3 - Material Balance

PETE 623 Waterflooding
(Fall 2008)
Section 3 Material balance
D D Mamora (2008)
Material balance
3.1 Displacement mechanisms

3.2 Material balance equation
3.2.1 MBE for undersaturated reservoirs (no
gas-cap)
3.2.2 MBE for gas reservoirs
3.2.3 Drive indices
3.3 Havlena-Odeh straight-line MBE
3.4 Waterflood MBE
Example 3.1 (from Craft and Hawkins)
Example 3.2 (from L. P. Dake)
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3.1 Displacement mechanisms

Oil is pushed or displaced from within the reservoir
towards the producing wells by two possible types of
displacement processes or mechanisms:
(1)
Internal displacement mechanisms from

within the reservoir. These include gascap gas
expansion, expansion of oil and liberated
solution gas.
(2)
External flooding mechanism from outside

the reservoir, e.g. aquifer influx.
The effect of these displacement mechanisms on the

movement of the gas-oil contact (GOC) and oil-water
contact (OWC) thus on watercut and producing
GOR of the wells - are illustrated in Fig. 3.1.
D D Mamora (2008)
Oil, gascap gas,

and solution gas
Oil and solution
gas
Original
gas-oil
contact
Oil, solution
gas
and water
Gasca
p
Present
gas-oil
contact
Oil
Expansion of
liberated solution
gas
Gascap gas
expansion
Water
influx
Present
oil-water
contact
Original
oil-water
contact
Aquifer
Fig. 3.1 Internal and external displacement mechanisms

(adapted from Woody and Moscrip, Trans. AIME (1956)).
D D Mamora (2008)
3.2
Material balance equation
As a result of production of fluids from the reservoir:

1. Reservoir pressure drops, causing gas cap to
expand, lowering the gas-oil contact (GOC).
2. Reservoir pressure drops, causing aquifer
pressure to drop and expand into the reservoir,
thus pushing the oil-water contact (OWC) up.
3. As the reservoir pressure drops below the
bubble-point pressure of the oil, gas comes out
of solution in the oil zone.
The change in volume of the various fluids and pore
space in the reservoir as depicted in Fig. 3.2 - may
be described by the material balance equation.
D D Mamora (2008)
Np, Gp, Wp
Gascap
mNBoi (RB)
Oil + originally
dissolved gas
NBoi (RB)
D
Aquifer
pi
Fig. 3.2 Changes in volume in the reservoir as a result of pressure drop

caused by production (adapted from L. P. Dake, Fundamentals of Reservoir
Engineering).
D D Mamora (2008)
As a result of pressure drop (refer to Fig. 3.2):

1. Volume A: increase in volume due to expansion
of oil plus originally dissolved gas
2. Volume B: increase in volume due to expansion
of gascap gas
3. Volume C: decrease in volume due to
expansion of connate water and reduction in
pore volume
4. Volume D: decrease in reservoir volume due to
water influx
D D Mamora (2008)
Initial PVT properties and hydrocarbon volumes:
D D Mamora (2008)
PVT properties and production data at a later time:
D D Mamora (2008)
Volume balance (in RB) is as follows.

Underground withdrawal (RB) =
Expansion of oil + originally dissolved gas (RB)
+
Expansion of gas cap (RB)
Reduction in hydrocarbon pore volume (due to

connate water expansion and decrease in pore
volume
(RB)
Net water influx (RB)
(1)
Expressions for each of the terms in Eq. 1 are

derived as follows.
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10
(a)
Underground withdrawal
The term consists of two parts:

Amount of oil produced = NpBo (RB)
Amount of gas produced = Np(Rp Rso)Bg (RB)
Total underground withdrawal
= NpBo + Np(Rp Rso)Bg
(RB) ....(2)
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11
(b)
Expansion of oil and originally dissolved gas
The two components of this term are:

Expansion of the oil (liquid) = N(Bo Boi)
(RB)
Expansion of the liberated gas

= N(Rsoi Rso)Bg (RB)
Total expansion of oil and originally dissolved gas
= N(Bo Boi) + N(Rsoi Rso)Bg
=
N[(Bo Boi) + (Rsoi Rso)Bg]
(RB)
(3)
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12
(c)
Expansion of gas cap gas
Initial reservoir volume of gascap gas = mNBoi (RB)

Reservoir volume of gascap volume at pressure p
= mNBoiBg/Bgi
(RB)
Therefore, expansion of gas cap gas

