line parallel to the axis
5. Right-hand thread- a thread which winds in a clockwise and receding direction from the starting
end, when viewed from that end
6. Left-hand thread- a thread which winds in a counterclockwise and receding direction from the
starting end, when viewed from that end.
7. Pitch- the distance (in millimeters), measured parallel to the thread axis, between corresponding
points on adjacent thread forms in the same axial plane on the same side of the axis.
8. Proof load- the specified load which the fastener must withstand without any indication of
permanent deformation after the load is released.
9. Major diameter- for a straight thread, this is the diameter of the imaginary cylinder bounding the
crest of an external thread or the root of an internal thread.
10. Minor diameter- for a straight thread, this diameter is the imaginary cylinder bounding the root of
an external thread or the crest of an internal thread.
11. Pitch diameter- for a straight thread, this is the diameter of the imaginary cylinder whose surface
groove equal.

PAES 314: 2002

WASHERS FOR AGRICULTURAL MACHINES
Washer applications include: increasing the bearing area, keeping fasteners tight, surface protection,
spanning an oversize clearance hole, sealing, electrical connection, and spring tension take-up devices.
1. Spring lock washer- General use. Used to produce a predetermined pressure on adjacent members
where sliding action is desired, or to serve as spring take- up in an assembly.
2. Conical spring washer- Used with screws to add take- up to screw elongation.
L- used for unhardened screws
H- used for hardened screws
3. Toothed lock washer- used with screws and nuts not only to effectively add spring take- up to the
screw elongation but to increase the frictional resistance under the screw hard or face nut.
4. Plain washer- provides bearing surface for a nut or screw head, covers large clearance holes, and
distribute fastener loads over large area, particularly on soft materials such as aluminum or wood.
PAES 315: 2002
PINS FOR AGRICULTURAL MACHINES
Pins offer an inexpensive and effective approach to assembly where loading is primarily in
1. Split- used as locking device for other fasteners. Used with a slotted nut on bolt, screws, or studs, it
provides a convenient, low-cost locknut assembly.
2. Taper, Taper w/ split- used for light-duty service in the attachment of wheels, levers and similar
components to shafts.
3. Parallel, Dowel- holding laminated sections together with surfaces either drawn up tight or separated
in some fixed relationship. Fastening machine parts where accuracy of alignment is a primary
consideration. Locking components on shafts.
4. Clevis w/ head, Clevis w/o head- Used in connecting mating yoke, or fork, and eye members in
knuckle-joint assemblies
PAES 316: 2002
METAL BARS, PIPES, AND TUBES
Metal bars, pipes and tubes are used for components, structural framing and mechanical elements
for agricultural machinery and structures.
1. Bar- long evenly shaped piece of solid metal.
2. Deformed bar- steel bar with lugs or protrusions called deformations.
3. Nominal diameter of deformed bar- diameter equivalent to the diameter of a plain round bar
having the same mass per meter.
4. Pipe- long hollow cylinder of specified thickness whose nominal size is approximated by the inside
diameter.
5. Tube- long hollow product of round or any other cross-section whose size is specified by the outside
dimensions.
PAES 317: 2002
METAL SHEETS AND PLATES
Sheets and plates are used for structural components for agricultural machinery and structures.
1. Aluminum and aluminum alloy sheet- rolled rectangular section of thickness over 0.15 mm up to
6.0 mm, with sheared, slit or sawn edges.
2. Galvanized steel sheet- galvanized flat or corrugated metal product cut to the standard or specified
length and has a nominal base metal thickness ranging from 0.20 mm to 1.6 mm and a flat width of
760 mm to 1,220 mm.

3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
NOTE: Sheets are available as coiled, with slit edges; or flat (flattened or leveled), with sheared, silt
or sawn edges.
Hot-rolled steel sheet- hot-rolled product supplied in cut lengths and produced by cutting from a coil
rolled on a continuous mill. It has a width of at least 600 mm and a nominal thickness of less than 3
mm. The edges of the sheet may be either trimmed or untrimmed.
Continuous hot-dip aluminum/zinc-coated steel sheet- product obtained by hot-dip coating steel
sheet coils on a continuous aluminum/zinc coating line to produce either coated coils or cut lengths.
Aluminum and aluminum alloy plate- rolled rectangular section of thickness greater than 6.0 mm
with either sheared or sawn edges.
Hot-rolled steel plate- hot-rolled product supplied in cut lengths and produced by cutting from a coil
rolled on a continuous mill. It has a width of at least 600 mm and a nominal thickness of 3 mm
minimum. The edges of the sheet may be either trimmed or untrimmed.
Galvanized commercial quality- flat sheet which is intended for general fabricating purposes where
it is used as such or for bending or moderate forming.
Galvanized lock-forming quality- sheet or coil which is intended for lock-seaming and other
similar applications and have better formability than commercial quality.
Galvanized drawing quality- sheet or coil which is intended for drawing or severe forming but
excluding deep drawing.
Proof stress- quotient of the load (when the specified permanent elongation occurs in a tensile test)
divided by the original cross-sectional area.
Ageing- term applied to changes in physical and mechanical properties of low carbon steel that occur
with the passage of time and adversely affect formability.
Deoxidation- removal of oxygen which causes oxidation of steel.
PAES 318: 2002

CLUTCHES, COUPLINGS, AND SPLINES FOR AGRICULTURAL MACHINES
Couplings are used to join lengths of shafting, which must often be sectionalized for practicability
and economy in manufacture and shipping or for purposes of ready installation. Clutches are couplings
which permits the disengagement of the coupled shafts during rotation. Splines are used for the transmission
of power from a shaft to hub or vice versa.
1. Friction clutches- are designed to reduce coupling shack by slipping during the engagement period.
They also serve as safety devices by slipping when the torque exceeds their maximum rating.
2. Centrifugal clutch- produces its torque by virtue of the centrifugal force of weights pressing against
the driving or frictionally driven member.
3. Cone clutch- the conical friction clutch consists of a frustum of a cone, so fitted to a shaft by means
of a feather key that it can be pushed into an opposite engaging surface rigidly attached to the other
shaft.
4. Positive clutches- are designed to transmit torque without slip, jaw clutches are the most common.
These are made with square jaws for driving in either directions, or spiral jaws for unidirectional
drive. These are used for slow-moving shafts, where sudden starting action is not objectionable and
where the inertia of the moving parts is relatively small.
5. Rigid couplings- are used when the shafts are virtually collinear and when they remain in a fixed
angular relation with respect to each other (except for angular deflection).
6. Clamp shaft coupling- is essentially a split and bolted sleeve coupling, proportioned to clamp firmly
on the shafts.

7. Flange face coupling- is commonly used in permanent installations for heavy loads and large sizes
and particularly for vertical drives, as agitators.
8. Flexible couplings- are designed to connect shafts which are misaligned either laterally or angularly.
A secondary benefit is the absorption of impacts due to fluctuations in shaft torque or angular speed.
9. Gear-type coupling- the hubs have integral external gear teeth, perhaps crowned, that mesh with
internal teeth in the casing through 360 as in a splined connection. Flexibility is obtained by play
between the teeth.
10. Oldham (double slider) coupling- eliminates the need for large clearances and the resultant noisy
backlash by providing a double-tongued central slider fitting between two flanges slotted at right
angles to each other.
11. Rubber-bushed coupling- the rubber-bushed coupling cushions by means of steel pins bolted
alternately to one flange and sliding in self-lubricated bronze bushings, rubber-cushioned in the
opposite flange. The construction permits free axial movement to accommodate motor end play and
is especially suited to damping shock and momentary overload. It also affords electrical insulation,
thus preventing such dangers as electrolysis in direct motor-driven pumps.
12. Roller chain flexible coupling- the two opposing hubs are made with integral sprockets over which
a double roller chain is fitted. The drive is through the chain. Flexibility is obtained by lateral play in
the fit of the chain over the sprocket teeth.
13. Rubber-flexible coupling- the torque is transmitted through a comparatively soft rubber in
compression. It is recommended where quietness is desired.
14. Universal joint- are used to connect shafts with much larger values of misalignment than can be
tolerated by the other types of flexible couplings.
15. Square splines- are employed in multiple-spline fittings having 4, 6, 10, or 16 splines.
16. Involute splines- are multiple keys in the general form of internal and external gear teeth, used to
prevent relative rotation of cylindrically fitted machine parts.
PAES 319: 2002
ENGINEERING PLASTICS
1. Plastic- synthetic organic material, including cellulose derivatives, with or without the incorporation
of fillers, binders, pigments, dyes, which is capable of being shaped more or less permanently by
casting or molding under increased temperatures and pressures.
2. Monomer- simple unpolymerized form of chemical compound.
3. Polymer- chemical compound with higher molecular weight consisting of a number of structural
units linked together by covalent bonds.
4. Copolymer- polymers consisting of more than one monomer.
5. Covalent- non-ionic chemical bond formed by stored electrons.
6. Thermoplastics- substances that melt on heating and are processes in this state by a variety of
extrusion and molding process.
7. Thermosets- substances that cannot be melted and remelted.
8. Service temperature- temperature at which the plastic can withstand without incurring a change in
its physical properties.
9. Acetals- provides high strength and stiffness while offering enhanced dimensional stability and ease
of machining. A semi-crystalline material, acetal also has a low coefficient of friction and good wear
properties-especially in wet environments. Because it absorbs little moisture, acetal demonstrates
excellent stability for close-tolerance machined parts. In high-moisture or submerged applications,
acetal bearings outperform nylon 4 to 1. This material is resistant to a wide range of chemicals,

