ISLAM AND ARABS IN EARLY AMERICAN THOUGHT The Roots of Orientalism in America Desa | by Profesor Muhanad Alma, Fuad Sha’ban gentlemay,ntllctaal fend Pblished in Association with Dike University Islamic and Arabian Development Studies THE ACORN PRESS uzhams, North Carolinacopyright 0197 Pont shan Alig reserved. No parol tok maybe reproduced any feo roy ny mens ep or tec oe qantas i ees rei witht pb wien prise fhe ple Fr oe ‘ton ata The Acne Pros FO Boe, Due State, Dasha, tery of Congres Cataloging Paintin Data shaban Fad 108. ilar snd Arn nen Area omg sot fren in een / onan "hale in aston with Dbe Ulvty aniond Ann Deepen Sa” Tider topple dnd {hdl Fogn cope, Amen 2 Pe pion sac pie “Uied Sarr 19 ay. ‘Thad Sty and etn Une Sto try ‘Sty eRe Chest cnt anor ‘Sigeto—iam Dla Unive laumiand Aran ewer Sue Ie esata tno ated inthe United Ste of Amen rs “3 2 us $33 1991 CONTENTS Foreword by Ralph Brabant Preface and Acknowledgments Introductory Easy by Lut A. Budd 1. Alec for My Pre 2. The Stern the West, 2. The Propet Progress 4 The Shores of Tol 8. The Grit Commision 6, Estourd Ho 1. The Vision of on 8 The Dream of Baghdad Conon endnotes btlogeaphy Index vu ” 15 BaFOREWORD Ts studyby Fund Shab is weighted witha spec levance and urgency bythe congrsencs of several event suing dang the at {ew decades, neat ese even found inthe Untied Sates has anton ‘denis which cam be traced a aback athe founding of Pymoath (Calon fer to cotemporarymllenarianse, which hs become et ‘meses in the we of a Chran quest or Zen tery contig tt ‘pexeption of lanicand Arb efis This phenomenon be bets x plore and popalaczed by Edward Sal's Onotton. Inthe present fren by Protea Sharan tis expec in grenor dep by andy of both trary and religous texts and behavior fam our econ beg ingsto the tie of Uys 5 Gran ITs well known anyone who as studied the difusn of sam and ‘Arab iain nthe West that bth eonfont seemingly nara ‘Staonal common ote elng othe Crustes othe 1208 and Iath certues which generated a panes repognance toward iam. This was etd in ano 28 of Dante’ fos which consis ‘Maturmad and Alito the wath al along wih the mest dangerous Sowers of discord and lsu (emir dss sm), Mobaay ‘ad sega asthe figure who promoted the greatest scm i the {Gist woe and his punichmert—belng spit rom cin to coch-— ‘Sthe rales esrb inthe nen. Alege tough i the fro ‘was undoubtedly a eeston of medieval though the Crises were in progres though waning during Dan's tine and were undou> ‘edit single most momentos nteatonal event of ie erod TS Ditide sore latent than explict in ean! Uae, was estate By Sstmnn he's Satie Vrs (95H neck each a te mets {nd alegorial vtuperstion ofthe Mle Ags was restored incon potay Merry gab. This stunning teminder of an alos foreten petiod of htt scours fr amish of the Maem woo’ reaction 91 (tama Antain Ely Ames Towght “They ae many reasons for this poptin of eam by Chritendom andthe West Aid Abakane ootein, emerging ser ony ht entire incorporate some of he doctine of two predessor ard Glamed tobe te inal and supe line even. Une the eet fate oc Hinduism, Dudes Judai and eer al of Taken Sd Cenc was aerated bys dynam rl for loa prope. fatlon which ciety condoned the fame Chistian inp Cvstan ‘Erncaty was teatened bythe damien sam spread in Asa tind Afi and to the very tesa of Vienna It destnjed the pos. Sibi of word coterminous wit Cstedom cones ay Iman vigor and zeal which ther major elgone velo "The act antgonn between de Cutan Wet ane km cone Lunas tobe erent the contemporary world Its wel Seveopedine "sty of scutes ands tae tueugh ome rand of teste by Be ‘wand Sidr fs Onan an poles an pent and scowl ‘edt such wos a pi Vane Edina Ghar, The TV ‘rab by Jack Shae, Michel W. Sle The Aras he Mind of ‘over, var Sls Cnr on ad Groce Hal's Prope and Pa. ts nai nthe rein of ple infomation was ached ‘when Amos Peis, ring nthe Wal Stret our of Ocber et (The Conant Statey forte amie Fly War), chase tern the bombing ofthe American Embaty n ert a beings {hetanne ofan ine fad "he cote," genera same ar waged agate West Chistanty modem cpt, Zon Ind communion ll at ence” Ames poly mast “dei at oat ror against Modem populam iso he mont prot ot he eng {er akg get eS Union” He thus ased the heat ODO twa fin) «complex doce now looely ated by Mise itn [oupsbatihe application ef whichis repadatedby mst of te Mase ‘fo Thisaseston ofthe rer enmity of stam i ros NPE ray ofthe complex pola postons of ota vowel I {EM nalons and one blon Meme steed over the globe. dtance of history ie suggested by 9 fw event aac fm may. Meocc asthe fst ato io ecg te sovereign independence o the United Stres and fe remains’ a fend nation ever since. a “under the Shah was aoe ally atta bulwark of America pc athe {inn Pain is a lve mig an econorl wit the Ute Sits snee 1958 Malaya and Indoneca have ad coda reaons ‘Banghad has hd te econo eldecving es. The Gl Stat, ‘spally Oman an Sad Arabia, vee npr economic and ‘Seep partners wi th United States Egypt and Lebanon havea ined pete of tndship Syn is va agai Pench caps tion in the 1910 ook the Ametican Consituion a its model. Jordan teanine a conetetve inden i the guest foe peace i the de Ent The Persmateraseton the culmiation of enter of deta imagery. ‘Added to this seven century 0 legacy of suspicion if not host, are several new contemporary lars: Te ist of Use Ise Arabi. ‘aceon which ress in mane campaigns of disinformation and ‘tupertion olslmandto te Arb image Thesecond isthe $ief Arab miltany snd balay the consents of fron over Palestine but seemingly supporting (awever nla) miscoeeptione ftencrsm teligrence and intansigence Distortion oftheconcept at ‘oly wa its symbobe of tis Ine moet preon sense, ed Is ‘man’ internal suuggle between good snl evil The third fac deat ‘theo comprehensively by Prosor Saban specif American Cute is the phenomenal se inthe United Sater in iat and Polcal power of evangelical fundamentalst Protestant Chasity {nthe empha on the Old Testament and on “bibl nee" Ley {he bral ierpreaion of Spire pereved asthe ialibe word of (God. This docine enphaszs the specal stat of Tsadites and Zon tnt wars that divine rbuton wl be meted ont fo whower di ‘grees This is coupe by what might be aie the Judaizaton of Cais "ny bh he oda anecedent of Chitin doce snd Jesh _gveniogy of Chest and the Holy Fama are given so mach emphe {hat the distntions betwen the to tigi ae lm, sn lost. ‘The propagation cf hee ews by highly fective llevision preachers, {he foremotof whom hasbeen te Reverend ey Fawel powerly refers caer misconceptions by Ening dat and Cstarity tnd by implication lating lm ae the enemy ofboth. Since hase eas feuch the very essence ofthe Arabiarad! dapat, namely, the slats of Palestine and eral, they are hardly conucive to ners. {ngemempaly forleiam ofr Arab O, Rely Ingram is analyz is ‘Phenomenon ax Cristian ionim (Te Link, Vo 16 Noversber 1983). “This Old Testament iterate nied to a smal Bot effestve, por. tion of Amesian Protestant evangelias found mnaty in the South and Southwest The tatement of poy adopted unanimously by the No- Honal"Counal of Churches In 1980 is gute difewnt om the ‘ndamnentast’ views ands very sla tothe Vatas postion Both the Roman Cato nd the Orthod chuches how a restersppreck- ‘ion sam and analy with Arb culture. The estenc ofthe For tea ite of Arabic Studies and the poices enuncied by the ‘Second Vat Cound aswel ste Twert-Four Declarations ued ‘bythe Vea alr Conference nya 176, rakes eat The1 Fa nt nbs in Baty Ames Taught Roman shusch enbracss wth is oll a vat of East Orthodox ‘ts in some of which Arabic the tage! angusge- encally, the Crusader egy and the eangeste Span both ocurangin the cote ‘of an ameteded Chestendom, have ol reli henge or = fal antageisn tarde am nthe Cathal Chasch That el fing now rede in the evngelnfndtanenttt rim Teling ert: ‘Ace of tinea be seen inthe ofa Vea stand on Paetisan Fights, Jerusalem, the nensocogition ofthe State of Tae pd Watan froncuncements on lam. A teen ctepechensive svi of the Vacca’ postion was given by Arcbishop Renato R. Marino, Pe ranent Observer ofthe aly Ser to the United Nations “The Hoy See td the Middle Ent” al a Fordhara University Collin, Apa 10, 1599. The Vacs standin sta contrat with fundamen ws ‘thee em. Thi iw fshared tly by Greek Orthod and f0 Icesor extent bythe Episcopal and Presbyterian churches ‘The vain of Zon poreajedin the poset werk of Sharan shows the depthot testes which Rave how come othe fren the context tfthe Ars nal questo. sees dimension which ha ert ‘een lips ort estates, frm he pelical context fon es. Hr chow eo incontovertbly