Documenti di Didattica
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Documenti di Cultura
2015/16
SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING.
Random sampling is not suitable for every place that you may wish to survey.
Because the physical condition might affect the area, for example (altitude,
soil moisture content , soil type, soil pH , exposure or light intensity change ).
For example, suppose you want to investigate the change of the edge of a
field where it becomes very marshy.
You then sample the organisms that are present along the line, which is called
a transect.
Line transect is a line across one or more habitat.
The Organisms found at regular points along a line are noted,
transects are used to detect changes in community composition
along a line across one or more habitats.
Interrupted belt transect the abundance of organisms within quadrats
placed at regular points along a line is noted.
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Correlation
Correlation always will be made based on the graph.
There must be positive correlation, negative correlation and no correlation.
The strongest correlation is when all points are on the straight line, there is a
linear correlation.
This correlation coefficient will be having equal to 1.
R=
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Quadrat
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Mean
n xy
Standard
deviation
No of species
No of Species Q , y
P,x
10
21
9
20
11
22
7
17
8
16
14
23
10
20
12
24
12
22
9
19
10.2
20.4
10 x 10.2 x 20.4 = 2080.8
2.10
2.55
xy
210
180
242
119
128
322
200
288
264
171
Sum of xy = 2124
r = 2124 (10x10.2x20.4)
10x2.10x 2.55
= 0.81
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This test is used to find out whether any correlation between two sets of
variables, when they are not normally distributed.
Thus, for this test, the correlation used not to be linear. (scattered graph)
**Lets remind back Pearsons Linear Correlation , it is used for
NORMALLY DISTRIBUTED and LINEAR GRAPH.
Quadrat
No of species
P
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
38
2
22
50
28
8
42
13
20
43
Rank of
Species P
7
1
5
10
6
2
8
3
4
9
No of Species
of Q
24
5
8
31
27
4
36
6
11
30
Rank of
species of Q
6
2
4
9
7
1
10
3
5
8
Rank of species
Q
Difference in
Rank
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
7
1
5
10
6
2
8
3
4
9
6
2
4
9
7
1
10
3
5
8
1
-1
1
1
-1
1
-2
0
-1
1
Rs = 1- 6x D^2)
n^3 n
D^2
1
1
1
1
1
1
4
0
1
1
Sum of D^2 = 12
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How to interpret the correlation between the values and what does
it mean ?
5
1.00
6
0.89
7
0.79
8
0.76
9
0.68
10
0.65
11
0.60
12
0.54
14
0.51
16
0.51
ASSISTED REPRODUCTION
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Zoos are used to transport mammals between them as part of their captive
breeding programmes.
Movement of large mammals is very difficult, so it is better to take the semen
from the animals and store them in the sperm banks.
Ways for storing the sperms.
Samples are collected from the males, checked for sperm activity, and diluted
with a medium that containing buffer solution and albumen. And storing it at
liquid nitrogen at -196 C.
Artificial Insemination.
1. A straw is placed into the warm water so that the sperm will become
active,
2. Put into a catheter , which is inserted into the vagina, through cervix
and uterus.
3. Hormone treatment is done so that the female will superovulate and
large numbers of follicles is produced.
4. When the sperm is fuse with the ovum, the zygote is formed , and the
cell division will form an embryos.
5. The resulting embryos may flushed out from the uterus , so that it can
be transferred to other female species.
6. These females no need to be same species , they could be a related
species but not a endangered species.
7. The process of embryo transfer protects the endangered species from
the risks of pregnancy and means that she can be source of many
offspring.
8. Females that receive embryo from others are surrogate mothers.
IVF
Steps for IVF carried out in animals
In order to carry out in vitro fertilization ( IVF ) , oocytes are collected by
inserting a needle into a ovaries, and withdrawing some follicles.
The follicles will be cultured in the medium for a short time, and then mixed
with semen.
The resulting zygote will be divided into embryos, which is cultured for
several days.
Insert the embryos into the mother or into several females.
Eggs can be stored as many as sperms, eggs are more difficult to freeze, as
they are more likely to be damaged by the freezing, or thawing process. This
is because oocytes are large cells which contains a lot of water and easily will
be frozen, which is able to damage internal membrane.
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Botanic Gardens
Seeds or cuttings are collected from species in the wild, and then used to
rebuild the population and then reintroduced back into their habitats.
The roles of botanic Gardens
1. Protect endangered plant species , the worlds botanic Garden already
cultivate around one third of the worlds known plant species.
2. Research on the reproduction and growth so that the species cultivated
in botanic garden can be grown in appropriate conditions.
3. Research conversation methods so that the plants can be introduced
back into a new habitats if their original habitat has been destroyed.
4. Reintroduce species to habitats where they have become very rare or
extinct.
5. Educate the public in the many roles of plants in ecosystems and their
economic values.
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3. Some invasive plants grow so successfully with the place and cover a
huge area of species. For example, water hyacinth, is grow
successfully when introduced to the new habitat.
CONS:: Since the hyacinth is a floating aquatic plant, it will cover the
huge area of place, it prevents the sunlight from passing into the
water, and reduce the oxygen concentration in water and this will
cause the dying of aquatic animals and aquatic submerged plants.
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PONS :: This water hyacinth also will provide a place or habitat for
mosquitoes larvae so its control would be important too for the sake of
human health too.
4. Japanese Knotweed
Japanese Knotweed , has a vigorous root system, and its growth is very
strong and it could force its way towards the concrete roads or damage
buildings.
ii
III
Criteria
Trading
Regulations
Animals
Examples
All trade in
species or their
products is
banned
Trade is only
allowed if an
export permit is
granted by the
countries
concerned.
Orang- Utans,
Turtle , Panda.
Kinabulu Pitcher
Plant
( Malaysia )
All species in
the genus ,
Venus Fly trap.
Trade in these
species is
regulated ,
permits are
required, but
they are easier
to obtain than
for species in
Appendix II
Mauritian Pink
Pigeon
Plant
examples
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