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Performance
Tutorial of Cigre Working Group A2.19
Convener: Jim Fyvie, Scotland, 2002
Updated by: Jos Veens, Netherlands, 2009
Structure of WG12.19
Task Force #1
Task Force #2
Design Calculation
Task Force #3
Design Review
Task Force #4
Results TF#1
Service Conditions Field Survey
S/C Tests = 23 % failures in 3934 Tests
Transformers,
> 25 MVA
1996: 8 tested
1997: 6 tested
1998: 12 tested
1999: 15 tested
LV
2Drotational
symmetric
HV
(magneti
c
circuit on
left side)
Fault Currents
I_fault_rms = V1 / Z ;
(Z = Z_grid + Z_transformer)
I_fault _rms = 100 / Z% x In
I_fault_peak = I_fault_rms x peak factor (2.55/2.69/2.77)
Components of Force
(axial and radial)
Radial
Forces
LV
(inward)
Radial
Forces
HV
Axial Forces (outward)
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Radial forces
(due to the axial field)
LV
HV
11
Radial Forces
Frad D
2a
F Frad D
Frad l 2
2bt2
(Forces translated
Into pressure on copper)
crit
crit
E h2
4 R2
E ( ) (t r N ) 2
12 D 2
12
Examples of deformation
- LV- Radial Buckling
13
Axial Forces
(due to the radial field)
LV
HV
14
Wcrit
c t 2 starea 2 E b CSA
30 LMT
b
15
Clamping Arrangement
(A-leg)
(B-leg)
(C-leg)
16
(Winding
support
structure
had
collapsed
)
17
Strength ?
18
Results of TF#3
Design Review
Relational equations were agreed
This allows for different manufacturers constants to be used.
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20
Conductor Profiles
21
22
LV
Stress
Strength
HV + Tap
Stress
Strength
Tap
Stress
Strength
23
Manufacturing Ability
Winding Techniques
Processing
Dimensioning
Support Structures
Internal to winding
External to winding
24
Winding Techniques
Vertical winding
Normally used for HV windings with all round
access for winders. Interleaved windings and
shielded windings. Continuous disc windings may
be wound out and spun back to keep tight.
Horizontal winding
Used for large LV windings with parallel CTCs
winding supplied from a hanging catenary to keep
tension and prevent caging, or under tension if
strip. Windings must be free from gaps.
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Processing
Insulation must be consolidated, ie
fully dried and shrunk.
No gaps within the windings and all
major insulation fully oil impregnated
with hot de-gassed oil.
No locked oil pockets and Cooling
ducts the correct size.
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Dimensioning
The leakage field plots are carried out
by using the design dimensions with
some building tolerance.
The units must be manufactured within
this tolerance or the calculations are
meaningless.
A, d and Diameters must be correct
and the windings must be balanced
axially.
Short-Circuit Performance of Power Transformers Cigre Tutorial of WG A2.19
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Supporting Structures
The inner winding must have round radial
support, else we cannot claim the higher buckling
mode criteria.
Core
LV
HV
28
Check List of TF #3
(by no means complete)
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Winding Capacitances
Magnetising currents
Leakage reactance
Low Voltage Impulse
Frequency Response Analysis
30
31
Winding Capacitance(s)
Requires standard test equipment .
Sensitivity depends on the type of fault
More effective when it is possible to make
separate measurements for each phase
HV
LV
C between LV and HV
Core
32
Magnetising current
33
Impedance
Probably the most widely accepted method of
detecting winding movement
technique is simple and requires relatively
standard equipment
Impedance often differ significantly between
phases
most winding mechanical failures can be
diagnosed by impedance measurements
Provides a numerical criterion for test conclusion
Short-Circuit Performance of Power Transformers Cigre Tutorial of WG A2.19
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WG 12.19 members:
Convenor; Jim Fyvie U.K.
Task Force Leaders;
TF #1 Anders Lindroth Sweden TF #2 Kees Spoorenberg Netherlands
TF #3 Jim Fyvie U.K.
TF #4 John Lapworth U.K.
Members;
Serge Therry Switzerland
Anatoly Panibratetz Russia
Endre Matthe Hungary Rafael Gonzalez Spain
Masami Ikeda Japan
Wolfgang Knorr Germany
Wladislaw Pewca Poland
Horoshi Murakami Japan
Eric Chemin France
Hasse Nordman Finland
Volodimir Zaitsev Ukraine
Victor Lazarev Ukraine
Joe Foldi Canada
Willi Felber Austria
Benedikt Damm Austria Bob Del Vecchio USA
Gerard Robert France Luis Cheim Brasil
Chen Kui China
V Pitsuriya Thailand
Tim Noonan Ireland
Walter Wasinger Australia
37
Cigr
Technical
Brochure
N 209 2002
(for core-type and
shell-type transformers)
http://www.e-cigre.org
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