10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
including many solvents. And it is available in a broad range of grades, with properties addressing
specific needs.
Acrylic- cast acrylic shall be made from virgin acrylic monomer and offers superior optical clarity
and light transmission. It shall not affected by sunlight; it resists aging; and it remains stable across a
wide range of temperature, moisture, and exposure conditions. It will not crack, craze, or corrode.
Cast acrylic is preferred for some industrial and commercial applications because of its optical
superiority over molded or extruded acrylic products. Cast acrylic can be machined or cemented and,
with standard equipment, will fabricate like wood, metal, or other plastics. It weighs half as much as
comparable glass and yet has good shatter resistance and durability.
Polyamide (Nylon) - also known as nylon is one of the most versatile and widely used thermoplastic
materials. Its physical properties and reasonable price combine to make it a popular choice for
numerous applications. It can replace steel, brass, bronze, aluminum, wood, and rubber, while
reducing noise, using less lubrication, and increasing gear life. Using standard metalworking
equipment, nylon can easily be machined and fabricated into precision parts.
Polycarbonate- is an amorphous thermoplastic with excellent dimensional stability and good
strength and stiffness over a wide range of service temperatures. It is often used for structural
applications when transparency and impact strength are essential-such as lenses, manifolds, site
glasses, and machine guards. Polycarbonate suits a wide variety of electrical applications as well,
because of its low moisture absorption, good insulation and excellent flammability
rating.
Polyethylene (Ultra High Molecular Weight) - for the purpose of this standard, only Ultra High
Molecular Weight (UHMW) from the different types of polyethylene shall be discussed. UHMWPE
is 1/8 the weight of mild steel but is high in tensile strength and as simple to machine as wood. Also
unlike steel, it reduces noise in many applications. It is an inexpensive alternative to metals,
ceramics, and wood because it is self-lubricating; long-wearing; and shatter-, abrasion-, and
corrosion-resistant. UHMWPE is well suited for applications that demand durability and low friction.
It causes no undesirable taste, smell, or discoloration, and it can be cleaned with water, steam,
detergents, or disinfectants. UHMW Polyethylene will withstand intermittent temperatures of up to
100 C (212 F), while at the same time being ideal for use in freezing lines.
Polypropylene- is noted for its light weight, being less dense than water; it is a polymer of
propylene. It resists moisture, oils, and solvents. Since its melting point is 121C (250F), it is used
in the manufacture of objects that are sterilized in the course of their use.
Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) - more popularly known as Teflon is based on chain of carbon
atoms, the same as all polymers. Given their good dynamic mechanical properties and sufficient
flexibility, PTFE and modified PTFE-based materials are ideally suited for use as dynamic seals and
bearings, even when the stress is extreme.
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) - is a thermoplastic that is a polymer of vinyl chloride. Resins of
polyvinyl chloride are hard, but with the addition of plasticizers a flexible, elastic plastic can be
made. This plastic has found extensive use as an electrical insulator for wires and cables.
PAES 320: 2002

WOOD-BASED PANELS
Wood-based panels shall be used as walls, floors, and ceiling for agricultural structures as well as
for machine structural purposes.
1. Exterior plywood- type of plywood intended for outdoor or marine uses, also known as Type I.
2. Face- surface of the plywood showing veneer of higher grade than that of the back side
NOTE: The terms face and back do not apply when the same grade or veneer is used on both sides of
the plywood.

3. Face-plywood- plywood faced with a material other than wood, such as metal or plastic.
4. Fiberboard- panel made of consolidated ligno-cellulosic fibers with the primary bond derived from
their inherent adhesive properties and/or the addition of resin or other materials.
5. Fiber-cement flat sheets- consist essentially of an inorganic hydraulic binder or a calcium silicate
binder formed by the chemical reaction of a siliceous material and a calcareous material reinforced
by organic fibers and/or inorganic synthetic fibers.
6. Interior plywood- type of plywood intended for inside use, having limited moisture resistance.
7. Lumber core- side board made up of well machined lumber strips properly dried and glued together.
8. Lumber core plywood, Ply board- plywood made up of face/back veneer, crossboard core veneer
and well composed kiln dried lumber core.
9. Panel- sheet of plywood.
10. Particle board- board principally made from wood chips and formed by hot press process with
adhesive.
11. Ply- stratum or layer used in referring to the successive layers of veneer in a panel
12. Plywood- assembled product made of layers of veneers and/or lumber core held together by an
adhesive, the chief characteristics of which is the alternate cross layers, distributing the longitudinal
wood strength
13. Class 1 (dry conditions)- this bonding class is appropriate for veneer plywood intended for use in
normal interior climates.
14. Class 2 (humid conditions)- this bonding class is appropriate for veneer plywood intended for
protected external applications (e.g. behind cladding or under roof coverings), but capable of
resisting weather exposure for short periods (e.g. when exposed during construction). It is also
suitable for interior situations where the service moisture condition is higher than the class 1 level.
15. Class 3 (exterior conditions)- this bonding class is designed for veneer plywood intended for
exposure to weather over sustained periods.
16. Standard fiberboard- a high density fiberboard without subsequent treatment generally intended for
interior use.
17. Tempered fiberboard- a high density fiberboard that has been specially treated with drying oil,
petroleum derivatives or other compounds stabilized by baking or heating, and generally intended for
the use where moisture resistance is required.
18. Smooth-one-side (S1S)- high density fiberboard with a smooth surface on one side and a screen
impression on the side.
19. Smooth-two-sides (S2S)- high density fiberboard with smooth surfaces on both sides.
20. Decorative- hardboard which has a pattern impressed on one surface, e.g. simulating some other
materials such as leather, sawali, wood grain, bark, diamond, fine weave, and others.
21. Perforated- usually S1S hardboard with holes punched or drilled at the factory for use with various
fixtures to provide decorative wall-mounted storage facilities or which may be used for acoustic
purposes.
22. Type A- type A sheets are intended for external applications where they may be subjected to the
direct action of sun and rain. They may be supplied coated or uncoated. These sheets are further
classified into three categories according to their modulus of rupture.
23. Type B- type B sheets are intended for internal and external applications where they will not be
subjected to the direct action of sun and rain. These sheets are further classified into five categories
according to their modulus of rupture

Definition of Terms

PAES 401: 2001

HOUSING FOR SWINE PRODUCTION
1. Boar- refers to a male breeding swine which is at least 8 months old
2. Creep area- place for piglets inside the farrowing pen
3. Culling rate- rate of removing undesirable or unproductive animals within the herd
4. Dry sows- unbred sows which have just been weaned; non-pregnant sows
5. Farrowing- act of giving birth in swine
6. Farrowing pen- area in which a sow is confined during farrowing and lactation periods, but in which
the sow can turn around
7. Farrowing stall, Farrowing crate- device in which a sow is confined during farrowing and lactation
periods and which prevents sow from turning around
8. Fattener swine raised for meat production usually starts at 15 kg
9. Finisher- swine which are 66 kg and up
10. Gilt- female swine that has not farrowed
11. Grower- swine from 40 to 65 kg
12. Litter- piglets born in one farrowing
13. Litter index, Farrowing index- average number of farrowings of one sow per year
14. Occupancy- number of days an animal stays in a pen
15. Sow- any breeding female pig that has farrowed
16. Weaner, Weanling- piglet that has been recently separated from its mother
17. One-unit system- in this system, the sows are removed when the piglets reach weaning age. The
pigs remain in the same building from farrowing until they reach the desired weight for slaughtering.
18. Two-unit system- the sows and piglets remain in the farrowing house until the piglets are weaned.
The weanlings are transferred to a growing-finishing house.
19. Three-unit system- the sows and piglets remain in the farrowing house until weaning. The
weanlings are moved to a nursery house and finally to a growing-finishing unit where they stay until
they are ready for slaughter.
20. Four-unit system- the sows and piglets remain in the farrowing house until weaning. After weaning,
piglets are moved to a nursery house, then to a growing house and finally to a finishing house until
they are ready for slaughter.
PAES 402: 2001
HOUSING FOR BROILER PRODUCTION
1. Brooder guard- materials that are placed around the brooder stoves to prevent the chicks from
straying too far away from the heat supply until they learn the source of heat
2. Brooding- process of supplying heat to the chicks after hatching up to the time that their natural heat
regulatory mechanisms becomes fully functional
3. Litter- material used as bedding for animals
4. Open-sided housing- long and narrow type of houses wherein at least one-half of the front and the
back of the house are open
5. Enclosed housing- house wherein inside conditions are maintained as near as possible to the birds
optimum requirements with the use of mechanical ventilation and artificial lighting
PAES 403: 2001
HOUSING FOR LAYER PRODUCTION
1. Litter- material used as bedding for animals

2. Litter type- type of flooring utilizing the most commonly available materials such as rice hull and
rice straw and wood shavings over the cemented floor
3. Slotted type- type of flooring with openings to facilitate cleaning of the droppings
4. Slot-litter type- combination of slotted and litter type flooring wherein slats cover 60% of the total
floor area and 40% is covered with litter
5. Community nest- large nesting boxes for 3 - 6 layers
PAES 404: 2001

HOUSING FOR GOAT AND SHEEP
1. Buck- mature male goat
2. Doe- mature female goat that has kidded
3. Dry doe- doe without milk
4. Kid- young goat under six months old of either sex
5. Ewe- mature female sheep that has already lambed
6. Lamb- sheep under six months of age
7. Ram- mature male sheep
8. Shed type- Animals can move freely in or out of the housing area and into the paddock or feeding
area. Feeding and watering trough, mineral feeders and grain bunks are located on concrete pads at
the center or along the side of the shed.
9. Stall barns- Each animal is confined in a stall. Stalls are provided with individual feeding and
watering trough
10. Confined housing- In confined housing, group pens for animals with the same sizes should be
constructed and provided with an ample area for exercise.
PAES 405: 2001
CATTLE FEEDLOT
1. Feedlot- area with its physical facilities used for cattle fattening
2. Bull- breeding male of any age
3. Calf- young male or female under one year of age
4. Cow- mature female that has already calved
5. Heifer- female between two to three years of age which has not given birth
PAES 406: 2001
CATTLE RANCH
1. Corral- enclosure for confining and handling livestock
2. Holding pen- pen for confining animals from the pasture
3. Crowding pen- pen used to funnel cattle into the working chute
4. Working chute- chute leading the cattle from the crowding pen to the holding chute/squeeze
5. Holding chute, Squeeze- use to restrain animals
6. Loading chute- chute used to load cattle from working chute or crowding pen to a vehicle
PAES 407: 2001
HOUSING FOR DAIRY CATTLE
1. Loose housing- animals are free to move between resting, feeding and watering areas
2. Calf- young male or female under one year of age
3. Cow- mature female that has already calved

4. Yearling- one to two year old cattle of either sex

5. Heifer- female between two to three years of age which has not given birth
6. Parturition- act of giving birth
PAES 408: 2001
CARABAO FEEDLOT
1. Feedlot- area with its physical facilities used for carabao fattening
2. Carabao- Philippine water buffalo or swamp buffalo.
PAES 409: 2002
MILKING PARLOR
1. Milking parlor- building or a portion of building where milking occurs but where no animals are
housed
2. Holding area- area provided to accommodate animals before milking
3. Back-out stall- type of stall where animals must back up to exit the stall
4. Walk-through- type of stalls that allows the animals to proceed directly forward after milking is
completed
PAES 410: 2000
LAIRAGE FOR SWINE, SMALL AND LARGE ANIMALS
1. Lairage- any premise or yard used for the confinement of animals awaiting to be slaughtered which
include unloading ramp, pens and detention pens
2. Small animals- refers to sheep, goat, and deer
3. Large animals- refers to catlle and carabao
4. Detention pen- separate compartment in the lairage used to confine sick or suspected animals
5. Loose type- animals are free to move in a pen while awaiting to be slaughtered.
6. Tie-up type- pugnacious animals are tied within the pen while awaiting to be slaughtered.
7. Slaughterhouse- any building or place used for killing of animals where the flesh is intended for
human consumption.
PAES 411: 2000
SLAUGHTERHOUSE FOR SWINE, SMALL AND LARGE ANIMALS
1. Slaughterhouse- any building or place used for killing of animals where the flesh is intended for
human consumption.
2. Stunning pen- compartment which is suitable for confining only one animal at a time while it is
being stunned and which is so constructed as to confine, without discomfort, to prevent any
substantial movement of the animal forward, backward or sideway.
3. Stunning- renders an animal insensible before it is killed.
4. Pithing- insertion of a rod or coiled wire through the hole in the skull of cattle made by the captive
bolt to destroy the brain and spinal cord to prevent reflex muscular action and possible injury to
operatives.
5. Sticking- severance of the major blood vessels in the neck or immediately anterior to the heart by
means of a knife and stuck shall be construed accordingly.
6. Bleeding- remove as much blood from the carcass as possible before further handling.
7. Scalding- lowering of animal into steam to prepare skin for dehairing.
8. Dehairing- removal of the hair of the carcass.
9. Gambrelling- suspending the carcass for particular operation.

