215

CHAPTER 7
DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF
EMBEDDED MOTOR PROTECTION SCHEME

7.1

INTRODUCTION
The three phase squirrel cage induction motors are widely used in

industries due to their reliability, low cost and robustness and hence treated as
work horses of industry. But the possibility of faults is unavoidable. Two
kinds of faults occur on induction motors: mechanical or electrical ones.
Measurement of signals such as currents, voltages, speed, vibrations and
temperature can supply relevant information about faults. This thesis deals
with the diagnosis of electrical faults by mean of current and voltage
measurements only. Motors are critical components for electrical utilities and
process industries. A motor failure can result in the shut down of a generating
unit or production line or require that redundant plant be utilized to
circumvent the problem. Whatever be the consequences of failure, such
events are undesirable since they constitute a decrease in overall system
reliability and additional demands on manpower, finance and time in order to
rectify the problems.
On line detection of the electrical failure mode in its earliest stage is
crucial to promote safe and economical use of ac machines in industrial
applications. Fault location would not only increase the speed of the repairs,
but would also permit more optimal scheduling of the repair outage.

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Protective functions of an induction motor are mainly intended to prevent

over heating of its windings. Due to electrical faults there is increasing in
overheating of the windings.
This thesis describes a method to detect and protect faults in a
squirrel cage induction motor that does not require any special sensors. Only
conventional current and voltage transformers are used. The method is very
sensitive, fast and detects faults while running and before start. The method is
verified by a microprocessor based prototype.
7. 2

ON LINE MONITORING AND FAULT DETECTION

Three phase induction motors are the most widely used electrical

machines in industry. In an industrialized nation, they can typically between

40 to 50% of all the generated capacity of that country. Reliability based
maintenance (RBM) and condition based maintenance (CBM) strategies are
now widely used by industry and health monitoring of electrical drives is a
major feature in such progress. Many operators use CBM strategies in parallel
with conventional planned maintenance schemes. This can reduce unexpected
failures and downtime, increase the time between planned shutdowns for
standard maintenance, reduce maintenance and operational costs. The
operation of electrical machines in an unsafe condition can also be avoided.
There are various factors that need to be considered when selecting
the most appropriate monitoring technique for application in the industrial
environment and given below:
i)

Sensor should be noninvasive.

ii)

Sensor and instrumentation system must be reliable.

iii)

The diagnostics must be reliable.

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iv)

The severity of the problem should be quantified.

v)

Estimation of remaining run-life referred to as Prognosis

should be given.

vi)

A prediction of the fundamental cause of the problem, referred

to as root cause analysis (RCA) should be provided via online information from sensors etc.

Induction motor performance can be greatly enhanced through the

use of condition monitoring and diagnostics. These are important issues in
power and power electronic systems since they can greatly improve
reliability, availability and maintainability in a wide range of sensitive
applications. Furthermore, the addition of condition monitoring functions to
existing systems need not be expensive or complicated. Existing sensors and
hardware can provide a vast array of system information that has traditionally
not been used.
Traditional monitoring of motors consists only of protection. This
means that typically, a motor is protected from an overload condition by an
overload relay that monitors the current and estimates the temperature of the
machine windings usually in a very crude way. Only in expensive or sensitive
load applications the condition monitoring is extended to include fault
prediction. Traditionally sensors are added to motors to detect specific faults.
Fault prediction system indicates any failure occur in the motor
prior to shut down so that the preventive maintenance can be performed
easily. Protection and fault prediction therefore are philosophically quite
different. When both are used with sensible preventative maintenance, low
operating costs and high availability rates can both be achieved.

In the

developed embedded protection scheme, both fault detection and protection

are combined in one assembly.

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7.3

MOTOR PROTECTION SYSTEM

7.3.1

General Requirements
Motor protection should be simple and economical. Cost of

protective system should be within 5% of motor cost. The motor protection

should not operate during starting and permissible overloads. The choice of
motor protection scheme depends upon the following:
i)

Size of motor, rated kW.

ii)

Type: squirrel cage or wound rotor.

iii)

Type of starter, switchgear and control gear.

iv)

Cost of motor and driven equipment.

v)

Importance of process, whether essential service motor or not?

vi)

Type of load, starting currents, possible abnormal conditions

etc.