= mNBoiBg/Bgi - mNBoi
= mNBoi (Bg/Bgi -1)
(RB)
(4)
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(d) Decrease in HCPV due to connate water

expansion and pore volume reduction
HCPV = (1 + m )NB oi
RB
(1 + m )NB oi
HCPV
Total pore volume =
=
(1 S wc ) (1 S wc )
RB
(i) Connate water expansion

Connate water vol ume = total pore volume S wc
= (1 + m )NB oi
S wc
(1 S wc )
Connate water expansion

= connate water vol ume c w p
=
(1 + m )NB oi S wc c w p
(1 S wc )
RB
.......(5)
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(ii) Pore volume reduction

Pore volume reduction = total pore volume c f p
(1 + m )NB oi c f p
=
(1 S wc )
RB .......(6)
Usin g Eqs. 5 and 6, decrease in HCPV

c w S wc + c f
= (1 + m )NB oi
(1 S wc )
RB ........ (7)
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(e)
Net water influx
Water influx - of volume We (RB) - expels an

equivalent hydrocarbon volume from the reservoir.
Since water produced is Wp (RB), as far as
hydrocarbon production is concerned:
Net water influx = We Wp
(RB) (8)
Substituting Eq. 2 Eq. 8 in Eq. 1:
) ]
N p Bo + R p Rso B g
(Bo Boi ) + (Rsoi Rso )B g

Bg
c w S wc + c f
= NB oi
+m
1 + (1 + m )
Boi
(1 S wc )
B gi
+ We W p B w
......(9)
Eq. 9 is the general Material Balance Equation (MBE).

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16
Notes on MBE:
1.
The MBE is zero dimensional. That is, the MBE

is evaluated at a point in the reservoir the
centroid - to properly represent the average
properties of the reservoir.
2.
The MBE is evaluated by comparing volumes at

pressure p to the original pressure pi. The MBE
is not evaluated in a differential or step-wise
manner.
3.
The MBE is generally time-independent, except

for the water influx (as will be shown later).
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17
3.2.1
MBE for undersaturated reservoirs (no

gas-cap)
This implies m = 0.
Eq. 9 is reduced to
) ]
N p B o + R p R so B g
(B o B oi ) + (R soi R so )B g c w S wc + c f
p
= NB oi
+
B oi
(1 S wc )
+ We W p B w
......(10)
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3.2.2
MBE for gas reservoirs
For a gas reservoir :

N = 0
Np = 0
N p Rp = Gp
NmBoi = GBgi
Thus, Eq. 9 is reduced to
G p Bg = G Bg Bgi
c w S wc + c f
+ GBgi
(1 S wc )
p + We W p Bw
......(11)
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19
If rock and water compressib ility efffects and

aquifer influx are negligible , then the reservoir
is a volumetic reservoir. Eq. 11 reduces to :
G p B g = G B g B gi
.......... .......(12 )
From the real gas law, B g
Substituti ng Eq. 13 in 12 :
Gp
p p i
1
=
G
z
zi
p sc zT
T sc p
.......... .......... (13)
.......... .......... ...(14)
A graph of p/z versus G p is shown in Fig. 3.3.

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p pi G p
= 1
z zi
G
pi/zi
Data
p/z
(psia)
p/z at abandonment
G
Gp, MMSCF
Ultimate recovery
Fig. 3.3 - p/z versus Gp for a volumetric gas reservoir.
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21
From p/z versus Gp graph, we obtain:

(1)
Gas-initially-in-place, G
Thus, we have an engineering method to
validate the value of G that is based on
geological and petrophysical information.
(2)
Gas ultimate recovery, Gas UR

This is the most reliable method for
estimating gas ultimate recovery; any other
method has to assume a value for G.
(3)
Gas reserves at a particular time t

Reserves = Gas UR - Gp
where Gp = cumulative production at time t
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3.2.3
Drive indices
The drive index is the fraction of the total

underground withdrawal that is replaced by a
particular drive mechanism.
Pirson defined three drive index groups:
DDI
depletion drive index
SDI
segregation (gas cap) drive index
WDI
water drive index
Expressions for each of the drive indices are derived

in the following.
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23
) ]
Dividing Eq. 9 by the left - hand term, N p B o + R p R so B g :
1=
N (B o B oi ) + ( R soi R so )B g
) ]
Bg
NmB oi
1
B gi
+
) ]
(W e W p B w )
+
N p [B o + (R p R so )B g ]
Thus,
DDI + SDI + WDI = 1
(DDI)
(SDI)
(WDI) ......(15)
.......... ......(16)
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Example 3.1 (from Craft and Hawkins)