ft fundamentalist vw of Zion ae no ew bat Sze decply rooted in Ameean 19h cenry erry and ‘egos course They are sengtened by anecnent views Of te Cradesagaint the fe” slegoied inthe Ine ad are given ‘ew ming nd tenth by contemporary events which plunge the Ino the aclstom of global plc. The consequences hath en onal cumaancessttanig a Western abenation wi sary cd ‘Arbe ar lven new meaning, American aide over Isiam anc ‘Arosa he consequence of Palstnan desperation ove the 1918, Cstabltenene of se ti the milensin ade, embeded in Ol ‘Testament propesy lake with the guest for a New Weld ic fa {ssned in ch place asa Sale, Stal, Nasty Providence New Jencalem Bethe Mount Otwe New Belch, nn and snat Newe Word commanites that ders our perceptions The appeal i dangerous simi The New fra offisy is mater the reeaton ofthe Old jerusalem. Since 948 much Cesian docune, prayer, and hymns have been modied to eliminate suggestions of Jew ble for the craton of Chis. A commparae exparaton of {he mth of Zon and ts eqton wth contemporary fae needed before Islam can be place iH proper historel and theclogseal ‘islonsip wit Judas and Chast ‘atthe ienfcaton and lseation of sures of thought and the constrict of tel pate of elton 2 ee sep in een {nce agen: Dr Shabana gone beyond the “Oren” expostion| ‘reveling the profundity of ue atte and the web of atnships Initentue andretion, Forthor inlerestedn widening th appreciation flsamic and Arab cue this sata tevlation which canbe greed wih oy or wih ‘ssn even hough ts masefl and jective expsiion mua be ‘panded with eapectand admit, Ralph Brant Janes B. Duke Professor of PollcalSdence Dake Univerty King Flo Distngulshod Intemational Lane May 1990 ‘Ameren Arab Aline CounsPREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ‘Cora base cos the story and cult of the Wist have con- teat to the formation ofan awesome and satheratve ination pov at Oriente Ara eel ofthe cumlve efforts of ston, Ube Ont as becose he bert of nena ad ncompree Ing feng in the Wes na seminal wosk on the subject, dard Sad deseies Oriental ‘story and matory she corporat natation or eaing Wh (he Oren dealing with iby making sateen about autarng ‘ews of daring i by teaching i setting i ruling in shor ‘anton sa Western sive for dorraling resect and having thor ver the rent Ocala accordingly the pene tern ‘whic desrbes tbe Westem approach othe Orient and which del ats “at olectin of dreamer enages ond vocabularies sible _yone who fasted total abeu the Cnet American Onietalsn—es distinguished fen Soropetn (pinpally French Bills, and German Onenalisn)—has derived fom the 2 ‘wel as mative cures While drawing on the base premises presented Sad of Greta a cose aca kong fr omic, 1 ‘wil explore and analyze the factors in American history ane culture ‘Reporuleorthe intton which ll American Onna ‘American Olntasm a phenomenon which ids expression incor tain ander and behavior foward the Ont and Oren tsa “Ametcn experience seuing tom histodiy-conecos proces of Seltanalyis which has Been reflected in Americ’ seats with ings Oriental American Oriental shor national cull logue ‘which derives irom European background, hetage andinuenee onthe ‘ne hand and on the oe, stems fom partially Amesiean factors shdepereee "The Oren as del wilh heres the geographical area which consists of present-day Turkey lan the Lane Arab Noth Afi, ane ther isle Alton te in the note contry he what a4 / him an Antena Ams Thaght ‘fered to in the Wt asthe O:toman Empire and its Ease Mise dlominors,nedng Nor Afi. The rm “Orientals” refers tothe peoples who live inthis geograpicl area. Inthe Wet they were ‘snout ced Tks, Maberenadans, Arabs and Muses. These Smporne pas ofthis Oren for Amescan ithe ineteenth cents ‘wath ly Land and te immediate soundings anit this Ore ‘which was the main eje! of Amarsan Oren thirking and Bo avr throughout the centr Spinlly, Americans fel wry cone 0 ‘hs Olen need ty identesthomtve with he Hoy Land fom the ines ofthe erie setlemens eased by English nigra 8 th New Weld as willbe seen inthe couve of tus study Ina sense, Pars and Landon were ose tothe Ose than Salen, Mas chante or Salt ake Ce ‘Ameie ceveloped a definite Oretalt curl atu fom epnning ane variations anda change in ection as ean ever snc. order fo eat the development of ts ate, wl be ‘ecssry to ate fom Ameren alta Nistor some ofthe impor. tant concepts and bela which were estat the fonnalion of ‘Amerian soil nd pleating Considered separately thane a tional concepts and bebets may sean flevat to the tresment of ‘Amerian Osenttsn, but tei ombraion teraction and progres shaped Ameri seimage and, by contre s image ofthe Oren nd consequent ate "rom the very begining, immigrants tothe New Word corsidered ‘hems cowen people and Ames the land of prose. Wi Inde pandence, ths concep fokeon added sgnicancs andthe new sate ‘ame the symbeti Ringo of God Ths, very relly was te base of ‘Amescan Onenaks twas, 0 f speak, the westward pesca of an American Onenalist logue. At the begining of te aeteenth Rnturya group of events and experenss gave added cnensions anda ‘edition fo Ameian Onenialsay Ameria went o wat agit the ‘Noth Afcan Masi tate commer and plone lations ere fade exebshed between Aurea andthe vaio dominions of the Otoman Empire hee was a surge of missionary enthsias ard ‘peratons cae oat by Americans i se dominions espe n ‘Ge Hal Land the Osea tour became a popular American ety As ‘ret ofthe evens an ol ctherconbatingfactrs, the sya ‘Kingdom of Godin Amurin wae plead bye moe pyc pron to cabs that Kingdory inthe Holy Land The ery exmigrans Tooke forward to the etablstment of God's Amexan Isc i Ue New World Many exusiaie nnceenhrentry, Ameticans were ‘edited to the flliment of the vison of Zion in the Holy Land Al shared the fbi ht they ae Ameria, were destined to pay 8 ‘prindpal len each an undertaking “Although the reatment of se ctor and activites sem to arrange ‘em neat and separate compute semper 0 ree at {Sis dane for thesake of cary ot overaimpiestion, Tn wally hey ‘wer interrlatd and interdependent. The dependence of Amero {eles the Ose onthe formative lactam Amerson har on he ‘nehand and, on the oe the nteractin and oveapping of tes ac vies are what pave American Orenasm i conn and sey froth nto a complete and sl sustaining inettaton bythe nd fhe Siete cone ‘American discovery of the Ont amoat tne when Amerc’scon opto ibel ar the ideal state war a thigh ant when he nation ws Inching tel onthe world scene asa power tobe reckoned ih The Unled States war ao experiencing ligourrevieal which permed ‘most setors ofthe society. These to facts were Wal i sping “America's altade to ane treatment ofthe othere” Tir was past Iyiein Amen’ dealing wath theOent Americans were applingt ets edema elationsipe—neghiors especally—the concept of “Manet Destiny This stance was patty appizable nthe ese of the Oven, where the Amedcan missionary entrprie was Wel esa led ‘Manifest Desay, Adventist and Millennial ender, paso en- ‘huss missionary ara all went nt play when Americas Docket {he Holy Land snd decided to extend oi Ue “blenny they ceed bck home, The tanser ofthe American “Land of Proc t the “Promise Land” was inevitable and the balling ofthe Cay of he (Grat King was a Vision tobe fled in obedience to he wil of Go. Bverthig seemed ofan place within a provident plan Tho ds covey othe New Wold was perceived spat of ta plan a ashe ‘edlscovery ofthe Holy Land Throughout the ist ths centrist let the Ameren ation, people sow everything thy di apart of that pln inthe nineteenth centry its ous bxame much carer the central positon capi ya vision of Zin estat be el [aedin the Fay Land, and with Amercans taking part in bringing about the geal ever, Looking back to Une begining of eealion, Areca svete continent a8 Pedy an wating forte false me, #8 Jookang atthe many contemparary signpst they envisioned the Com ing King ready to be born in New Jrusalem, In both content they recognised. thlr cota postion at the seed of Abraham and ‘enlist the proce tendency to exend Armenian als and all tothe est ofthe word was an integral part of Amin Ore= / anand Aton aly Aaa Tot tain Oriental wore the other” towhom “we” Americans should tend the blessing we enjoy. The ees misonary enterprise Wa hl the only expression ofthis tenery there wee various eter expres Sons in policy economic the alia andthe sence Bul ape of the vanity of expressions, there ae 9 commonality in the American (sents exsperce which could bese inthe Bea of Ames toursty diplomats muses and oes inthe Ore a8 wel asin statements made by fellow Amerians