7.3.2

Occurrences of faults during operation

The occurrences of faults in induction motor during operation are

summarized below:
i)

Prolonged overloading: It is caused by mechanical loading

and short time cyclic overloading.

ii)

Single phasing: One of the supply lines gets disconnected due

to blowing of a fuse or open circuit in one of the three supply
connections.

iii)

Stalling: If the motor does not start due to excessive load, it

draws heavy current. It should be immediately disconnected
from supply.

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iv)

Stator earth faults: Faults in motor winding are mainly

caused by failure of insulation due to temperature rise.

v)

Phase to phase faults: These are relatively rare due to enough

insulation between phases. Earth faults are relatively more
likely occurring faults.

vi)

Inter-turn faults: These grow into earth faults. No separate

protection is generally provided against inter-turn faults.

vii) Rotor faults:

These are likely to occur in wound rotor

motors, due to insulation failure.

viii) Failure of bearing: This will cause locking up of rotor. The
motor should be disconnected. Bearing should be replaced.
ix)

Unbalanced supply voltage: This will cause heating up of

rotor due to negative sequence currents in motor stator
winding.

x)

Supply under voltage: The under voltage supply cause

increase in motor current for the same load.

xi)

Fault in starter or associated circuit: The choice of

protection for a motor depends upon the size of the motor, its
importance in the plant and nature of load.

7.3.3

Protection of Low Voltage Induction Motor

These are most widely used industrial motors. Table 7.1 shows the

protection chart for induction motors used in industries. Table 7.1 shows that
separate devices are used for protecting individual faults. Instead of it, if a
common, single protecting device is used to protect all the above faults then it
will be very economical protection for low voltage motors. Considering the
above, a low cost, integrated, digital protection scheme is developed and
implemented in this thesis.

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Table 7.1 Protection chart for induction motors

Abnormal
Condition

Alternate forms of
protection from which

Remarks

choice is made
Overloads

Over load release

Thermal overload relays

Over load protection give for almost all motors

should not trip during starting currents

Inverse over current relays

Miniature circuit breaker
with build in trip coils
Phase faults and HRC fuses
earth faults
High set instantaneous
Over current relays

Differential protection becomes economical for

motors above about 1000 kW. Below this, high
set instantaneous protection is preferred

Differential protection
Under voltage

Unbalanced
voltage

Under voltage release

Under voltage release incorporated with every

starter

Under voltage relays

Under voltage relay is used in certain

applications.

Negative phase sequence Only in special applications

relays

Reverse phase Phase reversal protection Generally at supply point

sequence
Prevents reversal of running.
Single phasing Usual thermal overload Recently developed static single phasing
relays
devices becoming popular
Special

single

phase Unbalance protection

preventer
Stalling

Thermal Relays

Instantaneous Trips

Instantaneous O.C. Relays

Rotor Faults

Instantaneous over current Only for wound rotor motors

relays

Switching
surges

RC surge suppressor

100ohm, 0.1A connected between phase and

ground.

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7.3.4

Evolution of Protective Relays

Historically, the hardware evolution of protective relays experienced

three technologies as shown in Figure 7.1. Electromechanical relays work on

the principle of magnetic fields revolving the internal disks in the relay. If the
current was high enough for specific period of time the disks would rotate to
trip the circuit. Although this was an effective relay, it had some drawbacks.
Since it was susceptible to mechanical failure and trip time were determined
by the physical properties of the disk which are size, weight and resistance.

