Portal Frame II

Side and End grits

Both side and end girts are used to mount the side or end cladding, the difference between
the two is that the side girts are supported on the main column and the end girts are supported on the
end gables column.

Design Procedure:
1- The acting loads:
Dead Load:
- Own weight (10 20) kg/m.
- Weight of the steel sheets wc = (5-8) kg/m2 for single layer.

Live Load :
-

For case of maintenance there is a concentrated load of 100 kg

Wind load:
- In this case the wind load will be a main load so it will be a case A
- Wwind = ( (Ce + Ci ) x K x q ) x a
Ce = 0.8 , Ci = 0.3
K= 1.0 for h 10 m
= 1.1 for h 20 m
q = 70 kg/m2 in Cairo

2- The straining actions:

Wx = due to wind load only
Wx = Wwind
MX =

WX S 2
W S
, QX = X
8
2

Wy = due to dead loads and live load

Wy = wc x a + o.w.
Py = 100 kg
W S 2 PY S
W S PY
MY = Y
+
, QY = Y
+
8
4
2
2
1/12-P.F.II
2007-2008

Portal Frame II
Where S is:
The span of side girts = spacing between main frames columns.
The span of end girts = spacing between end gables columns.
And a is the spacing between side or end girts.
3- Choice of Section:
fb =

Mx My
+
Fbcx
Sx
Sy

As the channels are non-compact or slender sections so Fbcx = 1.4 t/cm2

Assume Sx = 7 Sy for hot rolled C sec. or Sx = 6 Sy for cold formed sec.
M x + (6or 7)M y
cm3
1.4
And from the tables we choose the appropriate channel.

By solving the first equation we get the Sx required =

4- Checks
1- Bending stress:
My
M
fb = x +
Fbcx = 1.4t / cm 2
Sx
Sy
2- Shear stress:
Q
q x = x 0.35Fy
A web
Qy
qy =
0.35Fy
A flanges
2- Deflection "due to live load only":
act =

P S 3
span
<
48E IY
300

N.B.:
In case of not satisfied we increase the channel section or use tie rod to reduce S in the Y
direction, and so we decrease My and the deflection.
MY with 1 tie = 1 / 4 MY without tie rod
MY with 2 tie = 1 / 9 MY without tie rod
For case of using cold formed section we must use tie rod, to safeguard the deflection
N.B.
We have to check another case of wind, if wind is suction, Ce = 0.5
Wx = Wwind = 0.5 x K x q x a
W S2
MX = X
And Luact = span
8
2/12-P.F.II
2007-2008

Portal Frame II
Rafter Splices
-

What is the splice?

It is a connection joining 2 parts of the rafter together.

Why and where we put the splice?

The splice is put to divide the rafter in parts so the max part length is less than 12 m
to be able to transport it to site.
It is preferred to be as near as possible from the point of zero moment.

Design straining actions :

As the rafter section is subjected to M , N , Q so the splice will be subjected to the
same straining actions.

N is small and can be neglected

Q is the actual shear force at the position of the splice. Qact = Y -WT . X of splice
M is the max moment capacity of the section. Mmax = Sx x Fbcx "at splice section"

Splice

WT

x tan?
< 12 m

< 12 m

x of splice
h

L / 2 > 12 m
span = L

X
Y

3/12-P.F.II
2007-2008

Portal Frame II
2 head plate splice. " using Pretensioned bolts "

M max

Q act

fb

2
tf
X1 e
p

f1
h

H
I

Pretension bolts: as before page 9 to 16 E.C.2

Arrange bolts
As the connection is designed on max moment, so it must be symmetric.
By using pretensioned bolts the head plate is fully effective, so Ix = B H3 / 12, Y = H / 2
fb = Mmax Y / Ix = 6 Mmax / B H2
f1 = Mmax X2 / Ix

X1 = 2 + tf + e + P /2
X2 = H / 2 X 1

Check bolts :
" Always N is neglected for bolts as it decreases tension on bolts"
Text,b1,M = 1 / 2 ( ( fb + f1 ) /2 x ( B x X1 ) )
0.8 T
Text,b2,M = 1 / 2 ( ( f1 + 0 ) /2 x ( B x X2 ) )

0.8 T

Check shear stress on bolts :

Qact / n Ps n is the total number of bolts.