Back home. The faiowing chp. {er wil aempt o presente comprhersve end integrating study of ‘asour ope of expeen Inthe fin analysis, American Oxetasm she tal an combined. wares by Americas of be Ont and its peoples and the atude {ovrards the Ont which melted fom the Ameren cultural make snd aa contact with the Ose. Srne othr awareess rived fh the exensive nowledge and mateals boat Iam ane Mase which ‘vere avaable to Amen of al wale Sicha Body ofr ton ws one ofthe aco which preconditoned the Amen aide to the Oren and Ores So did the widesprend poplar o he ‘Arbon Nights an sitions. Tn fa, boeae of th indo era tur, the Ont often represented to Armercans wor of dress and (Given the naa these precandioning factors tn Ameren cra development and eduction, when Americans faved tothe Orent ‘hy werein oat ass seg fo fll the won of Zan or the eam (of faghdad, This isthe foal pint of American Orientals 3 ap i the ntenth entry Thave que profusely rm a atey ‘tte with the alm ofleting Amescans speak in her wn vee he fatal used i drawn not ony foc the walings of prominent ‘American stern, intllecual and men of Iter, bt so fr those ofthe common an. These wings state he pervasiveness of the Onetal mitin American fe T have not attempted to et American Oriental beyond the nineteenth etary Bec, ita a moder aon fs cence as rr bee in doubt an seca American Greta dang the rt ceiuy heer th itratonal pola ses which he Eljond te supe ction vious Romer hat fe oder dorcopment of meron Oden to pet eset acotiuation ‘the formative stage dea wit ee tse vious to meso at ‘by then ofthe Cv War when Amescn oer and sider eked {Btegypt Ameren Oren had beome an oct thoughpeiaps notan ognize aton Pre tem i en enna tine feta re en STigeatiaee eeemaecmemeraee Eee Sear pt et ss ney tere ae et Seietanan vemos SR Cemenratai ae eeaeans ma Se po get hd a ae ee am a Sect ttstetfa terns recat aviv giana mana eam nanteeaacrrenaet Sader eeeonestoarenocar Pe se fet ae rr colarnanaee a relents Scaieaenrtee einer seats Sn ren ener Shy ene esas sores airport nae SS ee Sxutea Tp ey ny oh oot neha am este se pieces one eee ioemeraieseimogr say at reper ntnmaeraeraraseea Seas Satan heey ie ete ceoentorata teen tliat Sea sony ee ate police eect here edly escent iguooeets Pattison emcee Seen crate ore Sere ater aaa en elena ars tant fa amet ae eee eee Shaemeanusen tno2 Iam and Ambon arly American Toop While working with orginal materi on mislonany actitog my search led me tothe caletions ofthe Ofie of History ofthe Pres tytn Study Center at Monten Noth Carling, am gael othe (Carat fo allowing me to use tee faites and Holdings fr my weak T wih ko otha Mes. Mason Slinger Ms. Wendy Simonet and uaa yal ean oping he ance ra Finally, Lam gatfl to my wife, Many, and our cider, Marwan, say Rana ard Oma forthe pcre ey exe hroaghoot he proses escnch and wong, Matyas typed several Versa fhe Fsssscrip profead and corected many errs and made hep Comments and esque. Fund Steen ay, 1850 ‘AvAin Unted Arsh Ete INTRODUCTORY ESSAY 1 1678 a now forgotten humo caught the publ’ ancy with “A, ‘Thenody" which begs a it Coney tecbieted “tpn ne edn Oe, ‘Theghthe Pein Gl te Rd ‘Tho third oft four eepule stanza best typist condesension Mou ayia ‘ar pet ABbocad , ote nad wom smtp anes wag CGpwnceemerioheend “Tough early wale ume round ‘Pocverhliowe bee rand) Andis kth bey meant adn Herron se bon ‘mempelaatSmat “Kiely su “A Thwenody” came fom George T Lanigan(1845-188) a "Berry comedian” who, as one way of eng his Kep, wrct poems fc he Sunday edition ofthe New York Weld" Other newspapers sera the county applauded tan antinogst reprinted tater in he same yearsy Jia nd Abs nly Aen Tog (andi sil appear in several collections of ight vere) Eugene Hild ‘wellsemembured newspaper poet and humors, would complain ‘ring the presidental ection 1886 sn wor wiih iedtnecdo hype tng pt “Kraft staat twtr ‘ads xe py sone othe spo ‘Terese bere oon ‘sea dnl py he cd a “A Thaenody” cae the epigraphy “The Akon of Svat is dead — ‘Landon Paper of Janay 2 PK" Vey fee renders Kew woul ‘ae to leur tre about hn, Tt wea ough that ty, famway, presumably bnlghtedtertory had ep him at potent: To ot three yeas later when Mark Twn, projecting the anthology that be ‘ame Bs Lary of Him, planned nctude eater by anlga, be ‘umbiedforthe Ue of te poe on “tat Ener seagate He ‘woold alo plan to quote “A Tarenody” i Falun the utr, a ‘Dough the Book puted would simply Ist the Akoond of Swat amongthe“sempiacts” names ond "That adjective undarines the important le, Americans had reacted, fiom a haze of ignorance, to an onset ame In spe of ther ei moc they were quick to fnd comedy, more playful han malevolent, Ia proper tame ottside ter lll ton If they ad heard a the Athoond—thespaling waver according to the system of tans ‘trator had been arsed Abdul Ghafur By might have guessed “Masiem origin before laughing gan but ony aa expert could have plnpnted Swat more col tn Tal. scolded for ethnecent {hey would have protested that they saw ro barn inthe fn When Lanigan cewhere defined" Mussiman® av "mano sength” hein ‘ened nether arm nor omplenent ‘Prfenor Fuad Shabu Fun Plymouth Appa: The Gens of Crit in Any, by mapping the nto o intent cent sitdes present the eros sein for te erry comedians (8 ‘hols have agreed to ell them), who one ighened the ccumns of _metropaiian a well a smaltown newspapers with vere, anedoles, ‘Sete andjoies For the inage ofthe Maem ty were both aol Ende eee, Pangay for eubjocebesas ofa melting dade, ty trove den to expt any mot tat might amas renders Petleam ‘enuvias Nashy (bom David. Lok) best own fr his grassroots Tatoo Baty Pe Pali humor varied hisrepertiewih The Mosf Abou Ben Aen, ‘which hd Yankee i a whe turban and wing Black re the “im Posture asa very safe one for his audios knew site a Persia he {14 Nasty alo meant oar, is con man id ve sound, fee, ‘sackrbal advice fe of charge ‘Ale to every saleable technique and ies, the Kerary comedans honed prey ito one ofthe sckst gens an they neal used |F upon the vogue of Orinalsm among Brith ators Abon Ben ‘Aadben very constant wader ke, borowed hs name om feu, iinaly poem by Leigh Hunt Aste terry comedians cme to Sop ena very ineverece of tang the “Dear of Baghdad” made an cape ‘aly tnvting target fain oa To prove th popularity that the ‘Arabian Nights eye enjoyed during the nineteenth century would to labor te obvious any shepe nee only to sem the Union Catalog fom the Liorary of Conges or the mya dons in English for ‘vasou levels ol madanhip. Though exe fntayralayy vane [Re shapes span oat of Onetlom rise expectations so hgh that he ones wavelet or stay thorn alt would so fel driven fo dee Butthelitzar comedians were a much case eect sine they en couraged the cutency of sereotyps, Dating the Crimean Wat ty ‘ould poke fun at lids! Malang however preentd an atacve ‘nin the United late beens they hd few Ldvcatesto pote he Sstrtion inherent in comedy. Forhennor, they allowed surtee Ibughsbased on Vesta pride ina technology the ade ther cles Took backwar, i not upd Beneath the pfs, daker sttades operated, The obigarry lang about the cl seprted of toma Files may do crt to American hamanenes, ot may meray Open Soter path for gallows amoral render today cso spec | aout sadism More cera, the frequent Joking about sate Insidens dancing hours andhacms appealed prurient opps that onli Lept hidden a home (Pow Ameican males disease the Mor rane without an inner ngs about plygary) The Middle astern ttavel book of Geowge W. Cure and Baya Taylor ewe uated ‘ietontan pression By sktching scenes forbidden fo tee own pal rovels “esl sil stronger and beaderthan hemor ar abarirto jo. uve Insight ven those minds suetched acres a nearby national boundary bythe soil scenes can expe fatigue ari they were fplove tute space. know too Ine about other cular fo nde ‘wheter th United Sates egregiously insular (nd not merely by Tendency fo monopolize the word “Amici bu every county oFso / Mam and Arteta ay Amen Tog tsberesists adjusting the vst of humankind around the globe Pe. ‘ape fart Beate peoplen do vnyvowondroaly we keep etn 0 etetypes to rgd unges ofthe ether” —ao use Professor Shas Phase? ‘Not everyone inthe United Stat has as yet managed to accept the die. ‘untvenest of Wester Exrope cx loser to ome, Seth and Cerzal “Ameria and Canada strate itera on the fe campuses whee ‘tip studied by Hs cove neighbor Nevethley, jgnormnce abot the ‘Masi basting forte enact among Ameena ow many of then today would fel embarrased by Grorge Willem Carts once popular Nie Nets ofs Hwa (151)? Ieamed hegemony forthe