Calculate drive indices for a reservoir given the
following production and pressure data.
p, psig
2275 (= pi)
2143
Np, MMSTB
9.070
Rp, SCF/STB
600 (=Rsi)
1630
Bg, RCF/SCF
0.00637
0.00676
Bt, RCF/STB
7.37
7.46
where : N = 415 MMSTB, m = 0.224

the two - phase FVF , B t = B o + (R soi R so )B g
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25
) ]
Using given data, N p B o + R p R so B g = 131 MMRB

Using Eq. 13 :
415 10 6 (7 .46 7.37 )
DDI =
SDI =
131 10
= 0 .285
415 10 6 0 .224 7 .37 (0.00676 0.00637 ) / 0 .00637

131 10 6
= 0.320
WDI =
51.5 10 6
131 10
= 0.395
If depletion drive index (DDI) dominates, the

reservoir is a possible candidate for pressure
maintenance, e.g. by waterflooding.
D D Mamora (2008)
26
3.3 Havlena-Odeh straight-line MBE

The general MBE (Eq. 9) is reproduced below.
) ]
(B o B oi ) + ( R soi R so )B g
Bg
c w S wc + c f
= NB oi
+m
1 + (1 + m )
B oi
(1 S wc )
B gi
+ We W p Bw
......(17)
The MBE is unwieldy (too many terms). It is not in

a convenient form, where linear extrapolations, for
instance, can be made.
Havlena and Odeh developed the straight-line MBE
by grouping the terms representing the withdrawal
and drive mechanisms as shown in the following.
D D Mamora (2008)
27
1. Underground withdrawal (including water produced)
) ]
F = N p Bo + R p R so B g + W p B w
RB .............(18)
2. Expansion of oil + originally dissolved gas

E o = (Bo Boi ) + ( Rsoi R so )B g
RB/STB ..........(19)
3. Gascap gas expansion

Bg
1
E g = Boi
B gi
RB/STB
........................(20)
4. Connate water expansion and pore volume reduction

E f ,w
c w S wc + c f
= (1 + m )Boi
1 S wc
p RB/STB .........(21)
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28
Substituti ng Eqs. 18 - 21 in Eq. 17 :
F = N E o + mE g + E f , w + W e
RB
.......... .........( 22)
Eq. 22 is the Havlena - Odeh general MBE.
The following
are noteworthy about Eq. 22.

(1) It has fewer terms than Eq. 17, thus is less wieldy.
(2) Balance between withdrawal and voidage replacemen t
terms is clear.
(3) It is a linear equation under certain conditions .
The following are examples where the Havlena - Odeh
MBE are straight line equations.
D D Mamora (2008)
29
1. Case 1 - reservoir with
no gas cap, m = 0
negligible water influx, We = 0
compressibility term can be neglected, cf,w = 0
Eq. 22 then reduces to:

F = NEo
..(23)
A plot of F versus Eo yields a straight line with
slope N.
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30

no gas cap, m = 0
comp Cressibility term can be neglected, cf,w = 0
F
W
= N + Ee
o
Eo
.......... .......... ..(24)
A plot of F/Eo versus We/Eo yields a straight

line with unit slope and intercept of N.
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31

negligible water influx, We = 0
compressibility term can be neglected, cf,w = 0
F = N E o + mE g
.......... .......... ..(25)
A plot of F versus (Eo + mEg) yields a straight

line with slope N and intercept at the origin.
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32
Case 3 (contd)
If plot is not a straight line, value of m may be
erroneous. Adjust m until a straight line is obtained.
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33
Example 3.2 (from L. P. Dake)
Based on volumetric estimate, N = 115 MMSTB.

Production, pressure and PVT data for the reservoir
are shown in Table 3.1. m is estimated to be 0.4.
Is this value of m confirmed by production and
pressure data?
D D Mamora (2008)
34
Using Eqs. 18, 19, and 20, and data in Table 3.1, F,
Eo, and Eg are calculated (Table 3.2), including
(Eo + mEg) for m of 0.5 and 0.6.
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35
A plot of F versus (Eo + mEg) is shown below.