Electromechanical relays
Early 20th century to
present day

Solid state relays

1960s to 1980s

Digital relays

1980s to present day

Figure 7.1 Evaluation of protective relays

Present day, solid state analog relays are technically outdated

because they are missing a number of additional features on demand today.
Some of its problems are lack of flexibility, limited accuracy and limited
dynamic range, metering and curve, communication impossible, large size
and difficult to find necessary components. Due to these disadvantages,
digital relays were employed to develop new products with improved
flexibility to meet specific customer requirements.
Digital Relays are based on digital signal processing. The voltage
and current are converted to discrete data and then relevant algorithms are
used to calculate the result for protection. In order to detect and isolate the
fault accurately and quickly, voltage and current data need to be acquired at
high speed on large number of input data in real time. Most of the digital
protection relays designers concerned about the trade off in using FPGA

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based or microcontroller (MC) based relays. Although FPGA based relay

offers better cost over performance ratio, the microcontroller based relay
offers better price with acceptable performance. When compared with
electromechanical relays many more features are included in the modern
microcontroller based motor protection device. The mean time to repay
(MTTR) for microcontroller based relays is likely to be much better than its
electro mechanical counterpart.
7.3.5

Merits and Demerits of Microcontroller Based Relay

Microcontroller based relays are able to process the measured data

(i.e current, voltage, status indication etc) in many different ways. Registered
data in the relay can be sent through a communication network to the
operation / engineering head quarters for continuous monitoring or fault
analysis. The relays together with CTs and VTs can therefore be utilized by
other departments (maintenance, planning, etc.,) in addition to the main task
of motor protection.
The merits and demerits of microcontroller relays compared to
electro mechanical relays are given below:
Merits of Microcontroller based Relays
i)

Lower cost, especially when many functions are used

ii)

Less wiring, lower installation costs

iii)

Self checking diagnostics

iv)

Immediate alarm for most component failures

v)

Greater flexibility to implement custom protection schemes

vi)

Digital fault recording capabilities for post-fault analysis

vii)

Event recording capabilities for post-fault analysis

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viii) Ability to dynamically change protection schemes

ix)

Less routine maintenance testing required.

Demerits of Microcontroller based Relays

7.4

i)

Generally more susceptible to surge-related failures.

ii)

Generally less able to tolerate high temperatures.

iii)

More numerous and complex settings.

iv)

Test switches are usually not integral to the relay.

SALIENT FEATURES OF THE DEVELOPED PROTECTION

SYSTEM
Features of the developed protection system are given below:
i)

Protection of motors and equipments from operator abuse.

ii)

Protection of personnel from shock hazards due to winding

shorts or earth leakage current from moisture.

iii)

Complete protection is provided using both voltage and

current measurements. Thus allowing maximum motor
utilization with minimum down time for all AC motors.

iv)

Fault prediction and protection is combined together.

v)

Knowledge of detailed machine or bearing parameters are not

necessary

7.5

OVERALL BLOCK DIAGRAM

The overall block diagram of the proposed motor protection system

is shown in Figure 7.2. PIC16F877 block stands for PIC16F877 chip, which is
developed by Microchip Co. US. Since it adopts RISC (Reduced Instruction

224

Set Computing) as kernel structure, it behaves more excellent than the

average 8-bit single chip. Meanwhile, it is easy to learn and supports ICD (In
Circuit Debug). Voltage and current measuring circuit blocks stand for
relative measuring circuits. The measured results are transmitted to
corresponding pins of PIC chip through interface circuit, which is designed to
interface the measuring circuit and microcontroller.

Figure 7.2 Overall block diagram of protection system for three

phase induction motor
Protecting circuit block represents the corresponding protecting
circuit. Once needed, the microcontroller will output an operating signal, the
protecting devices act immediately and correctly to protect the motor, by
operating the drive circuit. The keyboard block and display block are also
given. User can use keyboard to set the reference values and observe the fault
status of the motor through display block.
The setup consists of current transformer, potential transformer, and
relay and contactor unit along with PIC microcontroller. Initially, PIC micro