4/12-P.F.II
2007-2008

Portal Frame II
Check on weld between head plate and rafter section:
Properties of the weld :

b f -2S

Awhz = ( bf 2S ) S x 2 + 4 x 0.4 x bf x S
Awvl = 2 x 0.8 x h x S
Awtot = Awhz + Awvl

0.4 b f

Ix = 2 ( S x (0.8h)3 / 12 ) + 2 ( b f 2S ) S x (( h + S ) / 2)2
+ 4 ( 0.4 bf x S ) x ( h / 2 S / 2 tf )2

0.8h

Checks:
At point 1q1 = 0
f1 = N / Awtot + Mmax x ( h /2 + S ) / Ix

0.72 t/cm2

At point 2q2 = Qact / Awvl

f2 = N / Awtot + Mmax x ( 0.8 h / 2 ) / Ix
R2 = ( f22 + 3q22 ) 0.72 t/cm2 x 1.1
N.B.: if N is neglected put N=0

5/12-P.F.II
2007-2008

Portal Frame II
Example:
It is required for the previous example:

a. Design and draw the rafter splice at 4m from column

Use M24 grade (10.9) bolts.
b. Design Side girts as : 1 Hot rolled C section
2 Cold formed C section

Solution:
a. Rafter splice:
At splice sec:Qact = Y -WT . X of splice = 6 0.5 x 4 = 4 ton
Mmax = Sx x Fbcx = 1.536 x 904 = 1388 cmt
Splice Type I
17.0
X1

1.27
4.0
8.0

fb
f1

X2

36 40

H = 36 + 2 + 2 = 40 cm
Ix = B H3 / 12 = 17 x 403 / 12 = 90666.6 cm4
Y = H / 2 = 20 cm
X1 = 2 + tf + e + P /2 = 2 + 1.27 + 4 + 4 = 11.27 cm
X2 = H / 2 X1 = 20 11.27 = 8.73 cm
fb = Mmax Y / Ix = 1388 x 20 / 90666.66 = 0.3 t/cm2
f1 = Mmax X2 / Ix = 1388 x 8.73 / 90666.66 = 0.13 t/cm2

Q act

Check bending stress on bolts :

Text,b1,M = 1 / 2 ( ( 0.3 + 0.13 ) /2 x ( 17 x 11.27 ) ) = 20.6 > 0.8 T = 17.84

unsafe

Text,b2,M = 1 / 2 ( ( 0.13 + 0 ) /2 x ( 17 x 8.73 ) ) = 4.82 < 0.8 T safe

Try to safeguard the first row by putting 4 bolts / row ,
but B / 2 = 17 / 2 = 8.5 cm < tw / 2 + 2 e + p = 0.4 + 2 x 4 + 8 = 16.4 we cant use 4 bolts / row.
Increase H and move second row of bolts up the flange
6/12-P.F.II
2007-2008

Portal Frame II
fb

4.0

H = 36 + 8 + 8 = 52 cm

8.0
4.0
1.2 7
4.0

Ix = B H3 / 12 = 17 x 523 / 12 = 199194.66 cm4

Y = H / 2 = 26 cm
X1 = tf / 2 + 2e = 1.27 / 2 + 2 x 4 = 8.63 cm
X2 = H / 2 X1 = 26 8.63 = 17.37 cm
fb = Mmax Y / Ix = 1388 x 26 / 199194.66 = 0.181 t/cm2
f1 = Mmax X2 / Ix = 1388 x 17.37 / 199194.66= 0.12 t/cm2

52.0

f1

36.0

8.0

S T . P L 1 0m m

Check bolts :
Text,b1,M = 1 / 2 ( ( 0.181 + 0.12 ) /2 x ( 17 x 8.63 ) ) = 11 < 0.8 T = 17.84

safe

Text,b2,M = 1 / 2 ( ( 0.12 + 0 ) /2 x ( 17 x 17.37 ) ) = 8.8 < 0.8 T safe

Check shear on bolts :
Qact / n = 4 / 8 = 0.5 ton < Ps = 7.11 ton

safe

Thickness of head plate:

We take a strip of width b/2 = 17/2 = 8.5cm, we calculate the
moment from this strip Mp = force in bolt x e = 11 x 4 = 44cmt

44
MP
t
t
( P ) =
( P ) = Fb = 0.72Fy t/cm2
3
3
h t
8 t P
2
2
( 1 P)
(
)
12
12
so tp = 4.4 cm very big
fb =

Check on weld between head plate and rafter section:

Properties of the weld:
Assume size of weld S = 8 mm for web
and S flange and stiff = 12 mm
Awhz = 8 x 0.4 x 17 x 1.2 = 65.28 cm2
Awvl = 2 x 0.8 x 36 x 0.8 + 0.8 x 8 x 4 x 1.2 = 76.8 cm2
Awtot = Awhz + Awvl = 142.08 cm2

0.8x8

0.8x36

Ix = 2 (0.8 x (0.8 x 36)3 / 12) + 4 (0.4 x 17 x 1.2) x ((36 + 1.2) / 2)2

+ 4 (0.4 x 17 x 1.2) x ( 36 / 2 1.2 / 2 1.27)2
+ 4 (1.2 x (0.8 x 8)3 / 12) + 4 (0.8 x 8 x 1.2) x (36 / 2 + 0.5 x 8)2
= 37942.7 cm4
Checks:
At point 1-

0.4x17

q1 = 4 / 76.8 = 0.052 t/cm2

f1 = 1388 x (18 + 8) / 37942.7 = 0.95 t/cm2
R1 = (0.952 + 3x0.0522) = 0.96 t/cm2 > 0.72 t/cm2 x 1.1 try to increase stiff length and recheck
7/12-P.F.II
2007-2008

Portal Frame II
b. Design of Side girts
1- As hot rolled C section
1- The acting loads:
Dead Load:
- Own weight 20 kg/m.
- Weight of the steel sheets wc = 6 kg/m2 .

Live Load :
-

Py = 100 kg

Wind load:
- Wwind = ( (Ce + Ci) x K x q ) x a
Ce = 0.8, Ci = 0.3
K= 1.0 for h 10 m
q = 70 kg/m2 in Cairo

2- The straining actions:

Wx = due to wind load only

Wx = Wwind = 1.1 x 1 x 70 x 1.5 = 115.5 kg /m = 0.115 t/m'

WX S 2
0.115 62
= 0.517 mt
=
8
8
W S
0.115 6
QX = X
=
= 0.345 t
2
2
MX =

Wy = due to dead loads and live load

Wy = wc x a + o.w. = 6 x 1.5 + 20 = 29 kg/m = 0.029 t/m'
Py = 100 kg = 0.1 t
W S 2 PY S 0.029 62 0.1 6
=
= 0.28 mt
MY = Y
+
+
8
4
8
4
W S Py
0.029 6 0.1
=
= 0.137 t
Qy = y
+
+
2
2
2
2

3- Choice of Section:

fb =

Mx My
+
Fbcx
Sx
Sy

As the channels are non compact sections so Fbcx = 1.4 t/cm2

Assume Sx = 7 Sy for hot rolled sec.

8/12-P.F.II
2007-2008

Portal Frame II
Sx required =

M x + 7M y
1.4

= (51.7 + 7 x 28) / 1.4 = 176.9 cm3

Choose C 200
4- Check
1- Bending stress:
Luact = zero as the compression flange is fully laterally supported by the corrugated sheets.
Section is non-compact as we are using channels
Fbcx = 1.4 t/cm2
M
M
51.7 28
fb = x + y =
+
= 1.3 < Fbcx = 1.4t / cm 2
Sx
Sy
191 27
2- Shear stress:
Q
0.345
qx = x =
= 0.02 0.35Fy
A web 20 0.85
Qy
0.137
=
= 0.008 0.35Fy
qy =
A flanges 2 7.5 1.15

3- Deflection "due to live load only":

act =

0.1 6003
P S 3
span 600
=
= 1.44cm <
=
= 2cm
48E IY
48 2100 148
300 300

9/12-P.F.II
2007-2008

Portal Frame II
2- As cold formed C section
1- The acting loads:
Dead Load:
- Own weight 10 kg/m.
- Weight of the steel sheets wc = 6 kg/m2.