West Frese the “Egyptian and Esstems” were “imbecker”—"pearsque tnd handsome! but too opie copy the “ean, and comely, dem {era sodty he hae fom, “That the East wll never pence Sel, contemporary sory shows" Car, an active progesve af ot nore contemporary Egyptian polis and wigion Fis vers focteed on deepest layers of slit So soulful that its desc ‘ins ooked all Ue mote degenerate, His cwn descendants can ug him foringybecase Ms lines nad several uses New World demoay welcomed any opporsniy {o cor enard the suger atonal Mberaton leh, sc fiom the Austo-Hangarian Empte and, sil more avidly om the ‘Secayng Otoman Epis, Specie he Bish and American Mera {gow billy anor in bbl of Grevk independence In gee, the dominant voces ofthe New Woo preached Protestants 36a eveen clued fre, Ts ate of lth tied svat Joe Cs far sbove Muhammad amodel fx condact also enesraged ‘whats et analyst le "the Protestant Pssion”—the “ding eee ‘St Amesan Netory"whic created an “itl dsl to cee ‘anind fom sia and ero” Though emphasing te missony iy pbe, Profesor Shrbn does not exagert many tered nue, fom inteectuale lke Carson down fo the barly trate ions tvnose only iportant book ws the Bibe—perhapsabrorbed mostly {trough sermons and Sunday school lssons The mental and motional ‘xproprition of Palestine or Chsasny was made expe mpi, {hetible wae Interpreted npr te scl and economia the ‘mile class Tua oye of elpion andthe western werkt was echoed in the McGuifey Reader: forall gades ofthe elementary cools! lam posed a erthes active, and urgent challenge tote rl enn ho preached tot te Kingdom of Cod would not eta ‘uth all the eaten had been comer Inrdactny Ey J tiring nents i tty aang rie os ate eee Succeed nee se Sapte Tas tna yt ns Pelee ereceriere ena Spel tvm Sasser sel ee rine ae ert ae a Sehr iota edu ae pee er ere ter rs Tae te Sees rere Stead cols ener anntrent tthe Poon Sey Sa See ene pore saa Serato ices esata sa cman ob se pase eer sen tee rast ee organ ebb erg oe? Sree peteatrentsteeaion, Samar toons arin oem 2 Za tee rere cea ae fn ee sacs enc Se ee ree Heist enews ete Pia ee apo omentngteegeon d sonra eons Ora diate eae agrees Sg cane eee ee ge Ser actin eee eae Chie iie Guanine tyme ee Sere aguas ac ae et camp ann ys snd at nate hia eee Hine enentctametmcoemrtarn angie en oer Shige ogee any neti eae Sey eran an atria a ee ee ae eee Spend Tint Catee gaecesunetct enarpre cence ae pas ay Spree eeese / Mam and Arts in ay Armen Teng which weroftenenivnedby drawings to arcse a hl simagiaton, nd Ta lnsents Arad cascalyreember "tha plete of the Queen ‘of Sheba visting Solomon” Purthemere, young Sam Clemens sea owed is dove Ue MeCtley Reader deminatedbysoiemn oral {ng bat splced with selectone ke "The Arab and i Hose” Te ha many other chances of encountering sch tae, lnciding those used by eth the Ari Ng and Falluig th Er (ch 39) celia those vay visors “when you wera boy andsteeped your pita the aes ‘ol the Fart" Rien to prac ours Tan now and then dew ‘Sn the “Dra of Baghdad" fra familar example or comparison In 1867, enctanng ever he fst ike esc in New York ly, he ult ‘up tothe “whole abeay resplendent wth columns, scl aa vast, ‘tmametal work, wrought in got allver and bein colon —all it up ‘eth gorgeous theatres and wkessod though great gatzy cur ‘Bin at countrte sot slvr mint ei the wonders af he Aran sights reed" sft acimed book, Thence Abr (169, vibe eth tezson between atary rior exo han pos in isa) and the di Akskoneent that srk any a Chest gin to the Mle East ‘Though Irln brought slong image from hs Sanday echo cases Me Intent agnostic ton let Rim toy with them sardonic. Bat ethic emospes, themselves overapping, Intasected conaigly With ‘ellos roapngs nthe 8s ran stil nines ant Sei, ‘hati AnJadate Wi in alse hed wonder however thee ‘ales ofthe Old Testament had not been Aras on every ther coun Fortney forte total eats anyway perplex eldom locket i, ftom producing the copy he needed to make alsINg, Maslems perpleted Twin enoagh on ther own. Ashore in Morocco con the voyage ut he exalted about finding the “ue spit” of the ‘Arabian Nigh. Sach oi not ast and more roe {tavel inthe Sandi Ina solve inoedate hi again ‘esoon reported that te le of Moroco wee souls despot a twas AbdalAai the Sltanof the Qeman Bape: Beate Sa was feng under “inhuman tyranny” (1 wish Bstope would et Ress nnlse Tnkay 2 ite’) deciged thts "people are naturally {oodtheartd and iateligent and ith education and ther, would bea FRappy and contented rac” (ch 2). Nevertheless, ther Arabs wer in Ferny “sivagens and Must were nied in “pagaians” Whether fom genet o ligne irony he Middle Chat wallowed in dst fd el odo that londed any romance, Tere tno need pe sp Inte Easy / xc ‘xamplesofhisjovaly harsh humor suas caning hat is towel and ‘kee soap" wel apie resper inthe Abn who would tke fot ‘Kingin guise” inva ened ithe preside exten ‘hod htably st hiSlave Gla Mate Reporte Contotnople Et rc ef the legendary Crusade, ened tacealytsaten fis ‘ace about Protestant somoges bounced ervet wen se ext os ‘Tre about the Aas bes “Tea Uitesnown Oa ler in 167 party deserve te acu ba ity so ev rom ner ack tert inthe eect Beas he was aay in England he New Yor Heal which pide ‘selon ts feregncoverage hit wete up the atest ef Nast Edin of Tenia More tan Twain let on her, he reine thatthe "usopean powers wore neuer fr pres of seer ot more ‘ray fr conmrc penton of teal at itn joing oat rl efor to impres” the Shah he nent ignored ampeaton. Dy then a profesional unedshe met the expecatons Othe Hoa, ‘whch ped each of his five OStah (, phan leer wth arty {tors about a “paslonate dildo the Bat” andi “pampered Sespotim= “Tula duly condescended fom deocraicheighs Emphasizing Cet gnoroce a cy theron glance heestured apes ilps who rd over afew degeranda motes en milan of ‘agamufins” For instance, the Shah “reverses any prope fn oh rian” Wn ins ong at dca ot itor orb Wipy eae cofsingy ster eng "oct ‘elgon the igh one and as fewer dd ans etre than Sy other” Twain id coesde tt enemibering how “our ancestors {584 sast Cathe and warm ths hands by the Si the Pesan ‘ere or bothers aera: In atte poly be equlocated Inte thatthe Rumor in fees was ot abut was added by aod tmplyee witout euhoretion” The ais whe reve Advent of clr Ft ze sate Lo ‘kam that while Twain wae lly Sting he macerpin: ding the Summer of 189 be aso put mj efor ino “1002 Arbor Night? ‘ivng orp over 26000 words and 15 drag he wane! o Publish i petaps anonym, “eg afer Huck” Bt evenbecy ‘ho rnd the manserp acoraged Rn, rey baste parody of Scheeadelongwindenes sl estnactng Nobody tc then fat peeled teary or comic ment nT" Anton Nii® Nor do Fscouny cher yet superior oes lead fo sounder aceptaee of ‘any atc sade nds no rsonto suspect tha he ator had ‘revised the Mile East Soon homers Twas coed dal or1 Ia an Arta in ty Amen Thaght moc moc sou king although he Wf no lig eve hy, Ie eniy 109 he wou anady tom sap! sat western ie etalon or woud ppt an ep fot ering yond rat Eleven antuopoctre sion "hr je Abd (15 fis eer led a major ove Theos ny chen aed slay know tt it chapter ste by ‘lng To fl to conineHockand nt Catan sould nda land sway fom he people who Tht payee ‘Een ostomy often bans clr essen turein Noth Alsen and Egy Ab, when dewing ore som the Aan Nights Sage Abe deaed twa endl oy sd ‘wokaday poles ther an rman Torre alos a gut?) my tac when india apes vst the Asan [Night or atmonphr Swe pry cess Hinds, ‘ow and then reese Ndr Guu a ugha en ach ‘ow apes tan ads of The sts Ard col atte [Toni wis dmly beings showed cnmopettan The “Conan Foe te Euterpe ac acpi Thaw ned mere Sham anyones an fave nnd tha eve he ange speak Engh ‘wih ann | “wa sowing sry nt nly om Pea ay but ako ts opis fa 1h wit font Ge ier qutnr seed on Ele ge i wit py et he ee ‘gan staggling wih hs da, matte mares centred ot peta Stinger” Aerio he boy conned the op orem nda power The techs mon eerie cay, “he Femon singin Duos wos sevagey oi. Deng the fal ten yeh fee cso Wester oases oth ‘Dann a ceines wing agente fae that eyed en Sein he me of popes St Twas adaues mur aways pull up shor of apt on nyse Frinstanc ore atc Xiu Blo by sea nc ge dept he would ara tat "Ch thn Scene ke easonedanny sretited othe mitigate people whe do otic “Tetum dangerous ety thi sogone so capable of een ta man wens elas eno so venom ln {Suldnot ach an saga, sable jetty town he Maser “Thogh ie emed tome the mssnaryinganins he ep enon tbl Deny be Unie sen eosin pepe {Grasp teil sates Though Ne expesenceron i {nd gil ows a hen in aso ha waned the "Dp ef faghla war a0 Sewing hat he cold never et nodosa Baty 