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Singeing- cleaning the carcass by burning the hair.

Evisceration- process of removing the internal organs in the abdominal and thoracic cavities.
Dressing- preparation of carcass after evisceration, ready for storage or sale.
Splitting- dividing carcass into parts.
Carcass- all parts including viscera of slaughtered cattle, sheep, goats or swine that may be used for
human consumption.
Meat- edible part of the muscle of cattle, sheep, goats or swine.
Offal- part of internal organs of a slaughtered animal.
Green offal- digestive tract of ruminants such as the stomach, or the intestines which still contain
fecal matter.
Black offal- digestive tract of swine such as the stomach, or the intestines which still contain fecal
matter.
Detained meat- meat requiring further examination as declared by a veterinary inspector after
veterinary examination.
Condemned meat- meat which is unfit for human consumption as declared by a veterinary inspector
after veterinary examination.
Gut and tripe- black or green offal.
A slaughterhouse- slaughterhouse with required facilities and operational procedures to serve local
markets in the community.
AA slaughterhouse- slaughterhouse with required facilities and operational procedures to serve local
markets within the country.
AAA slaughterhouse- slaughterhouse with required facilities and operational procedures to serve
any market.
PAES 412: 2002

POULTRY DRESSING PLANT
1. Carcass- body of dressed birds.
2. Dressing- process composed of bleeding, defeathering, eviscerating, and from which the head,
shanks, crop, oil gland and other inedible parts are removed.
3. Offal- by-products, organs, glands and tissue other than meat of the food animal.
4. Evisceration- process of removing the internal organs in the abdominal and thoracic cavities
5. Shackling- process of restraining birds prior to slitting.
6. Trench drain- trough that collects the waste from a larger area and directs the flow to a drain
opening.
PAES 413: 2001
BIOGAS PLANT
1. Biogas plant- plant used to process animal wastes or manure to produce biogas and sludge consisting
of an inlet/mixing tank, digester, gas chamber and outlet/sludge tank
2. Integrated plant- biogas plant where the digester and gas chamber form one unit
3. Split-type plant- digester and gas chamber form separate units
4. Multi-digester plant- plant with series of digesters
5. Floating type- plant consisting of digester and a moving, floating gasholder that either float directly
in the fermenting slurry or in a separate water jacket
6. Fixed type- closed digester with an immovable, rigid gas chamber and a displacement pit
7. Balloon type- plant consisting of a heat-sealed plastic or rubber bag (balloon), combining digester
and gasholder

8. Collecting tank, Holding tank- chamber where manure and water are collected, stored and
separated from heavy and non- biodegradable materials before feeding them into the digester
9. Inlet pipe- serves as conveyor of the manure-water mixture or slurry from the mixing tank to the
digester
10. Digester, Biodigester, Bio-reactor, Anaerobic reactor- any water and air tight container designed
for the process of anaerobic microbiological degradation of organic matter into which the slurry is
introduced for digestion and methanization
11. Baffle board- division in the digester that prevent the slurry from premature exit into the
sludge/outlet tank
12. Stirrer, Mixer, Agitator- mechanical device inside the digester used to stir the slurry
13. Gas chamber- space inside or outside the digester for the collection and storage of biogas
14. Gasholder retainer- cantilever beam that holds the gasholder/movable cover in position at the
desired biogas pressure
15. Outlet pipe- serves as conveyor where the effluent or the slurry is forced out
16. Backfill- layer of compacted soil and gravel to support the digester wall
17. Loading rate- amount of slurry fed per unit volume of digester capacity per day
18. Substrate- organic material used to produce biogas
19. Seeding- adding or introducing anaerobic bacteria to the digester
20. Slurry- mixture of manure and water
21. Freeboard- difference in height between the digester wall and the filling line
22. Filling line- level of slurry when the digesters is at full load
23. Retention time- average period that a given quantity of slurry is retained in the digester for digestion
24. Toxic materials- materials that inhibit the normal growth of pathogens in the digester such as
mineral ions, heavy metals and detergents
25. Methanization, Digestion- processes that take place among the methanogens, non-methanogens and
substrates fed into the digester as inputs
26. Methanogens- anaerobic bacteria that act upon organic materials and in the process, produce biogas
27. Mesophilic temperature range- temperature range of 20 oC 40 oC where mesophilic bacteria
operates
28. Gas production rate- amount of biogas produced per day per cubic meter of slurry
29. Biogas- mixture of gas (composed of 50 to 70 percent methane and 30 to 40 percent carbon dioxide)
produced by methanogenic bacteria
30. Scum- layer of floating material (mainly fibrous) on the slurry
31. Sludge- settled portion or precipitate of the slurry; a mud-like, semi-solid mass
32. Effluent-residue that comes out at the outlet after the substrate is digested/processed inside the
digester
PAES 414- 1: 2002
AGRICULTURAL LIQUID WASTE
1. Aerobic- requires free oxygen
2. Agricultural liquid waste- consist of liquid waste and slurry resulting from the production of
livestock and poultry; and processing of crops, livestock and poultry
3. Anaerobic- presence of free oxygen is not required
4. Clean runoff- runoff not contaminated with manure such as runoff from roofs, grassed areas, drives
and other areas which are not animal alleys
5. Disinfection- process of killing all pathogenic microorganisms
6. Dissolved solids- part of total solids passing through the filter in a filtration procedure

7. Effluent- liquid waste, partially or completely treated, flowing out of a reservoir, basin, or
wastewater treatment plant
8. Facultative lagoons- lagoons that can function as aerobic or anaerobic depending on the
environment
9. Fixed solids- part of total solids remaining after volatile gases driven off at 600oC
10. Grit- non-biodegradable component of liquid waste composed of sand, gravel, cinders or other heavy
solid materials
11. Holding pond- storage where liquid waste is stored before final disposal
12. Influent- liquid that flows into a containing space
13. Lagoon- pit in the ground where liquid waste is stored to produce a higher quality effluent
14. Liners- system of clay layers and/or geosynthetic membranes used to contain leachate and reduce or
prevent contaminant flow to groundwater
15. Lot runoff- rainfall containing animal manure
16. Manure- accumulated moist animal excrement that does not undergo decomposition or drying; it
include feces and urine which may be mixed with bedding material, spilled feed or soil
17. Pathogenic microorganism- microorganism capable of causing diseases
18. Primary treatment- treatment that causes substances in liquid waste to readily settle or float
19. Secondary treatment- treatment used to convert dissolved or suspended materials into a form more
readily separated from the liquid waste being treated
20. Sludge- precipitate resulting from coagulation or sedimentation of liquid waste
21. Slurry- watery mixture of insoluble solid
22. Suspended solids- solids removed by filtration
23. Total solids- residue remaining after water is removed from waste material by evaporation
24. Volatile solids- part of total solids driven off as volatile gases when heated to 600oC
25. 5-day Bio-Chemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5 )- quantity of oxygen needed to satisfy biochemical
oxidation of organic matter in waste sample in 5 days at 20oC
PAES 414- 2: 2002
AGRICULTURAL SOLID WASTE- COMPOSTING
1. Agricultural solid waste- wastes resulting from the production and processing of crops and animals
or agricultural products, including manures with at least 20% solids, pruning and crop residues
wherever produced
2. Bulking agent- any item used to improve the compost structure and to increase porosity to allow
internal air movement
3. C:N ratio- weight ratio of carbon to nitrogen
4. Compost mix- mixture of an organic waste with amendment(s) or bulking agent(s) in the proper
proportions to promote aerobic microbial activity and growth and to achieve optimum temperatures
5. Composting- controlled decomposition of organic matter by micro-organisms, mainly bacteria and
fungi, into a humus-like product
6. Composting amendment- any item added to the compost mixture that alters the moisture content,
C:N ratio, or pH
7. Curing- process where fungi digest the carbons not degraded during composting and further stabilize
the nutrients
8. Disposal site- site where solid waste is finally discharged and deposited
9. Hazardous waste- solid waste or combination of solid waste which because of its quantity,
concentration, or physical, chemical or infectious characteristics may: cause, or significantly

contribute to an increase in mortality or an increase in serious irreversible, or incapacitating

reversible, illness
10. Leachate- shall refer to the liquid produced when waste undergo decomposition, and when water
percolate through solid waste undergoing decomposition; contaminated liquid that contains dissolved
and suspended materials
11. Storage- interim containment of solid waste after generation and prior to collection for ultimate
recovery or disposal
12. Windrow composting- involves the arrangement of compost mix in long, narrow piles or windrows
that are periodically turned to maintain aerobic conditions
PAES 415: 2001
GREENHOUSES
1. Greenhouse- structure that provide a reliable enclosure within which an environment favorable to
plant growth can be attained.
2. Ridge and furrow greenhouse, Gutter connected- method of greenhouse construction where
modular roof units are connected at the eave by a common gutter.
3. Cooling- removal of heat from the interior of the greenhouse.
4. Heating- addition of heat to the interior of the greenhouse from any energy source including the sun.
5. Shading- prevents excess solar radiation in the greenhouse.
6. Ventilation- process of exchanging air inside the greenhouse with outside air to control temperature,
humidity, oxygen or carbon dioxide levels.
7. Mechanical ventilation- ventilation of greenhouse using fans.
8. Natural ventilation- ventilation of greenhouse which occurs through controlled openings due to
natural pressure variations inside and outside the greenhouse.
PAES 416: 2002
PLANT TISSUE CULTURE LABORATORY
1. Tissue culture- growth of protoplasts, cells, tissues, shoot tips, roots, anthers, embryos, flowers and
meristems in a laboratory medium
2. Culture medium- any nutrient material prepared for the growth and cultivation plant tissue
3. Sterilization- process of making any material entirely free from living microorganism
4. Asepsis- condition that describes the freedom of plant materials, culture medium, confines of the
culture vessel from contaminating microorganisms
5. Incubation- subjecting of cultures to conditions favorable to the growth of the plant tissue
6. Laminar flow- flow air currents in which air currents do not intermingle
PAES 417: 2002
FRUIT AND VEGETABLE STORAGE
1. Controlled atmosphere storage- storage in an artificial atmosphere in which the proportion of
carbon dioxide and/or oxygen is precisely controlled
2. Bulk storage- produce is piled in room-sized bins, which exerts forces that must be resisted by the
building walls
3. Pallet bin storage- produce is placed in boxes or pallet bins which in turn are stacked in storage
room
4. Pallet- low portable platform made of wood or metal or plastic or in combination to facilitate
handling, storage, or transport of materials as a unit load using a forklift
5. Drip cooler- storage structure with continuously wetted walls

