Weldedconnections.

Thecalculationisintendedforthegeometricaldesignandstrengthcontrolofstaticallyloadedweldedconnectionsofmachinestructuresmanufacturedfromcarbonsteels.Theprogram
enablesyoutodesignover50ofthemostcommontypesofweldedconnectionsstressedbyvariouscombinationsofload.Thecalculationdealswiththefollowingtasks:
1.Designofconnectionswithbuttwelds.
2.Designofconnectionswithfilletwelds.
3.Designofconnectionswithplugandslotwelds.
4.Designofconnectionswithspot(resistance)welds.
5.Strengthcontrolofdesignedconnections.
6.Theprogramincludesatablewithapprox.700carbonsteelssuitableforweldingaccordingtothematerialstandardsANSI,EN,JIS,ISO,DIN,BS,NF,UNI,UNE,SIS,CSA,NBN,
NP,NS,ONandCSN.
7.TheprogramalsoincludesadimensionaltableofsteelsectionsS,ST,W,WT,C,LaccordingtoASTM/AISI/AISCandT,I,U,LsectionsaccordingtoDIN/EN/ISO.
Thecalculationisbasedondata,proceduresandalgorithmsfromspecializedliteratureandstandardsAWS,AISC,ANSI,EN,ISO,DINandothers.
Listofstandards:prEN199318,EN10024,EN10034,EN10055,EN10056,EN10279,DS952,DIN15018,DIN18800,DIN1024,DIN1025,DIN1026,DIN1028,DIN1029,CSN
050120
Note:Thiscalculationisnotintendedforthedesignandcontrolofsomespecialweldedstructuressubjecttospecialstandards,regulationsandprovisions(e.g.pressurevessels,
pipelines,cranes,...).

Control,structureandsyntaxofcalculations.
Informationonthesyntaxandcontrolofthecalculationcanbefoundinthedocument"Control,structureandsyntaxofcalculations".

Informationontheproject.
Informationonthepurpose,useandcontroloftheparagraph"Informationontheproject"canbefoundinthedocument"Informationontheproject".

TheoryFundamentals.
Theweldedconnectionsaresolid,nondetachableconnectionsbasedontheprincipleoflocalmeltingofconnectedpartsusingheatorpressure.Thejoiningofcomponentspropermay
beachievedtechnicallyusingtwomethods:
Fusionwelding(arc,flame,plasma,laser,thermite,electroslag,...welding)
Theweldisaresultoflocalmeltingofthematerialofconnectedparts,andusuallyalsofillermetal,withoutpressure.
Pressurewelding(resistance,induction,ultrasonic,friction,explosion,...welding)
Aftermeltingin,thecomponentsjoininthecontactspotusingmechanicalpressureorimpacts.
Anoptimumresultoftheweldingprocessshouldbeaweldwithmechanicalpropertiessimilarasfaraspossibletothepropertiesofthebasicmaterial.Accordingtotheirfunction,we
candivideweldsinto:
Forceweldsloadbearingweldsusedtotransferexternalload
Tackweldsweldsprovidingonlycompactnessofthewhole(withnoornegligibleexternalload)
Caulkweldsweldsprovidingstaunchnessofconnectedparts(vessels,pipelines,etc.)
Thisprogramisdesignedforthecalculationofstaticallyloadedweldedconnectionsofmachinerystructuresmanufacturedfromcarbonsteels,forworkingtemperaturesrangingfrom20
to150C.Theprogramenablesyoutoperformgeometricaldesignandstrengthchecksofforceconnectionswiththemostcommontypesoffusionweldsandconnectionswithspot
resistancewelds.Thecalculationdoesnotconsiderthesuddenformationoffragilefractures,changeinmaterialpropertiesduetotemperature,impactofowntensionsorconcentration
ofstressintheweld.
Anaccuratetheoreticalsolutiontoforceandstrengthconditionsisanextremelycomplicatedproblemforweldedconnections,evenforweldswithsimpleshapes.Thatiswhycommon
technicalcalculationsarebasedonarangeofconventionsandsimplifiedpremises.Inviewofthestrengthchecks,weldedpartsareusuallyconsideredasinglecompactpartwitha
dangerousspot(section)intheweldedarea.Onthegroundsthatthereisanevendistributionofstressintheactiveweldsection,onlytheoreticalratedstressinthespecifiedsectionis
specifiedfortherespectiveload,regardlessofthetechnologicalworkmanshipoftheweldorpotentialinternaltension.Forconnectionswithmultiplewelds,anevenloadonindividual
weldsisassumed.
Thestrengthchecksoftheconnectionareperformedbysimplecomparisonofthecalculatedratedstresswiththepermissiblestressintheweld.Permissibleweldstress"SwA"isusually
specifiedfromthevalueoftheyieldstrengthofthebasicmaterial"Re"basedontherequiredsafety.

Whenselectingthesafetycoefficient"FS",itisnecessarytoconsiderthespecificfactorsofweldedconnectionsinadditiontothegeneralprinciplesusedtospecifythesafetycoefficients.
Therequiredsafetydegreeshouldrespectallthefactsthatwerenotconsideredinthecalculationofratedstresses(technologicalworkmanshipofweld,weldquality,internaltension,
weldhomogeneity,shapeandfinishofweldsurface,weldreinforcement,ignitesandpenetrations,etc.).Lastbutnotleast,thedirectionofstressandtheanisotropicpropertiesof
materialintheweldmustalsobeconsidered.Differentweldmaterialpropertiesintheverticalandhorizontaldirectionresultindifferingvaluesofthesafetycoefficientdependingonthe
type,workmanshipandloadtypeoftheweldedconnection.
Fromtheabovementioned,itisobviousthatthemostcomplicatedtaskinstrengthchecksoftheweldedconnectionappliestotheproperchoiceofsafetycoefficient.Generalprocedures
forsettingsafetycoefficientscanbefoundinthedocument"Coefficientsofsafety",whilespecificrecommendationsregardingweldedconnectionsaregivenattheendofthechapter.
Theprocedurestospecifytheratedstressforindividualtypesofweldsaredetailedinthefollowingparagraphs.
Buttwelds.
Buttweldsoriginateinthejointgapofconnectedpartsandareusuallyusedasloadbearing,forcewelds.Inordertoachieveperfectworkmanshipofthewelds,itisusuallynecessaryto
performmodificationofthecontactsurfacesoftheconnectedparts.Themethodofweldedsurfacetreatmentissetbytheworkmanshipoftheconnection,thethicknessofthewelded
parts,theweldingmethodandtheaccessibilityoftheweldedspot.

Whendesigningandperformingthestrengthchecksofweldedconnections,theweldmentwithabuttweldisconsideredasasolidcomponentwithadangerousspotintheareaofthe
weld.Theloadbearingweldsectionwillbethebasiccharacteristicoftheconnectionfortheassessmentofitsloadbearingcapacity.

Inthecalculationofbuttwelds,thetypeofwelds(methodofweldsurfacetreatment)orpotentialweldrootreweldmentarenotconsidered.Theloadbearingsectionofthebuttweldis
thenspecifiedonlybyitsthickness"a"andlength"L".
Note:Thisprogramisdesignedforthecalculationofconnectionswithuniform,fullypenetratedbuttwelds.Therecommendedproceduresforhandlingspecialcasesofconnections
(partlyweldedwelds,intermittentwelds,combinedwelds)canbefoundattheendofthischapter.
Weldthroatthickness:
Inordertospecifytheloadbearingsection,thethicknessofthethinneroftheweldedpartsisconsideredasthebuttweldthroatthickness"a".Reinforcementoftheweldsurfaceand
rootisnotconsidered.

Effectiveweldlength:
Inanormaltypeofweld,socalled"enddownslopes"areformed.Theyresultinweakeningofthesectionattheweld'sbeginningandend.Theeffectiveweldlengthwillthenbesmaller
thantheactuallength(reducedbyaworsequalityweldbeginningandend).Formoreaccuratecalculations,wethereforerecommendcontrollingtheloadbearingcapacityofweldsonly
forthatpart(length)oftheweldthathasaratedsection.Thecommonmethodofsettingtheeffectivelength"L"forcommonweldexecution(fig.a)andspeciallytreatedwelds(fig.b)is
describedschematicallyinthepicture.

Hint:Thisprogramisprovidedwiththefunctionofautomaticeffectiveweldlengthcalculationseetheswitchonline[2.6].
Strengthsolutionofwelds:
Whenperformingstrengthchecksofbuttwelds,theratedstressintheloadbearingweldsectionmustbespecifiedfirst.Dependingontherespectiveload,theindividualstress
componentsarespecifiedinthedirectionnormaltotheweld(^) andinthedirectionparalleltotheweld(ll).Thecalculatedratedstressesmustnotexceedthevaluesforthe
permissiblestress.

Whenspecifyingpermissiblestresses,theanisotropicpropertiesofthematerialintheareaoftheweldmustbeconsidered.Differentpropertiesofthematerialresultindifferingvalues
ofpermissiblestressoftheweldinthenormalandparalleldirection.
Forconnectionsstressedbycombinedload,theresulting"equivalent"stressintheweldisspecifiedfromtherelation:

whichforsll=0canbeadjustedas:

Thefollowingtablespecifiestherelationsusedinthecalculationofratedstresses(forrespectiveloadandworkmanshipoftheconnection):
Load
Tensile/Press.

Shear

Bend

Bend

Ratedstress[MPa,psi]

Twist

Tensile

Tensile/Press.

Shear

Bend

Tensile/Press.