0 ‘yes or evenstopseseting the mandane people an places found in ‘Head, Or sometineshungey for applause intend of jst royalties he ‘aged into alterary comedian ag. Like Langan a ote bac, he ‘oul not est explling the stclypes the eb Hike too In the veal accountng for Twain's cae ley of est nd nd ‘nels to expan why he has sted up so our mes beyond hore of ‘impels and how he did ove toward nul pathy vith" others" Neverthelem, Armaan best moved twa sich a percep fone at fesor Shan wad pore ener sauy He combines objectivity wih empathy because his Mid Eastrn ‘orgie balanced by edacauonin the Une Sales nd clos personal ‘ens Fully aware of Bish and Baropean Oriental he does oto dict Americans as bing paral) mse. Rather be ses a nga Ing lane eveiding eandoniciony or even scolding he alows rade form ther own vt. Whe eriprehending the preearesthat ptm tuo agama eachother he coeentes onthe operative ates Wain the United States, not ls wali. But hi inten outlines 1s demonstrable isighis so capably that no Foreword ness to an ticipate them Itncedseny to regret athe ha oe herlealysltive saul a ste! maiatng in many rh tions, Surly Profesor Surtan, while examining the United Stats, hs sade Oriental elt clearer to the West Hi bok warns ance oe thatthe world is ound tha intellectual sia wil eri back punish the source. Theconsdence of inlentvcenty wereners mua ave ifr atsome evel foreaudng the Mule rm shared mary ‘hoi descendants can do for temaelves atthe penanc bu the Boon ot leaming beter esntse reality He more sting td slr than i nora of fans. Professor Shurban wil ep them meet the Miler, ‘ithscund eral openness, nd plese Louie} Budd Janes 8. Dake Prfeiorf ngs May 1950 ‘Duke Univerty‘A PLACE FOR MY PEOPLE ‘The Pilgrims in the New World “appt leo pe nla Atom thy may dept iene oa ee Caton “Cachome toh Paaton” ‘usta Helles andthe Pusan way of ie have had a continsous an lasting innene on prevaing Amencanvetglous, as well s seca, tendencies ad inthe shapngat Ameren ion. This iene can Be Sen in Ue evolution of the Amerian govemmenal system in soc behavior and habits the varous religous movements Such asthe (Gra Awakening ad the Revival inthe missonay tendencies of the ‘American nation. and In the socopelie aludes of Arercane toward the “ther” —Msdems an Arabs in patcelar The infoence at Purtanism on the development of American thinking Ss bet d= ‘seedy the modem Ametican religous historian Skney Akron, ‘eho mays tha “Ine aes the Pra wy were) a ery et Sense the founders ofthe Amoscan ato,” and tat "Pura, for ‘weal or woe, provided the theologies foundation and molded the prevaling weligions spit in wrally all the commonwealhs which ‘ecard thal dependnce in 1775 With ting efets and hay lest ‘dzectness It condoned the peopl’ soci and pita deals” ts inded inthe Puta beginnings ofthe American nation that we shold oo forthe formative tacos wh shaped Amer’ image of Italy selfawareness and analy and by coasts awareres of Sd atde towards he Arab wos and and people 11s unnecessary for he present study to late he sory of he sete. ment ofthe New World and the subsequent mligious pola ar so ‘velopment ofthe American people The lay i wel own and hat teen documented many ines ove by able Ronan? Howevey iis ‘taportnt to present a tumbero ideas and themes inorder explore the way in wich they contbuted othe shaping ofthe Ameen con2. / War and Arba aly Area Though ‘captof Araby Masi and hc partf the word. This selection not (Ge msl ef random proces, ther since; ony afew ofthe ‘most inental and poplar ideas wl be Weated. The em of CMS tuys toshaw how these dens have nisence, varying dees, ‘hebaicatitade of Americas toward the Arabs and Musi and ost {hi liad shape thelr behavior when they came into contac 3h "fly the elation nce th following ten 1. Thee of an ows poset pan ein whch ‘aan se pine cw hia the New Wd the rae wach war aie hey Ge 2. The concen tnt tw Pans wh eigen ‘hpe (pec fore England and sed nthe New Wed ‘vee Gas people hse ine tanner sap te a riptonand inert Oa Woe Theses Are rood eran esin wth the 4 As eonveronted pple, Aree set hoe om ‘ny the Chae eS nd cen he er ‘ice tat comma tobe stun nthe angdomt Go ‘5 Patnenhip inthe conenant ped the anne ty ning nd ving te twa ‘These os a by thelr wey rare visionary nd dali. They con tinued to shape the bebuvor an tod of Ameren pvt nei. le and pub gare, least ul the endothe neteenth cet. “usthamntre in spite ofan elt and viens natreperps one should my feo of those eas equally ealed in encour ‘ supetiorsometinnes act attade toward the rest mankind. “The igri Father and the Powdental Plan The principle of provident pln ts central concept in Pustan theclogy and bene Pans a every deta nee ily, deo de generally, eth nflding of» provident pln Which ‘eed io the being of ne, That st xy the han of Providence {ovate ther acon her destiny swells the shape and wcstence [ethings inthe universe Nothing happens nv everyting ads toa preconsived goo Ip Past dae and joumas~Samae! Sewal’s By isa good esamploitcan be scent what extent the bo ‘Providenes infused te thing othe Pstans andthe way fe ‘was within the framework of hs provident pan that te Pris Placer by People /3 sa theljourey to the New Wo. As agents of oats wil he Pg Fathers cosine the founding thes communis inthe Neve Weld asasignof anes dlvne clacton and favor ‘The erature shows tat rom te seletion of a patcular group of people to emigute tothe New Wes othe cele ofa spell plas for them=nd the roles assigned them nthe new eal was consired to be pat of the wil of God. When Jahn Cotton wrote his exay on "Goats Promise tos Pana,” he quoted onthe tile page hs pas sage fom the Septuren "Moreover wilapoin apace fry people [Grol and T wil pln! thm that they ey dwell in place of their ‘wae and ave ns more (Sum 7.0} *Cofon presse the concept {tely when fed the sets that “te applrient of pce for them. Ue st Blessing” an every singe sep rom ter eecton "the pscing of people nto at couny to the append ofthe Londe® ‘The first eoesstial Nori ofthe new nation, Catton Mather, seemed it fecesary later in the seventnnth canary, 1 beep thee ‘Bough alive inthe meer of “the poste of tose that were thee “Avs they come ang faye and eet he ras net ok ‘Now England Mathers“wesnder laated i point ‘ports of hs ple nthe Eg aay ring op ee ps ot ‘ects which vero the ar ch oe Na met ‘ttre cut ane gorersteicccn anette ‘oe rth par een is ordae® ‘The inmigrnts setting in the New Word ke the Protertans of ‘Rurope,blived in 2 providenal plan. But what gave the concept ‘ue polgnancy shit the grt ab wll the ascend, ‘nly ebeved at they hed spel postin in hs plan They were, sit were, handpicked chosen by od forthe uflimet of Hs wi. ‘Thar tithat the rime and the exbeguent generation of Americans were constanly applying to tel stalin the gis analogy the “chosen people The lade of oe ofthe cares groupe of tes John intro saw the analogy ever in God's punishment init on Nis folowers:“Ihmay be by tht means” he id tat God wllnduce her {fo repent of tn former st, anc tvough tht punishment save thet fiom the “deseae which snds many amongst ts anime fo thir rvs and eters to el soc became therein the wderese4 (lad Anis Bly Amero Tough and made thes forget the Ds pots of aypt which ws svi pnch to ‘haat but he disposed to them god intend, Dent 303.16"? Tn the ealy religious dsenting movements and conroversis con tenting partes ueed these spurl analogies to lend tenth and “Seabiiy to ther spective anements In The Lats of Roger Wis {5 Wintiey, for example, Wiss saw the situation o is party ad thal cain the ight of he perecled “people of God, whersoever eared abot Babes baa, erin ome orn England,” But ‘Weis, Wiis si, ‘Your ithe wort fa bane wi ter fC aa ene ep chs eae Lard yeu ey deca Sees you tu ander low van {Split nour com, etn le ooh To he SE Gan never analy bein yer Soars. BO Sigetiee ted tncrdoson ein? In adiferet conte the as ofthe Chistian eters Gots chosen ‘wat ed by Inceae Maer to expan te itervetion of line power Unthe sds ofthe ster in hr ght wl the Indians Iwas cae fr prayer end racing he sid orale “how ten have we prayed that a would do for to at inthe Day of Miia, by causing the then to dst one another and that he Egyptians might be St agit he Egyplians. The Lord hath arvered that Requos alsa” Tho Tian besons wer in anrwer othe prayer f the ste, ling each the, "fea not only such indians as do pretend Frendship tothe English. ‘leo sone of towe that were or in Hlsty aginst did hep to dlstoy thir om Nalon, Finds and Kinde that 2 they might do Servi forse"™ te setters inthe New Wind concrved of