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An Overview of the Worship of Rudra in Vedic Ritual

Shingo Einoo, University of Tokyo


0 Contents of the handout
1 In the rauta rituals
2 In the ghyastras
3 In the ghyapariias
4 Enumerations of the names of Rudra
5 A list of names of Rudra arranged in decreasing frequency in the enumerations of
the names of Rudra
6 Statements in the brhmaa exegeses which show dangerous aspects of Rudra
1 In the rauta rituals
1-1 atarudriyahoma (agnicayana)
Collections of the mantras of the atarudriya: KS 17.11-16; KapS 27.1-6; MS
2.9.2-9; TS 4.5.1-11; VS 16.1-66.
Texts which describe the atarudriyahoma: KS 21.6 [44,7-45,8]; KapS 32.21
[198,23-200,4]; MS 3.3.4 [36,11-37,10]; TS 5.4.3; B 9.1.1.1-44; MnS
6.2.4.3-7; VrS 2.2.3.2-9; BaudhS 10.47-48 [48.3-49.8]; pS 17.11.3-12.3;
HirS 12.3.3-10; VaikhS 19.6 [291.5-292.5]; KtyS 18.1.1-6; VaitS 29.10. Cf.
BaudhS
19.4
[421,16-422,6] (svitracayana); pS
19.12.24-25
(svitracayana).
1-2 traiyambakahoma (cturmsya)
Collections of the mantras of the traiyambakahoma (in the rjasya section): KS 9.7
[110,1-11]; KapS 8.10 [103,5-16]; MS 1.10.4 [144,4-15]; TS 1.8.6; VS 3.57-61.
Texts which describe the traiyambakahoma: KS 36.14 [80,14-81,21]; MS 1.10.20
[159,14-161,6]; TB 1.6.10.1-5; B 2.6.2.1-19; MnS 1.7.7.1-14; VrS
1.7.4.57-77; BaudhS 5.16-17 [151,5-153,8], BaudhS 21.5 [77,12-14], BaudhS
25.3 [231,4-5]; BhrS 8.22.1-23.12; pS 8.17.1-19.4; HirS 5.5 [487,10-490,1];
VaikhS 9.10-12 [98,15-100,8]; KtyS 5.10.1-23; VaitS 9.18-23.
1-3 kmyapau and kmyei
1-3-1 a kmyapau for the witchcraft by offering a rohi or red cow. TS 2.1.7.7
raudr rohim labhetbhicaran.
1-3-2 a kmyei with a caru or porridge made of vstva or a kind wild plant which is
performed when Rudra kills offspring. MS 2.2.4 [18,13-16] vstvamaya raudra
1

caru nirvaped yatra rudra praj amyeta. See MnS 5.1.9.26-30; pS


9.14.11-14; HirS 15.14.
1-4 gvdhuka caru
Rudra is worshipped by offering gvdhuka caru or a porridge made of gavdhuka, a
wild plant.
1-4-1 in the rjasya at the indraturya. KS 15.2 [210,14]1; MS 2.6.3 [64,17-18]; TS
1.8.7.1; B 5.2.4.13; MnS 9.1.1.21; BaudhS 12.3 [88,15]; KtyS 15.1.28.
1-4-2iIn the rjasya at the ratnin havi. KS 15.4 [212,2-4] 2 ; MS 2.6.5
[66,11-13]; MS 4.3.8 [48,7-8]; TS 1.8.9.2; TB 1.7.3.6; B 5.3.1.10; BaudhS 12.5
[92,8-9]; pS 18.10.20-24; HirS13.4.10; KtyS 15.3.12.
1-4-3 in the rjasya at the devasuv havi. KS 15.5 [212.17]3; MS 2.6.6 [67.10];
TS 1.8.10.1; B 5.3.3.7.
1-4-4 in the agnicayana after the atarudriyahoma. TS 5.5.9.4 4 ; MnS 6.2.4.6;
BaudhS 10.48 [49,5-8]; pS 17.12.1-2; HirS 12.3.8; VaikhS 19.6 [292,2-3]5.
1-5 agnihotra
Rudra is worshipped by pointing to the north with the ladle after the main offering.
KS 6.7 [56,20-21]6; KS 6.5 [54,11]; MS 1.8.5 [121,10-11]; MS 1.8.5 [121,18]7; KB
2.2 [4,22-23]; KB 2.2 [5,8]; MnS 1.6.1.41; VrS 1.5.3.40; BhrS 6.13.2-3;
pS 6.11.3; HirS 3.7.86 [351,19-20]; VaikhS 2.5 [25,14-15]; VaitS 7.13.
1-6 various occasions in a certain rauta ritual on which Rudra is worshipped
1-6-1 agnioma
Rudra makhahan is worshipped before the prasarpaa to the sadas. TS 3.2.3.2;
BaudhS 7.10 [215,11-12]; ApS 12.20.3b; HirS 8.5 [859,27]; VaikhS15.23
KS 15.2 [210,14] raudro gvdhuka caru.
KS 15.4 [212,2-4] raudro gvdhuka carur akvapasya ca goyacchasya ca ghe.
3 KS 15.5 [212.17] rudraaya paupataye gvdhuka caru. In every text the god is
named rudra paupati.
4 TS 5.5.9.4 atarudrya hutv gvdhuka carum.
5 A gvdhuka caru to Rudra is offered, when a disease breaks out. khGS 5.6.1-2.
6 KS 6.7 [56,20-21] rudra mnrbhava ma dhrte namas te 'stv iti hutvoda
uddiet.
7 Cf. MS 1.8.5 [122,2-6] anto v eo 'prta puruamedha v ea pratkate
yajamnam eva havya yad agnihotrahava niapaty antas tengnihotrahava pratapya hasto 'vadheyo hasto v pratapygnihotrahavaym avadheyas
tenaivaina amayati tena prti nta ena prto na hinasti.
1
2