Shear

Bend

Twist

where:
a....weldthroatthickness[mm,in]
Aw...weldthroatarea[mm2,in2]
D....tubediameter[mm,in]
d....weldangle[]
F....actingforce[N,lb]
Fn...normalforce[N,lb]
Fs...shearforce[N,lb]
L....effectiveweldlength[mm,in]
M....bendingmoment[Nmm,lbin]
s^...normalstressverticaltothewelddirection[MPa,psi]

sll...normalstressparalleltothewelddirection[MPa,psi]
T....torque[Nmm,lbin]
t^...shearstressverticaltothewelddirection[MPa,psi]

tll...shearstressparalleltothewelddirection[MPa,psi]
Zw...moduleofweldsection[mm3,in3]
Connectionswithpartlyweldedwelds:
Connectionswithpartlyweldedbuttweldsareusuallyhandledasfilletwelds,withtheweldthroat(effective)thickness"a".

Theother,lessappropriatesolutionmethodappliestotheuseofthenormalcalculationofbuttweldswiththeweldthroatthickness"2a"andadequatelyincreasedsafetydegree.
Connectionswithcombinedwelds:
Connectionswithacombinedbuttandfilletweldareusuallyhandledasbuttweldswiththeweldthroat(efficient)thickness"a".

Weldthroatthickness:
wherefor:

Connectionswithintermittentwelds:
Thisprogramisnotprimarilymodifiedtohandleconnectionswithintermittentweld.Thereforeusethefollowingstepsfortheircalculation:

1)Unchecktheswitchonline[2.6]
2)Forweldsloadedonlyinonedirection(subjecttotensionorshear),checktheconnectionfortheeffectiveweldlengthL=L''.
3)Forconnectionsstressedbybend,twistorcombinedload,checktheconnectionforfullweldlengthL=L',whiletherequiredweldsafetymustbemultipliedbytheratiooflengthsL'/L''.
Recommendation:Wedonotrecommendtheuseofintermittentweldsforconnectionswithbuttwelds.
Filletwelds.
Filletweldsarelocatedalongthewedgeshapededgeofconnectedpartsandtheirbasiccrosssectionincludesanisoscelesrectangulartriangle.Theyareusuallyusedforloadbearing,
forceweldsinTshapeconnections,crossbuttconnections,angleconnectionsandforlapjoints.Theweldedpartsdonotneedshapeadjustment.Forstaticallyloadedconnections,
usuallyaflatweldisused,whileaconcaveweldismoreappropriatefordynamicallyloadedconnections,asithaslowernotcheffects.

Instrengthchecksoffilletwelds,therectanglelyinginthecentreplanedividingtheweldsectionintotwoidenticalpartsisconsideredthedangerous(loadbearing)weldsection.The
dimensionsoftheloadbearingsectionofafilletweldarespecifiedbyitsthickness"a"andlength"L".

Note:Thisprogramisdesignedforthecalculationofweldswithuniformfilletwelds.Therecommendedmethodsofhandlingconnectionswithintermittentweldsorwithcombinedwelds
canbefoundattheendofthischapter.
Weldthroatthickness:
Thefilletweldthroatthickness"a"isdefinedastheheightofthebiggestisoscelestriangleinscribedintoaweldsectionwithoutpenetration.

Recommendation:Thefilletweldthicknessischosendependingontheusedmaterialandthicknessoftheweldedparts.Astheinformationregardingtherecommendedweldthickness
givenintheliteraturedifferssignificantly,followthecompanyproceduresinchoosingtheweldthickness.Inordertospecifytheapproximateminimumthicknessofthefilletweld,the
followinginformativerelationcanbeusedforthesteelstrengthRm370..420MPa:

withtminforthicknessofthethinneroftheconnectedmaterials.Forsteelswithhigherstrength(Rm520MPa),theweldthicknessshouldbeapprox.1to2mmhigher.
Effectiveweldlength:
Inanormaltypeofweld,socalled"enddownslopes"areformed.Theyresultinweakeningofthesectionattheweld'sbeginningandend.Theeffectiveweldlengthwillthenbesmaller
thantheactuallength(reducedbyaworsequalityweldbeginningandend).Formoreaccuratecalculations,wethereforerecommendcontrollingtheloadbearingcapacityofweldsonly
forthatpart(length)oftheweldthathasaratedsection.Acommonmethodofspecifyingtheeffectivelength"L"dependingontheweldworkmanshipisshownschematicallyinthe
picture.

Hint:Thisprogramisprovidedwithafunctionofautomaticeffectiveweldlengthcalculationseetheswitchonline[3.12]or[4.12].
Recommendation:Thelengthofthefilletweldshouldrangebetween5a<L<70a.Forlongerwelds,itismorepracticaltouseanintermittentweld.Forverylongwelds
(150a<L<400a)stressedinthewelddirection,itisnecessary,forthesakeofcalculation,toperformcorrectionoftheeffectiveweldlengthusingthecoefficient:

Strengthsolutionofwelds:
Theratedstressspecificationintheloadbearingsectionofthefilletweldisanextraordinarilycomplicatedtaskduetothecombinedloadandmorejaggedweld.Therefore,asimplified
methodisusedinthecalculationforhandlingfilletweldsthatreclinestheloadbearingweldsectionintotheplaneofconnectionoftheparts.Dependingontherespectiveload,the
individualstresscomponentsarespecifiedinsuchreclinedsection,inthedirectionnormaltotheweld(^)
andinthedirectionparalleltotheweld(ll).Thisconventionalsoincludesan
assumptionthatallcomponentsspecifiedlikethatwillactuallyhaveacharacteroftheshearstress.Thecalculatedratedstressesmustnotexceedthevaluesofpermissiblematerial
stressinshear.

Whenspecifyingpermissiblestresses,theanisotropicpropertiesofthematerialintheareaoftheweldmustbeconsidered.Differentpropertiesofthematerialresultindifferingvalues
ofpermissiblestressoftheweldinthenormalandparalleldirection.
Acommonmethodofhandlingweldswithfilletweldsisfurtherpresentedinatypicalexampleofconnectingabeamusingadoublesidedfilletweld.

Dependingontheactingload,wecanusethefollowingrelationstospecifytheindividualcomponentsofstressatpoint"A"oftheweld:
loadwithnormalforceFz:

loadwithbendingmomentM:

loadwithshearforceFx:

loadwithshearforceFy:

loadwithtorqueT:

where:
Aw...weldthroatarea[mm2,in2]
Iw...momentofinertiaoftheweld[mm4,in4]
Jw...polarmomentofinertiaoftheweld[mm4,in4]

s^...normalstressverticaltothewelddirection[MPa,psi]
sll...normalstressparalleltothewelddirection[MPa,psi]
t^...shearstressverticaltothewelddirection[MPa,psi]
tll...shearstressparalleltothewelddirection[MPa,psi]

Forconnectionsstressedbycombinedload,theresulting"equivalent"stressintheweldisspecifiedfromtherelation:

whichforsll=0canbeadjustedas:

Thesectionalpropertiesfortheselectedbasicshapesofweldgroupscanbefoundinthefollowingtable.Inordertospecifythepolarmomentofinertiaoftheweld,youcanusethe
followingrelation:

Shape

Aw[mm2,in2]

IwX[mm4,in4]

IwY[mm4,in4]

Centreofgravityofweldgroup:

where:
a....weldthroatthickness[mm,in]
B....widthofweldgroup[mm,in]
D....welddiameter[mm,in]
H....heightofweldgroup[mm,in]
L....weldlength[mm,in]
s....flangethickness[mm,in]
t....webthickness[mm,in]
Connectionswithcombinedwelds:
Connectionswithacombinedbuttandfilletweldareusuallyhandledasbuttweldswiththeweldthroat(efficient)thickness"a".

Weldthroatthickness:
wherefor:

Connectionswithintermittentwelds:
Thisprogramisnotprimarilymodifiedtohandleconnectionswithintermittentweld.Thereforeusethefollowingstepsfortheircalculation:

1)Unchecktheswitchonline[3.12,4.12]

2)Forweldsloadedonlyinonedirection(subjecttotensionorshear),checktheconnectionfortheeffectiveweldlengthL=L''.
3)Forconnectionsstressedbybend,twistorcombinedload,checktheconnectionforfullweldlengthL=L',whiletherequiredweldsafetymustbemultipliedbytheratiooflengthsL'/L''.
Plugandslotwelds.
Plugandslotweldsareusuallyusedforlapjoints.Theyarenotsuitableforthetransferofhighforcesandareespeciallynotsuitablefordynamicallyloadedconnections.Theconnection
isformedbytheweldonwallsofcircularorovalopeningsandinthecontactsurfaceoftheadjoiningpart.Plugsandslotsofsmalldimensionsareusuallyfullyfilledwiththeweld.

Theseweldsarenotsuitableforthejoiningofthickerplatesandareusuallyusedforthinnerplatesuptoapprox.15mmthick.Inviewofthestress,slotweldsaremorepreferabledue
tothebetterqualityofpenetrationoftheweldroot.Abetterqualityoftheweld,i.e.betterstrengthcharacteristicofthejoint,canbeachievedbyslopedwallsofopenings.

Recommendedwelddimensions:
Holediameter...d2s
Slotwidth...d2s
Slotlength...L2d
Strengthsolutionofwelds:
Twotypesofdamageappearinplugandslotwelds:
1)shearintheweldbasesurface
2)tearintheweldcircumferentialsurface
Duringstrengthchecks,bothpossibletypesofdamagemustbeassessed.Wecanspecifytheresultingratedstressfromtherelation:

Shearstressinthebasesurfaceoftheweld:

Shearstressinthecircumferentialsurfaceoftheweld:

ThesizesofcalculatedweldsurfacesAwarespecifiedforbothweldtypesinthetable:
Plugwelds

Slotwelds

Baseareaofweld
[mm2,in2]

Circumferentialarea[mm2,in2]
where:
F....actingforce[N,lb]
d....plugwelddiameter,orslotweldwidth[mm,in]
i.....numberofwelds
L....slotweldlength[mm,in]
s....platethickness[mm,in]
Spot(resistance)welds.
Spotresistanceweldsareusuallyusedtoconnectthinplatesandthinwalledparts.Theyareespeciallyveryusefulinlotproduction.Theconnectionswithspotweldsarenotvery
appropriatefortransferringhighforces.Inviewofthetypeofstress,wedistinguishtwobasictypesofconnectionswithspotwelds:
connectionswithweldsstressedinshear(lapjoints)
connectionswithweldsstressedintear(bytension)

Intechnicalpractice,notmorethan3partswithmaximumtotalthicknessuptoapprox.15mmareallowedtobejoinedforconnectionswithresistancewelds.Thethicknessratiofor
individualpartsshouldnotexceed1:3.Theweldsshouldbepositionedtowardstheexternalforcesothattheyarealwaysonlystressedinshear.Spotweldsstressedintensionhave
significantlylowerloadbearingcapacity,whichiswhytheiruseisnotrecommended.Lapweldscanbemadeassingleshearordoubleshear.Aminimumof2andmaximumof5spot
connectionsshouldbelocatedinthedirectionofactingforce.