themaeves the chosen people of Sarit twas ey Paul thal thelr Tendars should be Portrayed othe Prophets an personales ofthe Old and New Tes nts Many ansiope of thi Hind ean be ssen in the wrtings of “Amuse down thisugh the centres One interesting ease the es ingytyineaee Mather forthe Gover of New England where thet ters deve om his deathbed “Uk ao [he] rt eft his coun nd ‘sag with the children gathered about is bed ane Doe, sere hs gern bythe lof God” For the Govern’ ap _Mather no Bt thatthe word eps about Neha the gover or of sc we wil now ae upon hs govemour of New England 3 ay AMcxforMy Pople 5 “This concept of Amin! as God's peepleremained acontnt ator inthe hina of Amwrinnrelgivs se well aay leader alough tied ole certain varaons an coring ft parla stuse tons. ven George Washington a an not known ox relgon with policy ia is “Acres tothe Hebrews of Savana compared the Stastion ofthe Isatori that ofthe Europes emirate to ‘amesea, Weshinglon expres his hope tha ot ae Gat had Glee the aces from oppression in FEyPe td plated them in the promise nd whose rent gr) ily ten orp mca hss Utd tt a {eden nar si conte ower thr wth cow ‘ever and fo mai he hans of sey dann {pein the tempor and pit nang ft people Galleon a ‘Te analogy ofthe “Chosen People” was to play an important partin ‘th temendoulypopele Parterelted by misorais ntepnse ofthe nineteenth century A modern hiteran of Ameen ‘ought, Pany hile aus up the concep the following words For ‘any decades the Puran clones nd been geographic wt pare {he poplohad bees thoroughly sccasomed to conarvingof hema ‘sa chunen centered ints speci covenant with Goa ‘The Covenant sith God's Charen Feople ‘The dea of people “entered into spec covenant with Go” had strong hold on the nds ape iagrtions of Amedcans of Ssete ‘enerations Aa peer rl, Potestan thology seamed ha hose Whobdived inthe true Chur of Chrsthad spaceship with the Creator refered toa the Covenant of Grace The covenant imped ‘ot only God's favor by lecton but also an fasta importa hat Dwight prseisa ist. ‘al deserpion ofthe estes f the Aen peoples ein Ne low Aueicane in pareulr forthe “emoneous impressions wich TheProphtsProgese / 28 prevalin the vied wold specting the condition ofthe negro ree [tia He considers these enoneos impressions “isreabl © the inteigece of he age” and singe out the people ofthe Used ‘States [wa ce doubly blaabl forthe fle venom hi sabe” “Americans Dwight sy infted many wrong on tha fellow eings ‘and denied then "those intel te and moral qsalies whieh the Center as ested on the ete human ay "To comet these misconceptions, Dwight offer hie own views cn. Ages whee, he says, “millions of pagan negro, in diferent pasts of ‘hat eontinet have ben fo agsin te pracee oft ofthe st ih portant ars of ie dweling in confor snd generally a peace, while Evan other aloe have bees suse to a conlcerele deme of ‘Svilation by Moharnmadien and long eed in powerfel inde pendent States” And although thee states had undergone mary lest Enanges,aoorsing tothe write they were nl “an man or prea those dough which he pncl ais lle Sure pase lating he sume peiods> Dwight then proceeds to deserbe the ond tion of the peoples which fad adopted Islam and had bosn for "0 thousand yeers mesty under the fluence of Makanda ist {ona Tha tons he says, sre everywhere sw fara hey prea tating fod ‘Meaetons sandler ang stay Sounding ules on he onc se embetter ch ae ft egoyed by much pardons of the nope se sr feta The Kran ai weiner hae Spies mary afte mben of Cod sr the dace ot ay wltcnnn jst weet are apes ater and ‘Tyla tess ly gh tt ya tr ‘Bm ine wating of mony € th numero sth Tice cinch opine asec or Dit th rvs of Ham nd scout fa ing nent that “Inge portions of he Aftean Cosine cpen ‘cui Chtian inuences though channels thus prepared by ec ‘Sons ts dear om the nile thatthe weer war dite by the {eetinent which was acconled by cvized Chistian rations 10 the ‘Neston of Abe spesaly to hese peoples who Rad een ruse ‘celled state by Lala. The prac of bam and Muse ititsions ands otin arte, parteaturty beans the main sabjet eed by the waiter tent islam,30 / aman Arb ny Areca That ‘The wouk of such authors a LK: Wishbum and Theodore Dwight was representative of a new climate of opinion towards Is. TAS ‘eps to del etaished noone and misconceptions indicate de {gee of impatience with popula dbwernatedpernpions Bat na Sridr content hese writes wee protesting agai nage old Western {aeament of Ilr which the United Sater had ined fom ‘ropean backgiound. To understand Is trent we must dsc Scand othe mor popar works on lam and the Aris avaiietothe ‘American ding public tom the cant etement othe second al ofthe ninceeathcentsry. These pebicatons, had lasing indance on “Amica perceptions of Arab, Msn, and slam well 00 ‘tudes and behevier owas them Toa great extent ths prsption| twat European—bocaase of ts presence ie teil tans ro "Barope tthe Nee Word Ti an be son fom the tgs of pull and puvate tars. For expe, the Catala Bak ire ay of Sale Cage in New Hee (New Fave 1735 nade some petit Iolaings spec Sales Karan, which wa commended reading fot Janice and eros (Agi ofbosks om Ee Yl at Cotton Mathers ‘ees included many bool onthe Fart deta the fc that Elia ale Id worked withthe Eat india Company and iad been governor of ‘Madras) Sal's Koran Bulan’ Life Of Maton were a abl In able Lbrstes by the mice ofthe eghcenth ctuy? The (Qur'an ater works on Iam and the Arse were often uted Arig ths ime by many learned American. Some privat colton wereaso tea ‘Teanslatonsof the Quan and Biographies ofthe Prophet set eine oan espe festering erences TaN adamant Ta momen creer ae Sey Gear terete nator emee Sy Rr enrnaeyec Segue ted sadisenaettt sence er nor parracenne Sos reese cepa eae ae sonesen saiar gearing named Sehr Sta re eer ace ik coe noaacatneees ar ge Sopot eee atthe es Slain Gace sni's "csi en The PopheteProgmae / 31 whe desi ono wat se may be made of or if here be danger ‘ending the ALCORAN,” a confsed be biography ofthe Prophet ‘Mahara and a desaipon ofthe plas Bets of Iam. The proving tone of th intedaciony mater antagonist nd conden [toy as apparent inthe addr Io the reaer in eich Rose say ‘fot sal nd of sore and incongraois 4 composi so fed ‘nth contadietony blaspemls,otscne speeches, and dculas [sets the whol entered 0 sacred tht upon the Cover ther Ths teansltion of the Qu an xj conaderble popula inthe Lune Sater through the wide aon of Pal yest een of Rehan Kaoller Tutih Hata. But more imporsanty. the st “American dion of lation of the Quran was hat of Kos wich ‘Sine outinSpingtls, Masrchasts, in Osber of 1805S atop Sxive was to bctne the standart and more pops rasan, sd ‘during the aineteenth contry Roe tannin mus have been ere ‘widely known, and enesequey hus nt ductry mats was fae {lin shaping ely Amenzan concep fala end Muslens ‘George Sl’ tnlation of the Quan came oat in 273. THs i 2 more secure tration than sy and salads many explanatory {Gotnotn ibealcompaene and analogy snd textual exetions Sat also provides the reader with 2 bonelength “Preliminary Dis Course inwhich he ntrodes the pion esl, the Quay andthe ‘Propet Marinada hese them. In epltof sighy mor tle ide toward dm and sare bok once agai thease heat owt defeat alam and convert Maskems fo hasan. Sal's sagges Hons incde the folowing? 1 ed the we of foe ad cmpubion although at the inthe Sian wenden capable ‘Mitre we may uot er yo fos Cia ty te ea forthe a a fC i to Efsmies wah ian) 4. Tea Muses hamarey and arid an a anggein the Sete ee alnocmn ves 4 Bonatatndon any ae ofthe Chita st aa can Cran sites and tendencies tht were common among Westen esters int enment of Mss and Arb foane they oe ‘worisof Amercan wars, Obviously hey were of get nunce upon The aeenn public” ‘inside Le mone tc ut hwo ela" “fh32 sam and Arabs in aly Amen Tough ‘Wiha supa degre of aranimiy authors of work desing with Iulam andthe Prophat Mahara fl the need foe an apology cea eat stiaton for wong onthe subject The various sons ‘vanced reveled thir preconceptions and ates Many ofthe et there was e pulls need for incrmaton en Islam and Muses ‘Washington ving one ofthe fit Armercan writer to show interest in| (rset! topics, sys ins Bography of the Prophet Mahara tht “ame aplogy may seem nec for presenting aif of Mahomet at the present day, when no new fc canbe added to thse already known onering Ra."