[204,1].
Rudra is worshipped by offering the rest of the manthin cup. TS 3.1.9.6; BaudhS
7.14 [223,1-4]; BhrS 13.25.10; pS 12.23.11; HirS 8.7 [878,16-18];
VaikhS 15.30 [209,7-9].
Rudra is worshipped by using V 2.33.1, a verse dedicated to Rudra at the
gnimruta astra. AB 3.34.2-10; KB 16.7 [72,8-10].
Rudra is worshipped by reciting AV 7.87.1, a verse dedicated to Rudra, at the
offering of saktus in the burning fire of the mahvedi before the avabhtha. VaitS
24.17.
Rudra vstopati is worshipped by reciting TB 3.7.9.7 at an huti before starting to
the avabhtha. pS 13.20.1; VaikhS 16.24 [234,5-6]8.
1-6-2 avamedha
Rudra paupati is worshipped by offering yeta or a white goat, yetka or a goat
having white eyes, and arua or a red goat. MS 3.13.4 [169,5-6]; VS 24.3
Rudra is worshipped by offering avaliptas or certain animals (?). MS 3.13.4
[169,6]; VS 24.3.
Rudra is worshipped by offering a ruru or a deer. KS 5.7.9 [181,1]; TS 5.5.19; MS
3.14.20 [177,2]; VS 24.39.
Rudra is worshipped by offering babhru or a brown goat, aruababhru or a
reddish-brown goat and ukababhru or a goat which is brown like a parrot. KS
5.9.1 [182,7-8]; TS 5.6.11.
1-6-3 darapramasa
Rudra is worshipped when the tuft of grass used for cleaning the fire place is
thrown into the (havanya) fire by reciting TB 3.3.2.59. BaudhS 1.19 [28,5-7];
BhrS 3.4.9-10; pS 3.4.8; HirS 2.3 [213,10-11, 17, 22]; VaikhS 7.4
[71,3-4]. VaitS 4.10 (by reciting AV 7.87.1).
1-6-4 pravargya
Rudra rudrahot or Rudra whose hots are the Rudras is worshipped by offering the

According to BaudhS 28.9 [359,10-11] Rudra vstopati is worshipped when the


dkita runs when it rains.
9 TB 3.3.2.5 yo bhtnm adhipat rudras tanticaro v / pazn asmka m hisr
etad astu huta tava svh.
8

remnants of the heated milk. MnS 4.3.33 (by reciting MS 4.9.9 [130,1]10 . T
5.8.8; BaudhS 9.11 [281,9-10]; BhrS 11.11.7; pS 15.11.7; VaikhS 13.13
[167,12].
Rudra rudrahot is worshipped at the avntaradk. BaudhS 9.19 [294,15;
295,8]11 .
1-6-5 rjasya
Rudra is worshipped by offering the rest of the unction waters. MS 4.4.2
[51,17-19]; TB 1.7.8.5-6; B 5.4.2.10; MnS 9.1.3.5; BaudhS 12.11
[102,7-9]; pS 18.13.22; HirS 13.5.37; KtyS 15.6.12.
1-6-6 atarudriyahoma
Rudra is worshipped by using a tisdhanva or a bow with three arrows at the end of
the atarudriyahoma, after the offering of gvdhuka caru. BaudhS 10.48
[49,8-12]; pS 17.12.3; HirS 12.3.9-10; VaikhS 19.6 [292,4-5].
1-6-7 other cases
Rudra is worshipped, when there is multitude of diseases. kS 3.4.8
vydhiplye rudrya /8/
A cow of the dkita which was killed by Mahdeva is dedicated to Rudra. pS
10.19.2 rudrya tveti mahdevahatm /2/
1-7 sviakt
The sviakt offering is interpreted as the worship of Rudra. TS 2.6.6.4-6
(darapramsa); TS 2.6.8.3-4 (darapramsa); KB 3.6 [12,9-14]
(darapramsa); B 1.7.3.1-21 (darapramsa); TB 3.9.11.2-4 (avamedha);
B 13.3.4.1-5 (avamedha)12 .