225

controller is programmed using MPLAB development tool based on the

values obtained from fault analysis shown in Table 7.2. Once micro controller
is programmed the complete hardware setup is developed as shown in
Figure 7.2. The current transformer (CT) and potential transformer (PT) are
used for monitoring line current and line voltage under running condition.
The data gathered from current transformer (CT) and potential
transformer (PT) are transferred to the micro controller digitally by passing
through the current and voltage measuring circuits. The PIC 16F877 micro
controller having in build analog to digital (ADC) converter. So, no need of
external ADC unit. Normally PIC microcontroller A/D converter (ADC) is
capable of processing an input, which is less than 5V signal. So, sensors
should be selected as per the controller design value.
The needed comparisons are made in micro controller according to
limit values, which are previously entered or programmed. When an
unexpected situation is encountered, the motor is being stopped by means of
the control signal. The reference values of the motor are entered through the
keypad and the output values such as load current, type of fault, etc., are
displayed using a LED seven segment display unit. The motor parameters
like the full load current in amperes, service factor and class of motor, etc.,
are needed to be entered into the relay programming unit to automatically
calculate the correct motor protection curve.
The following protective functions are provided by this system:
i)

Over load / Over current (OL)

ii)

Voltage unbalance (UB)

iii)

Under voltage (UV)

iv)

Over voltage(OV)

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v)

Phase reversal (PR)

vi)

Single phasing (SP)

vii)

Current unbalance (CU)

viii) Locked rotor(LR)

7.6

ix)

Instantaneous current (IC)

x)

Stall (ST)

OBSERVATIONS FROM FAULT ANALYSIS

The simulation results of the fault motor and healthy motor are in

agreement with the reported results using test set up. Based on the results of
this study, the condition monitoring of induction machines is proposed.
Table 7.2 shows the value obtained from electrical fault analysis of induction
motor and their permissible value, which is used for hardware implementation
of protection system.
Table 7.2 Observations from fault analysis
Faults
Unbalanced Supply
Voltage
Current Unbalance

1% to 5%

1% to 5%

Up to 45%

Over current

2 Times rated current

Frequency

Up to 60 Hz
Motor will run up to 75 %
of its rated Load.
Motor will run in reverse
direction
Upto 30%
Upto 20%
Upto 2A

Up to 40%
1.5 Times rated
current
------

Single Phasing
Phase Reversing
Under Voltage
Over Voltage
Ground Fault

Tolerable Value

Permissible Value

Not Permitted
Not Permitted
Upto 20%
Upto 10%
Upto 1 A

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7.7

CHARACTERISTICS OF MOTOR PROTECTION RELAY

To evaluate the more protection needs, there are many important

characteristics that need to be considered:

i)

The starting current of a motor remains constant until near

running speed, where it drops to the running current level.

ii)

The starting current does not change with the type of load on
the motor, but the time duration changes according to the
inertia of the driven load.

iii)

It takes between 25 and 30 sec for a typical motor winding to

reach a 140C rise over ambient temperature at locked rotor
current condition.

iv)

The heat transfer rates from winding to housing and from

housing to free air are different when the motor is running and
when it is stopped.

v)

The time constant of the motor depends on its size.

vi)

During transient conditions, such as during a motor start, there

is a sudden increase in the motor winding temperature.

vii) Current phase unbalance or phase loss causes additional heat

built up in the motor winding.

This generated heat is

proportional to the size of the motor.

viii) Ground faults in the winding should be cleared quickly to
minimize equipment damage and without affecting the rest of
the power system.
ix)

The motor with 1.15 service factor has a higher full load
current than the same motor with 1.00 service factor, even
though the starting current is the same.

x)

The ratio of starting current to the full load current is higher

for energy efficient than standard efficiency motors.

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The characteristic of the motor application are shown in Figure 7.3

with the starting current of an induction motor. In the motor application,
definite time and instantaneous elements provide protection for faults in the
motor leads and internal faults in the motor itself. A definite time setting of
about 6 cycles allows the pickup set to 1.2 to 1.5 times locked rotor current to
avoid tipping on the initial inrush current. The instantaneous element can then
be set at twice the locked rotor current for fast clearing of high fault currents.

Figure 7.3 Motor Characteristics

7.8

HARDWARE DESCRIPTION
The Microcontroller based motor protection system combines

control, monitoring and protection function of induction motor from incipient

faults in one assembly setup. The system provides unbalanced supply voltage,
over current / overload, Phase reversing, single phasing, under and over
voltage and ground fault protection schemes. The controller of the system is
implemented using PIC 16F877 microcontroller.

