CVL313 Structural Analysis

Dr. Aly Emam, PEng.

Email:
E il a.emam@ryerson.ca
@
Office: MON208
Office Hours: Monday 3:00-5:00 pm
Dr. A. Emam

Copyright 2016

Lecture 4

Virtual Work Method (review examples)

Conservation of Energy
Strain Energy
Castiglianos Second Theorem
Applications and Solved Examples:
Trusses
Beams
Frames
Maxwells Law of Reciprocal Deflections
Examples and Assignment
Dr. A. Emam

 Virtual Work Method (review example in class)

Use the virtual work method to calculate the vertical deflection
at point C of the beam shown below. EI=6x103 kN.m2.

hinge

Dr. A. Emam

Example of a composite structure (in class)

Using the principle of
virtual work, calculate the
horizontal and the vertical
deflections at point C of
the structure shown
below. The tie rod has an
AE=1.6x104 kN. Both
b
i t ibl
beams
are inextensible
and have EI=2.56x105
kN.m2.
Dr. A. Emam

Energy Methods

Conservation of Energy
The p
principle
p of conservation of energy
gy
The work performed on an elastic structure in
equilibrium by statically (gradually) applied
external forces equals the work done by
internal forces ((or the strain energy
gy stored in
the structure)

Dr. A. Emam

Energy Methods

Conservation of Energy
The principle can be expressed as:

We Wi
Where:
We:
W i:
U:

Dr. A. Emam

or

We U

is the work done by external forces

is the work done by internal forces; and
is the strain energy of the structure

Energy Methods

Strain Energy
The strain energy of a structure is its capacity for doing
work.
The term strain energy is attributed to the energy that a
structure has because of its deformation.
Steel

Concrete

Dr. A. Emam

Energy Methods

Strain Energy
The work done by the load P as the rod
elongates by a small dx is,
is

dU P dx work
which is equal to the area of width dx
under the load-deformation diagram.
The total work done by the load for a
deformation x1,
U

x1

P dx total work strain energy

0

Dr. A. Emam

Energy Methods

Strain Energy
For linear elastic deformation,

U Pd 12 P
0

The explicit expression for the strain energy of a structure

depends on the type of dominant internal forces that can
develop in the members of the structure.
Dr. A. Emam

Energy Methods

Trusses

Strain Energy

The strain energy stored in member (j) of

the shown truss is given by:

U j 12 F

F 2L
2 AE

The strain energy for the entire truss is

the sum of the strain energies of all of its
members, hence:

F 2L
U
2 AE
Dr. A. Emam

10

Energy Methods

Strain Energy

Beams

Gradual increase of the load (P) causes gradual

increase of the internal moment (M) acting on
element (dx) of the shown beam , while the cross
sections of element (dx) rotate by (d) with
respect to each other. Hence, the strain energy
stored in element (dx) is given by:

dU 12 M (d )

Recall:

dU

Then,

d ( M / EI )dx

M2
dx
2 EI

The strain energy for the entire beam is obtained by integrating the above
equation over (L), hence:
L

M2
U
dx
2 EI
0

Dr. A. Emam

11

Energy Methods

Strain Energy

Frames

The frame may be subjected to axial forces as well as bending

moments. Then, the total strain energy of the frame is expressed
as the sum of the strain energy due to axial forces (truss) and the
strain energy due to bending (beam). Hence, (U) for the frame is
given by:
L

F 2L
M2
U

dx
2 AE 0 2 EI
Axial (truss)
component

Bending (beam)
component

The axial component is often small and neglected.

Dr. A. Emam

12

Energy Methods

Castiglianos Second Theorem

Statement of the theorem:

For linear elastic structures, the partial derivative of the
strain energy in a structure with respect to an applied force
(or couple) is equal to the displacement (or rotation) of that
force (or couple) along its line of action. Mathematically, can
be written as:
U
U
or
i
i
Pi

Mi

Limitations
Li it ti
The theorem is applicable only to:
Linear elastic material
Structures with constant temperature
Unyielding supports.
Dr. A. Emam

13

Energy Methods

Castiglianos Second Theorem

Application to Trusses

F 2L

P 2 AE

Not that F 2 / P 2 F (F / P ). Then,

F FL

P AE

Advantages?
Dr. A. Emam

14

Energy Methods

Castiglianos Second Theorem

Application to Beams

L
M2
dx

P 0 2 EI

and

L
M2
dx

M 0 2 EI

Not that M 2 / M 2 M (M / M ). Then,

L

M

P
0
L

M
M
0

M
dx
EI

for deflection

M
dx
EI

for rotation

Dr. A. Emam

15

Energy Methods

Castiglianos Second Theorem

Application to Frames
If the axial deformations are to be considered, then the frame
equations are the sum of Truss and Beam equations. Hence,
the general format for computing deflections and rotations
can be written as:
F FL

P AE
F
M

Dr. A. Emam

M M

P EI dx

ffor deflection
f

FL
M

AE 0 M

M
dx
EI

for rotation

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Energy Methods

Castiglianos Second Theorem

Procedure for Trusses
1.

If an external load is acting on the given truss at the joint and in direction
of the desired deflection, then designate this load as the variable (P) and go
to step 2.
2 otherwise,
otherwise apply a dummy load (P) at the joint and in the
direction of the desired deflection.

2.