MS 4.9.9 [130,1] rudrya rudrahotre svh. The texts belonging to the Taittirya
School use the same mantra T 4.10.3.
11 BaudhS 9.19 [294,15; 295,8] rudrya rudrahotre kalpaymi ... rudra
rudrahotra tarpaymi. Also in BodhGS 3.4.7, 13 and VaikhGS 2.11 [29,13-14].
12 Agni sviakt is identified with Rudra in MS 1.4.13 [63,10] (pryacitta of the
darapramsa) and TB 3.9.11.3; 4 (avamedha, sviakt) and Sviakt is identified
with Rudra in KB 3.6 [12,11] (darapramsa, sviakt) and B 13.3.4.3, 4, 5
(avamedha, sviakt).
10

2 In the ghyastras
2-1 lagava
khS 4.17-20; vGS 4.8.1-39; MnGS 2.5.1-6; VrGP 3.1-9; KhGS
52.1-11; BodhGS 2.7.1-28; BhrGS 2.8-10; pGS 7.19.13-7.20.19; HirGS
2.3.1-11; gnGS 2.5.8 [86-88]; PrGS 3.8.1-1713 .
2-2 vayuj
vGS 2.2.1-5; GobhGS 3.8.1-8; KhdGS 3.3.1-5; MnGS 2.3.4-8; VaikhGS 4.9
[62,3-10]14 .
2-3 vaivadeva
KauGS 3.10.8; KhdGS 1.5.30, 31; DrhGS 1.5.31; BodhGS 2.8.16, 32, 35, 40;
BhrGS 3.12 [80.1-3]; BhrGS 3.13 [80.9-10]; BhrGS 3.14 [82.1-2]; gnGS
1.7.2 [41,20]; gnGS 2.6.4 [99.14-15].
2-4 rudra upasthna15
MnGS 1.13.10-14; VrGS 15.4-9 16 ; BhrGS 2.29-30 [63.3-64.2]; HirGS
1.5.16.8-14; PrGS 3.15.7-1517.
Two ghyastras belonging to the Smaveda, namely GobhGS and KhdGS, do not
describe the lagava. Three ghyastras belonging to the new Taittirya School,
namely BhrGS, pGS and HirGS, do not have the part of animal sacrifice.
14 khGS 4.16.1-5, KauGS 4.3 and PrGS 2.16.1-6 describe it as a worship of Indra
and KhGS 57.1-9 and VrGP 6.1-20 treat it as an avanti; BodhGS, BhrGS, pGS
and HirGS do not have any section dealing with it.
15 Here are collected texts in which Rudra is worshipped at different places.
16 These two texts deal with the journey of the newly married pair to the house of the
bridegroom. The following texts belong to the section dealing with the adbhutanti.
17 The places at which Rudra is to be worshipped are as follows: in grma to Rudra
grmasad (MnGS 1.13.10); at ekavka to Rudra ekavkasad (MnGS 1.13.11;
VrGS 15.5); at mana to Rudra manasad (MnGS 1.13.12; VrGS 15.7), to
Rudra tatsad (BhrGS 2.30 [63.12-13]), to Rudra pitad (PrGS 3.15.13); at citra dea
or devayajana or vanaspati to Rudra tatsad (HirGS 1.5.16.13-14); at catupatha to
Rudra catupathasad (MnGS 1.13.13; VrGS 15.6), to Rudra pthivad (BhrGS 2.30
[63.10-12]), to Rudra pathiad (HirGS 1.5.16.8, PrGS 3.15.7); at trtha to Rudra
trthasad (MnGS 1.13.14; VrGS 15.9), at a river to Rudra apsuad (BhrGS 2.30
[63.13-15], HirGS 1.5.16.12, PrGS 3.15.8); at sarpasti to Rudra sarpast (BhrGS
2.29 [63.5-6], HirGS 1.5.16.10); at a heap of cow dung to Rudra aktsad (BhrGS
2.29 [63.7-9]), to Rudra pauad (HirGS 1.5.16.9); at goha to Rudra aktpiasad
(PrGS 3.15.14); at a forest to Rudra vanasad (PrGS 3.15.11); at a mountain to Rudra
giriad (PrGS 3.15.12); at the time of drinking to Rudra ptrasad (VrGS 15.8); when
one sits on anupastra sthaila to Rudra pthivad (BhrGS 2.29 [63.3-5]); when a
13

2-5 other occasions in the ghyastras on which Rudra is worshipped


2-5-1 yuyacaru, BodhGS 3.7.14.
2-5-2 adbhutanti: when any animal moves to the left (apasavya), BodhGS 4.2.7-8.
2-5-3 aamvrata as Virpka, BodhGS 3.8.2.
2-5-4 caitrkarma, khGS 4.19.4.
2-5-5 madhuparka, MnGS 1.9.13; VrGS 11.1618 .
2-5-6 phlgun, MnGS 2.10.2; KhGS 70.5.
2-5-7 pitmedha, dahanavidhi, VaikhGS 5.2-3 [71,8-72,10].
2-5-8 utsarjana, tarpaa, BhrGS 3.9 [76,12].
2-5-9 votsarga, khGS 3.11.6; KhGS 59.4; PrGS 3.9.6.
2-5-10 yajavstu, GobhGS 1.8.25-28; KhdGS 2.1.25-28.
2-5-11 ukriyavrata, VaikhGS 2.11 [29,13] (see pravargya, avntaradk).
3 In the ghyapariias
3-1 nakalpa, BodhGS 3.15 [319-320]; HirGS 1.6.21 [88,12-89,2].
3-2 koihoma, AVP 31.
3-3 mahdevasyharahaparicary, BodhGS 2.17; HirGS 1.2.10 [14.1-21].
3-4 pupatavrata, AVP 40.
3-5 pacgarudr japahomrcanavidhi, HirGS 1.2.11 [14,22-16,8].
3-6 rudrapratihkalpa, BodhGS 2.16 [276-280]; HirGS 1.7.12 [109,20-112,8].
3-7 rudrasnnrcanavidhi, BodhGS 2.18 [283-285]; HirGS 1.2.12 [16,9-17,13].
3-8 ucchumakalpa, AVP 36.
3-9 various occasions of the worship of Rudra in the ghyapariias
3-9-1 vaivadeva, vGP 2.10 [159,27]; gvidhna 1.23; pDhS 2.2.4.6; HirDhS
2.1.59.
3-9-2 votsarga, vGPA 26 [257,16]; vGP 3.18 [174,10; 10-12; 21-22].
3-9-3 kcchra, GautDhS 26.12.
3-9-4 cases in the gvidhna
3-9-4-1 gvidhna 1.23 (in the preparatory acts for the performance of the rites).
3-9-4-2 gvidhna 1.97 (the use of V 1.43.1-6, the first six verses are
dedicated to Rudra).
3-9-4-3 Rgvidhaana 1.130 (the use of RV 1.114, a suukta to rudra).
whirlwind happens to Rudra antarikasad (BhrGS 2.30 [63.15-64,2], HirGS 1.5.16.11.
18 The mantra used here: namo rudrya ptrasade is used in VrGS 15.8 mentioned in
note 17.
6