Recommendedwelddimensions:
Spotwelddiameter...d5s0.5
Pitchbetweenadjacentwelds...t1(2..3)d
Welddistancefromedgeofplate...t22d
Strengthsolutionofwelds:
Duringstrengthchecks,thefollowingchecksarecarriedoutforspotwelds:
1)Checkofweldagainsttearincylindricalarea
2)Checkofweldagainstshear(forlapjoints)
3)Checkofweldagainstseparation(forweldsstressedintension)
ThecalculationisbasedontheassumptionofevenlydistributedforceFonallwelds.Wecanspecifytheresultingratedstressfromtherelation:

Shearstressinthecylindricalareaoftheweld:

Shearstressintheweldthroatarea:

Normalstressintheweldthroatarea:

where:
Awa ...areaofthespotweldsection[mm2,in2]
Awc...cylindricalareaoftheweld[mm2,in2]
F....actingforce[N,lb]
d....spotwelddiameter[mm,in]
i.....numberofwelds
s....platethickness[mm,in]
Safetyofweldedconnections,usedcalculationmethods.
Anaccuratetheoreticalsolutiontoforceandstrengthconditionsisanextremelycomplicatedproblemforweldedconnections,evenforweldswithsimpleshapes.Thatiswhycommon
technicalcalculationsarebasedonarangeofconventionsandsimplifiedpremises.Thatlogicallyresultsincertaindisagreementbetweenthesolutionmodelscommonlyusedinpractice.
Thatiswhytheprogramisprovidedwithanoptiontoselectfromthreedifferentcalculationmethods.
Althoughallthreespecifiedmethodsusealmostasimilarwayoftheoreticalhandlingoftensionintheexaminedspotoftheweld,theydifferinthemethodofevaluatingthetotalload
bearingcapacityofthedesignedconnection.Thatiswhyeachcalculationmethodoperateswithitsownsafetyratedifferinginquality.Thechoiceofanappropriatemethodwillthen
dependontheuser'sspecificrequirementsandexperience.
Thefollowingparagraphsprovideadetaileddescriptionofindividualcalculationmethods.
1.Basiccalculationmethod.
Thismethodrepresentsageneralmethodofhandlingweldedconnectionsandisbasedonthemostfrequentcalculationmethodsforweldedconnectionsofmachineryequipment
mentionedintheliterature.
Dependingontherespectivetype,workmanshipandloadoftheweldedconnection,thismethodcalculatestherespectivetheoreticalratedstressintheloadbearingweldsection
(normal,shear,orequivalent)inthefirststep.Thestrengthchecksoftheweldarethenperformedbysimplecomparisonofthecalculatedstresstotheyieldstrengthofthebasic
material.Withrespecttothetypeofcalculatedstress,wecandescribetheconditionsoftheloadbearingcapacityoftheweldusingthefollowingrelations:

Therequiredsafetyoftheweldstressisthentheratiobetweenthevalueoftheyieldstrengthofthebasicmaterialandthevalueofthemaximumadmissiblestressofthespecificweld.
Thismethodisdisadvantageousduetotherathercomplicatedprocedureinspecifyingthesuitablesafetyrateminimumvalue.Inadditiontothecommon(qualitative)criteria,specific
factorsofthespecificweldedconnection(type,workmanshipandthewayofconnectionload)mustbeconsideredwhenchoosingtherequiredsafety.Therequiredsafetyfortheyield
strength"FSy"isthendefinedastheproductoftwosafetycoefficientsFSy=FS1*FS2.
SafetycoefficientFS1:
Dependsonthedirectionoftheactingstressandtheanisotropicpropertiesofthematerialintheexaminedweldspot.Itsvalueshouldalsoconsiderthetechnologicalweldparameters.
Withrespecttothetype,workmanshipandthewayofconnectionload,itischosenfromtherange1to2.
SafetycoefficientFS2:
Itconsidersqualitativeparameters.Withrespecttotheaccuracyandvalueofinputinformation,connectionimportance,productionquality,operatingconditionsandcalculationaccuracy,
itisusuallychosenfrom1.1to2.
Hint1:YoucanfindtheinformativevaluesforthechoiceofsafetycoefficientsFS1andFS2inchapter[1.3]oftheHelp.
Hint2:Thismethodissuitableforexperienceduserswhoareabletoperformasounddesignoftherequiredsafetydegreedependingonthespecifictype,workmanshipandloadofthe
weldedjoint.

2.Methodofconversioncoefficients.
Thismethodexpandsthebasiccalculationmethodandbringscertainsimplificationtotheareaofconsideringthedesignedjointloadbearingcapacity.Asinthepreviousmethod,the
respectivetheoreticalratedstressesintheloadbearingweldsectionarecalculatedfirst.Inthenextstep,theresultingcomparativestressisdefinedbasedontheseratedstressesusing
thepredefinedempiricallysetconversioncoefficients.Thesecoefficientsconsidertheanisotropicpropertiesofweldmaterialinthedirectionoftheactingstressesandtheirsizewill
thereforedependonthetype,workmanshipandthewayofloadoftheweldedjoint.
Dependingontheactingstress,theresultingcomparativestresswillbespecifiedfortherespectiveconversioncoefficients"a"fromthefollowingrelations:
inlinearstateofstress

inmultiaxialstressofbuttwelds

inmultiaxialstressoffilletwelds

Thestrengthchecksoftheweldarethenperformedbycomparisonofthecalculatedcomparativestresstotheyieldstrengthofthebasicmaterial.Regardlessofthetype,workmanship
orthewayofloadoftheweldedjoint,wecandescribetheconditionofloadbearingcapacityusingasinglerelation:

Therequiredsafetyagainsttheyieldspoint"FSy"willconsideronlythequalitativeparametersoftheweldedconnectionforthismethod.Withrespecttotheaccuracyandvalueofinput
information,connectionimportance,productionquality,operatingconditionsandcalculationaccuracy,itisusuallychosenfrom1.1to2.
Hint1:YoucanfindtheinformativevaluesforthechoiceofsafetycoefficientFSyinchapter[1.5]oftheHelp.Thevaluesofthepredefinedconversioncoefficientmaybeadjustedin
paragraph[3.1]onthesheet"Options".
Hint2:Thismethodisespeciallysuitableforlessexperiencedusers.Itsusemaybeadvantageousincaseofacomparativecalculationwhenseveraldesignedsolutionswithadifferent
typeofweldneedtobecompared.

3.Methodofpermissiblestresses.
Themostcomplicatedtaskinthestrengthchecksofweldedconnectionsusuallyappliestodefiningthecorrectvalueofthepermissibleweldstress.Thelogicalresultisthereforethefact
thatitisthisareaofspecifyingthepermissiblestresseswherethemostnoticeabledifferencesbetweenvariousrecommendedproceduresusedintechnicalpracticeappear.
Thepreviouscalculationmethodscontroltheloadbearingcapacityofthejointbysimplecomparisonofcalculatedstressestotheyieldstrengthofthebasicmaterial.Theydonotprovide
fordirecthandlingoftherequirementofstrengthchecksfortheknownvaluesofpermissibleweldstressprescribedbythestandardsorcompanyprocedures.Thismethodtherefore
obligesuserswhowanttousethisprogramtodesignthejointandatthesametimecomplywiththeprescribedproceduresforthestrengthchecks.
Unlikethepreviousmethod,thismethodusesthecomparisonofcalculatedstressestothevalueofpermissiblestress"SwA"defineddirectlybytheuserforstrengthchecks.Thecondition
ofloadbearingcapacityoftheweldedconnectionmaythenbedescribedusingtherelation:

Astherequiredsafetylevelisusuallyalreadyincludedinthevalueoftheprescribedpermissiblestress,theappliedsafetydegree"FS"isusedasanauxiliaryquantityandonlydescribes
acertaindegreeof"overdimensioning"ofthedesignedconnection.Thesafetyvalue"FS"willthendependontheprocedureappliedbytheuserinordertodefinethepermissiblestress,
anditisusuallyFS1.
Hint1:Somevaluesofpermissiblestressesthatarespecifiedinprofessionalliteraturearederivedforadifferentmethodologyofcomparativestressescalculation.Thatiswhythis
methodenablesvariablebehaviourofthecalculation.Setthebasicparametersforthecalculationofcomparativestressesinparagraph[3.10]onthesheet"Options".
Hint2:Usethismethodifyouneedtochecktheloadbearingcapacityoftheweldedconnectionforknown(rated)permissibleconnectionstress.

Processofcalculation.
Atypicalcalculation/connectiondesignincludesthefollowingsteps:
1.Settherequiredcalculationunits(SI/Imperial).[1.1]
2.Choosethepropercalculationmethodandsettherequiredsafetylevel[1.2].
3.Choosethematerialfortheconnectedparts[1.9].
4.Selectthechapterwiththerespectivetypeofweldedconnection.
5.Onthefirstlineofthechapter[X.1]selecttherequiredworkmanship(shape)oftheconnection.
6.Inparagraph[X.2]setthedimensionsoftheconnectedparts.
7.Checktherespectivecheckboxesintheparagraph"Loadingoftheconnection"toselecttheappropriateloadcombination.Specifythesizeoftheselectedloads.
8.Checkthecalculatedsafetyofthedesignedconnectionintheparagraph"Strengthchecksoftheconnection".
9.Savetheworkbookwiththesatisfactorysolutionwithanewname.