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Burlap- coarse cloth made of jute, flax or hemp

Air cooled- storage provided with good ventilation
Vapor barrier- materials used to prevent migration of moisture into a storage area
Cell pack- individual divisions in a carton formed by fiberboard dividers, each cell to contain one
fruit
10. Telescopic cartons- cartons in which the cover is separate and fits snugly over the bottom part.
PAES 418: 2002
PRIMARY PROCESSING PLANT FOR FRESH FRUIT AND VEGETABLE
1. Primary processing- product handling which include steps to make a harvested commodity more
suitable for manufacturers or consumers
2. Grading- process of classifying into groups according to a set of recognized criteria of quality and
size, each group bearing an accepted name and size grouping
3. Sizing- process of classifying into sizes according to criteria that may or may not be recognized or
accepted by the industry
4. Sorting- process of classifying into groups designated by the person classifying the produce either
according to a set of criteria or whatever criteria he may set
5. Air change ratio- ratio of the volume of air that enters a room to the volume of air of the empty
room
6. Inspection- process of determining whether the grade standards have been interpreted or enforced
properly by inspecting random samples usually of predetermined amount large enough to give an
indication of the correctness of the grading procedure
7. Packaging- process to ensure adequate protection and safe delivery of a product from the producer to
the ultimate consumer
PAES 419: 2000
WAREHOUSE FOR BAGGED STORAGE OF GRAINS
1. Warehouse- building used for storing paddy or rice and other grains in bags,
2. Bag storage- storing of paddy or corn kernels in bags usually made of jute (gunny) or polyethylene
and normally accommodates 44-50 kilos
3. Palay, Paddy, Rough rice- unhulled grain of Oryza sativa L., that is grain with the hull/husk
enclosing the grain
4. Fumigation- process of using chemicals to control insects in grains in a form of fumes
sample, wet basis
6. Dunnage, Pallet, Tarima- wooden frames used on concrete floors for stacking bags to prevent direct
contact between the grains and the floor
7. Aeration- moving of air through stored grains at low airflow rates (generally between 0.07 0.28
cubic meter per minute per ton) for purposes other than drying, to maintain or improve its quality
8. Block stacking- in this type, six blocks are formed to make standard stack of 9.14m x 6m size. Each
block is of the size 6m x 1.5m. In the block, one layer is put lengthwise and other breath-wise.
9. Chinese method- bagged grains with 14% moisture content or lower could be piled in Chinese
method. Sacks are piled side by side and one on top of the other over malathion sprayed wooden
pallets
10. Japanese method- bagged grains with moisture content of more than 14% are piled in this method.
This system of stacking provides ventilation space between bags and allows circulation of convective
air currents that provide a medium for heat dissipation

11. Criss-cross stacking- n this type bags are laid in complete length-wise or breath-wise tiers in
alternate layers systematically. The first layer will have 11 bags in 9.14m direction with 11 such
rows. The second layer of bags would be laid width-wise with 16 bags in 9.14m direction of stack
with 7 such rows.
PAES 420: 2002
FARM WORKSHOP AND MACHINERY SHED
1. Workshop- building for fabrication, repair and maintenance of tools, implements, equipment and
parts of structures and provides a place where tools, supplies and spare parts are stored
2. Machinery shed- area to protect machinery from weather, theft, vandalism and to allow easy
maintenance and adjustment of machines
3. Hazardous material- substances on farms that are highly flammable or poisonous
PAES 421: 2009
FARM TO MARKET ROADS (EARTH, GRAVEL, BITUMINOUS, CONCRETE)
1. Aggregates- granular material of mineral composition such as sand, gravel, shell, crushed and
uncrushed stone or lightweight materials
2. Backfill- the suitable material used to replace other materials removed during construction
3. Base course- the layer of aggregate, soil-treated aggregate, treated soil, or soil aggregate that rests
upon the Subbase or if no Subbase, upon the sub-grade. Treatment may include application of
chemical-based soil additives such as soil-stabilizers and/orany approved method
4. Borrow- the suitable material used for embankments
5. Bridge- structure, including supports, erected over a depression or an obstruction, such as water, a
highway, or a railway; having a roadway or track for carrying traffic or other moving loads; and
having an opening measured along the center of the roadway between faces of abutments, spring
lines of arches, or extreme ends of the opening for multiple box culverts or multiple pipes that are 60
inches or more in diameter and that have a clear distance between openings of not less than half of
the smallest pipe diameter
6. Clearing- removal and disposal of trees, vegetation or other unwanted materials from the ground
surface
7. Compaction- application of pressure to aggregates to result in a dense mass free of excessive voids.
Compaction minimizes settlement, decreases permeability and increases strength
8. Course- structural component of specified thickness. It may consist of one layer or more
9. Culvert- drainage structure that may or may not, directly support and that extends across and
beneath a highway street, driveway, alley, arterial, or other public way
10. Crushed gravel- product resulting from the mechanical crushing of gravel, with substantially all
fragments having at least one face resulting from fracture
11. Drainage- removal of water from the road area by the use of culverts, ditches, channels and other
several structures
12. Earthwork- operations connected with excavating and placing embankments with soil, earth or rock
13. Erosion control- protection of soil from disclosing by water, wind, or other agent
14. Excavation- act of cutting, digging, or scooping to remove material
15. Field density test- determination of the degree of compactness of the soil
16. Fill- the embankment material placed above natural ground line
17. Farm to market roads- access roads that connect major road arteries to the agricultural production
areas where farm produce are being mobilized and transported to the market by the farmers and
fishermen

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Grade- slope of a roadway, channel, or natural ground

Gradation- property of a soil which describes the distribution of size groups
Gradient- rate of increase or decrease in the level of the land, the slope expressed in percentage
Grading- preparation of the sub-grade, in line and elevation, for application of pavement materials
including base and surfacing materials
Grubbing- removal and disposal of trees, and other unwanted materials below the ground surface
Lane roadway- roadway, which is divided into two (2) or more clearly marked lanes for vehicular
traffic
Masonry- form of stone, brick, concrete block, concrete, or other similar building materials that have
been bonded together with mortar to form a structure
One-lane earth road- earth roadway, which one way is a clearly marked lane for vehicular traffic
One-lane gravel road- gravel roadway, which one way is clearly marked lane for vehicular traffic
One-lane asphalt pavement road- asphalt pavement roadway, which one way is clearly marked
lane for vehicular traffic
One-lane concrete road- concrete roadway, which one way is clearly marked lane for vehicular
traffic
Riprap- quarried stone especially selected, graded and placed to prevent erosion and
thereby preserve the shape of a surface, slope, or underlying structure
Road bed- graded portion of a highway between top and side slopes, prepared as a
foundation for the pavement structure and shoulder
Roadway- space/location/site intended to employ traffic consideration for the transport of
agricultural products
Road carriageway- travel way or crown portion of the roadway intended for the movement of
vehicles, exclusive of shoulders
Road carriageway width- lateral design width for one lane or two lanes strip of roadway
Roadway embankment- raised structure of soil, soil aggregate, sand or rock
Road shoulder- part of the roadway next to the traveled way or auxiliary lanes that provide lateral
support of base and surface courses and is an emergency stopping area for vehicles
Salvage materials- saving of different existing materials from the projects which are removed and
intended to be used in other construction
Specifications- written technical description of materials, equipment, construction systems,
standards, and workmanship that, in conjunction with the drawings, detail the requirements for
acceptable completion of the work
Structures- refer to the bridges, culverts, wall, buildings, foundations, water tanks, transmission
towers, cribbing, caissons or coffer dams, other similar features which may be encountered in the
work and are classified as structures
Subbase course- refers to the layer of the specified or selected materials of designated thickness in a
pavement structure immediately above the sub-grade and below the base course
Subgrade (earth road)- roadbed upon which the pavement structures is placed
Subgrade (gravel road)- upper portion of material which act as foundation Subbase course
Subgrade (bituminous, concrete road)- top surface of the roadbed upon which the pavement is
placed
Traffic- vehicular and non-vehicular movement along a route such as pedestrians, vehicles, animals,
etc.
Two-lane earth road- earth roadway, which two(2) ways are marked lanes for vehicular traffic
Two-lane gravel road- gravel roadway, which two (2) ways are marked lanes for vehicular traffic

48. Two-lane asphalt pavement road- asphalt pavement roadway, which two ways are marked lanes
for vehicular traffic
49. Two-lane concrete pavement road- concrete pavement roadway, on which two lanes are marked
for vehicular traffic
50. Turn-out section- a widened, unobstructed shoulder area, about 30 meters long, that may be used for
emergency purposes or allow slow-moving vehicles to pull out of the carriageway to give passing
opportunity to following or incoming vehicles
PAES 422 -1: 2012
POULTRY DRESSING/SLAUGHTERING PLANT (PART 1 SMALL SCALE)
1. Carcass- body of slaughtered poultry animal after defeathering, evisceration, and removal of head
and feet
2. Cove- concave molding that joins wall and ceiling or floor or another wall
3. Defeathering, Plucking- process of removing feathers from the skin of the poultry animal after
scalding to prepare its meat for food
4. Dressing, Slaughtering- process composed of stunning, slitting and bleeding, defeathering,
eviscerating from which head, shanks, crop, oil gland and other inedible parts are removed
5. Evisceration- process of removing the internal organs on the abdominal and thoracic cavities
6. Giblet- edible offals
7. Kill floor- slaughtering area
8. Offal- by-products, organs, glands and tissue other than the meat of the dressed poultry
9. Poultry- group of poultry animals that are mostly domesticated for their eggs, meat and/or feathers
(e.g. chicken, geese, turkeys, ducks and ostriches)
10. Poultry dressing/slaughtering plant- any premises and building established for poultry
dressing/slaughtering which include cut up processes to prepare poultry meat, parts, and products for
human consumption
11. Scalding- subjecting poultry into steam or hot water to loosen feathers from its skin prior to
defeathering
12. Trench drain- trough that collects waste from a larger area and directs the flow to a drain opening
13. Vermin- animal species regarded as pests
PAES 422- 2: 2012
POULTRY DRESSING/SLAUGHTERING PLANT (PART 2 LARGE SCALE)
1. Carcass- body of slaughtered poultry animal after defeathering, evisceration, and removal of head
and feet
2. Cove- concave molding that joins wall and ceiling or floor or another wall
3. Defeathering, Plucking- process of removing feathers from the skin of the poultry animal after
4. Dressing, Slaughtering- process composed of stunning, slitting and bleeding, defeathering,
eviscerating from which head, shanks, crop, oil gland and other inedible parts are removed
6. Giblet- edible offals
7. Kill floor- slaughtering area
8. Offal- by-products, organs, glands and tissue other than the meat of the dressed poultry
9. Poultry- group of poultry animals that are mostly domesticated for their eggs, meat and/or feathers
(e.g. chicken, geese, turkeys, ducks and ostriches)