3-9-4-4 gvidhna 1.164cd-167ab (the use of V 2.33, a skta to Rudra).


3-9-4-5 gvidhna 2.142-143 (the use of V 7.59.12, a verse which is known as
mtyujaya).
3-9-4-6 gvidhna 3.231-4.1 (together with oadhis, the use of V 10.97, a
skta to oadhis).
3-9-5 cases in connection with nakatra and graha
3-9-5-1 AVP 1.37.4 (as the deity of the nakatra rdr).
3-9-5-2 vGP 2.6 [156.8-9] (as the pratyadhidevat of the Sun).
3-9-5-3 Khakabrhmaasakalana [44.1] (as the father of Mars).
4 Enumerations of the names of Rudra
Four names
paupati, iva, akara, ptaka.vGS 2.2.2 (vayuj).
Five names
bhava, rudra, mahdeva, arva, paupati. VS 39.9cd (pravargya).
bhava, arva, rudra, na, agni sviakt. khS 4.19.1 (lagava).
rudra, bhava, arva, iva, ma. K 2.100 (pravargya).
Six names
bhava, arva, na, vara, paupati, adhipati. KhGS 52.6 (lagava)
Seven names
bhava, arva, paupati, ugra, rudra, mahdeva, na. AV 15.5 (vrtya section);
KauS 51.8 (a rite for the rearing of cattle).
Eight names
agni, rudra, arva, paupati, ugra, lin, bhava, mahdeva. vGP 3.18
[174.21-22] (votsarga).
bhava, rudra, arva, na, paupati, ugra, bhma, mahdeva. HirGS 2.3.7
(lagava).
bhava, arva, na, paupati, rudra, ugra, bhma, mahat. BodhGS 2.7.18
(lagava); pMP 2.18.14-21 (pGS 7.20.4) (lagava); gnGS 2.5.8 [87,2-5]
(lagava); gnGS 2.6.3 [96.14-17] (tarpaa); BaudhDhS 2.5.9.6 [169.13-16]
(tarpaa).
bhava, arva, na, paupati, ugra, rudra, bhma, mahdeva. VaikhGS 4.9 [62.6-7]
(vayuj).
bhava, arva, na, ugra, bhma, rudra, paupati, mahat. BhrGS 2.8-9 [40,9-13]
(lagava).
bhava, arva, pazupati, ugra deva, mahn deva, rudra, na, aani. KB 6.2-9
7

(brahmatva: Rudra's names and corresponding entities). khS 4.18.5


(lagava).
rudra, sarva, paupati, ugra, aani, bhava, mahn deva, na. B 6.1.3.8-18
(agnicayana, introductory myth: Rudra's names and corresponding entities).
Nine names
agni, aani, paupati, bhava, arva, na, mahdeva, ugra deva, vasihahanu. VS
39.8 (pravargya).
agni, rudra, arva, paupati, ugra, aani, bhava, mahdeva, na. PrGS 3.8.6
(lagava).
citta, bhava, rudra, paupati, agni, rudra, arva, mahdeva, oihahana. TS 1.4.36
(avamedha).
Ten names
bhava, rudra, arva, paupati, nlagrva, itikaha, vyuptakea, kapardin,
sahasrka, atadhanvan. KS 17.13 [256,17-19] (atarudriya).
Eleven names
deva, bhava, paupati, hara, ka, mahdeva, arva, ugra, ikhain, sahasrka,
aani. AVP 1.37.4 (nakatrakalpa).
mgavydha, sarpa, nirti, aja ekapad, ahi budhnya, pinkin, bhuvana, vara,
kaplin, sthu, bhava. AVP 43.5.9-19 (tarpaa).
mgavydha, arva, bhava, pinkin, bhavana, vara, sthu, kaplin, nirti, aja
ekapad, ahi budhniya. VaikhGS 5.2 [72,6-7] (pitmedha, dahanavidhi).
Twelve names
hara, ma, arva, iva, bhava, mahdeva, ugra, bhma, paupati, rudra, akara,
vara. vGS 4.8.19 (lagava).
iva, akara, sahamna, itikaha, kapardin, tmra, arua, apagurama,
hirayabhu, saspijara, babhlua, hiraya. BodhGS 2.16.37; HirGS 1.7.12
[111.27-112.1] (rudrapratiSThaakalpa).
Thirteen names
rudra, paupati, mahat deva, tryambaka, ekacara, adhipati, hari, arva, na, ugra,
vajrin, ghin, kapardin. GautDhS 26.12 (kcchra, udakatarpaa).
Fourteen names
bhava, rudra, arva, paupati, nlagrva, itikaha, kapardin, vyuptakea,
sahasrka, atadhanvan, giria, ipivia, mhuama, iumat. TS 4.5.5.1a-g
(atarudriya).
bhava, arva, rudra, paupati, vyuptakea, kapardin, nlagrva, itikaha,
sahasrka, atadhanvan, giria, ipivia, mhuara, iumat. MS 2.9.5
8