The input data (Limit

values) to the system is given through the keypad. LED Seven Segment
display unit is used as an output device to display the output data, warning

229

message and fault condition. The system works with any motor design with
high degree of accuracy. The method is very sensitive, fast and detects faults
while running and before start. The prototype model is developed and tested
on a three phase induction motor with rated current of 5A and the test results
are satisfying the design criteria.
The maximum allowable under voltage unbalance and over voltage
unbalance is 5%. When the limits are exceeded, controller generates trip
signal, which in turn switch off the induction motor and display warning
message as unbalanced voltage fault and hence induction motor is protected
from heavy unbalancing condition. Similarly other faults are monitored and
induction motor is protected from those faults. The overall circuit diagram of
the protection scheme is shown in Figure 7.4.
The device has two modes of operation setting mode and monitoring
mode. If the device is on setting mode, the user is able to adjust the parameter
according to his application; else the device will be on monitoring mode were
the three phase motor currents and voltages are monitored by current
transformers (CT) and voltage transformers (PT). CT outputs (distorted sine
wave signal proportional to the load current) and PT outputs (voltages) are fed
the low pass filter module. LPF filters the 13th harmonics and above. RMS
module converts the waveforms to DC proportional to its RMS value. The
digitized signals are used to check all the protection schemes taking into
consideration of the users adjusted values.

Figure 7.4 Over all circuit diagram of the protection scheme

230

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7.8.1

Power Supply
Circuit diagram of a typical power supply used in this system is

shown in Figure 7.5. The transformer steps down the ac voltage to the level of
the desired dc output. A diode rectifier then provides a full-wave rectified
voltage that is initially filtered by a simple capacitor filter to produce a dc
voltage. This resulting dc voltage is given to the IC voltage regulator circuit
which provides a dc voltage with less ripple and constant dc value.

Figure 7.5 Circuit diagram of power supply

7.8.2

Current and potential transformers

phase supply line. The turn ratio used for current transformer used here is
1000:1 A. The potential transformer is used to monitor the input three phase
supply voltage. The turns ratio of potential transformer used in this system is
400: 5V. This transformer will give the output in the range of 5V to the
voltage sensing circuits.

Fig.10.4 Over all Circuit Diagram of

The current transformer is used to monitor input current of three

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7.8.3

Current and voltage sensing circuits

The current sensing circuit using LM 358 is shown in Figure 7.6. The

output from the current transformer is measured by this current sensing unit.
The output range of current sensing unit is from 0 V to 5V. The three phase
supply voltage is monitored by potential transformer, whose output is sensed
and measured by voltage sensing circuit as shown in Figure 7.7.

Figure 7.6 Current sensing circuit using LM 358

Figure 7.7 Voltage sensing circuit using LM 358

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7.8.4

Zero Crossing Detectors

The zero crossing detectors are used in protection system to identify

the phase reversing fault which occurs in supply side. Figure 7.8 shows the
zero crossing detector using LM 358 IC. The input from current transformer
is applied to RC ladder filter circuit. Then filtered output is given to IC LM
358, which is low power dual operational amplifier. The phase reversing fault
is identified when any two of three phases RYB is reversed, then zero
crossing detector will measure this effect and pass information to micro
controller which in turn generate trip signal to relay unit.

Figure 7.8 Zero Crossing Detector

7.8.5

Specifications of Induction Motor

The three phase squirrel cage induction motor under test has the

following specifications.
i)

Power rating

2.2 KW

ii)

Line Voltage

400 V

iii)

Rated current

4.6A

iv)

Frequency

50Hz

v)

Number of Poles

vi)

Rated Speed

1440 rpm

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7.8.6

vii) Connection

Delta

viii) Class Type

PIC 16F877 Microcontroller

The embedded micro controller used for protection system is PIC

16F877. This micro controller having inbuilt flash memory and ADC. The
micro controller has the following core and peripheral features:
i)