Basicparametersofthecalculation,connectionmaterial.[1]
Usethisparagraphtosetthecontrolparametersforthecalculation(calculationmethodandcalculationunits)andchoosetheappropriatematerialfortheconnectedparts.
1.1Calculationunits.
Intheselectionlist,choosethedesiredcalculationunitsystem.Allvalueswillberecalculatedimmediatelyafterswitchingtootherunits.
1.2Usedcalculationmethod.
Anaccuratetheoreticalsolutiontoforceandstrengthconditionsisanextremelycomplicatedproblemforweldedconnections,evenforweldswithsimpleshapes.Thatiswhycommon
technicalcalculationsarebasedonarangeofconventionsandsimplifiedpremises.Thatlogicallyresultsincertaindisagreementbetweenthesolutionmodelscommonlyusedinpractice.
Thatiswhytheprogramisprovidedwithanoptiontoselectfromthreedifferentcalculationmethods.
Althoughallthreespecifiedmethodsusealmostasimilarwayoftheoreticalhandlingoftensionintheexaminedspotoftheweld,theydifferinthemethodofevaluatingthetotalload
bearingcapacityofthedesignedconnection.Thatiswhyeachcalculationmethodoperateswithitsownsafetyratedifferinginquality.Thechoiceofanappropriatemethodwillthen
dependontheuser'sspecificrequirementsandexperience.
Selecttheappropriatecalculationmethodusingtheappropriateswitch.Definetherequiredconnectionsafetyfortheselectedmethod.
Hint1:YoucanfindadescriptionofindividualcalculationmethodsandrecommendedsafetyvaluesintherespectivenotesorinthetheoreticalpartoftheHelp.
Hint2:Generalproceduresofdeterminationofsafetycoefficientscanbefoundinthedocument"Coefficientsofsafety".
1.3Basiccalculationmethod.
Thismethodrepresentsageneralmethodofhandlingweldedconnectionsandisbasedonthemostfrequentcalculationmethodsforweldedconnectionsofmachineryequipment
mentionedintheliterature.
Dependingontherespectivetype,workmanshipandloadoftheweldedconnection,thismethodcalculatestherespectivetheoreticalratedstressintheloadbearingweldsection
(normal,shear,orequivalent)inthefirststep.Thestrengthchecksoftheweldarethenperformedbysimplecomparisonofthecalculatedstresstotheyieldstrengthofthebasic
material.Therequiredsafetyoftheweldstressisthentheratiobetweenthevalueoftheyieldstrengthofthebasicmaterialandthevalueofthemaximumadmissiblestressofthe
specificweld.
Thismethodisdisadvantageousduetotherathercomplicatedprocedureinspecifyingthesuitablesafetyrateminimumvalue.Inadditiontothecommon(qualitative)criteria,specific
factorsofthespecificweldedconnection(type,workmanshipandthewayofconnectionload)mustbeconsideredwhenchoosingtherequiredsafety.Therequiredsafetyfortheyield
strength"FSy"isthendefinedastheproductoftwosafetycoefficientsFSy=FS1*FS2.
SafetycoefficientFS1:
Dependsonthedirectionoftheactingstressandtheanisotropicpropertiesofthematerialintheexaminedweldspot.Itsvalueshouldalsoconsiderthetechnologicalweldparameters.
InformationvaluesforthechoiceofsafetycoefficientFS1:
Buttwelds
subjecttocompression
subjecttotension/bending
subjecttoshear

1
1...1.2
1.4...1.5

*highervaluesonesidedweldedwelds,unworkedwelds,manualarcorflamewelding
*lowervaluesdoublesidedweldedwelds,workedweldsandweldswithreweldedroot,automaticweldinginCO2or
underweldingflux,electroslagwelding
Filletwelds
endwelds
1.2...1.5
sidewelds
1.3...1.6
*highervaluesflatwelds,unfinishedwelds,weldswithoutpenetration,thickerwelds,manualwelding
*lowervaluesconcavewelds,penetratedwelds,lowerthicknesswelds,automaticweldinginCO2orunderweldingflux
Plugandslotwelds
subjecttoshear
*highervaluesweldswithverticalwalls,manualarcwelding
*lowervaluesweldswithslopedwalls,weldinginCO2orunderweldingflux
Spotresistancewelds
subjecttoshear
subjecttotear

1.5...2

1.5
2

SafetycoefficientFS2:
Itconsidersqualitativeparameters.Withrespecttotheaccuracyandvalueofinputinformation,connectionimportance,productionquality,operatingconditionsandcalculationaccuracy,
itisusuallychosenfrom1.1to2.
InformationvaluesforthechoiceofsafetycoefficientFS2:
veryaccurateinputinformation
perfectknowledgeofmaterialcharacteristics
highqualityandexactobservanceofproductiontechnology
1.1...1.3
highqualityweldswithoutinternaltensions
weldingisperformedonlybyveryexperienced,certifiedwelders
weldqualityguaranteedbyadetailedoutputcontrol(radioscopy,magnetictests,ultrasonic,..)
insignificantconnectionswithoutseriousimpactsincaseofdamage
lessaccuratecalculationwithoutexperimentalverification
loweraccuracyinproductiontechnology
standardqualitywelds
1.3...1.6
weldingperformedbyqualifiedwelders
weldswithastandardoutputcontrol
lessimportantconnections
reducedaccuracyofcalculations
approximatespecificationofmaterialcharacteristics
inaccurateknowledgeofactualactionofexternalload
1.6...2.0
weldswithincreasedriskofexistenceofinternaltensions
weldswithunguaranteedquality
veryimportantconnectionswithdangertolifeorhighmateriallossesincaseofdamage
Note:Forconnectionsoperatinginacorrosiveenvironmentorathightemperatures,highervaluesforsafetycoefficientFS2arealsoused.
Hint1:AdetaileddescriptionofthecalculationforratedstressesforvarioustypesofweldedconnectionscanbefoundinthetheoreticalpartoftheHelp.
Hint2:Thismethodissuitableforexperienceduserswhoareabletoperformasounddesignoftherequiredsafetydegreedependingonthespecifictype,workmanshipandloadofthe
weldedjoint.
1.5Methodofconversioncoefficients.
Thismethodexpandsthebasiccalculationmethodandbringscertainsimplificationtotheareaofconsideringthedesignedjointloadbearingcapacity.Asinthepreviousmethod,the
respectivetheoreticalratedstressesintheloadbearingweldsectionarecalculatedfirst.Inthenextstep,theresultingcomparativestressisdefinedbasedontheseratedstressesusing
thepredefinedempiricallysetconversioncoefficients.Thesecoefficientsconsidertheanisotropicpropertiesofweldmaterialinthedirectionoftheactingstressesandtheirsizewill
thereforedependonthetype,workmanshipandthewayofloadoftheweldedjoint.
Thestrengthchecksoftheweldarethenperformedbycomparisonofthecalculatedcomparativestresstotheyieldstrengthofthebasicmaterial.Therequiredsafetyagainsttheyields
point"FSy"willconsideronlythequalitativeparametersoftheweldedconnectionforthismethod.Withrespecttotheaccuracyandvalueofinputinformation,connectionimportance,
productionquality,operatingconditionsandcalculationaccuracy,itisusuallychosenfrom1.1to2.
nformationvaluesforthechoiceofsafetycoefficientFSy:
veryaccurateinputinformation
perfectknowledgeofmaterialcharacteristics
highqualityandexactobservanceofproductiontechnology
1.1...1.3
highqualityweldswithoutinternaltensions
weldingisperformedonlybyveryexperienced,certifiedwelders
weldqualityguaranteedbyadetailedoutputcontrol(radioscopy,magnetictests,ultrasonic,..)
insignificantconnectionswithoutseriousimpactsincaseofdamage
lessaccuratecalculationwithoutexperimentalverification
loweraccuracyinproductiontechnology
standardqualitywelds
1.3...1.6
weldingperformedbyqualifiedwelders
weldswithastandardoutputcontrol
lessimportantconnections
reducedaccuracyofcalculations
approximatespecificationofmaterialcharacteristics
inaccurateknowledgeofactualactionofexternalload
1.6...2.0
weldswithincreasedriskofexistenceofinternaltensions
weldswithunguaranteedquality
veryimportantconnectionswithdangertolifeorhighmateriallossesincaseofdamage
Note:Forconnectionsoperatinginacorrosiveenvironmentorathightemperatures,highervaluesforsafetycoefficientFSyarealsoused.
Hint1:Thevaluesofthepredefinedconversioncoefficientmaybeadjustedinparagraph[3.1]onthesheet"Options".
Hint2:Thismethodisespeciallysuitableforlessexperiencedusers.Itsusemaybeadvantageousincaseofacomparativecalculationwhenseveraldesignedsolutionswithadifferent
typeofweldneedtobecompared.
1.7Methodofpermissiblestresses.
Themostcomplicatedtaskinthestrengthchecksofweldedconnectionsusuallyappliestodefiningthecorrectvalueofthepermissibleweldstress.Thelogicalresultisthereforethefact
thatitisthisareaofspecifyingthepermissiblestresseswherethemostnoticeabledifferencesbetweenvariousrecommendedproceduresusedintechnicalpracticeappear.
Thepreviouscalculationmethodscontroltheloadbearingcapacityofthejointbysimplecomparisonofcalculatedstressestotheyieldstrengthofthebasicmaterial.Theydonotprovide
fordirecthandlingoftherequirementofstrengthchecksfortheknownvaluesofpermissibleweldstressprescribedbythestandardsorcompanyprocedures.Thismethodtherefore
obligesuserswhowanttousethisprogramtodesignthejointandatthesametimecomplywiththeprescribedproceduresforthestrengthchecks.
Unlikethepreviousmethod,thismethodusesthecomparisonofcalculatedstressestothevalueofpermissiblestress"SwA"defineddirectlybytheuserforstrengthchecks.Asthe
requiredsafetylevelisusuallyalreadyincludedinthevalueoftheprescribedpermissiblestress,theappliedsafetydegree"FS"isusedasanauxiliaryquantityandonlydescribesa
certaindegreeof"overdimensioning"ofthedesignedconnection.Thesafetyvalue"FS"willthendependontheprocedureappliedbytheuserinordertodefinethepermissiblestress,
anditisusuallyFS1.
Hint1:Somevaluesofpermissiblestressesthatarespecifiedinprofessionalliteraturearederivedforadifferentmethodologyofcomparativestressescalculation.Thatiswhythis
methodenablesvariablebehaviourofthecalculation.Setthebasicparametersforthecalculationofcomparativestressesinparagraph[3.10]onthesheet"Options".
Hint2:Usethismethodifyouneedtochecktheloadbearingcapacityoftheweldedconnectionforknown(rated)permissibleconnectionstress.
1.9Materialoftheconnectedparts.