[124,8-12] (atarudriya).
5 A list of names of Rudra arranged in decreasing frequency in the enumerations of the
names of Rudra
(28)
bhava (1/5 VS 39.9cd), (1/5 khS 4.19.1), (2/5 K 2.100), (1/6 KhGS
52.6), (1/7 AV 15.5; KauS 51.8), (7/8 vGP 3.18), (1/8 HirGS 2.3.7), (1/8
BodhGS 2.7.18; pMP 2.18.14-21; gnGS 2.5.8; gnGS 2.6.3; BaudhDhS
2.5.9.6), (1/8 VaikhGS 4.9), (1/8 BhrGS 2.8-9), (1/8 KB 6.2-9; khS 4.18.5),
(6/8 B 6.1.3.8-18), (4/9 VS 39.8), (7/9 PrGS 3.8.6), (2/9 TS 1.4.36), (1/10 KS
17.13), (2/11 AVP 1.37.4), (11/11 AVP 43.5.9-19), (3/11 VaikhGS 5.2), (5/12
vGS 4.8.19), (1/14 TS 4.5.5.1), (1/14 MS 2.9.5).(2/8 B 6.1.3.8-18)
19
(27)
arva (4/5 VS 39.9cd), (3/5 K 2.100), (2/5 khS 4.19.1), (2/6 KhGS
52.6), (2/7 AV 15.5; KauS 51.8), (3/8 vGP 3.18), (3/8 HirGS 2.3.7), (2/8
BodhGS 2.7.18; pMP 2.18.14-21; gnGS 2.5.8; gnGS 2.6.3; BaudhDhS
2.5.9.6), (2/8 VaikhGS 4.9), (2/8 BhrGS 2.8-9), (2/8 KB 6.2-9; khS 4.18.5),
(5/9 VS 39.8), (3/9 PrGS 3.8.6), (7/9 TS 1.4.36), (3/10 KS 17.13), (7/11 AVP
1.37.4), (2/11 VaikhGS 5.2), (3/12 vGS 4.8.19), (8/13 GautDhS 26.12), (3/14
TS 4.5.5.1), (2/14 MS 2.9.5).
(25)
paupati (1/4 vGS 2.2.2), (5/5 VS 39.9cd), (5/6 KhGS 52.6), (3/7 AV 15.5;
KauS 51.8), (4/8 vGP 3.18), (5/8 HirGS 2.3.7), (2/8 BodhGS 2.7.18; pMP
2.18.14-21; gnGS 2.5.8; gnGS 2.6.3; BaudhDhS 2.5.9.6), (4/8 VaikhGS 4.9),
(7/8 BhrGS 2.8-9), (3/8 KB 6.2-9; khS 4.18.5), (3/8 B 6.1.3.8-18), (3/9
VS 39.8), (4/9 PrGS 3.8.6), (4/9 TS 1.4.36), (4/10 KS 17.13), (3/11 AVP
1.37.4), (2/13 GautDhS 26.12), (4/14 TS 4.5.5.1), (4/14 MS 2.9.5).
(25)
rudra (2/5 VS 39.9cd), (3/5 khS 4.19.1), (1/5 K 2.10), (5/7 AV 15.5;
KauS 51.8 ), (2/8 vGP 3.18), (2/8 HirGS 2.3.7), (2/8 BodhGS 2.7.18;
pMP 2.18.14-21; gnGS 2.5.8; gnGS 2.6.3; BaudhDhS 2.5.9.6), (6/8
VaikhGS 4.9), (6/8 BhrGS 2.8-9), (6/8 KB 6.2-9; khS 4.18.5), (1/8 B
6.1.3.8-18), (2/9 PrGS 3.8.6), (3/9 TS 1.4.36), (6/9 TS 1.4.36 <ugra?>), (2/10
KS 17.13), (10/12 vGS 4.8.19), (1/13 GautDhS 26.12), (2/14 TS 4.5.5.1),
(3/14 MS 2.9.5).
(22)
mahdeva (3/5 VS 39.9cd), (6/7 AV 15.5; KauS 51.8), (8/8 vGP 3.18),
(8/8 HirGS 2.3.7), (2/8 BodhGS 2.7.18; pMP 2.18.14-21; gnGS 2.5.8; gnGS
According to this list the name arva is reckoned at 27; in an enumeration of eight
names in B 6.1.3.8-18 the second name is sarva and the name sarva corresponds to
arva; therefore the amount of occurrences of name arva is 28 as the name of bhava.
19

