Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Naiha Raza
2
Table of Contents
List Of Images
Contents
1) The Ayyubids
i) Saladin
2) Ayyubid Architecture
a) Building types
i) Religious architecture
(2) Mosques
(3) Shrines
(1) Palaces
(2) Mausoleums/tombs
(1) Fortifications
(2) Citadels
i) The Citadels
(a) Turkey
(b) Jerusalem
(c) Egypt
(d) Syria
1. History of Masyaf:
1. History
2. Construction
1. History
2. Construction
a. The Mound
b. The Moat
Towers
d. The bridge
The Gate
The Ayyubids
The Ayyubids originally Kurdish were the rulers of Yemen, Hejaz, Mecca, northern
Syria, Jerusalem and Egypt. Their rule extended from 1169 AD to 1260. The Ayyubid
1) Saladin
alh ad-Dn Ysuf ibn Ayyb or Saladin (fig 02) was born in Tikrit, in modern-day
central Iraq. His conquest started with him being sent to Egypt to aid Shirkuh in a power
struggle against Shawar. Shawar was assassinated by Saladin and Shikuh took over, but
he died only after two months of gaining control. Thus Saladin became the vizier of
Egypt and eventually the sultan. After the death of Nur-ud-Din his former mentor,
Saladin took control of northern Syria thus establishing his rule. Later he took other cities
expanding his empire and finally set his eyes on Jerusalem which he also annexed into
his empire after the battle of Hattin. Saladin spent his days fighting off the crusader
armies led by Richard the lionhearted, until an eventual truce. He died of a fever in 1193
2) The Crusades
Well before the Ayyubid period, the first crusade had already taken over Jerusalem and
surrounding cities into Christian land. (Fig 03) In 1187 Saladin recaptured Jerusalem
6
claiming it to be rightly Muslim territory, following the Battle of Hattin. When this news
reached the pope he called a crusade in order to reclaim the holy land the crusade was led
by Philip II of France, Richard I of England (Richard the Lion heart), and Frederick I,
Holy Roman Emperor. Frederick however died via route to Jerusalem in a drowning
accident. The crusader army took the city of acre and Jaffa but didnt wage war on
Jerusalem and the crusade ended without accomplishing its original task. Richard left the
following year after negotiating a treaty with Saladin. The treaty allowed unarmed
Christian pilgrims to make pilgrimages to the Holy Land, while it remained under
Muslim control
Ayyubid Architecture
1) Building types
i. Religious architecture
2. Mosques
3. Shrines
1. Palaces
2. Mausoleums/tombs
1. Fortifications
were fortified.
2. Citadels
8
The term citadel is derived from the same Latin root as the
Although the importance of any military structure cannot be denied as it is the basic
defense of a city, the importance however grows in the Ayyubid period. Indulged in
constant threat from the Christians and Muslims alike, the cities of Ayyubid time period
could be attacked any time thus proper measure needed to be taken for the empires
defense. This constant threat is what produced the greatest military architecture found in
i. The Citadels
i. Turkey
relief.
ii. Jerusalem
iii. Egypt
Saladin.
iv. Syria
(Fig 14)
i
From Archnet.org
11
city's defense
a. History of Masyaf:
Byzantine troops.
a. History
13
b. Construction
accessible by a staircase.
(Fig 17.01)
a. History
devastation.
(Fig 17.02)
b. Construction
i. The Mound
Advance Towers
c)
17.05)
17.06 c)
18
The Gate
locations.
The Mezzanine
19
In 1250 Turanshah, the last Ayyubid Sultan of Egypt, was murdered and replaced by his
The Ayyubids continued to rule Damascus and Aleppo until 1260, when they were driven
out by the Mongols, and following the Mongol defeat at Ain Jalut later that year, most of
20
Syria fell to the Mamluks. Local Ayyubid dynasties continued to rule in parts of Syria
(most notably Hamah) for another 70 years, until the latter finally absorbed them in
1334.ii
ii
From wikipedia the free encyclopedia
21
,
FOR THE STUDY OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE HISTORICAL SECTION
Images
25
iii
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ayyubid_Dynasty_1171_-_1246(AD).PNG
26
iv
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Saladin_the_Victorious.jpg
v
http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/crus/hd_crus.htm
27
x
Ayyubid palace, Syria medieval citadels between east and west, pg 131
29
xi
http://archnet.org/library/images/one-image.jsp?location_id=4808&image_id=61835
xii
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Casale_Monferrato_map_(018_003).jpg
30
xiii
http://archnet.org/library/images/one-image.jsp?location_id=9829&image_id=63308
xiv
http://archnet.org/library/images/one-image.jsp?location_id=9829&image_id=99241
xv
http://archnet.org/library/images/one-image.jsp?location_id=9829&image_id=99239
31
xvi
http://archnet.org/library/images/one-image.jsp?location_id=9834&image_id=63617
xvii
http://archnet.org/library/images/one-image.jsp?location_id=1393&image_id=54163
32
xviii
Ross Burns, Damascus, pg 181
33
xix
citadel of Masyaf, Syria medieval citadels between east and west, pg 194
34
xx
Citadel of Saladin, Syria medieval citadels between east and west pg 160
xxi
http://archnet.org/library/images/one-image.jsp?location_id=1430&image_id=64070
35
36
xxii
Julia Gonnella, Syria medieval citadels between east and west, pg 117
xxiii
http://archnet.org/library/images/one-image.jsp?location_id=1430&image_id=64087
xxiv
http://archnet.org/library/images/one-image.jsp?location_id=1430&image_id=64085
37
xxv
http://archnet.org/library/images/one-image.jsp?location_id=1430&image_id=64073
xxvi
http://archnet.org/library/images/one-image.jsp?location_id=1430&image_id=64072
38
xxvii
http://archnet.org/library/images/one-image.jsp?location_id=1430&image_id=98416
xxviii
http://archnet.org/library/images/one-image.jsp?location_id=1430&image_id=64083
39
xxix
Aleppo citadel, Syria medieval citadels between east and west, pg 119
xxx
Aleppo citadel, Syria medieval citadels between east and west, pg 119
40
xxxi
http://archnet.org/library/images/one-image.jsp?location_id=1430&image_id=64075
xxxii
Aleppo citadel, Syria medieval citadels between east and west, pg 131
41
xxxiii
http://archnet.org/library/images/one-image.jsp?location_id=1430&image_id=27536
42
xxxiv
Aleppo citadel, Syria medieval citadels between east and west, pg 130
xxxv
Aleppo citadel, Syria medieval citadels between east and west, pg 130
xxxvi
Aleppo citadel, Syria medieval citadels between east and west, pg 130
43
xxxvii
Aleppo citadel, Syria medieval citadels between east and west, pg 120