Thisparagraphisusedfortheselectionofsuitablematerialfortheconnectedparts.
Thelistonline[1.10]isusedforselectionoftherequiredmaterialstandard.Choosethematerialfortheconnectedpartsproperfromthelist[1.11].Thefirstfiverowsofthelistis
reservedformaterialsdefinedbytheuser.Informationandsettingsofpropermaterialscanbefoundinthedocument"Workbook(calculation)modifications".Otherrowsofthelist
includeaselectionofmaterialsfortheactuallyspecifiedstandard[1.10].
Note:Incasethecheckboxtotherightoftheselectionlistisenabled,thenecessaryparametersforthechosenmaterialaredeterminedautomatically.Otherwise,fillinthematerial
characteristicsmanually.
1.10Materialstandard.
Selecttherequirednationalstandardfromthelisttodeterminethejointmaterial.
Recommendation:MostEuropeancountriesarecurrentlysubstitutingorhavealreadysubstitutedthelocalmaterialstandards(DIN,BS,UNI,UNE,...)withcorrespondingequivalents
ofstandardsEN.ThereforewerecommendusingonlytheappropriateEuropeannormsEN.

Buttwelds.[2]
Thisparagraphisintendedforthegeometricaldesignandstrengthchecksofconnectionswithbuttwelds.

Buttweldsoriginateinthejointgapofconnectedpartsandareusuallyusedasloadbearing,forcewelds.Inordertoachieveperfectworkmanshipofthewelds,itisusuallynecessaryto
performmodificationofthecontactsurfacesoftheconnectedparts.Themethodofweldedsurfacetreatmentissetbytheworkmanshipoftheconnection,thethicknessofthewelded
parts,theweldingmethodandtheaccessibilityoftheweldedspot.
Warning:Thisprogramisdesignedforthecalculationofconnectionswithuniform,fullypenetratedbuttwelds.Therecommendedproceduresforhandlingspecialcasesofconnections
(partlypenetratedwelds,intermittentwelds,combinedwelds)canbefoundinthetheoreticalpartoftheHelp.
Designingprocedurefortheconnection:
1.Online[2.1]choosetherequiredconnectiontype.
2.Inparagraph[2.2]setallrequiredconnectiondimensions.
3.Online[2.6]selectwhethertheconnectionistobecontrolledonlyfortheeffectiveweldlength.
4.Checktheappropriatecheckboxesinparagraph[2.7]tosettherespectiveloadcombination.Specifythevaluesofselectedloads.
5.If"Methodofpermissiblestresses"(see.[1.7])isused,setthepermissiblestressvalueonline[2.15].
6.Checkthecalculatedsafetyofthedesignedconnectiononline[2.17].
7.Ifyouwanttooptimizetheconnectiondimensionsorthedesignedconnectiondoesnotcomplywiththestrengthchecks,usethe"min"buttonsinparagraph[2.2]tofindthe
suitableconnectiondimensions.
8.Ifyouwanttoestablishthemaximumadmissibleloadfortherespectiveconnection,usethe"max"buttoninparagraph[2.7].
Hint:DetailedinformationonthebuttweldcalculationcanbefoundinthetheoreticalpartoftheHelp.
2.1Connectiontype.
Checktheswitchwiththerespectiveimagetoselecttherequiredconnectiontype.
2.2Dimensionsoftheconnection.
Usethisparagraphtosetallrequiredconnectiondimensions.
Hint:Afteranyofthe"min"buttonslocatedtotherightoftheinputfieldsarepressed,theprogramwillfindtheminimumsuitablevalueoftherespectivedimensionfortherespective
load,selectedmaterialandrequiredconnectionsafety.
2.6Effectiveweldlength.
Inanormaltypeofweld,socalled"enddownslopes"areformed.Theyresultinweakeningofthesectionattheweld'sbeginningandend.Theeffectiveweldlengthwillthenbesmaller
thantheactuallength(reducedbyaworsequalityweldbeginningandend).Formoreaccuratecalculations,wethereforerecommendcontrollingtheloadbearingcapacityofweldsonly
forthatpart(length)oftheweldthathasaratedsection.
Checkthisswitchinordertoconsideronlytheeffectiveweldlengthduringthestrengthchecksoftheconnection.Theprogramwillsettheeffectivelengthautomaticallyfromthespecified
dimensions.Ifthecheckboxisunchecked,theloadbearingcapacityoftheweldwillbecalculateddirectlyforthedimensionsoftheconnectionsetinparagraph[2.2].
Recommendation:Thecalculationsusingtheeffectivelengthfortheweldcontrolerrtothesideofsafety.Therefore,theswitchshouldpreferablybeonconstantly.Exceptionsinclude
caseswhentheweldisprovidedwithspecialtreatment(seethefigure)orifitisimpossibletousetheautomaticcalculationfortheeffectivelengthsetting(e.g.forintermittentwelds).

Note:Thisparameterisinsignificantforconnectionswithcircumferentialwelds.
2.7Loadingoftheconnection.
Checktheappropriatecheckboxestotheleftofthisparagraphtosettherespectiveweldloadcombination.Specifythesizefortheselectedloads.
Note:Forsometypesofconnection[2.1],theprogramenablesthecalculationusingonlyonetypeofloading.
Hint:Ifyouwanttoestablishthemaximumpermissibleloadfortherespectiveconnection,usethe"max"buttonlocatedtotherightoftherespectiveinputfield.
2.13Strengthchecksoftheconnection.
If"Basiccalculationmethod"or"Methodofconversioncoefficients"(see[1.3]or[1.5])isused,thestrengthchecksoftheconnectionareperformedbycomparisonofthe
calculatedtheoreticalstressintheweld[2.16]totheyieldstrengthoftheselectedmaterialoftheconnection[2.14].Iftheconnectionistoconform,theresultingsafetyagainstyield
point[2.17]mustbehigherthanthesafetyrequired([1.4]or[1.6]).
If"Methodofpermissiblestresses"(see[1.7])isusedforcalculation,thestrengthchecksoftheconnectionwillbeperformedbycomparisonofthecalculatedtheoreticalstress
[2.16]tothepermissiblestress[2.15].Iftheconnectionistoconform,theresultingsafetyrate[2.17]mustbehigherthanthesafetyrequired[1.8].
Hint1:Youcanfindtheminimumsafetyvaluesintherespectivenotesforparagraph[1.2]orinthetheoreticalpartoftheHelp.
Hint2:Ifthedesignedconnectiondoesnotconformtothestrengthchecks,youcanusetherespective"min"buttoninparagraph[2.2]tofindthesuitableconnectiondimension.
2.15Permissiblestress.
If"Methodofpermissiblestresses"(see.[1.7])isusedforthecalculation,setthevalueforthepermissiblestressoftheconnectionmaterialonthisline.Thisvalueisthenusedfor
definingthesafetyrate[2.17]ofthedesignedconnection.
Note:Fortheremainingtwocalculationmethods(see[1.3],[1.5]),thislineisonlyinformativeandthevalueofthepermissiblestressissetautomaticallybasedontherequiredsafety
andtheyieldstrengthoftheselectedmaterial.

Filletweldsloadedintheconnectionplane(Lapjoints).[3]
Filletweldsarelocatedalongthewedgeshapededgeofconnectedpartsandtheirbasiccrosssectionincludesanisoscelesrectangulartriangle.Theyareusuallyusedforloadbearing,
forceweldsinTshapeconnections,crossbuttconnections,angleconnectionsandforlapjoints.Theweldedpartsdonotneedshapeadjustment.Forstaticallyloadedconnections,

usuallyaflatweldisused,whileaconcaveweldismoreappropriatefordynamicallyloadedconnections,asithaslowernotcheffects.
Thispartofthecalculationisusedforthegeometricaldesignandstrengthchecksoffilletweldconnectionsloadedintheconnectionplane.Typicalexamplesofsuchconnectionsinclude
lapjointsanddoublesidedconnectionsofshortrigidbeams.