2.6.3; BaudhDhS 2.5.9.6), (8/8 VaikhGS 4.9), (8/8 BhrGS 2.8-9), (5/8 KB 6.2-9;
khS 4.18.5), (7/8 B 6.1.3.8-18), (7/9 VS 39.8), (8/9 PrGS 3.8.6), (8/9 TS
1.4.36), (6/11 AVP 1.37.4), (6/12 vGS 4.8.19), (9/12 vGS 4.8.19), (3/13
GautDhS 26.12).
(18)
ugra (4/7 AV 15.5; KauS 51.8), (5/8 vGP 3.18), (6/8 HirGS 2.3.7), (2/8
BodhGS 2.7.18; pMP 2.18.14-21; gnGS 2.5.8; gnGS 2.6.3; BaudhDhS
2.5.9.6), (5/8 VaikhGS 4.9), (4/8 KB 6.2-9; khS 4.18.5), (4/8 B 6.1.3.8-18),
(8/9 VS 39.8), (5/9 PrGS 3.8.6), (8/11 AVP 1.37.4), (7/12 vGS 4.8.19), (10/13
GautDhS 26.12).
(17)
na (4/5 khS 4.19.1), (3/6 KhGS 52.6), (7/7 AV 15.5; KauS 51.8),
(4/8 HirGS 2.3.7), (3/8 BodhGS 2.7.18; pMP 2.18.14-21; gnGS 2.5.8; gnGS
2.6.3; BaudhDhS 2.5.9.6), (3/8 VaikhGS 4.9), (3/8 BhrGS 2.8-9), (7/8 KB 6.2-9;
khS 4.18.5), (8/8 B 6.1.3.8-18), (9/9 PrGS 3.8.6), (9/13 GautDhS 26.12).
(9)
bhma (7/8 HirGS 2.3.7), (2/8 BodhGS 2.7.18; pMP 2.18.14-21; gnGS
2.5.8; gnGS 2.6.3; BaudhDhS 2.5.9.6), (7/8 VaikhGS 4.9), (5/8 BhrGS 2.8-9),
(8/12 vGS 4.8.19).
(6)
aani (8/8 KB 6.2-9; khS 4.18.5), (5/8 B 6.1.3.8-18), (2/9 VS 39.8), (6/9
PrGS 3.8.6), (11/11 AVP 1.37.4).
(6)
kapardin (8/10 KS 17.13), (5/12 BodhGS 2.16.37; HirGS 1.7.12), (13/13
GautDhS 26.12), (7/14 TS 4.5.5.1), (6/14 MS 2.9.5).
(5)
vara (4/6 KhGS 52.6), (6/9 VS 39.8), (8/11 AVP 43.5.9-19), (6/11
VaikhGS 5.2), (12/12 vGS 4.8.19).
(5)
akara (3/4 vGS 2.2.2), (4/8 BhrGS 2.8-9), (11/12 vGS 4.8.19), (2/12
BodhGS 2.16.37; HirGS 1.7.12).
(5)
iva (2/4 vGS 2.2.2), (4/5 K 2.100), (4/12 vGS 4.8.19), (1/12 BodhGS
2.16.37; HirGS 1.7.12).
(4)
agni (1/8 vGP 3.18), (1/9 VS 39.8), (1/9 PrGS 3.8.6), (5/9 TS 1.4.36)
(4)
sahasrka (9/10 KS 17.13), (10/11 AVP 1.37.4), (9/14 TS 4.5.5.1), (9/14 MS
2.9.5).
(4)
itikaha (6/10 KS 17.13), (4/12 BodhGS 2.16.37; HirGS 1.7.12), (6/14 TS
4.5.5.1), (8/14 MS 2.9.5).
(3)
nlagrva (5/10 KS 17.13), (5/14 TS 4.5.5.1), (7/14 MS 2.9.5).
(3)
vyuptakea (7/10 KS 17.13), (8/14 TS 4.5.5.1), (5/14 MS 2.9.5).
(3)
atadhanvan (10/10 KS 17.13), (10/14 TS 4.5.5.1), (10/14 MS 2.9.5).
(2)
ahi budhnya (5/11 AVP 43.5.9-19), (11/11 VaikhGS 5.2).
(2)
aja ekapad (4/11 AVP 43.5.9-19), (10/11 VaikhGS 5.2).
10

(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(1)

kaplin (9/11 AVP 43.5.9-19), (8/11 VaikhGS 5.2).


