Phonics,

Reading and Writing Instructions

What is Phonics?
the knowledge of

letter-sound correspondence

What is Phonemic Awareness?

the ability to hear, identify, and manipulate
individual sounds (phonemes) in spoken words

Difference between Phonics

and Phonemic Awareness
Phonemic awareness
deals with sounds in spoken word.

Phonics
deals with the relationship between sounds
and letters.

Why Phonics?
English is an alphabetic language in which
printed letters correspond to sounds.
Phonics ability and phonemic awareness are
necessary for young children to acquire the
alphabetic principle.

How does phonics help EFL learners?

Reading
(decoding and comprehension)
Spelling
(spelling and memorizing English words)
Pronunciation

Disadvantages
Not one to one correspondent:
1.
2.
3.
4.

tape, tap, tall, taro, ago, any, orange

to, too, two, true, threw, through, shoe
read, boat, ship, chip, this, think, phone
know, kite, lamb, write, watch, light, Wednesday

Phonics Categories
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Single consonants --- b, c, (21 consonants)

Short vowels --- a, e, i, o, u
Long vowels --- a_e, e _e, i _e, o _e, u _e
Vowel digraphs --- ai, ay, ea, ee, oa, oo
Diphthongs --- ou, oy, ow
r and l controlled vowels --- ar, er, ir, or, ur,
-all, -ill, -ell,

7. Consonant digraphs --- ch, sh, th, wh, ph,

wr, kn, qu, ng
8. Consonant cluster --- bl, br, cl, cr, dr, fl, fr,
gr, pl, pr, sk, sl, sm, sn, sp, spl, spr, st, tr,
str, nk, nd, nt,
9. Others
s --- sun / is / sure / treasure
c --- cat / city
a --- ago / baby / apple / car / ball / sea

Sequence of Phonics Instruction

Letter name & letter form

letter sound
(Mostly consonants & short vowels)

Phonics Instructions
1. Traditional
a. Analytic / indirect / implicit method
b. Synthetic / direct / explicit method

2. Constructive
a. Spell based
making words
word study: picture sort & word sort
b. Compare/contrast and analogy: eat, neat, meat

Phonics Related Ability

< Reading with phonics:
letter letter-sound correspondence blending
< Related ability:
1. Letter knowledge (pre-phonics level)
2. Letter-sound correspondence
3. Phonological awareness

Letter Knowledge Instruction

Letter Names & Letter Forms
-- Alphabet recognition

Letter Sounds
-- Phonemic awareness
-- Phonics

Meaningful Association
-- Word recognition Chant & Song
Reading

Letter Names & Letter Forms

-- Alphabet recognition

1. Introducing capital letters and small letters

< Focus on pronunciation
/i/: b, c, d, e, g, p, t, v, z
//: f, l, m, n, s, x
/e/: a, h, j, k
/ai/: i, y
/u/: q, u, w
o and r

Letter Names & Letter Forms

-- Alphabet recognition

2. Four Skill Activities:

Listening: < Point to (letters on the board)
< Show Me (using cards)
Speaking: < Speed Reading (class/group/pair)
< Poker Game

Letter Names & Letter Forms

-- Alphabet recognition

2. Four Skill Activities:

Reading:
< Ordering Game (using cards, time keeping)
< Pair up (using cards, time keeping)
< Memory Game (using cards)

Letter Names & Letter Forms

-- Alphabet recognition

2. Four Skill Activities:

Writing instruction: < Format (notebook & lines)
<
< Say and Write
(in class practice)

Confusable Letter Pairs

b, d, looking at me
p, q, point to my shoes

Letter Sounds

-- Phonemic awareness
1. Introducing letter sounds
< Cat & Dog
< Avoid too much information and confusion:
* a, a, a, //, //, //. A, a, apple.
a, //, apple.
< Focus on pronunciation
a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z

Letter Sounds

-- Phonemic awareness

2. Phonemic awareness training

Listen for the beginning sound: apple, ball, cat,
dog, egg, fox

Letter Sounds
-- Phonics skill

3. Phonics skill training: Manipulating the sound

Making words

Making words
for EFL Beginners
Use short vowels and consonants
Begin with two-letter words
Make CVC words
Sequential consideration
C, V V C C V C
(Ex) c, a, t a t c a t

End up with meaningful reading or ask students

to make sentences with the words

CVC Words for Beginners

abc cab
abedef bed dad
abcdefgh bag
abcdefghijk big fig kid Jack
abcdefghijklmn man leg can
abcdefghijklmnop mop cap pig
abcdefghijklmnopqr red
abcdefghijklmnopqrst bat hat rat
abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvw sun van wig
abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz six yo-yo zebra

Sample Lessons of Making words,

Word Sorting and Reading
Letters: a i b c f g n t
Make: in at cat fat bat bag big
Sort for: in at ag ig
Reading: I see a cat.
I see a fat cat.
I see a bag.
I see a big bag.
I see a fat cat in a big bag.