Warning:Thisprogramisdesignedforthecalculationofweldswithuniformfilletwelds.Therecommendedmethodsofhandlingconnectionswithintermittentweldsorwithcombined
weldscanbefoundinthetheoreticalpartoftheHelp.
Designingprocedurefortheconnection:
1.1.Online[3.1]choosetherequiredconnectiontype(formofweldgroup).
2.Inparagraph[3.2]setallrequiredconnectiondimensions.
3.Inparagraph[3.11]settherespectiveparametersfortheconnectionandcalculation.
4.Checktheappropriatecheckboxesinparagraph[3.15]tosettherespectiveloadcombination.Specifythevaluesofselectedloads.
5.If"Methodofpermissiblestresses"(see.[1.7])isused,setthepermissiblestressvalueonline[3.26].
6.Checkthecalculatedsafetyofthedesignedconnectiononline[3.31].
7.Ifyouwanttooptimizetheconnectiondimensionsorthedesignedconnectiondoesnotcomplywiththestrengthchecks,usethe"min"buttonsinparagraph[3.2]tofindthe
suitableconnectiondimensions.
8.Ifyouwanttoestablishthemaximumadmissibleloadfortherespectiveconnection,usethe"max"buttoninparagraph[3.15].
Hint:DetailedinformationonthefilletweldcalculationcanbefoundinthetheoreticalpartoftheHelp.
3.1Formofweldgroup.
Useaswitchwiththerespectivepicturetochoosetherequiredtypeofconnection(formofweldgroup).
Note:Theswitchesmarkedwithablueweldinthepicture(connectionsno.17,18and36)areusedforthecalculationofconnectionswithoutcloserdetailsregardingtheformofweld
group.Foraconnectionwithaformofweldgroupthatisnotaxialsymmetric(connectionno.18)werecommendperformingthecheckofstressintherespectiveweldarea(themost
distantfromthecentreofgravity)graduallyinallfourquadrants.
3.2Dimensionsoftheconnection.
Usethisparagraphtosetallrequiredconnectiondimensions.
Hint1:YoucanfindtherecommendedprocedurestochoosetheappropriatewelddimensionsinthetheoreticalpartoftheHelp.
Hint2:Afteranyofthe"min"buttonslocatedtotherightoftheinputfieldsarepressed,theprogramwillfindtheminimumsuitablevalueoftherespectivedimensionfortherespective
load,selectedmaterialandrequiredconnectionsafety.
3.3Weldthroatthickness.
Thefilletweldthroatthicknessisdefinedastheheightofthebiggestisoscelestriangleinscribedintoaweldsectionwithoutpenetration.

Hint:Theminimumfilletweldthicknessisusuallychosendependingontheusedmaterialandthethicknessoftheweldedparts.Youcanfindtherecommendedprocedurestochoosethe
appropriateweldthicknessinthetheoreticalpartoftheHelp.
3.8Standardprofiles.
Thisparagraphisusedtoenablethesetting(automaticcompletion)oftherespectivedimensionsoftheconnection[3.2]forconnectionswithweldedonbeamswithstandardizedprofiles.
Whenchoosingtheprofile,proceedasfollows:
1.Choosetherequiredprofiletype(standard)fromthedropdownmenu[3.9].
2.Choosetherespectiveprofiledimensionfromlist[3.10].
3.Pressthe"<"buttonintheleftpartofthelisttotransferthedimensionsoftheselectedprofiletotheinputfieldsofparagraph[3.2].
Note:Thisparagraphisonlyfunctionalfortheselectedformsofweldgroupsmatchingthestandardizedprofiles.
3.12Effectiveweldlength.
Inanormaltypeofweld,socalled"enddownslopes"areformed.Theyresultinweakeningofthesectionattheweld'sbeginningandend.Theeffectiveweldlengthwillthenbesmaller
thantheactuallength(reducedbyaworsequalityweldbeginningandend).Formoreaccuratecalculations,wethereforerecommendcontrollingtheloadbearingcapacityofweldsonly
forthatpart(length)oftheweldthathasaratedsection.
Checkthisswitchinordertoconsideronlytheeffectiveweldlengthduringthestrengthchecksoftheconnection.Theprogramwillsettheeffectivelengthautomaticallyfromthespecified
dimensions.Ifthecheckboxisunchecked,theloadbearingcapacityoftheweldwillbecalculateddirectlyforthedimensionsoftheconnectionsetinparagraph[3.2].
Recommendation:Thecalculationsusingtheeffectivelengthfortheweldcontrolerrtothesideofsafety.Therefore,theswitchshouldpreferablybeonconstantly.Exceptionsinclude
caseswhentheweldisprovidedwithspecialtreatment(seethefigure)orifitisimpossibletousetheautomaticcalculationfortheeffectivelengthsetting(e.g.forintermittentwelds).

Note:Thisparameterisinsignificantforconnectionswithcircumferentialwelds.
3.13Internalweld.
Onlycheckthischeckboxiftheconnectionisformedbythefilletweldmadeontheinsidecircumferenceofoneofthepartsconnected.
Note:Thisparameterisonlysignificantforsomeselectedconnectionswithcircumferentialwelds.
3.14Jointdesign.
Choosetherequiredjointdesignfromthedropdownmenu.
Singleshearconnection:

Doubleshearconnection:

3.15Loadingoftheconnection.
Checktheappropriatecheckboxestotheleftofthisparagraphtosettherespectiveweldloadcombination.Specifythesizefortheselectedloads.
Note:Forsomeformsofweldgroups[3.1],theprogramenablesthecalculationusingonlyonetypeofloading.
Hint:Ifyouwanttoestablishthemaximumpermissibleloadfortherespectiveconnection,usethe"max"buttonlocatedtotherightoftherespectiveinputfield.
3.24Strengthchecksoftheconnection.
If"Basiccalculationmethod"or"Methodofconversioncoefficients"(see[1.3]or[1.5])isused,thestrengthchecksoftheconnectionareperformedbycomparisonofthe
maximumcalculatedtheoreticalstresses[3.273.30]totheyieldstrengthoftheselectedmaterialoftheconnection[3.25].Iftheconnectionistoconform,theresultingsafetyagainst
yieldpoint[3.31]mustbehigherthanthesafetyrequired([1.4]or[1.6]).
If"Methodofpermissiblestresses"(see[1.7])isusedforcalculation,thestrengthchecksoftheconnectionwillbeperformedbycomparisonofthemaximumcalculatedtheoretical
stresses[3.273.30]tothepermissiblestress[3.26].Iftheconnectionistoconform,theresultingsafetyrate[3.31]mustbehigherthanthesafetyrequired[1.8].
Hint1:Youcanfindtheminimumsafetyvaluesintherespectivenotesforparagraph[1.2]orinthetheoreticalpartoftheHelp.
Hint2:Ifthedesignedconnectiondoesnotconformtothestrengthchecks,youcanusetherespective"min"buttoninparagraph[3.2]tofindthesuitableconnectiondimension.
3.26Permissiblestress.
If"Methodofpermissiblestresses"(see.[1.7])isusedforthecalculation,setthevalueforthepermissiblestressoftheconnectionmaterialonthisline.Thisvalueisthenusedfor
definingthesafetyrate[3.31]ofthedesignedconnection.
Note:Fortheremainingtwocalculationmethods(see[1.3],[1.5]),thislineisonlyinformativeandthevalueofthepermissiblestressissetautomaticallybasedontherequiredsafety
andtheyieldstrengthoftheselectedmaterial.

Filletweldsloadedintheplaneperpendiculartotheconnectionplane(Tjoints).[4]
Filletweldsarelocatedalongthewedgeshapededgeofconnectedpartsandtheirbasiccrosssectionincludesanisoscelesrectangulartriangle.Theyareusuallyusedforloadbearing,
forceweldsinTshapeconnections,crossbuttconnections,angleconnectionsandforlapjoints.Theweldedpartsdonotneedshapeadjustment.Forstaticallyloadedconnections,
usuallyaflatweldisused,whileaconcaveweldismoreappropriatefordynamicallyloadedconnections,asithaslowernotcheffects.
Thispartofthecalculationisusedforthegeometricaldesignandstrengthchecksoffilletweldconnectionsloadedintheplaneperpendiculartotheconnectionplane.Atypicalexampleof
suchconnectionsistheconnectionofbeamstothebaseplate(Tconnection).

Warning:Thisprogramisdesignedforthecalculationofweldswithuniformfilletwelds.Therecommendedmethodsofhandlingconnectionswithintermittentweldsorwithcombined
weldscanbefoundinthetheoreticalpartoftheHelp.
Designingprocedurefortheconnection:
1.1.Online[4.1]choosetherequiredconnectiontype(formofweldgroup).
2.Inparagraph[4.2]setallrequiredconnectiondimensions.
3.Inparagraph[4.11]settherespectiveparametersfortheconnectionandcalculation.
4.Checktheappropriatecheckboxesinparagraph[4.14]tosettherespectiveloadcombination.Specifythevaluesofselectedloads.
5.If"Methodofpermissiblestresses"(see.[1.7])isused,setthepermissiblestressvalueonline[4.26].
6.Checkthecalculatedsafetyofthedesignedconnectiononline[4.29].
7.Ifyouwanttooptimizetheconnectiondimensionsorthedesignedconnectiondoesnotcomplywiththestrengthchecks,usethe"min"buttonsinparagraph[4.2]tofindthe
suitableconnectiondimensions.
8.Ifyouwanttoestablishthemaximumadmissibleloadfortherespectiveconnection,usethe"max"buttoninparagraph[4.14].
Hint:DetailedinformationonthefilletweldcalculationcanbefoundinthetheoreticalpartoftheHelp.
4.1Formofweldgroup.
Useaswitchwiththerespectivepicturetochoosetherequiredtypeofconnection(formofweldgroup).
Note:Theswitchesmarkedwithablueweldinthepicture(connectionsno.25and26)areusedforthecalculationofconnectionswithoutcloserdetailsregardingtheformofweld
group.
4.2Dimensionsoftheconnection.
Usethisparagraphtosetallrequiredconnectiondimensions.
Hint1:YoucanfindtherecommendedprocedurestochoosetheappropriatewelddimensionsinthetheoreticalpartoftheHelp.
Hint2:Afteranyofthe"min"buttonslocatedtotherightoftheinputfieldsarepressed,theprogramwillfindtheminimumsuitablevalueoftherespectivedimensionfortherespective
load,selectedmaterialandrequiredconnectionsafety.
4.3Weldthroatthickness.
Thefilletweldthroatthicknessisdefinedastheheightofthebiggestisoscelestriangleinscribedintoaweldsectionwithoutpenetration.

Hint:Theminimumfilletweldthicknessisusuallychosendependingontheusedmaterialandthethicknessoftheweldedparts.Youcanfindtherecommendedprocedurestochoosethe
appropriateweldthicknessinthetheoreticalpartoftheHelp.