mgavydha (1/11 AVP 43.5.9-19), (1/11 VaikhGS 5.2).
nirti (3/11 AVP 43.5.9-19), (9/11 VaikhGS 5.2).
pinkin (6/11 AVP 43.5.9-19), (4/11 VaikhGS 5.2).
sthu (10/11 AVP 43.5.9-19), (7/11 VaikhGS 5.2).
apagurama (8/12 BodhGS 2.16.37; HirGS 1.7.12).
arua (7/12 BodhGS 2.16.37; HirGS 1.7.12).
babhlua (11/12 BodhGS 2.16.37; HirGS 1.7.12).
hiraya (12/12 BodhGS 2.16.37; HirGS 1.7.12).
hirayabhu (9/12 BodhGS 2.16.37; HirGS 1.7.12).
sahamna (3/12 BodhGS 2.16.37; HirGS 1.7.12).
saspijara (10/12 BodhGS 2.16.37; HirGS 1.7.12).
tmra (6/12 BodhGS 2.16.37; HirGS 1.7.12).
giria (11/14 TS 4.5.5.1), (11/14 MS 2.9.5).
iumat (14/14 TS 4.5.5.1), (14/14 MS 2.9.5).
mhuama (13/14 TS 4.5.5.1), (13/14 MS 2.9.5).
ipivia (12/14 TS 4.5.5.1), (12/14 MS 2.9.5).
adhipati (1/6 KhGS 52.6), (6/13 GautDhS 26.12).
hara (4/11 AVP 1.37.4), (1/12 vGS 4.8.19).
ma (5/5 K 2.100), (2/12 vGS 4.8.19).
agni sviakt (5/5 khS 4.19.1); bhavana (5/11 VaikhGS 5.2); bhuvana
(7/11 AVP 43.5.9-19); citta (1/9 TS 1.4.36); deva (1/11 AVP 1.37.4); ekacara
(5/13 GautDhS 26.12); ghin (12/13 GautDhS 26.12); hari (7/13 GautDhS 26.12);
ka (5/11 AVP 1.37.4); oihahana (9/9 TS 1.4.36); ptaka (4/4 vGS 2.2.2);
sarpa (2/11 AVP 43.5.9-19); sarva (2/8 B 6.1.3.8-18); tryambaka (4/13 GautDhS
26.12); vajrin (11/13 GautDhS 26.12).; vasihahanu (9/9 VS 39.8); ikhain (9/11
AVP 1.37.4); lin (6/8 vGP 3.18).

6 Statements in the brhmaa exegeses which show dangerous aspects of Rudra


6-1 Cases in which Rudra injures someone or something: han-/his-/amayRudra injures. TB 1.7.8.6 (rjasya, offering of the rest of the abhieka water).
Rudra injures mostly in arad. KS 36.14 [81,4-5]; MS 1.10.20 [160,6-7]; cf. TB
1.6.10.4 (cturmsya, traiyambakahoma).
Agni, when not honored, becomes Rudra and injures the adhvaryu and yajamna. TB
1.6.1.1-2 (rjasya, ekakapla to nirti).
11

The vstopatya is to be offered before departing, otherwise Rudra becomes Agni and
injures the yajamna. TS 3.4.10.3 (rite for a journey).
Rudra injures prajs. MS 3.3.4 [36,14-15] (agnicayana, atarudriyahoma).
Rudra injures prajs. PB 21.2.9 (gargatrirtra, cydoha).
The dhiya fire (certainly the old havanya) which is deserted becomes Rudra and
injures praj and paus of the yajamna. TS 3.1.3.1-2 (agnioma, paurapaa
fire).
Rudra injures paus. MS 1.8.5 [121,10-12] (agnihotra, vaivadeva).
Rudra injures paus. PB 6.9.6-9 (kaamyasoma, various pratipads).
If rudra injures pazus, the agnihotra is to be performed by reciting a special mantra.
MS 1.8.6 [123,1-4] (agnihotra).
If rudra injures pazus too much, the agnihotra is to be performed by reciting a special
mantra. MS 1.8.6 [123,4-8] (agnihotra).
6-2 Cases in which Rudra aims at someone or something: abhiman-/ dhyai-/prek-/
pratkRudra aims at the adhvaryu, when he moves among the dhiya fires. B 3.6.2.20
(agnioma, dhiya).
Rudra aims at the adhvaryu and yajamna before performing the atarudriyahoma. KS
21.6 [44,18-45,2]; MS 3.3.4 [37,3-6]; TS 5.4.3.1 (agnicayana, atarudriyahoma).
Rudra aims at the yajamna, if he eats the vrata food without following the rule. MS
3.7.10 [91,7-10] (agnioma, avntaradk).
Rudra aims at the yajamna, if he does not exchange the tan of Agni with his own
tan. MS 3.9.1 [113,20-114,2] (agnioma, somapraayana).
If Rudra aims at the yajamna; by that he heats the agnihotrahava and places his
hand on it or he heats his hand and places the agnihotrahava on it, he appeases
Rudra. MS 1.8.5 [122,2-6] (agnihotra, vaivadeva).
If Rudra aims at prajs, three samidhs are placed with three verses to Agni having the
word bhiaj. KS 22.12 [67,16-18] (agnicayana, the ukhya agni is kept for one year).
12