® Since ving wa planing a cis of wok on the ‘Nin Spins biography ofthe fader of sa sere to be on ap ‘ropa nvoducton. ln wang lef the Prophet, he explains at [Ein “hasbeen odie ints easy, peices and Govang rar tive theadmied fc conering Mahomet together wih such gens nd traditions at has been wnoagh ito the whcle sytem of Oneal Strata at the same ine fo giv sucha urmaryof his falh a ight Desutfiet fr te move gerral ade Silay the American Bogapher of the Prophet Muhanad, George Ba, thought tat no new lacs eal ade to thowe ready own. Bat whem ving the man of tery, med presenting te reading pub witha “Rowing nara” of te Ife and legends fhe Propet Bas, the religous Rstrnt that “ner theses and speealations moral and phosophlea, founded upon these ec and ‘ary of them chy deserving aterio, ae ruery propounded to therefiesing bot thy add lite arnotngto he amount our poiive Infomation” What Bush propos odo theeore i stempt such & selectionand rangement ord iveslgaionef theleading particles of the lmpostr'sRstory as shall conve tothe English ear, a comet land concontated fry the elas" There was demand forth Sind of materi ard Bush thought that “sucha work see pre ured, would supply we mistake not avery conerble desert oor ln which Is beguaing tobe more seal fa than ‘rey andthe spol the age loudly rated to have supped" 'AS forthe sae ook of Lan Ue fst English alata of the (Qian, Altander Rose, provides an exsy ented The Tanto to ‘he Chistian Reader” in which he ges his reasons for eering the twandaton in English, Ross sis "There bing so many secs and heresies Banded together agaist the tut, finding that of Mofamet waning tothe Mast [ thought good to bring to el cloay, hat so ‘ewig hie ene inthe Tal bod, thou mais he beter prepared {ences snd hope verame ther” should he Englsh reader be suprised “to find hum (Muhaziad 9 to speak English ashe had ThePiophesPiogmes (59 made some Congest on he ation Ros assures is reader, “hou wit ‘en reject that er thou coir at this is Aare. he Ground work oft Tt Religion ath been aedy tansaed io ost al ngunges a Chtendom..yet never gained any Preys, where the Sond fmt oral and songs agunet hath nt preva Roms tought that since the Guan had bon trast many eer ‘European language shouldbe canted into Engh to soonthen ‘oop aha Chcitaiy ant show the opine of the igen of evi and to administer “an ante to contr. Reh of ess "is Georg als wasn ofthe Qua wich became the standart reference on he ered Bok flan and on he ego n general he ‘Shinor abo odeed masons fort pbsaton Caownyenogh it ttaaation whch was more sccmme and scholayin fending the {Quran ino readable English is prefaced wth reasons which are far fom ejecive and gute derogatory of la Seb stats hates nee: sry toundeceive thse who by wat ofthe orate urate. [ndne ofthe Koran have eteaned too fsvourble an opines of he Cigna Aewodlng to Sl, no danger canbe appeared for 50 ‘ares a forgery” yt Ue taster of the Quran woud ena Healy to expo the impose’ Obviouay even Ne sanded {fandalon wos fot intended fo bring aout» bette understanding of {inthe teat ay“ we enter to favours an open of theavgnal we olde dentpingi’™ “he Quran was mo considfed worthy of perusal and study for ts commas. Tae aoe wor cal ered fel hat y ch ‘crogatryremart they were anipatng and rebuting erica of {heron Aut tas what ah lds Een hgh when he Sti afSinon Okey’ sty Be Samco" And Simon Gey le tayo te Saree, oun he profigieso individual valor witha triton al ie more evident on the part of he nara ees {Stank that hs place n Chetan Oxon ous fhm some proper rete of hore PYG Wiese ses on lam andthe Prophet ject in Ue tetment of the subject Some of them ognize tht previcus Authors were vindcve and scmononsin thes dgens and ree {Mono sanandit robot Bat nape of heer aime a inten Bont ot cect the tentency to cond am means prevalent A {goed capes the anonyme Biographer of the Propet who eens fis Lio bahne! wh along eatin on the varus of bjve ‘ogaply and story” yet proposes toe the ie and expences of {he Amb Prophet san empl efeilandwicadnet,34 / fey and Are in ny Asn ht Biogas a once sng nd teresting ay: Thee ot parr penonapes wher tay haven pic et ‘iso har vty aes be feud yn re ‘wtboctnapeatableadvringe Thani mtctingn rears JBuacaet oran Asner Get whe pectin deg by inheenctsn ale woud whie feasts cuca Sonora Sorts cao a ober Studying the lve ofthe oa profgne and vicous people acerting tothe biographer would be sei would be more wean ft ha {he best sermon on moral vies "Vang hiss Ns igh” Be ges fon "it was thought Hat an scart, well digeted fe of Moa, ‘would be an sation to the Christian word not unworthy te Demsilofthose who are fends to reveled eligi "The pesuppotion then even whit was aimed tobe an objective ‘biography tat theif of Muhammad i the Best ape of tise pli vcous people and would afer a mora leswon for Chins Thestiborthenstterthat he woul ae nly the relevant atnthe le of Manaramad, and tht he would “cone nly the ings of such ‘en as could not be easonablysuspaced of partly or pry spit" ‘Avthesame Sine be wows to fw the best prince of ect og ‘py, epeialy by coneulang oly tone sues ho spoke cl Mahone oxmarlly ad with eenngindiere at ‘Soy otter tee or ped what dy han ned ou ‘sora ct feteaineny of chen otto depended ‘Ruki pat stany wang pe George Bush the Ameseanbiguapher states athe begining of his ea Mota sin ference fo ach works es Ue anonymous og sapher: Ihave non speaking of Mohammad or fie Korn, alowed Imyset to use those approbiodseppeltions and unmannely expres ‘ons, which sem to Bethe suorgest arguments of sever whe have ‘water agus then”™ Bat sich appellasons and exprsons wee the fale not the exception, Tn refermce works euch be actors of regions and ercjlopeias one cant fa to dace the aides of Condemnation towards the Prophet Mahanmadasascemer and sam san impestue Por sample the ale on “Mobametans” ia Jo “Hlaywarts Book Religos begins by descebing amas a chee of ‘lgion formed and propagated by Mahomet and end onthe fo Iowing ree fom De Joseph Whe Wat in Chest ad Ns ign fr bow the Stone of at that awl aenatv athopes a fas ha kg ‘Tetiopheiopme (35 fer omen ich or Cetin a fore Aa ey, ‘when ti he ener of tha hon, Sl ig {us heaccamplsentt hr ps and oS ef Gd sal mae ‘Rb ocmis he otol thn sa te en lower of the ‘ges impo danpytted fhe ee ntereon oe ‘rp end meng and mye she spon tthe (Gee Miah Ten stl ey sey ena crest ods {Rotjeuctnne won we ered odo, was tempi we reine hes ented flamer we ly oppeset™ ister wits on Islam generally give the Prophet Muhammad owt forthe mass preparation 2 planing of te presen of iam, and or ayng the groundwerk or is roth, Ths voles the ‘en of divine pration andl prophecy onthe ach an onthe ‘ther the prtayl of Mohammad a cela blooded man who serthy ‘hemed fora new eon wile biding sine for he prope mo iment to deca his be. In the mildest of thes, Mopraphies, ‘Maharnnats scheme” lementioned bit spar ofthe gener Ine of san. Mchanend, says Hannah Ada, wero witha see gels nd posed est eter ‘gas twa prgeyaeng beh ews and Chest ‘Saping the vets haben ae then fo eset. Fenner mad even Cot mal, Bd ‘ab version of Det 2 Pain 1-2 aan Jo 0k ome hich prone at wal ae sikeise trate pal he oral pee separa that wane osc promised iy er Sorin et ered O™ Hayward alo begins hie eatment of lam by descbing Mahan. sad se. scherer bathe gos a stp futher and ees to Maharad's “Upelnging cldhcod betuviog and domestic ntti a factors which ‘cnttbuted to his formulation of the new religion. He ate tat Mobemet descended from an honorable be, end from the noble {aly ofthat tb yet hse twas pover” His good conduct find Ronesty secured for him the fan of 2 wealthy and respectable ‘widow Tis aed hn toa tation equal tothe ies people Mecca. Hayward contnaes power at sean ater ha mariage beenne theses aig ‘ign ce sohecrpresed ofepningtheeny transac Se ptr by Adam, Neth, Ate Moor st al roe by dey be rn ay i ch mnt “Santyrania ten snd weeding onthe corposta se36 / tumand Arbeit Aman hog stitial eo ee eco ae ‘hace sent eng te marge awh he Pept win tapped taal inrenton oa ea Netampnon gine sntechertent set nen eed ‘sic Goedd sine nga ec to Sptcte mcs fthumened aes pcty elicnps ‘sil otctene eign "tebe etccemsans ‘Sag hy shel mses pce Mine ofspabekcrebckezear Seen reesei ‘ist emp min ne es ncap oeenooe e Scent Baten te ed panto oice a pees The lnpghe bo s dusty ang Tas Pate sarc satan eietereane neattoe banners ieee Bundt clplog Rivage Rams "oe oes tle’ oak eat tag cna nd mene Nes at ‘aware eos csester nee enone sto aul tie Re Bapephe sores base at beog pre "Denylte flanged Thad ust a Soe aes aie ‘ua las acon gps mus have en anne hicbeeatsaycing ene techs hand liad nsschsaplye er Sain toate aeeoree anette eee eee mane eee ae ree tre renee Shy gen oon pg antes fhe St et eoeeemnan eae ase Toren electing ty an