Changing a Hen to a Fox

cat hen pig fox bug

hen
pen
pin
fin
fix
fox

pig

bug

pig

cat

fox

bug

cat

fox

hen

cat

hen

cat

cat

pig

pig

bug

pig

cat

fox

bug

cat

rig

dug

big

bat

box

hug

hat

rid

dig

wig

hat

bop

dug

rat

rib

pig

win

rat

top

dig

rag

rob

pin

fin

pat

mop

big

bag

bob

pen

fit

pet

map bag

big

box

ten

fat

pen

mat

bat

dig

fox

hen

cat

hen

cat

cat

pig

Phonics Chants
Letter sound chant

-at, -at! c, -at, cat!

I see a cat.
-at,- at! b, -at, bat!
I see a bat.
-at,- at! h,- at, hat!
I see a hat.

Phonics Chants
Letter sound chant
Show me, show me,
show me a box.
Here you are. x2
Ox, ox, in the box!
Fox, fox, in the box!
Show me, show me,
show me a box.
Here you are. x2

Phonics Songs
http://www.kiddyhouse.com/Songs/alpha/a.html

Phonic Song A
Ants on the apple
a, a, a
Ants on the apple
a, a, a
Ants on the apple
a, a, a
"a" is the sound of "A"

Phonics and RT
R1 & R2: Cat, cat , cat.
R1: A cat.
R2: A fat cat.
R3 & R4: I see a fat cat.
R3 & R4: Hat, hat, hat.
R3: A hat.
R4: A big hat.
R1 & R2: I see a big hat.
All: Look, the fat cat is in the big hat!

Phonics Tongue Twisters

Fuzzy Wuzz
http://www.starfall.com/n/twisters/fuzzywuzzy/load.htm?f

Fuzzy Wuzzy was a bear.

Fuzzy Wuzzy had no hair.
Fuzzy Wuzzy wasnt very fuzzy,
was he?

Phonics Tongue Twisters

Peter Piper
http://www.starfall.com/n/twisters/peterpiper/load.htm?f

Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers;

A peck of pickled peppers Peter Piper picked;
If Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers,
Where's the peck of pickled peppers Peter Piper
picked?

Phonics Tongue Twisters

Seashells
http://www.starfall.com/n/twisters/shellysells/load.htm?f
http://www.enchantedlearning.com/rhymes/Shesells.shtml

She sells sea shells by the sea shore.

And the shells she sells are surely sea shells.
Since she sells shells by the sea shore,
I'm sure the shells she sells are seashore
shells.

Phonics Tongue Twisters

Woodchuck
http://www.starfall.com/n/twisters/woodchuck/load.htm?f
http://www.enchantedlearning.com/rhymes/Woodchuck.shtml

How much wood would a woodchuck chuck,

if a woodchuck could chuck wood?
He would chuck as much wood
as a woodchuck could,
if a woodchuck could chuck wood.

http://www.starfall.com/n/levelb/index/load.htm?f
http://www.britishcouncil.org/kids
http://www.enchantedlearning.com/
http://www.kizclub.com/
http://www.genkienglish.net/phonicsgame
2.htm

ESL Writing Wizard

Effective Phonics Instruction

1. Constant Continuous Instruction

Effective Phonics Instruction

2. Incorporating phonics in vocabulary instruction
SEE, HEAR, SAY and WRITE the words ---

Using multi-sensory instruction

Finger-pointing reading

Letter- sound correspondence in reading and writing

--- Say and write

Textbook Example 1
A
1. a ag bag bag

bag
cat

She is Pat.

2. a at

cat

cat

Pat

She has a cat.