Microcontroller Core Features

High-performance RISC CPU

Only 35 single word instructions to learn

Operating speed: DC - 20 MHz clock input

Up to 8K x 14 words of FLASH Program Memory

Up to 368 x 8 bytes of Data Memory (RAM)

Up to 256 x 8 bytes of EEPROM data memory

Direct, indirect and relative addressing modes

Power-on Reset (POR), Power-up Timer (PWRT) and

Oscillator

Start-up Timer (OST)

Watchdog Timer (WDT) with its own on-chip RC

Programmable code-protection

Power saving SLEEP mode

Low-power,
technology

high-speed

CMOS

FLASH/EEPROM

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Wide operating voltage range: 2.0V to 5.5V

Commercial and Industrial temperature ranges

Low-power consumption

ii)

Peripheral Features

Timer 0: 8-bit timer/counter with 8-bit pre scalar

Timer 1: 16-bit timer/counter with pre scalar, can be

incremented during sleep via external crystal/clock

Timer 2: 8-bit timer/counter with 8-bit period register, pre

scalar and post scalar

7.8.7

Two Capture, Compare, PWM modules

10-bit multi-channel Analog-to-Digital converter

Brown-out detection

Relay Unit
A relay is a switch operated by electromagnetic principle. When the

controlling current flows through the coil, the soft iron core is magnetized and
attracts the L-shaped soft iron armature. This rocks on its pivot and opens,
closes or changes over the electrical contacts in the circuit being controlled.
In this protection system, DC 12 V, 10 A relay is used.
The proposed system uses normally opened type relay. When the
controller output from the microcontroller is high the relay is energized.
When the controller output from the micro controller is low the relay is
reenergized. Therefore, according to the controller output the valve will open
or close and thus level is maintained.

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7.9

DESIGN CYCLE FOR DEVELOPMENT OF EMBEDDED

CONTROLLER USING MPLAB
The embedded programming for protection system is done using

Microchip product MPLAB IDE. The MPLAB IDE is a software program

that runs on personal computer to provide development environment for
embedded microcontroller design. The design cycle for developing an
embedded controller application (PIC 16F877) is as follows:
Step 1: High level design
Decide which PIC microcontroller is needed for the protection
system
Step 2: Software coding
Write software coding for the application either using assembly
language or C language.
Step 3: Execute
Compile or assemble the software coding. Find whether there is any
error and warning message.
Step 4: Test
Remove the bugs in executed coding using testing tool of MPLAB
Step 5: Burn into the device
Finally tested coding is burned into target embedded PIC
controller device.

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7.10

SOFTWARE ALGORITHM
The algorithm used for developing embedded programming is

given below:
i)

Implement the complete microcontroller based integrated

protection system.

ii)

The tolerable value obtained from simulation results are

entered as reference values to the microcontroller unit.

iii)

Start the machine at rated condition.

iv)

Monitor and read supply voltages (Va, Vb, Vc) and line
currents (Ia, Ib, Ic) through potential transformer (PT) and
current transformer (CT).

v)

Measured voltages and currents are digitally passed to

microcontroller unit via voltage and current sensing circuits.

vi)

Comparisons are made between measured values and the

reference values (Tolerable Value).

vii) If (A ~ B =240) then stop the motor and display message

as Phase reversing (PR). Otherwise,
viii) If (Va | Vb | Vc =0) then generate trip signal to stop the motor
and display message as Single Phasing (SP). Otherwise,
ix)

If (% of Voltage Unbalance > 5%) then stop the motor and

display message as Voltage unbalance condition (UB) Else,

x)

If (% of Current Unbalance > 40%) then stop the motor and

display message as Current unbalance condition (CU) Else,

xi)

If the mean value of VSa, VSb and VSc is less than 0.8 times
of rated voltage (set value), than trip the motor after a