4.8Standardprofiles.
Thisparagraphisusedtoenablethesetting(automaticcompletion)oftherespectivedimensionsoftheconnection[4.2]forconnectionswithweldedonbeamswithstandardizedprofiles.
Whenchoosingtheprofile,proceedasfollows:
1.Choosetherequiredprofiletype(standard)fromthedropdownmenu[4.9].
2.Choosetherespectiveprofiledimensionfromlist[4.10].
3.Pressthe"<"buttonintheleftpartofthelisttotransferthedimensionsoftheselectedprofiletotheinputfieldsofparagraph[4.2].
Note:Thisparagraphisonlyfunctionalfortheselectedformsofweldgroupsmatchingthestandardizedprofiles.
4.12Effectiveweldlength.
Inanormaltypeofweld,socalled"enddownslopes"areformed.Theyresultinweakeningofthesectionattheweld'sbeginningandend.Theeffectiveweldlengthwillthenbesmaller
thantheactuallength(reducedbyaworsequalityweldbeginningandend).Formoreaccuratecalculations,wethereforerecommendcontrollingtheloadbearingcapacityofweldsonly
forthatpart(length)oftheweldthathasaratedsection.
Checkthisswitchinordertoconsideronlytheeffectiveweldlengthduringthestrengthchecksoftheconnection.Theprogramwillsettheeffectivelengthautomaticallyfromthespecified
dimensions.Ifthecheckboxisunchecked,theloadbearingcapacityoftheweldwillbecalculateddirectlyforthedimensionsoftheconnectionsetinparagraph[4.2].
Recommendation:Thecalculationsusingtheeffectivelengthfortheweldcontrolerrtothesideofsafety.Therefore,theswitchshouldpreferablybeonconstantly.Exceptionsinclude
caseswhentheweldisprovidedwithspecialtreatment(seethefigure)orifitisimpossibletousetheautomaticcalculationfortheeffectivelengthsetting(e.g.forintermittentwelds).

Note:Thisparameterisinsignificantforconnectionswithcircumferentialwelds.
4.13Tensile/compressionstress.
Inweldedonbeamsloadedbybendingmoment,thenormalstresswiththeshapedescribedinthepictureisformedintheweld.Themaximumstressthenactsintheextremepointsof
theweldgroupthataremostdistantfromtheneutralaxis.

Asisobviousfromthepicture,thestressintheupperweldactsinthedirectionofthetearofthebeamandhasthecharacteroftensilestress.Thestressinthelowerweldwillthenhave
thecharacterofcompressionstress.Intheweldssymmetricalalongtheneutralaxis,thevalueofbothstresseswillbethesameintheasymmetricalwelds,thevaluesofcompression
stressmaybehigher.Inviewoftheloadbearingcapacityoftheweldedconnection,however,thetensilestressisusuallymoreimportantforbeamsconnectedinthatway.
Innormalcalculation,theprogramassessesthemaximumcalculatedstressregardlessofitsdirectionduringthestrengthchecks.Bycheckingthisswitch,youwillsuppressthecheckof
compression(negative)stresses.Duringthestrengthchecks,theprogramwillassessonlythetensile(positive)stress.
Note:Thisparameterisinsignificantforweldssymmetricalalongtheneutralaxis.
4.14Loadingoftheconnection.
Checktheappropriatecheckboxestotheleftofthisparagraphtosettherespectiveweldloadcombination.Specifythesizefortheselectedloads.
Hint:Ifyouwanttoestablishthemaximumpermissibleloadfortherespectiveconnection,usethe"max"buttonlocatedtotherightoftherespectiveinputfield.
4.24Strengthchecksoftheconnection.
If"Basiccalculationmethod"or"Methodofconversioncoefficients"(see[1.3]or[1.5])isused,thestrengthchecksoftheconnectionareperformedbycomparisonofthe
maximumcalculatedtheoreticalstresses[4.27,4.28]totheyieldstrengthoftheselectedmaterialoftheconnection[4.25].Iftheconnectionistoconform,theresultingsafetyagainst
yieldpoint[4.29]mustbehigherthanthesafetyrequired([1.4]or[1.6]).
If"Methodofpermissiblestresses"(see[1.7])isusedforcalculation,thestrengthchecksoftheconnectionwillbeperformedbycomparisonofthemaximumcalculatedtheoretical
stresses[4.27,4.28]tothepermissiblestress[4.26].Iftheconnectionistoconform,theresultingsafetyrate[4.29]mustbehigherthanthesafetyrequired[1.8].
Hint1:Youcanfindtheminimumsafetyvaluesintherespectivenotesforparagraph[1.2]orinthetheoreticalpartoftheHelp.
Hint2:Ifthedesignedconnectiondoesnotconformtothestrengthchecks,youcanusetherespective"min"buttoninparagraph[4.2]tofindthesuitableconnectiondimension.
4.26Permissiblestress.
If"Methodofpermissiblestresses"(see.[1.7])isusedforthecalculation,setthevalueforthepermissiblestressoftheconnectionmaterialonthisline.Thisvalueisthenusedfor
definingthesafetyrate[4.29]ofthedesignedconnection.
Note:Fortheremainingtwocalculationmethods(see[1.3],[1.5]),thislineisonlyinformativeandthevalueofthepermissiblestressissetautomaticallybasedontherequiredsafety
andtheyieldstrengthoftheselectedmaterial.

Plugandslotwelds.[5]
Thisparagraphisintendedforthegeometricaldesignandstrengthchecksofconnectionswithplugandslotwelds.

Plugandslotweldsareusuallyusedforlapjoints.Theyarenotsuitableforthetransferofhighforcesandareespeciallynotsuitablefordynamicallyloadedconnections.Theconnection
isformedbytheweldonwallsofcircularorovalopeningsandinthecontactsurfaceoftheadjoiningpart.Plugsandslotsofsmalldimensionsareusuallyfullyfilledwiththeweld.
Theseweldsarenotsuitableforthejoiningofthickerplatesandareusuallyusedforthinnerplatesuptoapprox.15mmthick.Inviewofthestress,slotweldsaremorepreferabledue
tothebetterqualityofpenetrationoftheweldroot.Abetterqualityoftheweld,i.e.betterstrengthcharacteristicofthejoint,canbeachievedbyslopedwallsofopenings.
Designingprocedurefortheconnection:
1.Online[5.1]choosetherequiredconnectiontype.
2.Inparagraph[5.2]setallrequiredconnectiondimensions.
3.Settheappropriatevaluefortheconnectionloadingonline[5.8].
4.If"Methodofpermissiblestresses"(see.[1.7])isused,setthepermissiblestressvalueonline[5.11].
5.Checkthecalculatedsafetyofthedesignedconnectiononline[5.14].
6.Ifyouwanttooptimizetheconnectiondimensionsorthedesignedconnectiondoesnotcomplywiththestrengthchecks,usethe"min"buttonsinparagraph[5.2]tofindthe
suitableconnectiondimensions.
7.Ifyouwanttoestablishthemaximumadmissibleloadfortherespectiveconnection,usethe"max"buttononline[5.8].

Hint:DetailedinformationontheplugweldcalculationcanbefoundinthetheoreticalpartoftheHelp.
5.1Connectiontype.
Choosetherequiredtypeofconnectionfromthedropdownmenu.
5.2Dimensionsoftheconnection.
Usethisparagraphtosetallrequiredconnectiondimensions.
Hint1:YoucanfindtherecommendedprocedurestochoosetheappropriatewelddimensionsinthetheoreticalpartoftheHelp.
Hint2:Afteranyofthe"min"buttonslocatedtotherightoftheinputfieldsarepressed,theprogramwillfindtheminimumsuitablevalueoftherespectivedimensionfortherespective
load,selectedmaterialandrequiredconnectionsafety.
5.7Loadingoftheconnection.
Settheappropriatevaluefortheconnectionloadingonline[5.8].
Hint:Ifyouwanttoestablishthemaximumpermissibleloadfortherespectiveconnection,usethe"max"buttonlocatedtotherightoftheinputfield.
5.9Strengthchecksoftheconnection.
If"Basiccalculationmethod"or"Methodofconversioncoefficients"(see[1.3]or[1.5])isused,thestrengthchecksoftheconnectionareperformedbycomparisonofthe
maximumcalculatedtheoreticalstresses[5.12,5.13]totheyieldstrengthoftheselectedmaterialoftheconnection[5.10].Iftheconnectionistoconform,theresultingsafetyagainst
yieldpoint[5.14]mustbehigherthanthesafetyrequired([1.4]or[1.6]).
If"Methodofpermissiblestresses"(see[1.7])isusedforcalculation,thestrengthchecksoftheconnectionwillbeperformedbycomparisonofthemaximumcalculatedtheoretical
stresses[5.12,5.13]tothepermissiblestress[5.11].Iftheconnectionistoconform,theresultingsafetyrate[5.14]mustbehigherthanthesafetyrequired[1.8].
Hint1:Youcanfindtheminimumsafetyvaluesintherespectivenotesforparagraph[1.2]orinthetheoreticalpartoftheHelp.
Hint2:Ifthedesignedconnectiondoesnotconformtothestrengthchecks,youcanusetherespective"min"buttoninparagraph[5.2]tofindthesuitableconnectiondimension.
5.11Permissiblestress.
If"Methodofpermissiblestresses"(see.[1.7])isusedforthecalculation,setthevalueforthepermissiblestressoftheconnectionmaterialonthisline.Thisvalueisthenusedfor
definingthesafetyrate[5.14]ofthedesignedconnection.
Note:Fortheremainingtwocalculationmethods(see[1.3],[1.5]),thislineisonlyinformativeandthevalueofthepermissiblestressissetautomaticallybasedontherequiredsafety
andtheyieldstrengthoftheselectedmaterial.

Spot(resistance)welds.[6]
Thisparagraphisintendedforthegeometricaldesignandstrengthchecksofconnectionswithspotwelds.