3. a at

Pat

Pat

4. a ra

bbit

rabbit

rabbit
sad

5. a ad sad

sad

6. She is Pat.
7. She has a cat.

Textbook Example 2
a_e
1. a_e ave

brave

brave

Dave This is Dave. 2. a_e ave

Dave

Dave

He is brave. 3. a_e ake

cake

cake

brave

cake
name
race

4. a_e ame name

name

5. a_e ace

race

6. This is Dave.
7. He is brave.

race

Effective Phonics Instruction

3. Blending
a, t at
h, -at hat
bas, -ket basket
basket, -ball basketball

Effective Phonics Instruction

4. Segmentation

Onset and rime: c/at, n/ice

Syllable segmentation: to-day; mon-key

Spelling patterns: -ight

fight, light, might, night, right, sight, tight

Compound word: book/store, free/way,

sea/food, side/walk school/bag, bed/time,

Effective Phonics Instruction

6. Meaningful reading:
words, phrases, sentences, rhymes,
songs and chants, tongue twisters,
phonics readers, easy readers,..

Dad
by Wiley Blevins
Scholastic Phonics Readers

I am Dad.
I am sad.
I am mad.
I am a sad, mad Dad.
Am I sad?
Am I mad?
I am a glad Dad.

I Have a Cold
by Grace Maccarone
Scholastic Hello Reader Level 1

I have a cold.
My ears are stuffy.
My nose is runny.
My eyes are puffy.
Ah-choo! Ah-choo!
I sneeze and sneeze.
I blow my nose.
Excuse me, please.

 jenny@wfes.tp.edu.tw

Letters 1

Class:_________

Bb

Aa
apple

Cc
ball

Ii
ink

hat

Oo
ox

pig

umbrella

cup

violin

Name:_______________

Ee
dog

Kk

Jj
juice

Ll

queen

lion

watch

Tt

Yy
box

monkey

snake

rabbit

Xx

fox

Mm

Ss

Rr

Gg

Ff
elephant

kite

Ww

Vv

Uu

Dd

Qq

Pp

Number:________

turtle

Zz
yo-yo

zebra

girl

Nn
nose

 jenny@wfes.tp.edu.tw

Phonics 1

Class:_________

Number:________

Name:_______________

Rime

ad

ag

am

an

ap

at

Words

bad

bag

dam

ban

cap

bat

dad

gag

jam

can

gap

cat

fad

rag

Pam

Dan

lap

fat

had

tag

ram

fan

map

hat

mad

wag

Sam

man

nap

mat

yam

pan

rap

pat

ran

sap

rat

van

tap

sat

pad
sad
Peer
Parent
Teacher

 jenny@wfes.tp.edu.tw

Phonics 2

Class:_________

Number:________

Name:_______________

Rime

ed

eg

ell

en

et

Words

bed

beg

bell

Ben

bet

fed

keg

cell

den

get

led

leg

dell

hen

jet

Ned

Meg

fell

Ken

let

red

peg

Nell

men

net

Ted

sell

pen

pet

wed

tell

ten

set

well

then

wet

yell

when

yet

Peer
Parent
Teacher

 jenny@wfes.tp.edu.tw

Phonics 3

Class:_________

Number:________

Name:_______________

Rime

id

ig

ill

in

ip

it

Words

bid

big

ill

Bin

dip

bit

did

dig

bill

fin

hip

fit

hid

fig

fill

kin

lip

hit

kid

gig

hill

pin

nip

kit

lid

jig

kill

tin

rip

lit

mid

pig

mill

thin

sip

pit

rid

rig

pill

win

tip

sit

wig

till

zip

wit

will
Peer
Parent
Teacher

 jenny@wfes.tp.edu.tw

Phonics 4

Class:_________

Number:________

Name:_______________

Rime

ob

od

op

ot

ox

Words

Bob

cod

bop

cot

ox

cob

mod

cop

dot

box

job

nod

hop

got

fox

lob

pod

mop

hot

pox

mob

rod

pop

jot

rob

sod

sop

lot

top

not

sob

pot
rot
Peer
Parent
Teacher

 jenny@wfes.tp.edu.tw

Phonics 5

Class:_________

Number:________

Name:_______________

Rime

ub

ug

um

un

ut

Words

cub

bug

bum

bun

but

dub

dug

gum

fun

cut

hub

hug

hum

gun

gut

nub

mug

mum

pun

hut

rub

pug

sum

run

jut

sub

rug

slum

sun

nut

tub

tug

Peer
Parent
Teacher

rut