238

specified time delay and display message as Under Voltages

(UV).Otherwise,
xii) If the mean value of VSa, VSb, VSc is more than 1.1 times of
set value, then trip the motor after a time delay and display
message as Over Voltage (OV) otherwise
xiii) If the amplitude of IR, IY, IB is 9 times of set value for time
T, then trip the motor and display ever message as
Instantaneous current (IC). Otherwise,
xiv) If amplitude of Ia, Ib, Ic 7 times of set value for time T, then
trip the motor after a specified time delay and display the error
message as Locked rotor (LR). Otherwise,
xv)

If amplitude of Ia, Ib, Ic 2.5 times of set value for time T,

then trip the motor after specified time delay and display error
message as Stalling (ST). Otherwise,

xvi) If amplitude of Ia, Ib, Ic 1.5 times of set value for time T,
then trip the motor after specified time delay and display error
message as over current (OC).Otherwise,
xvii) If the phasor sum of Ia, Ib, Ic > 1A, then trip the motor after a
specified time delay and display error message as Ground
Fault (GF). Otherwise,
xviii) Goto step iv.

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7.11

HARDWARE TEST RESULTS

A prototype model is developed and tested on a 3 ph, 450V, 50Hz,

2.2 kW, 4.6A induction motor. The microcontroller based multifunction

motor protection system responded to all types of faults perfectly by tripping
the motor after the specified time delay and displayed the corresponding error
message in the LED seven segment display unit. Every fault was executed
more than 10 times in different environment conditions. The waveforms for
various fault conditions are observed using Digital Storage Oscilloscope and
presented in Figure 7.9 Figure 7.17. The photograph of hardware testing
setup and protection system of induction machine are shown in
Figure 7.18 (a - b).

Figure 7.9 Output signals from the motor

protection

system

during

normal operating condition

Figure 7.10 Output

signals

from

the

motor

protection

system

during

single

phasing

condition

240

Figure 7.11 Output

signals

from

the Figure 7.12 Output signals from the

motor

protection

system

motor

during

under

voltage

during unbalanced voltage

condition

system

condition

Figure 7.13 Output signals from the

motor

protection

protection

system

during overload condition

Figure 7.14 Output signals from the

motor

protection

during
condition

phase

system

reversing

241

Figure 7.15 Output

motor

signals

protection

during

locked

condition

Figure 7.17

from

the Figure 7.16 Output signals from the zero

system
rotor

crossing detectors (IDR, IDY)

during

normal

operating

condition

Output signals from the zero crossing detectors (IDR, IDY) during
phase reversal

242

(a) Hardware test setup

(b) Protection system of induction motor

Figure 7.18 Hardware test setup and developed embedded motor

protection relay

243

7.12

CONCLUSION
The developed microcontroller (MC) based relay features and

specifications are given below in Tables 7.3 and 7.4. The developed model is
commissioned at M/s. Harshini Textiles, Anamalai, Coimbatore, India for the
main motor drive in LR-6 Ring Frame machine and working satisfactorily.
Table 7.3 Microcontroller based relay features
Protected Item

Time Characteristic

Over Current (OC)

Two Step Definite Time

Over Voltage Under voltage (Under current )

Within 5 Sec.

Phase Loss (PL)

Within 3 Sec.

Ground Fault

Within 1 Sec.

Unbalance (UB)

Within 8 Sec.

Locked Rotor (LR)

Immediately.

Instantaneous Current

Within 5 Sec.

Over Voltage

Within 5 Sec.

Phase reversal

Within 1 Sec.

Stall

Within 3 Sec.

Table 7.4 Microcontroller based relay specifications

Protected Item
Current Sett. (IOC)
Delay Time (D-Time)
Over-current Trip Time (O-Time)
Under voltage Trip Time (U-time)
Phase Loss
Ground Fault
Unbalance
Locked Rotor
Alert

Time Characteristic
0.5-5A, Wide Range
(6-3000 A) With external CT
1-25 sec (Definite time) / OFF
0.5 / 1.30 sec & 0.5/1-10 sec
(2 step Definite Time)
0.5/1-30 Sec (Definite Time)
On / Off
0.02 3 A (Definite time type) /OFF
5-50% OFF (Disable)
(2-5) * (Ioc)
50-100% OFF of Ioc