Straight line is obtained with m = 0.5 not 0.4 Initial
estimate of m = 0.4 appears incorrect.
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36
If there is uncertainty in values of both m and N, a

different form of Eq. 25 is used.
F = N Eo + mEg .....(25)
Dividing Eq. 25 by Eo:
Eg
F
= N + mN
Eo
Eo
.......... .......... ........(2 6)
Calculated values of F/Eo and E/Eo are shown in

Table 3.3.
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Plot of F/Eo versus Eg/Eo is shown in following

figure.
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38
Least squares fit line is :
Eg
F
= 108 .9 + 58 .8
.........( 27)
Eo
Eo
Comparing Eq. 27 with Eq. 26, we obtain :

N = 108 .9 MMSTB ;
m = 0.54
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3.4 Waterflood MBE

Recall the general MBE (Eq. 9):
) ]
N p Bo + R p Rso Bg
(Bo Boi ) + (Rsoi Rso )Bg
Bg
cwS wc + c f
= NBoi
+m
1 + (1 + m)
Bgi
Boi
(1 S wc )
+ We W p Bw
......(9)
for waterflood MBE:

index i represents at start of waterflood,
unindexed parameters represent values at later
time,
Np, Rp and Wp are values after start of waterflood
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During a waterflood, reservoir pressure is assumed

to be maintained. Consequently:
p = 0
=
B
B
o
oi .......... .......... ..(28)
B =B
g
gi
R = R
so
soi
and aquifer influx, W (RB), is replaced by cumulative water
e
injected, W B (RB).
i w
Substituting Eq. 28 and We = WiBw in Eq. 9:
) ] (
N p B o + R p R so B g = W i W p B w
......(29)
Eq. 29 is the general MBE for a waterflood.

D D Mamora (2008)
41
Special case
In the case where
there is no movable gas saturation at start of the
waterflood (Sgi = 0), for example, when p > pb, or
movable gas has been produced
then:
R p = R so .......... .........( 30)

Subst. Eq. 30 in Eq. 29:
N p B o = W i W p B w .......... .......... ......(31)

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42
Differenti ating Eq. 31 with respect to time :

dN
dt
Bo + N p
dB o dW i dW p
Bw .
=
dt
dt
dt
dB o
= 0 since pressure is constant. Thus :
dt
dN p
dW i dW p
B w .......... .........( 32)
B o =
dt
dt
dt
Now :
qo =
qw =
iw
dN
dt
dW p
dt
dW i
=
dt
STB/D,
STB/D, .......... ........(3 3)
STB/D.
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Substituting Eq. 33 in Eq. 32:
i w B w = q o B o + q w B w .......... .........( 34)

Eq. 34 simply states that during a waterflood,
where reservoir pressure is constant:
rate of water injected (RB/D) = rate of oil and
water produced (RB/D)
That is, a statement of material balance:
Rate of voidage replacement = rate of underground
withdrawal
D D Mamora (2008)
44

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PETE 623 Waterflooding

Section 3 Material balance

PETE 623 Waterflooding

Section 3 Material balance

3.1 Displacement mechanisms

PETE 623 Waterflooding

Section 3 Material balance

3.1 Displacement mechanisms

Internal displacement mechanisms from

External flooding mechanism from outside

The effect of these displacement mechanisms on the

Section 3 Material balance

Oil, gascap gas,

Fig. 3.1 Internal and external displacement mechanisms

PETE 623 Waterflooding

Section 3 Material balance

Material balance equation

As a result of production of fluids from the reservoir:

Section 3 Material balance

Fig. 3.2 Changes in volume in the reservoir as a result of pressure drop

Section 3 Material balance

As a result of pressure drop (refer to Fig. 3.2):

PETE 623 Waterflooding

Section 3 Material balance

Initial PVT properties and hydrocarbon volumes:

PETE 623 Waterflooding

Section 3 Material balance

PVT properties and production data at a later time:

PETE 623 Waterflooding

Section 3 Material balance

Volume balance (in RB) is as follows.

Expansion of gas cap (RB)

Reduction in hydrocarbon pore volume (due to

Net water influx (RB)

Expressions for each of the terms in Eq. 1 are

PETE 623 Waterflooding

Section 3 Material balance

The term consists of two parts:

PETE 623 Waterflooding

Section 3 Material balance

Expansion of oil and originally dissolved gas

The two components of this term are:

Expansion of the liberated gas

PETE 623 Waterflooding

N[(Bo Boi) + (Rsoi Rso)Bg]

Section 3 Material balance

Expansion of gas cap gas

Initial reservoir volume of gascap gas = mNBoi (RB)

Therefore, expansion of gas cap gas

PETE 623 Waterflooding

Section 3 Material balance

(d) Decrease in HCPV due to connate water

(i) Connate water expansion

Connate water expansion

Section 3 Material balance

(ii) Pore volume reduction

Usin g Eqs. 5 and 6, decrease in HCPV

PETE 623 Waterflooding

Section 3 Material balance

Net water influx

Water influx - of volume We (RB) - expels an

Substituting Eq. 2 Eq. 8 in Eq. 1:

(Bo Boi ) + (Rsoi Rso )B g

Eq. 9 is the general Material Balance Equation (MBE).