If Rudra aims at prajs, the agnihotra is to be performed for twelve nights by reciting a
special mantra. KS 6.7 [57,2-5] (agnihotra).
If Rudra aims at prajs, he offers akapla to Agni surabhimat. KS 10.6
[130,20-131,2] (kmyei).
If Rudra aims at prajs, he offers akapla to Agni kamavat. KS 10.7 [132,7-10]
(kmyei).
Rudra aims at praj and paus of the yajamna, if the daahavis sarvaph offerings
are not performed at the completion of the agniciti. TS 7.5.15.1-2 (agnicayana,
daahavis sarvaph).
The ulmukya fire is rudriya fire and Rudra aims at the dead agnihotrin with his sons
and cattle, if his dead body is burnt with the ulmukya fire. B 12.5.1.16
(danahavidhi, of an agnihotrin who died in a foreign country)
Rudra aims at paus, when the fire altar is piled without begging paus from Rudra.
MS 3.1.3 [4,5-8] (agnicayana, ukh, going to fetch the clay).
Rudra aims at paus of the yajamna, when the udgt chants as pratihra 'nam
indra'. JB 1.133 [56,28-30] (agnioma, pratihra of the rathatara, in the first
pha).
Rudra aims at paus, when the fire will be set up on the footprint of the horse. MS
1.6.4 [92,7-9] (agnydheya, ava).
Rudra aims at paus, when he who will not perform the soma sacrifices sets up the
rauta fires, and he does not perform any iis before one year. MS 1.6.11
[103,11-17] (agnydheya, odana given to the brhmaas).
Rudra aims at paus, in the nirvacana of am. KS 30.10 [192,10-12] (darapramsa,
vatspkaraa).
Rudra aims at paus, when he eats something in the night of the upavasatha. TS 1.6.7.4
(darapramsa, upavasatha).
The akvpa and govikarta aim at paus as Rudra aims at paus. MS 4.3.8 [48,7-8]
(rjasya, ratnin havi).
Rudra aims at paus of the yajamna. JB 2.254 [269,21-24] (gargatrirtra, jidoha).
An akapla to Agni rudravat is offered in the pacazradya, when Rudra aims at
one of the ukans dedicated to Indra and the Maruts. PB 21.14.12-13 (pacazradya).
A cow of the dkita which was killed by Mahdeva is dedicated to Rudra. KS 23.6
[82,4-5]; MS 3.6.10 [74,1] (agnioma, dk).
13

6-3 Cases in which a certain ritual act leads to give paus to Rudra as his share:
apidh- 20
If animals are set free in the north direction. KS 20.3 [21,5-7] (agnicayana,
kikarma).
If animals are set free in the eastern direction. TS 5.2.5.3 (agnicayana, kikarma).
If the earth of the footprint is scattered on the havanya fire. KS 24.6 [95,5-6]
(agnioma, the treatment of the seventh footprint of the somakraya cow).
If he puts the earth of the footprint on the grhapatya where fire is burning. MS
3.7.7 [84,6-8] (agnioma, treatment of the seventh footprint of the somakraya)
If he carries the fire before the soma. KS 26.2 [122,15-16] (agnioma, somapraayana).
If soma is carried forward in front. MS 3.9.1 [113.8-10] (agnioma, somapraayana).
If the yphuti is offered. KS 26.3 [124,12-14] (agnioma, savanyapau).
If the vmadevya is not chanted in the way of 'anirukta'. PB 7.9.16-18 (agnioma,
pha, vmadevya).
If the havanya fire is set up at the footprint of the horse. TB 1.1.5.8-9
(agnydheya, ava).
If the tanhavis offerings are performed shortly after again. KS 8.8 [92,10-12]
(agnydheya, tanhavis).
If the tanhavis offerings are performed on the same day. TB 1.1.6.6-7
(agnydheya, tanhavis).
If one offers the sviakt offering so that it touches other previous offerings. MS
1.4.13 [63,10-12]; TS 2.6.6.6 (darapramsa, sviakt).
If the hot offers his i portion in the fire. TS 2.6.8.1-2 (darapramsa,
ibhakaa).
In an abhicra. KS 10.6 [130,17-19]; MS 2.1.10 [12,9-11] (kmyei, abhicra to
give paus to Rudra as his share).
In an abhicra. MS 2.1.6 [7,14] (kmyei, abhicra).
KS 23.6 [81,4-5] (agnioma, dkitavrata), KS 26.3 [124,12-14] (agnioma,
savanyapau, yphuti) and TS 6.3.5.1-2 (agnioma, agnimanthana) are cases in
which the yajamna is given to Rudra as share. KS 10.6 [130,17-20] (kmyei,
abhicra), KS 11.5 [150,6-9] (kmyei, abhicra), TS 2.2.10.4 (kmyei, abhicra),
and KS 26.2 [124,6-11] (agnioma, vaisarjana) are the cases of witchcraft to give one's
enemy to Rudra as share and in TS 5.6.6.2 (agnicayana, ukh) it is yajamna himself
who would be the victim of Nirti.
20

14

If the vaa call is used with bhat. KS 12.5 [167,11-13]; MS 2.3.7 [35,8-10] (a
kmyei for a bubhan/abhtikma).
When a dog runs between the grhapatya and the havanya and when he leads the
cow on the dogs course. TB 1.4.3.6 (pryacitta of the agnihotra).
He imposes rudriya on paus, if he brings the sviakt into contact with other
oblations. B 1.7.3.21 (darapramsa, sviakt).

Selected Bibliography
vGPA: valyanaghyapariia, ed. by K. P. Aithal, The Adyar Library Bulletin,
Vol. 27, pp. 217-287, 1963.
vGP: valyanya Ghyapariiam, ed. by V.G. Apte, Ananda Ashrama Sanskrit
Series 105, pp. 141-183, Varanasi, 1936.
gvidhna, see M.S. Bhat, 1987, Vedic Tantrism: A Study of gvidhna of aunaka
with Text and Translation, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass.
VrGP, see Pierre Rolland, 1975, Complments au rituel domestique vdique: Le
Vrhaghyapurua, ditions de l'Universit de Provence.

15

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