Determine the axial force (F) in each member of the truss in terms of (P).

3.

Differentiate member forces (F) with respect to (P) to get (F/P).

4.

Evaluate (F) and the partial derivatives (F/P) by substitute the numeric
value of (P) or set P=0 if it is a dummy load.

5.

Apply Castiglianos second theorem expression to determine the desired

deflection, i.e.
F FL

P AE
A positive value indicates that the deflection is in the same direction of (P).

6.

Dr. A. Emam

17

Energy Methods

Castiglianos Second Theorem

Procedure for Beams or Frames

1.

2.
3.
4.
5
5.

If an external load is acting on the given beam/frame at the point and in

direction of the desired deflection, then designate this load as the variable
((P)) and ggo to step
p 2. otherwise, apply
pp y a dummy
y load (P)
( ) at the ppoint and in the
direction of the desired deflection.
Determine expression for the moment M(x) in each member of the
beam/frame in terms of (P).
Differentiate the moment expressions M(x) with respect to (P) to get (M/P).
Evaluate (M) and the partial derivatives (M/P) by substitute the numeric
value of (P) or set P=0 if it is a dummy load.
Apply Castiglianos second theorem expression to determine the desired
deflection, i.e.
L
M M

dx
P EI
0

6.
7.

For rotation, follow the same steps above (1-5) by replacing ( P by M )

A positive value indicates that the deflection/rotation is in the same direction
of load or couple.

Dr. A. Emam

18

Energy Methods

Castiglianos Second Theorem

REFLECT
What is the deflection at the mid-span of the shown beam?

Use Castiglianos second theorem

to show that the deflection is:

PL3

48EI

Dr. A. Emam

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Energy Methods

Castiglianos Second Theorem

REFLECT
What is the deflection at the mid-span of the shown beam?

Use Castiglianos second theorem

to show that the deflection is:
Dr. A. Emam

5wL4

384 EI
20

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Energy Methods

Castiglianos Second Theorem

Example 7.18
Use Castiglianos second theorem to determine the horizontal and
vertical deflections at joint B of the shown truss.

Dr. A. Emam

21

Energy Methods

Castiglianos Second Theorem

Example 7.18 (conted)

BH

Dr. A. Emam

F
1

FL

AE P1
84.48
0.35 mm
AE

BV

F
1

FL

AE P2
797.08
3.32 mm
AE
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Energy Methods

Castiglianos Second Theorem

Example 7.15
Use Castiglianos second theorem to determine the vertical
deflection at point C of the shown beam.

Dr. A. Emam

23

Energy Methods

Castiglianos Second Theorem

Example 7.15 (contd)

Dr. A. Emam

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Energy Methods

Castiglianos Second Theorem

Example 7.15 (contd)
Substitute P=12 k into the expressions for M and M/P and apply
Castiglianos second theorem for beam.
L

M
C
P
0

M
dx
EI

30
10

1
x
12 x
2

(
)(
30
x
x
)
dx
( x )( 12 x )dx

EI 0 3
3
0

65,000

0.194 in
EI
C 0.194 in

Dr. A. Emam

25

Energy Methods

Castiglianos Second Theorem

Example 7.17
Use Castiglianos second theorem to determine the rotation at joint
C of the shown frame.

Dr. A. Emam

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13

Energy Methods

Castiglianos Second Theorem

Example 7.17 (contd)
Apply a dummy couple at joint C and determine expressions for M(x)
in terms of the dummy moment.

Dr. A. Emam

27

Energy Methods

Castiglianos Second Theorem

Example 7.17 (contd)
Tabulate the developed expressions as shown below.

Dr. A. Emam

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14

Energy Methods

Castiglianos Second Theorem

Example 7.17 (contd)
Substitute the dummy couple =0 into the above expressions and
apply Castiglianos second theorem for the frame (note: axial
deformations
f
are neglected).
g
)
L

M
M
0

M
dx
EI

30

1 x
1 .5 x 2
(
x
)
dx
)(
38
.
5

EI 0 30
2

6,487.5

0.0129 rad .
EI
C 0.0192 rad .
Dr. A. Emam

29

Energy Methods

Bettis Maxwells law of reciprocal deflections

Initially developed by James Maxwell in
1864.
Extended to a more general law by E. Betti
in 1872.
For linear elastic structures.
Helpful
l f l tooll to determine
d
i deflections.
d fl i
Important role for the analysis of statically
indeterminate structures.
Dr. A. Emam

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Energy Methods

Maxwells law of reciprocal deflections

For a linearly elastic
structure the deflection
structure,
at a point (j) due to a
unit load at point (i) is
equal to the deflection at
point (i) due to a unit
load at p
point (j)
(j).

f ij f ji
Dr. A. Emam

31

Energy Methods

Castiglianos Second Theorem

Extra Example (in class)
Use Castiglianos second theorem to determine the vertical
deflection at point C of the shown beam.

REFLECT: If the concentrated loads at points B and C are

switched, what will be the vertical deflection at point B ?
Dr. A. Emam

32

16

Energy Methods

Castiglianos second theorem

Examples and Assignment:
1. GA: Problems 7.54, 7.60 and 7.65
(time permits).
2. A quiz on conjugate beam method.
3. Assignment
ss g e # 5 w
will be pos
posted
ed on
o thee
course D2L Brightspace.

Dr. A. Emam

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