Live Load :
-

Py = 100 kg

Wind load:
- Wwind = (( (Ce + Ci) x K x q ) x a
Ce = 0.8, Ci = 0.3
K= 1.0 for h 10 m
q = 70 kg/m2 in Cairo

2- The straining actions:

We will use 2 tie rods
Wx = due to wind load only
Wx = Wwind = 1.1 x 1 x 70 x 1.5 = 115.5 kg /m = 0.115 t/m'

WX S 2
0.115 62
= 0.517 mt
=
8
8
W S
0.115 6
QX = X
=
= 0.345 t
2
2
MX =

Wy = due to dead loads and live load

Wy = wc x a + o.w. = 6 x 1.5 + 10 = 19 kg/m = 0.019 t/m'
Py = 100 kg = 0.1 t
As there is 2 tie rods S = 6/3 = 2.0 m
W S 2 PY S 0.019 22 0.1 2
MY = Y
+
=
+
= 0.0595 mt
8
4
8
4
W S Py
0.019 2 0.1
Qy = y
+
=
+
= 0.07 t
2
2
2
2
3- Choice of Section:

fb =

Mx My
+
Fbcx
Sx
Sy

As the channels are non compact sections so Fbcx = 1.4 t/cm2

Assume Sx = 6 Sy for cold formed sec.
M x + 6 M y 51.7 + 6 5.95
Sx required =
=
= 62.5 cm3
1.4
1.4
Choose C180x75x4
10/12-P.F.II
2007-2008

Portal Frame II
4- Checks:a- Code limits for slender sections.
For web subjected to moment
h = H 2r 2 t = 180 2(6)-2(4) = 160 mm
h 160
=
= 40 < 200 Ok
t
4
For Unstiff. flange
b = B r t = 75 6 4 = 65 mm
b 65
=
= 16.25 < 40 Ok
t
4
Section satisfies code limits.
b- Determine the effective parts of the section.
1- Flange
Unstiffened flange subjected to compression

= 1 , K = 0.43

b = 65 mm

b t Fy
65 4 2.4
= 0.87
=
44 K
44 0.43
0.15 0.05 0.87 0.15 0.05 1
= P
=
= 0.885 < 1
P2
0.87 2

P =

be =

b = 0.885 x 65 = 57.53 mm

2- Web
Stiff. Web subjected to moment

= -1 , K = 23.9

h = 160 mm
b t Fy
160 4 2.4
P =
=
= 0.29
44 K
44
23.9

P 0.15 0.05 0.29 0.15 0.05 1

= 2.25 > 1
=
P2
0.292

The web is fully effective.

As the flange is not fully effective so we must calculate the new
properties of the section.
IX eff = IX table IX of the reduced part = 606.25 0.747x0.4 (9-0.2)2 = 583.11 cm4
IY eff = IY table IY of the reduced part = 67.2 (

0.40.7473
0.747 2
) ) = 59cm4
+ 0.40.747(7.5 1.9
12
2

11/12-P.F.II
2007-2008

Portal Frame II

a- Check bending stress.

Luact = zero as the compression flange is fully laterally supported by
the corrugated sheets.
Fbcx = 1.4 t/cm2

51.7
5.95
MX
MY
y +
x =
9+
(7.5 1.9) =1.36 < 1.4 t/cm2
IX
IY
583.11
59
b- Check shear stress.
fbc =

Very small shear force, shear stress will be safe

Q
0.345
qx = x =
= 0.05 0.35Fy
A web 18 0.4
Qy
0.07
qy =
=
= 0.012 0.35Fy
A flanges 2 7.5 0.4 0.7 0.4
c- Check deflection. "due to live load only"
act =

0.1 2003
P S 3
span 200
=
= 0.13cm <
=
= 0.66cm
48E IY
48 2100 59
300 300

12/12-P.F.II
2007-2008