Spotresistanceweldsareusuallyusedtoconnectthinplatesandthinwalledparts.Theyareespeciallyveryusefulinlotproduction.Theconnectionswithspotweldsarenotvery
appropriatefortransferringhighforces.Inviewofthetypeofstress,wedistinguishtwobasictypesofconnectionswithspotwelds:
connectionswithweldsstressedinshear(lapjoints)
connectionswithweldsstressedintear(bytension)
Intechnicalpractice,notmorethan3partswithmaximumtotalthicknessuptoapprox.15mmareallowedtobejoinedforconnectionswithresistancewelds.Thethicknessratiofor
individualpartsshouldnotexceed1:3.Theweldsshouldbepositionedtowardstheexternalforcesothattheyarealwaysonlystressedinshear.Spotweldsstressedintensionhave
significantlylowerloadbearingcapacity,whichiswhytheiruseisnotrecommended.Lapweldscanbemadeassingleshearordoubleshear.Aminimumof2andmaximumof5spot
connectionsshouldbelocatedinthedirectionofactingforce.
Designingprocedurefortheconnection:
1.Online[6.1]choosetherequiredconnectiontype.
2.Inparagraph[6.2]setallrequiredconnectiondimensions.
3.Settheappropriatevaluefortheconnectionloadingonline[6.7].
4.If"Methodofpermissiblestresses"(see.[1.7])isused,setthepermissiblestressvalueonline[6.10].
5.Checkthecalculatedsafetyofthedesignedconnectiononline[6.13].
6.Ifyouwanttooptimizetheconnectiondimensionsorthedesignedconnectiondoesnotcomplywiththestrengthchecks,usethe"min"buttonsinparagraph[6.2]tofindthe
suitableconnectiondimensions.
7.Ifyouwanttoestablishthemaximumadmissibleloadfortherespectiveconnection,usethe"max"buttononline[6.7].
Hint:DetailedinformationonthespotweldcalculationcanbefoundinthetheoreticalpartoftheHelp.
6.1Connectiontype.
Checktheswitchwiththerespectiveimagetoselecttherequiredconnectiontype.
6.2Dimensionsoftheconnection.
Usethisparagraphtosetallrequiredconnectiondimensions.
Hint1:YoucanfindtherecommendedprocedurestochoosetheappropriatewelddimensionsinthetheoreticalpartoftheHelp.
Hint2:Afteranyofthe"min"buttonslocatedtotherightoftheinputfieldsarepressed,theprogramwillfindtheminimumsuitablevalueoftherespectivedimensionfortherespective
load,selectedmaterialandrequiredconnectionsafety.
6.6Loadingoftheconnection.
Settheappropriatevaluefortheconnectionloadingonline[6.7].
Hint:Ifyouwanttoestablishthemaximumpermissibleloadfortherespectiveconnection,usethe"max"buttonlocatedtotherightoftheinputfield.
6.8Strengthchecksoftheconnection.
If"Basiccalculationmethod"or"Methodofconversioncoefficients"(see[1.3]or[1.5])isused,thestrengthchecksoftheconnectionareperformedbycomparisonofthe
maximumcalculatedtheoreticalstresses[6.11,6.12]totheyieldstrengthoftheselectedmaterialoftheconnection[6.9].Iftheconnectionistoconform,theresultingsafetyagainst
yieldpoint[6.13]mustbehigherthanthesafetyrequired([1.4]or[1.6]).
If"Methodofpermissiblestresses"(see[1.7])isusedforcalculation,thestrengthchecksoftheconnectionwillbeperformedbycomparisonofthemaximumcalculatedtheoretical
stresses[6.11,6.12]tothepermissiblestress[6.10].Iftheconnectionistoconform,theresultingsafetyrate[6.13]mustbehigherthanthesafetyrequired[1.8].
Hint1:Youcanfindtheminimumsafetyvaluesintherespectivenotesforparagraph[1.2]orinthetheoreticalpartoftheHelp.
Hint2:Ifthedesignedconnectiondoesnotconformtothestrengthchecks,youcanusetherespective"min"buttoninparagraph[6.2]tofindthesuitableconnectiondimension.
6.10Permissiblestress.
If"Methodofpermissiblestresses"(see.[1.7])isusedforthecalculation,setthevalueforthepermissiblestressoftheconnectionmaterialonthisline.Thisvalueisthenusedfor
definingthesafetyrate[6.13]ofthedesignedconnection.
Note:Fortheremainingtwocalculationmethods(see[1.3],[1.5]),thislineisonlyinformativeandthevalueofthepermissiblestressissetautomaticallybasedontherequiredsafety
andtheyieldstrengthoftheselectedmaterial.

Settingcalculations,changethelanguage.
Informationonsettingofcalculationparametersandsettingofthelanguagecanbefoundinthedocument"Settingcalculations,changethelanguage".

SupplementsThiscalculation:
3.0Usersettingofcalculationparameters.

Dependingontheappliedcalculationmethod(seethemaincalculation[1.2])youcanusethisparttosetsomeparametersaffectingthecalculationoftheweldedconnectionsproper.In
paragraph[3.1]youcansettherequiredvalueofthecoefficientsusedfor"Methodofconversioncoefficients".Paragraph[3.10]isusedtosetthebasiccalculationparametersfor
"Methodofpermissiblestresses".
Hint:DetailedinformationontheusedcalculationmethodscanbefoundinthetheoreticalpartoftheHelp.

3.2Settingtheweldanisotropiccoefficients.
Usethisparagraphtosetthevaluesofconversioncoefficientsusedbytheprograminthecalculationofcomparativestressesfor"Methodofconversioncoefficients".
Recommendedvaluesofconversioncoefficients:
Weldtype,wayofload
Buttweldssubjecttocompression
Buttweldssubjecttotension
manualarcorflamewelding
contactresistancewelding
manualwelding,connectionsafterslottingwithreweldedroot
automaticweldingunderweldingfluxorinCO2,doublesidedweldedconnections
electroslagwelding
Buttweldssubjecttoshear
Endfilletwelds
manualwelding,weldwithoutpenetration
manualarcwelding,electrodeswithhigherstrength(min.20%more)
automaticweldingunderweldingfluxorinCO2,weldthickness>8mm,penetrationdepth0.2a
automaticweldingunderweldingflux,singlelayerweldslessthan8mmthick,penetrationdepth0.4a
Sidefilletwelds
manualwelding,weldwithoutpenetration
manualarcwelding,electrodeswithhigherstrength(min.20%more)
automaticweldingunderweldingfluxorinCO2,weldthickness>8mm,penetrationdepth0.2a
automaticweldingunderweldingflux,singlelayerweldslessthan8mmthick,penetrationdepth0.4a
Plugandslotwelds
manualarcwelding,weldswithverticalwalls
weldingunderweldingfluxorinCO2,weldswithslopedwalls
Spotresistanceweldssubjecttoshear
Spotresistanceweldssubjecttotension

3.11Methodofcomparativestresscalculationforbuttwelds.
Usetheappropriateswitchtoselecttherequiredrelationthatwillbefurtherusedinthecalculationofcomparativestress.

Coefficient
1.00
0.85...1.00
0.85
0.90
0.95
1.00
1.00
0.70
0.75...1.00
0.75
0.85
0.90
1.00
0.65...0.90
0.65
0.75
0.80
0.90
0.50...0.65
0.50
0.65
0.65
0.50

Forbuttweldedconnections,technicalcalculationsmostfrequentlyusethesecondrelation,

whichisalsoappliedbytheprogramin"Basiccalculationmethod".Ifthisrelationisused,thepermissibletensilestressofthebasicmaterialisusuallyusedtodefinethepermissible
stressintheweldsection.
Thefirstrelation

isusedtodefinetheratedstressesinabuttweldsectionlessfrequently.Thismethodisusede.g.inDIN18800,orforasimplifiedcalculationmethodaccordingtoprEN199318.
Generally,wecansaythatifused,thevalueofthepermissiblestressshouldbederivedbasedonthepermissiblestressofthematerialinshear.

3.12Methodofcomparativestresscalculationforfilletwelds.
Usetheappropriateswitchtoselecttherequiredrelationthatwillbefurtherusedinthecalculationofcomparativestress.
Forfilletweldedconnections,thetechnicalcalculationsalmostsolelyusethefirstrelation,

whichisalsoappliedbytheprogramin"Basiccalculationmethod".Whenthisrelationisused,thepermissiblestressinshearofthebasicmaterialisusuallyusedtodefinethe
permissiblestressintheweldsection.
Withrespecttotheestablishedcalculationconvention(forthesakeofthecalculation,theloadbearingweldsectionisreclinedintotheplaneofconnectingtheparts),theliterature
mentionsthesecondrelationforfilletweldsonlyveryrarely.

Ifyoustilluseit,thevalueofthepermissiblestressshouldbederivedbasedonthepermissibletensionstressofthematerial.

3.13Calculationwithdistributionofshearstress.
Insometechnicalcalculations,thetheoryofshearstressdistributionisusedforstrengthchecksoffilletweldssubjecttoshearforceintheplaneofconnectionofparts.Accordingtothis
theory,theshearstressesintheloadedsectionaretransferredonlybytheweldsparalleltothestressdirection.Whencheckingthisswitch,theprogramwillusethereducedload
bearingsectionoftheweldgroupincalculationofshearstresses.

Recommendation:Thisswitchshouldnotbeusedforcaseswhenthetotallengthoftheweldsperpendiculartothestressdirectionissignificantlygreaterthanthetotallengthofthe
weldsparalleltothewelddirection.Forsuchweldedconnections,thecalculationwillproducemisleadingresultsiftheswitchison.
Note:Thisswitchhasnomeaningforconnectionswithweldslocatedinonlyonedirection.

Workbookmodifications(calculation).
Generalinformationonhowtomodifyandextendcalculationworkbooksismentionedinthedocument"Workbook(calculation)modifications".