10. Poultry dressing/slaughtering plant- any premises and building established for poultry
dressing/slaughtering which include cut up processes to prepare poultry meat, parts, and products for
human consumption
11. Scalding- subjecting poultry into steam or hot water to loosen feathers from its skin prior to
defeathering
12. Trench drain- trough that collects waste from a larger area and directs the flow to a drain opening
13. Vermin- animal species regarded as pests

Definition of Terms

PAES 501: 2007

HOG RESTRAINER- SPECIFICATIONS
1. Counterweight- piece of mass that has a weight almost equal to that the of the entrance gate attached
at one end of the cable that acts as operating lever of the vertical entrance gate
2. Counterweight guide- keeps the counterweight in its line of motion
3. Discharge wall- part of the restrainer which can be tilted on one side, known as dumping side, to
release hog after stunning
4. Drop floor- flooring of the hog restrainer designed to suspend the hog during disengagement
5. Drop floor lever- lever used to reset drop floor
6. Dump lever- opens the dumping side wall of the restrainer to release the hog from the restrainer
7. Entrance gate- opening that allows livestock access into the restrainer
8. False floor- solid floor at the bottom of the automatic restrainer for the animals to walk down to the
entrance ramp
9. Floor lock- keeps the drop floor in its locked position
10. Hydraulic cylinder- mechanical device used to give a linear force through a linear stroke using the
energy of the hydraulic fluid under pressure
11. Pneumatic cylinder- mechanical device which produces force, often in combination with
movement, and are powered by compressed gas (typically air)
12. Restrainer- slaughterhouse equipment used to secure and restrict the body movements of the animal
in upright position prior to stunning
13. Stroke- length of displacement of the cylinder rod which is equivalent to the length of the rod in the
cylinder in its extended position less the length once retracted
14. Stunner- device that is used to make an animal unconscious prior to sticking and bleeding
15. Stunning- process of rendering an animal unconscious prior to sticking and bleeding
16. Manually operated- type of hog restrainer that has a dump lever
17. Semi-automatic- type of hog restrainer that uses compressed fluid to actuate movements of
discharge wall by cylinder actuation
18. Hydraulic type- makes use of pressurized hydraulic fluid such as oil or water as source of power to
actuate movements
19. Pneumatic- makes use of compressed gas such as air as source of power to actuate movements
20. Automatic- type of hog restrainer that uses conveyor system for moving, restraining, stunning and
dumping the animal to the sticking and bleeding area
PAES 502: 2007
HOG RESTRAINER- METHODS OF TEST
1. Bore- diameter of the piston inside the cylinder
2. Breed- species of hog used as test material
3. Bruises- physical damages or wounds on the skin of the test hog caused by the restraining equipment
4. Dumping angle- optimum angle that the discharge wall can tilt measured from its initial position up
to its dumping position
5. Dumping position- position of the discharge wall that allows discharge of stunned hog from the
restrainer
6. Dumping time- time it takes the semi-automatic restrainer to tilt the discharge wall
7. Girth- measurement around the hogs body just behind the forelegs that is used to compute for the
estimated weight of the hog in the absence of the scale
8. Live weight- weight of hog prior to slaughter

PAES 503: 2007
HOG ELECTRIC STUNNER- SPECIFICATIONS
1. Blood splash- blood spots or clots formed on the muscle tissue
2. Conveyor restrainer- type of hog restrainer that uses conveyor system for moving, restraining,
stunning and dumping the animal to the sticking and bleeding area
3. Hot wanding- charging of the electric prods prior to application of stunner
4. Knurling- a series of small ridges or grooves on the surface or edge of the prods to improve contact
during application of the electric stunner
5. Prod- tip of the electric stunner to which the revolving spur is attached
6. Restrainer- slaughterhouse equipment used to secure and restrict the body movements of the animal
in upright position prior to stunning
7. revolving spurs- spiked wheel attached to the head-only type electric stunner used to improve
contact with the head of the animal to be stunned
8. Stunner- device that is used to make an animal unconscious prior to sticking and bleeding
10. Head-only type- type of electric stunner that allows current to pass through the brain of the hog
rendering the animal unconscious
11. Head-to-back type- type of electrical stunner in which one of the prods is positioned on the head
and the other prod is positioned on the body of the hog
12. Automatic / Head-to-foreleg type- type of electric stunner integrated in the conveyor restrainer
wherein the electrodes are made in contact with the forehead and forelegs of the animal
PAES 504: 2007
HOG ELECTRIC STUNNER- METHODS OF TEST
1. Blood splash- blood spots or clots formed on the muscle tissue
2. Stunning effectivity- ratio of the total number of hogs stunned successfully to the total number of
hogs expressed in percent (%)
3. Stunning performance- ratio of the total number of hogs that did not die immediately after stunning
to the total number of hogs stunned expressed in percent (%)
4. Vocalization- animal sound such as squealing in pigs
PAES 505: 2007
HOG SCALDER- SPECIFICATIONS
1. Boiler- a vessel to which water, fuel and air are supplied and in which steam is generated

2. Dehairing machine, Dehairer- mechanical assembly equipped with rotating flexible paddles used in
removing hair from animal carcass after scalding
3. Release cradle- part of the scalder that is used to remove hogs from the scalder
4. Scalder, Scalding tank- slaughterhouse equipment that can contain water which is heated to loosen
the animals hair from the follicles
5. Scalding- process of subjecting an animal to heated water to loosen animals hair from its follicles
6. Schedule- refers to the standard wall thickness of the commercially available pipe which is relative
to the applied pressure and material strength
7. Solenoid valve- an electromechanical valve used to automatically shut off or open steam line in hog
scalder
8. Thermostat- device used to automatically control and to keep temperature within the required
settings
9. Steam heated scalder- type of hog scalder wherein water is directly heated by using steam which
passes through perforated pipes
10. Gas heated scalder- type of hog scalder wherein water is heated by using a burner
11. Solid fired scalder- type of hog scalder wherein water is heated by using biomass fuels such as
coconut shell, saw dust, firewood and rice hull fed into the furnace to be burned
12. Vertical scalder- type of hog scalder usually integrated in automated slaughterhouses wherein hogs
are scalded while being hung on the overhead railing. The vertical scalder makes use of spray heads
connected to the boiler to spray hot water throughout the body of the hog
PAES 506: 2007
HOG SCALDER- METHODS OF TEST
1. Perforation interval- distance measured from the center of one pipe perforation to the center of the
adjacent perforation
2. Rib interval- distance between the ribs of the release cradle
3. Release angle- optimum angle that the release cradle can swing
PAES 507: 2007
DEHAIRING MACHINE- SPECIFICATIONS
1. Carcass- body of any slaughtered animal after bleeding and dressing
2. Dehairing- removal of hair from the skin of an animal after scalding as part of the process of
preparing its meat for food
3. Dehairing capability- maximum weight of hog a machine is capable of dehairing per loading,
expressed in kilograms
4. Dehairing efficiency- ratio of amount of hair removed and the total amount of hair, expressed in
percent
5. Dehairing machine, Dehairer- mechanical assembly equipped with rotating flexible paddles used in
removing hair from animal carcass after scalding
6. Dehairing shaft- high-grade solid steel shaft where scraper paddles are rigidly fastened
7. Dehairing wheel, Star wheels- circular bar with radial arms where scraper paddles are attached
8. Gambrelling table- table used to receive and prepare dehaired carcass before suspending
9. J bar- ribbed mechanism that resembles a J- shaped structure that serves as support of the
carcass during dehairing and also used in unloading dehaired hog
10. Scalding- subjecting animal into steam or hot water to prepare skin for dehairing
11. Scraper blade- slightly bent steel material attach to the scraper paddle that is used to directly remove
the hair

12. Scraper paddle- resilient flexible rectangular block-shaped rubber which serves as a base material
for the scraper blade
13. Scraper paddle assembly- composed of three (3) or more paddles with blades attached altogether
14. With dehairing wheel- star wheels are present in the dehairing shaft where three to ten scraper
paddles can be mounted
15. Without dehairing wheel- dehairing paddles are directly mounted to the dehairing shaft
16. Horizontal- dehairing shaft is oriented horizontally where dehairing paddles are attached radially
17. Vertical- dehairing shaft is oriented vertically where suspended hogs enter the dehairing chamber
PAES 508: 2007
DEHAIRING MACHINE- METHODS OF TEST
1. Dehairing rate- number of hogs dehaired per unit time, expressed in heads per hour
2. Dehairing time- actual time of dehairing a single hog, expressed in seconds
3. Discharge height- measurement of the highest position of the J-bar during loading from the base of
the machine
4. Effective dehairing height- measurement of the bottom of the J-bars holding chamber from the
base of the dehairing machine
5. Effective dehairing width- actual width of the dehairing mechanism measured from both end sides
of dehairing paddle parallel to the dehairing shaft
6. Evisceration- removal of the internal organs or entrails of an animal
7. Gambreling table- table used before suspending the carcass for particular operation
8. Hair density- number of hair present per unit area, expressed in hair per square centimeter
9. Live weight- weight of the hog prior to slaughter
10. Overall height- measurement from the topmost point to the base of the machine
11. Overall length- measurement from both sides of the dehairing machine parallel to the discharge side
including the protruding parts such as the J-bar lever, motor, etc.
12. Overall width- measurement of the receiving side of the J-bar to the discharge side in its normal
position
13. receiving height- measurement of the maximum height of the J-bar, in receiving position, from the
base of the machine
PAES 509: 2007
SPLITTING SAW FOR HOG CARCASS- SPECIFICATIONS
1. Backbone- vertebral column of an animal
2. Blade guard- safety cover for cutting mechanism
3. Blade holders- holding mechanism for hand saw that tightens and keeps the blade in a vertical
position
4. Blade teeth- small sharp points along the cutting side of the saw
5. Cutting blade- blade of a saw with a small, sharp metal teeth along the cutting edge
6. Drive shaft- mechanism that delivers rotating motion from the motor to the cutting blade
7. Gripping handle- part of the machine that provides friction against the hand, reducing the gripping
force needed to achieve a reliable grip
8. Gullets- spaces between each segment of the blade to provide cooling and slurry removal
9. Hanger mounting bracket- part of the saw used for suspending the entire machine, such that the
hanger mounting bracket is located at the center of gravity of the machine
10. Main frame- body of the splitting saw
11. Percent splitting efficiency- percent of actual work used during splitting operation