atten rs Fan he prerel tered aba beac ee Baik cele uoparty arc rene pee Ceri ee le te ee Fa Sot nee evra pepe ese Sepmma tare este ater t eye ei es Se2eFsar eget te beer ben arent oe od Foeogeletiset ae Herta tor ronan cee oe ea eet ae eee| oe care ane eae sopra See eo cota cae TherphersProges / 37 fre end ean ah de ‘totpsr eka Ssra, at bane ne soe eins ‘Sony on whch depanded th pty fs tees 1s ‘tnnngand macy dows pnttoutte ey ef ue tpnetenpa® Amore sabe imputation of am adits tenets and principles tothe perry of Mabanmad is proposed by Henry Jessp inhi The Eto Coc an ie Range Cre (Pid 189), ere the ator compare the divine mtr of Cts teachings t the per Sonal and setly charac of Taam whic, he sys, dees fom the ‘whims ana fancies of Marea Propagation of Islam by the Prophet Makara also que, 26 coring ta maa of tne waters secure kcwledge ae deep t- Sighint the peychology and sociology ofthe Arab. Tals called fora {Shilet knwlege of Chita ae dam, as wellas othe stale of ‘he Chesen and Jewish commits in the East. Blographers of the ‘Prophet Muhammad and wren lam mae aeat eos tose the toda character ofthe popes fe repon thr attempts to find the eight reso forthe raped spend of nme According to Adams, *Nihamenedconisvedby the pormission fplgnmy and concbirage tomate his cued paltble Yo the most depraved of mankind Hayward alo sttes that ‘stn seul and marly splot oe “ro ofthe Bsr non ar eto wh hy er ‘haya oe ares of ah which roponet ware Fern dete pe ne do ink (Sei capptten aa pata [Not only id Mathamanad expat the “poss gnranc” ofthe peoples sfthe is sme wes cattails ‘Stignoanceby peeing the pad of science and earning. Anarie ‘Se Maha od Ula ne ew Yet Marin Heald lim that sae ly fe Dat a ae Mann TEESE FE Sos Bt ty Alnor to ee fEocies vane mn fen a et peated fee Qara arveanieinan ip fash of attr Poco steve et th eed Gxt) ns ma ee So a orc Men ay nib mete ck ‘ibnt bel croneome38 / tryed Arte in iy Amen That elem and Crstinty sermon rm ne inemyoerataras net nee ores itso anieeatianea Eien aatasmeemegeioes Eeurinrmecermsnarsretd Suey mere inae meek aa mucin Kiigercneeae tenes maroc eee feeeemonns Eine ae ieee Scrip inno Soares Eniti atieciatate etme Shorr oe cam tye Exit arbi eiametieaies Soe ciao arene iepiemstine keomntpanente tear Sefacetints aah cree Eecpuecintoegirten sis is Sees nie ihecutcieas atetnraeaitns are manatee eaeee aes enema Scere eevee ce Se eater ate ne Sep soeergimererseie Ser TE pre rng nay en Cn tee sieeate dee rece ae eae eee Baio reaacueanerce SS teenie es eee ane mens Sees Seep cnreeayeweannaerra era ree inti te ses = Seeeeeeet ofenttimetsnee eat Sed then hough is oitsn Sy ro mens nese. Saas “Ta PophersPogess 39 hana who wt the tl of the pops and wat et COREE We eigen oa te sy th te ‘Staton homers olsome pec sand cen” ‘ree borrowings om Ube fo eat aligns are seen by Josiah oes the device wed by Muhammad to appease Cian and JEekv nd eice tem fo ew liga 191880 Brewer wrote in is “rua lhe "Reigion ofthe Tr that. the pestle he Maher jon and fhe esis REE the Tse wo ndersod. Thre so oe Seftin ou ane Maret ht meen she sary of ‘fret which eo on ir ps, Acme Heit tee Sfarcite pagan Jahan Cran nar fs ape bat ‘heny te cope proper of haan at the rat Ree pete nich ar edn ala og nd ‘Sioned al sma on dy ase ego of Cit ™ _Astohiow the Pophet Mahara segue his knowledge of Chis- tianty and adnan rte: record Bat he wold have ad aces 10 thai fata pancpie tough sone Cusan and Jewish lent 0 ‘Riatinand ough is tavelsin Arba and yen Tae dd travels ‘Aton as Bout 2 town ea the present borders beeen Sia and nan sulle soconded ncaseporary accounts, Bat Wester ‘Ske send Matar on he ang journeys as fa Noth and ast {Steam Wt ayn fe comer ote Popht he ene parca tip made by Muhasozad ins yout in the com Seeyarhis unde AtwTleb, cod a meting withthe Chistian mone Banta nthe ol Reman tovmof Bara Is econ that Bahia recog. ‘ind he gf prophesy se Mahsmnad's face and advised Ns wcle {Dakshin tack Sn pokes im fom the enemies ofthe rv meno thet cee of Ababa. “esten water eet Mahara with sdyg the Jewish and (stan cats fore comsdebl pats ein peoparatin fo for- SUiSing is rlgion Hei aloo sa to have recognized the deep Beers 2 Intnl sai whic paged bth Chasan and Jews Seiiohave cen the comupt sate cfthe two tgs. Hecaptalized on ‘hiss and sed both afte Jews and Christians to formulae [eaend and execute hs chen, whe a th sae tie gaining ee Pabst tere rligios comsuniis ats regard the ince ot sigur {he feting wi the ok Har aes on wricus dimensions in West wae TaSate n oe instance Balai sald to be an unc of Muha ‘st we Khadija In anothey Mebiommad’ mothers sold tobe FEO ERS iste esate in us adopin ofthe new cred. fac ‘thar gos fara tom that Mabarmad was actly toon(48 / Samo Artin aly Ameen Though ‘he hand of these people” Haywant ass for example thal slam “is 2 compound of Papas, Judaism, and Christan and the Koray ‘whichis thet Bibl ise in great reverence pte wth absurd ‘Rpresciatons ands supposed to have been wendy Jen" These disaticted groups ae std fo have waved to revenge themselves guns the eabahed chars which Bad become thes enemy, even if ‘hat meant supporting the sceme ofan poster ‘One ofthe most acve men nthe Amen missionary fl in Syn, Hey Jesup, temps to daly the mater in is own way. Rea tate ear ominoary ctr Mase Wi he ‘Male “everenc for the Old and New Testament Sept esp ‘explains how Muhammad could have had aces tothe Spe He soy ssi daring he MetinefRchamed btn ees 59 an Wah aon f Neel, anced the Be oe arta Abs bt tat he eon ange be eon ‘Stenger tt Mobrmed knw ob aah re te Pai eh a smc es pi Aime Sia ana tut tn ogee eps Ia eer ies espe thse nectar Sipe Tessup concludes by stating that “t would be fil to dou that ‘Motimted founda the Ol and New Testament hand! the ‘zs when Be gave hes Nes Bs wich ped fo be ‘Unverstandably enough very few ofthe work wate on ea, the Prophet or the Arab he the purely ejactve sim of saying thes jest for ow sk enuch es eth the intent of onvncig the ener by presentation of prince and arguments van hor few whic wer oectve were ite, general apesing, toa readership of eda. ‘ated groups whic indeed maybe cnahdered adil by contemporary Standards Mest ofthe woeks had other gens n mind, which were, ‘most aes ep dont bythe uth, ‘Reasons forth Spread of alam ‘One such gal wasto explore the egos forthe wide pea of slam to so many mullon of people andthe swine and udennss ‘expansion ove large geographical sc ofthe hall ext, Even in {he runeeeth century and in Ameen whic wat rather emote fom any Ilan pe thee were scores of books and teases on the expan Siok of san and many sata bles counting te Mslem popula Hons ofthe vars parts the wold. lswasalwaysemnatir which pu ThePrphetsPropes / 41 ed Wester nung Amescans ht thee shoul beso any fo Teme ofthe “bse prophet” Mary ating were made explain {ced epi abate strange phenomenon. Aer an Was 1 a fdstand in onder o refute (o dea) aan theater beable 0 Conver Mises persuasion and contoveny.Sre the Middle Apes ‘igi police and debate were welletabshed tain fa ‘ede Harta The traon of polis gant lr on he Heo Tage level ban sith the writings of he Heer rego ‘choir De Cae end continued ava pe of gs wating dow 0 Teendottheninctentn cents Tn partly, the mas spped of bla a a lo, and ts wos wide Senora, scaled many of ced was on a Mas alvayea mater which puzzied Gist Europe and reuse Sewer Aine tm of he sneeethcetry a Els were a ra Fortes pond the queson by quoting folowing words on he THE pepe fe Matin cle Te extra, twtich Bas stended the poste of Maborst has exersed the ey of Chastan vite and yet dows nt appears have be ‘Eoniy explained” Foster sacs tht he hn ad fora onl thie ines fead and thought onthe Maiometan aporagy, tthe ‘End il he anf conviction fase a sos importante {cre were ie oly unexplained The queton becomes ey alto Fosters Chistan cist bctse no ilacry are fad yet bean teed nope ofthe nomeroos ate and second, ates ate posi “ny pesuason was uae, at wheter ue wee epible or neplcabie Wy human Judgement, te Sue ‘Sica woul heeafer be vouchane, and woud imply fos the evened wisdom and poodnes of Go"® An anor the [uetton, ten, would reveal God's wisdom and would ost the ways Heed man ‘What makes Fortra all th ore intrting i that whe some ts Amero emlatr be mcogaies he austen fam a ‘stack of any ceremonial asthe appeal wich palatable he em ses He ays bam, wih he prea sl te fit cif tho na ipconfig he poplar te rings ‘tebe wo begat then insane bese, od wet trove the lpr ben cand etre of single ‘en commending 20 mht te pope hake Te [thor ply fs taal poste yt or ep fe tanh sere fs die