12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
Rotary saw, Circular saw- machine with rotating circular blade used for cutting material
Splitting rate- number of hog carcass split per hour, expressed in head/h
Splitting saw- tool with a metal blade designed to cut the backbone of hog carcass
Tooth pitch- spacing between the blade teeth, expressed in teeth per inch (TPI)
Electric system- splitting saw that makes use of electrical energy to drive a mechanical load
Hydraulic system- splitting saw that makes use of liquid under pressure to drive a mechanical load
Pneumatic system- splitting saw that makes use of pressurized air to drive a mechanical load
PAES 510: 2007

SPLITTING SAW FOR HOG CARCASS- METHODS OF TEST
1. Blade speedlinear displacement of the blades teeth per unit time, expressed in millimeter per second
2. Bone dust- particles of bone accumulated during cutting
3. Cutting depth- depth of cut by the splitting saw through the backbone, expressed in millimeter
4. Cutting speed- speed of cutting through the backbone, expressed in seconds
5. Dimension- the physical measurement of an object as described by its length, width, height and
thickness
6. Overall length- measurement of the splitting saw in its maximum extended position from both ends
parallel to the blade and its handle
7. Overall width- measurement of the splitting saw from one side to the other side and perpendicular to
its blade including the motor case as in the case of an electric motor type
8. Percent splitting efficiency- amount of energy delivered by the splitting saw relative to the total
energy input, expressed in percent
9. Splitting rate- number of hogs split per unit time, expressed in heads per hour
10. Splitting time- actual time of splitting a single hog, expressed in seconds
PAES 511: 2007
OVERHEAD RAIL SYSTEM FOR HOGS- SPECIFICATIONS
2. Corbel- horizontal protruding rectangular block from the column of the building that gives support
to the main rail frame
3. Gambrel- horizontal supporting bar where carcass is attached through incision in the hind feet
4. Hog side- separate half of the split hog
5. Hog trolley frame- yolk-like flat steel bar where trolley wheel is mounted
6. Hoist- device used for lifting or lowering a load by means of a drum or lift-wheel around which rope
or chain wraps
7. Moving load capacity- maximum load capacity of a rail track in a 1000 mm distance, expressed in
kg
8. Overhead rail- suspended solid steel track used to hang and/or convey carcasses
9. Overhead rail frame- solid horizontal metal beam where rail track is securely fastened
10. Rail hanger/bracket- steel material that supports and holds the rail track suspended from the
overhead rail frame
11. Rail height- height of rail measured from top of the rail to the floor
12. Rail scale- electronic weighing device integrated to an overhead rail system
13. Rail spacing- center to center distance or spacing between railings measured horizontally
14. Rail switch- mechanical retracting rail that allows change in direction of trolley
15. Rail track, Rail- conveyor track where trolleys are hanged and allowed to roll
16. Retained rail- rail branch where suspected carcass is diverted for further inspection

17. Shackle chain, Shackle- solid metal chain used to tie or hold the hog through the feet for lifting
18. Suspected carcass- condition wherein the final judgment of the carcass cannot be ascertained and
would therefore require further inspection and/or examination
19. Track size/ diameter- specified dimensions of track rail, expressed in millimeters
20. Trolley- suspended metal carrier assembly with one (1) or two (2) wheels and a hook used to carry
or transport carcass
21. Trolley pin- a shafting or a spindle that holds the trolley wheel in its frame
22. Trolley swivel- circular steel bar hook attached at the lower end of the trolley that allows rotation of
the suspended hogs
23. Trolley wheel- circular pulley-like steel material that rolls freely on the rail
24. Power source- movement of trolleys along the rail shall depend on the power drive.
25. Manually operated- manual pushing/pulling or gravitational force allows the trolley to slide on the
overhead rail, which usually start in the gambrelling point.
26. Semi-mechanized- operation of the railing system is not continuous such that only selected portion
of the slaughtering process is mechanized (i.e. elevator and lowerator).
27. Mechanized- operation of the railing system is continuous at a constant speed of travel.
28. Monorail track- overhead railing consists of one-rail track for trolleys
29. Double-Rail Track- two-rail tracks are provided for each trolley. Normally, an I-shaped beam is
used for this type of rail
30. Rectangular- rail- a rectangular-shaped track, using rectangular bar
31. Cylindrical- rail- a cylindrical-rail track using round bar or tubular material
PAES 512: 2007
OVERHEAD RAIL SYSTEM FOR HOGS- METHODS OF TEST
1. Breed- species of hog used as test material
2. Hanger/ Bracket spacing- horizontal distance between rail hangers
3. Live weight- weight of hog prior to slaughter
4. Moving load capacity- maximum load capacity of a rail track in a 1000 mm distance, expressed in
kg
5. Overall length- measurement from both ends of the entire track/rail
6. Radius of curvature, Radius- distance of a circle or curve to its center
7. Rail slope- measurement of upward or downward inclination of the rail track from a reference
horizontal plane
8. Rail track spacing- center to center distance or spacing between railings measured horizontally
PAES 513: 2008
STUNNING BOX/ KNOCKING PEN- SPECIFICATIONS
1. Chin lift- part of the head gate which positions the head of the animal to facilitate stunning
2. Discharge gate- part of the stunning box which opens to release the animal after stunning
3. Entrance gate- part of the stunning box where the animal enters
4. Head gate- part of the stunning box which secures the head in restraining the animal
5. Large ruminants- hoofed animals having rumen as part of their stomachs such as cattle, carabao and
buffalo
7. Stunning box, Knocking pen- slaughterhouse equipment used to restrain the animal to facilitate
stunning
8. Tail pusher- part of the stunning box which pushes the animal forward towards the head gate

9. Upright type- type of stunning box that resembles a small cage with open top and has a side gate for
removal of stunned animal
10. Rotating type- type of stunning box that has adjustable side walls and back rest that supports the
body of the animal during flipping
PAES 514: 2008
STUNNING BOX/ KNOCKING PEN- METHODS OF TEST
1. Live weight- weight of animal prior to slaughter
2. Overall height- measurement from the highest point of the stunning box to its base
3. Overall length- measurement from the entrance gate of the stunning box to the opposite end of the
equipment including all the protruding parts (e.g. chin lift)
4. Overall width- measurement between the outer side of the walls of the stunning box
5. Rotating angle- angle measured from the restraints initial upright position to inverted position
6. Rotating time- total time spent to rotate the restraint from its upright position to inverted position
7. Vocalization- animal sound such as bellowing in cattle
PAES 515: 2008
CAPTIVE BOLT- SPECIFICATIONS
1. Blank cartridge, Powerload- type of cartridge used in captive bolt that contains gunpowder but
without bullet
2. Bolt- metal rod that extrudes from the captive bolt
3. Bullet, Round- solid projectile made of metal (usually lead) propelled by a firearm or a gun
4. Captive bolt- stunner that uses kinetic energy to project bolt into the forehead of the animal to render
it unconscious.
5. Cartridge- metallic case containing the bullet, gunpowder and the primer
6. Stunning- process of rendering an animal unconscious
7. Stunning box, Knocking pen- slaughterhouse equipment used to restrain the animal to facilitate
stunning
8. Pistol type- captive bolt that resembles a pistol or a gun
9. Cylinder type- captive bolt that resembles a cylindrical tube
10. Cartridge type- type of mechanical stunner that uses blank cartridge explosion to propel the captive
bolt into the forehead of the animal
11. Pneumatic type- type of mechanical stunner that uses compressed air supplied by a compressor
instead of cartridge explosion to propel the captive bolt into the forehead of the animal
12. Penetrating- type of captive bolt that drives a concaved bolt tip to penetrate the skull of the animal
to severe the brain
13. Non- penetrating- type of captive bolt that drives a mushroom-shaped bolt head against the forehead
of the animal that causes concussion on the cranium and the brain without penetrating the skull
PAES 516: 2008
CAPTIVE BOLT- METHODS OF TEST
1. Caliber- measure of the bullets diameter relative to the bore of the firearm
2. Extraction length- total length of the bolt measured from the muzzle of the captive bolt to the tip or
head of the bolt
3. Insensibility- state of an animals response specifically to pain
4. Overall length- total length of the captive bolt measured from the bolt head or tip to the opposite end
of the equipment including all protruding parts

5. Overall weight- total weight of the captive bolt assembly excluding the blank cartridge or powerload
and hose
6. Stunning efficacy- ratio of the number of animals stunned successfully with single application to the
total number of animals stunned, expressed in percentage
7. Vocalization- animal sound such as bellowing in cattle
PAES 517: 2008
OVERHEAD RAIL SYSTEM FOR LARGE RUMINANTS- SPECIFICATIONS
1. Bleeding- process of removing the blood from the animal before further handling
3. Carcass side- separate half of the split carcass
4. Corbel- horizontal protruding rectangular block from the column of the building that gives the
support to the main rail frame
5. Dehiding- process of removing the skin of the animal
6. Evisceration- process of removing the internal organs from the carcass
7. Hoist- device used for lifting or lowering a load by means of a drum or liftwheel
8. Large ruminants- whom animal having rumen as part of its stomach such as cattle, carabao and
buffalo
9. Lowerator- motorized or hydraulic device that allows gradual descent of carcass along the rail
10. Moving load capacity- maximum load capacity of rail expressed in kilogram per linear length
11. Overhead rail- suspended solid steel track used to hang and/or convey carcasses in slaughtering
operation
12. Overhead rail frame- solid horizontal beam preferably metal where rail track is securely fastened
through the rail hanger
13. Rail hanger, Bracket- supports and holds the rail tracks suspended from the overhead rail frame
14. Rail height- distance measured from top of the rail to the finish floor line
15. Rail spacing- center to center distance space between parallel rail tracks
16. Rail switch- switch mechanism that allows change in direction of trolley
17. Rail track, Rail- conveyor track where trolleys are hanged and allowed to roll
18. Retained carcass rail- rail branch where suspected carcass is diverted for further inspection
19. Shackle chain, Shackle- solid metal chain used to hold and hoist the animal through the hind leg
20. Splitting- cutting or dividing the carcass into half through its backbone
21. Spreader- horizontal supporting bar used for separating the hind legs of hung animal to a distance
suitable for evisceration and splitting processes
22. Stopper- auxiliary part of the overhead rail system used to halt the trolley to slide on the rail tracks
during operations.
23. Suspected carcass- condition wherein the final judgment of the carcass cannot be ascertained and
would therefore require further inspection and/or examination
24. Track scale- electronic weighing device integrated to an overhead rail system
25. Track size, Track diameter- specified dimensions of rail track, expressed in millimeters
26. Trolley- suspended metal carrier assembly with one (1) or two (2) wheels and a hook used to carry
or transport carcass
27. Trolley frame- flat bar of non-corrosive materials that holds the trolley wheel, swivel and hook
together
28. Trolley hook- round stainless steel bar shaped into hook where the carcass is hung
29. Trolley pin- shafting or a spindle that holds the trolley wheel in its frame

30. Trolley swivel- round stainless steel bar hook attached at the lower end of the trolley frame that
allows rotation of the suspended carcass
31. Trolley wheel- steel pulley-like part of the trolley that rolls freely on the rail
32. Power source- movement of carcass on trolley along the rail shall depend on the power drive.
33. Manually operated- slight manually pushing/pulling animal/carcass on the trolley to move on the
overhead rail system.
34. Semi-mechanized- mechanized operations are only applied on selected portion of the slaughtering
process (i.e. elevator and lowerator).
35. Mechanized- fully-mechanized overhead railing system that operates continuously at a constant
speed of travel.
36. Monorail track- overhead railing that consists of one-rail track.
37. Double- rail track- two-rail track (normally, I-beam) are provided for two wheel trolley.
38. Rectangular rail- a rail using rectangular bar for its track.
39. Cylindrical rail- a rail using tubular or round bar material for its track.
PAES 518: 2008
OVERHEAD RAIL SYSTEM FOR LARGE RUMINANTS- METHODS OF TEST
1. Bending, Flexural stress- stress caused by bending moment at a given point in the beam supporting
the overhead rail system
2. Fracture- deformation caused by excessive stress applied to the overhead rail system
3. Hanger/bracket spacing- horizontal distance between rail hangers
4. Live weight- weight of animal prior to slaughtering
5. Moving load capacity- maximum load capacity of overhead rail system in one (1) meter distance,
expressed in kilogram
6. Overall length- distance of the entire track
7. Sagging- failure due to elastic instability of the overhead rail system
8. Speed reduction- ratio of the speed of conveyor without load to the speed of conveyor with load,
9. Rail slope- ratio of the change in rail height to the change in horizontal distance, expressed in
percent
10. Rail spacing- center to center distance between parallel rail tracks
11. Tensile stress- average normal stress at any point on the cross sectional area of the overhead rail
system
PAES 519: 2008
DEHIDER- SPECIFICATIONS
1. Air motor assembly- part of the handheld flayer that contains the air motor which actuates the
movement of the blades by allowing air flow supplied by an air compressor
2. Blade assembly- part of the handheld flayer that is composed mainly by two blades that move in
countermotion
3. Dehider- slaughterhouse equipment used to remove the skin from the body of the animal
4. Hide- skin separated from the animals body
5. Hide clamp- part of the roller drum in vertical puller to which the hide is hooked prior to pulling
6. Roller drum- part of the vertical puller which rolls and pulls the hide to separate it from the carcass
7. Handheld flayer- type of dehider that is equipped with cutting blades attached to the air motor
assembly aided by an air compressor

8. Hide puller- type of dehider that makes use of roller drum and/or cylinders to pull the hide of the
animal away from the body.
9. Vertical puller- type of hide puller that uses roller drum, which is connected to an electric motor, to
pull the hide away from the animals body
10. Side puller- type of hide puller that makes use of actuating cylinders, either pneumatic or hydraulic,
to facilitate the pulling of hide away from the animals body
PAES 520:2008
DEHIDER- METHODS OF TEST
1. Blade clearance- distance between two blades in the blade assembly
2. Dehiding time- average time consumed to totally dehide the animal
3. Live weight- weight of animal prior to slaughter
4. Overall height- measurement from highest point of the hide puller to its base
5. Overall length- measurement between the longer side of the dehider including all protruding parts
6. Overall width- measurement between the shorter side of the dehider including all protruding parts
PAES 521: 2008
SPLITTING SAW FOR LARGE RUMINANTS- SPECIFICATIONS
1. Backbone- refers to the vertebral column of an animal
2. Blade guard- safety cover for the blade of the splitting saw
3. Blade speedlinear displacement of the blade teeth per unit time, expressed in millimeter per second
4. Blade teeth- small sharp points along the cutting side of the saw
5. Cutting blade- blade of saw with small, sharp metal teeth along the cutting edge
6. Gripping handle- part of the machine that provides friction against the hand
7. Hanger mounting bracket- part of the saw located at the center of gravity used for suspending the
entire machine
8. Linear speedlinear displacement of the rotating blade at a given time, expressed in meter per
second
9. Main frame- body of the splitting saw
10. Splitting- cutting or dividing the carcass into equal halves
11. Splitting saw- machine with a metal blade designed to divide carcasses
12. Pitch- spacing between the blade teeth, expressed in teeth per inch (TPI)
13. Circular saw- mechanical splitting saw with circular blade.
14. Band saw- mechanical splitting saw with blade consisting of long, narrow, flexible band of toothed
metal.
15. Reciprocating saw- mechanical splitting saw in which the cutting action is achieved through a
forward and backward movement of the blade.
16. Electric- splitting saw that makes use of electrical energy to drive a mechanical load
17. Hydraulic- splitting saw that makes use of liquid under pressure to drive a mechanical load
18. Pneumatic- splitting saw that makes use of pressurized air to drive a mechanical load
PAES 522: 2008
SPLITTING SAW FOR LARGE RUMINANTS- METHODS OF TEST
1. Blade speedlinear displacement of the blade teeth per unit time, expressed in millimeter per second
2. bone dust- particles of bone accumulated during cutting
3. Cutting depth- depth of cut through the backbone, expressed in millimeter

4. Overall length- measurement of the splitting saw in its maximum extended position from both ends
parallel to the blade and its handle
5. Overall width- measurement of the splitting saw from one side to the other side and perpendicular to
its blade including the motor case as in the case of an electric motor type
6. Splitting efficiency- ratio of actual work to the energy consumption, expressed in percent
7. Splitting rate- linear speed of cutting through the backbone, expressed in millimeters per second
8. Splitting time- actual time of splitting a single carcass, expressed in seconds
PAES 523: 2008
PLATFORM- SPECIFICATIONS
1. Dehiding- process of removing the skin of animal
2. Evisceration- process of removing the internal organs in the abdominal and thoracic cavities
3. Floor plate- part of the platform that serves as the flooring for the operator to stand on
4. Floor plate height- distance measured vertically from the floor plate to the finish floor line
5. Guard rail- part of the platform designed to provide safety for the operator
6. Hand rail- part of the guard rail designed to be grasped by the operator when ascending, descending
or moving horizontally
7. Platform- equipment used by the operator to reach the required height to perform slaughtering
process
8. Platform control switch- auxiliary part of the mechanical platform that regulates the speed and
controls the vertical horizontal movement of the platform
9. Side travel- sideward or horizontal movement of the platform
10. Splitting- cutting or dividing the carcass into half through its backbone
11. Stationary platform- type of platform that has a fixed height for a specific application such as
bleeding, dehiding, evisceration and splitting.
12. Mechanized platform- type of platform that is capable of moving vertically and horizontally
13. Motorized- mechanized platform that makes use of solid mechanical components to drive the
platform
14. Hydraulic- mechanized platform that makes use of liquid under pressure to drive the platform
15. Pneumatic- mechanized platform that makes use of compressed air to drive the platform
16. Vertical- mechanized platform that can move vertically
17. Vertical and Horizontal- mechanized platform that can move vertically and horizontally.
PAES 524: 2008
PLATFORM- METHODS OF TEST
1. Bearing stress- force per unit area in contact like compressive and tensile stress
2. Bending, Flexural stress- stress that is caused by the bending moment at a given point in the beam
supporting the platform
3. Compressive stress- force per unit area, that tends to compress or shorten the material
4. Dehiding time- time required to remove the skin of one (1) carcass, expressed in seconds
5. Fracture- defect caused by the bending moment at a given point in the material under stress
6. Leveling bubble- instrument used for checking whether a plane structure is flat and horizontally
leveled
7. Splitting time- time required to split one (1) carcass expressed in seconds
8. Tensile stress- force per unit area that tends to elongate or create tension on the material submitted to
it.

PAES 525: 2012

OVERHEAD RAIL SYSTEM FOR POULTRY DRESSING/SLAUGHTERING PLANTSPECIFICATIONS
1. Bleeding- process of removing the blood from the poultry animal after stunning
2. Carcass- body of dressed/slaughtered poultry animal after defeathering, evisceration, and removal of
head and feet
3. Warm carcass- newly dressed/slaughtered poultry animal
4. Chain- series of two or more connected metal links wherein the trolley is attached to facilitate its
movement in the rail
5. Chilling- process done by lowering the temperature of the carcasses within 4 C to 0 C to reduce
microbial growth to a level that will maximize its shelf life
6. Corbel- horizontal protruding rectangular block from the columns of the building that gives support
to the main frame
7. Defeathering, Plucking- process of removing the feathers from the skin of poultry animal after
9. Load capacity- maximum load capacity of rail expressed in kilogram per linear length
10. Overhead rail system- system that consists of main frame, rail hangers, rails, trolleys, and shackles
which is used to transfer poultry animals or carcasses from one processing stage to another during
dressing/slaughtering
11. Overhead rail track- welded and suspended rectangular bars or tubular/round bars that serves as
guide for trolley wheels during operation of overhead rail system
12. Overhead rail frame- solid horizontal beam preferably metal where rail track is securely fastened
through the rail hanger
13. Overhead rail hanger- supports and holds the rail tracks suspended from the overhead rail frame
14. Overhead shackle- solid metal used to hold and hoist the poultry animals and carcasses through the
legs or head
15. Overhead trolley- suspended metal assembly with one (1) or two (2) wheels used to carry or
transport the shackled poultry animals or carcasses
16. Poultry- birds that are usually domesticated for their eggs, meat and feathers (e.g. chicken, geese,
turkeys, ducks, and ostriches)
17. Rail height- distance measured from top of the rail to the finish floor line
18. Rail spacing- center to center distance between parallel rail tracks
19. Scalding- process of subjecting poultry animals into steam or hot water to loosen feathers from its
skin prior to defeathering
20. Sprocket-wheel- wheels with teeth, cogs or sprockets that mesh and engage a chain with attached
trolley passing over it
21. Stunning- process of rendering the poultry animal unconscious
22. Track size, Track diameter- specified dimensions of rail track (L x W if rectangular or diameter if
tubular), expressed in millimeters
23. Monorail- overhead rail system that consists of a single rail track provided for one-wheel trolley.
24. Rectangular- a rail using rectangular bar for its track.
25. Cylindrical- a rail using tubular or round bar material for its track.
26. Double rail- overhead rail system that consists of two-rail track provided for two wheel trolley.
27. Single shackling point- type of shackle wherein the head of the poultry animal or carcass can be
attached to the shackling point.

28. Two shackling points- type of shackle wherein two feet of the poultry animal or carcass can be
attached to the shackling point.
PAES 526: 2012
OVERHEAD RAIL SYSTEM FOR POULTRY DRESSING/SLAUGHTERING PLANT- METHODS
OF TEST
1. Bending, Flexural stress- stress caused by bending moment at a given point in the beam supporting
the overhead rail system
2. Fracture- deformation caused by excessive stress applied to the overhead rail system
3. Live weight- weight of poultry animal prior to slaughter
4. Load capacity- maximum load capacity of a rail track in a 1000 mm distance, expressed in kg per
linear meter
5. Overall length- measurement from both ends of the entire track/rail
6. Radius of curvature, Radius- distance from the circumference of a circle to its center
7. Sagging- failure due to elastic instability of the overhead rail system
8. Shackle spacing- horizontal distance between two shackles
PAES 527: 2012
POULTRY STUNNER- SPECIFICATIONS
1. Ampere (A)- metric system unit for measuring electric current
2. Blank cartridge- type of cartridge used in mechanical stunner that contains gunpowder but without
bullet
3. Bolt- metal rod that extrudes from the cylindrical type of mechanical stunner during stunning
operation
4. Cartridge- metallic case containing the bullet, gunpowder and the primer on the pistol type stunner
5. Conducting shoe- part of the electrode assembly in automatic type stunner that is adapted to make
sliding contact with the electrode raid
6. Current- flow of electric charge through a conductive medium
7. Alternating current- movement of electric charge periodically reverses direction form of current in
which electric power is delivered to businesses and residences
8. Direct current- unidirectional flow of electric charge that are usually produced by sources such as
batteries, thermocouples, solar cells, and commutator-type electric machines of dynamo type
9. Electric prods- tips of electrical stunner that can deliver an electric charge to the animal
10. Electrodes- electrical conductors that are being used in electrical stunner to deliver certain amount of
current during stunning operation
11. Frequency- frequency of the oscillations of alternating current in an electric power grid transmitted
from a power plant to the end-user
13. Powerload- measurement of the size and amount of powder in a blank cartridge, expressed in grain
14. Stunner- device/equipment used to render the poultry animal unconscious before dress/slaughter
15. Stunning- process of rendering the poultry animal unconscious before they are dressed/slaughtered
16. Voltage (V)- electromotive force required to move a small electric charge along a path
17. Water vat- part of water-bath stunner where water as conductor of electricity is being contained and
where the poultry animals are being submerged during stunning operation
18. Penetrating- type of mechanical stunner that drives a concaved bolt tip to penetrate the skull of the
animal to severe the brain.

19. Non-penetrating/ Percussion- type of mechanical stunner that drives a mushroom-shaped bolt head
against the forehead of the animal that causes concussion on the cranium and the brain without
penetrating the skull.
20. Blank cartridge- mechanical stunner that uses explosion from blank cartridge with gunpowder to
drive the bolt.
21. Pneumatic- mechanical stunner that uses compressed air to drive the bolt.
22. Electrical stunner- type of stunner that allows the current to pass through the poultry animals to
render it unconscious.
23. Automatic- type of electrical stunner that automatically applies electricity to the poultry animals.
Automatic electrical stunner shall be classified according to type of electric conductor.
24. Waterbath- type of electrical stunner that uses water to allow the flow of current from the
equipment to the submerged poultry animals.
25. Head only- type of waterbath stunner that applies electricity on the head of the poultry animals.
26. Whole body- type of waterbath stunner that applies electricity on the whole body of the poultry
animals.
27. Electrode assembly- type of electrical stunner that uses electrode assembly to allow flow of current
from the equipment to the poultry animals to be stunner.
28. Manual- type of electrical stunner wherein the conductor of electricity is manually applied to the
head of the poultry animal.
PAES 528: 2012
POULTRY STUNNER- METHODS OF TEST
1. Caliber- measure of the bullets diameter relative to the bore of the firearm in a pistol type stunner
2. Extraction length- total length of the bolt measured from the muzzle of the stunner to the tip or head
of the bolt
3. Insensibility- state of an animals response specifically to pain
4. Overall weight- total weight of the stunner assembly excluding the blank cartridge or powerload and
hose
5. Stunning efficacy
6. Mechanical- ratio of the number of animals stunned successfully with single application to the total
number of animals stunned, expressed in percentage
7. Electrical- ratio of the number of animal stunned successfully within 5 seconds to the total number
of animal stunned, expressed in percentage
8. Stunner efficiency
9. Mechanical- measures the protrusion length consistency of the stunners bolt with and without load
10. Electrical- measures the consistency of the range of current delivered by the stunner with and
without load
PAES 529: 2012
POULTRY SCALDER- SPECIFICATIONS
1. Boiler- closed vessel in which water or other fluid is heated
2. Plucker, Defeathering machines- mechanical assembly equipped with rotating device with attached
rubberized spines that aids in removing the feathers from the poultry animal after scalding
4. Scalder, Scalding tank- slaughterhouse equipment that contains hot water with specific temperature
that is being used to loosen the poultry animals feathers from its skin, and for sanitation purpose

5. Scalding- process of subjecting poultry animal to steam or hot water to loosen feathers from its skin
prior to defeathering
6. Thermostat- device used to automatically control and keep temperature within the required settings
7. Through immersion- type of scalder where poultry animals are being submerge for scalding
8. Through spraying- type of scalder where the heated water is evenly sprayed on the poultry animals
body for scalding.
9. Hard scalding- type of scalding that results into easier removal of feathers and loosens the stratum
corneum (cuticle) of skin surface. This type of scalding produces a skinless carcass.
10. Medium scalding- type of scalding that is appropriate for mature poultry animals whose feathers are
more difficult to remove. This type of scalding produces carcass with pinkish skin.
11. Soft Scalding- type of scalding wherein the feathers are loosened without causing appreciable
damage to the outer layers, the cuticle or skin surface. This type of scalding produces carcass with
skin containing a waxy yellow-pigmented layer.
12. Direct heating- source of heat is directly in contact with the scalding chamber and/or to the scalding
water.
13. Indirect Heat- used boiler and heat exchanger to increase the temperature of water to be delivered
and used at the scalding chamber.
PAES 530: 2012
POULTRY SCALDER- METHODS OF TEST
1. Coefficient of variation- statistical representation of the precision of distribution of temperature in
the scalding tank
2. Scalding capacity- total number of poultry animal that can be scalded per unit time, expressed in
poultry animal per hour
3. Scalding efficacy, %- ratio of total number of sections defeathered properly to the total number of
sections randomly selected for defeathering
4. Scalder efficiency,%- measures the ability of the scalder to maintain consistent and equal
temperature at any point in the scalding tank
PAES 531: 2012
POULTRY DEFEATHERING MACHINE- SPECIFICATIONS
head and feet
3. Defeathering, Plucking- process of removing the feathers from the skin of poultry animal after
scalding as part of preparing its meat for food
4. Defeathering capacity- maximum weight of poultry animals the machine is capable of defeathering
per unit time, expressed in kilograms per hour
5. Defeathering efficacy- measures the quality of the carcass after defeathering, expressed in
percentage base in class
6. Defeathering efficiency- ratio of amount of feathers removed and the total amount of poultry
feathers, expressed in percent
7. Defeathering machine- mechanical assembly equipped with rotating device with attached
rubberized fingers that removes the feathers from the poultry animal after scalding

9. Feather- one of the light, flat growths forming the plumage of poultry animals, consisting of
numerous slender fibers, forming a vane on either side of partly hollow shaft
11. Rubber fingers- defeathering mechanism made of rubber materials and are being used to pluck
feathers from the poultry animals skin during defeathering operation
12. Scalder- slaughterhouse equipment that contains hot water with specific temperature that is being
used to loosen and facilitate removal of poultry animals feathers from its skin and for partial
sanitation purposes
15. Horizontal type- type of defeathering machine wherein the defeathering mechanism rotates with
horizontally installed shaft. This type of defeathering machine is intended for large-scale poultry
dressing/slaughtering plant where poultry animals are automatically and continuously loaded.
PAES 532: 2012
POULTRY DEFEATHERING MACHINE- METHODS OF TEST
1. Feather density- number of feathers at a given area, expressed in feathers per square centimeter
2. Defeathering rate- number of poultry animals defeathered at a given time, expressed in poultry
animals per hour
3. Defeathering efficacy- measures the quality of the carcasses after defeathering
4. Defeathering efficiency- ratio of amount of feathers removed and the total amount of poultry
feathers, expressed in percent
PAES 533: 2012
POULTRY CHILLING TANK- SPECIFICATIONS
head and feet
3. Chilling- process done by lowering the temperature of the carcass within 4 C to 0 C to reduce
microbial growth to a level that will maximize its shelf life
4. Chilling efficacy- measures the ability of the chilling tank to lower the temperature and make the
temperature at any area in carcass equal
5. Chilling tank- equipment used to lower the temperature of the carcass within 4 C to 0 C after
dressing/slaughtering
6. Chilling tank efficiency- measures the ability of the chilling tank to maintain consistent and equal
water temperature at any point before and during the chilling
8. Pre-chilling- process of washing, cleaning, and initial lowering of carcass temperature within 16 C
to 12 C prior to chilling
9. Using ice- type of chilling tank that uses ice to lower the temperature of the water used during
chilling.
10. Using refrigeration system- type of chilling tank that uses refrigeration system to lower the
temperature of the water during the chilling.

11. Manual- type of chilling tank that consists of stationary chilling chamber where carcasses are being
submerged for chilling, and a drain. This type of chilling tank requires manual agitation of water.
12. Automatic- type of chilling tank that uses agitators or aerators to reduce thermal layers in the tank as
well as to keep the carcasses floating during the process. This type of chilling tank shall be further
classified according to type of agitator.
13. Mechanical- type of chilling tank that uses a rotating auger or paddles as agitating mechanism
during chilling.
14. Jet Type- type of chilling tank that uses pressurized air and water as agitating mechanism during
chilling.
15. Combined mechanical and jet type- type of chilling tank that uses both mechanical and jet type
agitators during the chilling.
PAES 534: 2012
POULTRY CHILLING TANK- METHODS OF TEST
1. Chilling efficacy- measures the ability of the chilling tank to lower the temperature and make the
temperature at any area in carcass equal
2. Chilling tank capacity- total number of carcasses that can undergo chilling per unit time, expressed
in carcass per hour
3. Chilling tank efficiency- measures the ability of the chilling tank to maintain consistent and equal
water temperature at any point before and during the chilling
4. Coefficient of variation- statistical representation of the precision of distribution of temperature in
the chilling tank and carcasses


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6. Compression ignition engine, Diesel engine- engine in which combustion is achieved by

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PAES 121: 2001

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4. Electric motor- machine which converts electrical energy to mechanical energy

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PAES 140: 2004

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PAES 148: 2010

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PAES 150: 2010

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PAES 218: 2004

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PAES 222: 2005

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