Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
World
Investment
Report
2003
United Nations
New York and Geneva, 2003
ii
NOTE
UNCTAD serves as the focal point within the United Nations Secretariat for all matters related to
foreign direct investment and transnational corporations. In the past, the Programme on Transnational
Corporations was carried out by the United Nations Centre on Transnational Corporations (1975-1992) and
the Transnational Corporations and Management Division of the United Nations Department of Economic
and Social Development (1992-1993). In 1993, the Programme was transferred to the United Nations
Conference on Trade and Development. UNCTAD seeks to further the understanding of the nature of
transnational corporations and their contribution to development and to create an enabling environment
for international investment and enterprise development. UNCTADs work is carried out through
intergovernmental deliberations, technical assistance activities, seminars, workshops and conferences.
The term country as used in this study also refers, as appropriate, to territories or areas; the
designations employed and the presentation of the material do not imply the expression of any opinion
whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country,
territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.
In addition, the designations of country groups are intended solely for statistical or analytical convenience
and do not necessarily express a judgement about the stage of development reached by a particular country
or area in the development process. The reference to a company and its activities should not be construed
as an endorsement by UNCTAD of the company or its activities.
The boundaries and names shown and designations used on the maps presented in this publication
do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations.
The following symbols have been used in the tables:
Two dots (..) indicate that data are not available or are not separately reported. Rows in tables have been
omitted in those cases where no data are available for any of the elements in the row;
A dash (-) indicates that the item is equal to zero or its value is negligible;
A blank in a table indicates that the item is not applicable, unless otherwise indicated;
A slash (/) between dates representing years, e.g., 1994/95, indicates a financial year;
Use of a hyphen (-) between dates representing years, e.g., 1994-1995, signifies the full period involved,
including the beginning and end years;
Reference to dollars ($) means United States dollars, unless otherwise indicated;
Annual rates of growth or change, unless otherwise stated, refer to annual compound rates;
Details and percentages in tables do not necessarily add to totals because of rounding.
The material contained in this study may be freely quoted with appropriate acknowledgement.
iii
PREFACE
With its enormous potential to create jobs, raise productivity, enhance exports and transfer
technology, foreign direct investment is a vital factor in the long-term economic development of the
worlds developing countries. Yet global investment inflows have declined significantly, from $1.4
trillion in 2000 to $650 billion in 2002, raising considerable concerns about prospects for achieving
the Millennium Development Goals.
The World Investment Report 2003 looks in detail at what lies behind the downturn, how various
regions and countries have fared, and what the chances are for recovery and growth in FDI flows at
the global and regional levels.
The Report also assesses the interaction between national and international FDI policies and
the implications this has for development. As competition for foreign direct investment increases,
policies vis--vis transnational corporations are evolving. While national policies are the most important
consideration in attracting such investment and benefiting more from it, they are increasingly being
affected by rule-making at the international level. The challenge is to find a development-oriented
balance.
Toward that end, the Report highlights some of the key issues, from the perspective of development,
that need to be considered in investment agreements. Whether, how and where governments negotiate
investment agreements is, of course, their own sovereign decision. But if such agreements are negotiated,
the need to reduce poverty and stimulate development should take a central place as a guiding principle
of such negotiations. Only then will we be able to say that investment can truly achieve its objectives.
Kofi A. Annan
Secretary-General of the United Nations
iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The World Investment Report 2003 (WIR03) was prepared under the overall direction of Karl
P. Sauvant by a team comprising Americo Beviglia Zampetti, Persephone Economou, Kumi Endo,
Torbjrn Fredriksson, Masataka Fujita, Klmn Kalotay, Michael Lim, Padma Mallampally, Abraham
Negash, Hilary Nwokeabia, Ludger Odenthal, Miguel Prez-Ludea, Kee Hwee Wee, Katja Weigl and
Zbigniew Zimny. Specific inputs were prepared by Rory Allan, Victoria Aranda, Douglas van den Berghe,
Sirn Byung Kim, Anh-Nga Tran-Nguyen, Jrg Simon, James Xiaoning Zhan and Yong Zhang.
Principal research assistance was provided by Mohamed Chiraz Baly, Bradley Boicourt, John
Bolmer, Lizanne Martinez and Tadelle Taye. Eva Oskam and Jeroen Dickhof assisted as interns at various
stages. The production of the WIR03 was carried out by Christopher Corbet, Lilian Mercado, Lynda
Piscopo, Chantal Rakotondrainibe and Esther Valdivia-Fyfe. Graphics were done by Diego OyarzunReyes. WIR03 was desktop published by Teresita Sabico. It was edited by Bruce Ross-Larson and
Meta de Coquereaumont.
Sanjaya Lall and Peter Muchlinski were principal consultants.
The Report benefited from inputs provided by participants in a Global Seminar in Geneva in
May 2003, organized in cooperation with the Development Policy Forum of InWEnt on the special
topic of WIR03. Participants were Florian Alburo, Sanchita Chatterjee, Benno Ferrarini, Susan Hayter,
Yao-Su Hu, Datin Kaziah Abdul Kadir, Nagesh Kumar, Mariano Laplane, Howard Mann, Richard
Newfarmer, Farooq Sobhan, M. Sornarajah and Miklos Szanyi.
Inputs were also received from Stanimir A. Alexandrov, Lorraine Eden, David Frans, Xing Houyuan,
Mark Koulen, Julia Mikerova, Lilach Nachum, Roger Nellist, Assad Omer, Pedro Roffe, Pierre Sauv,
Frank Roger, Len Trevino and Rob van Tulder.
Comments and feedback were received during various stages of preparation from Robert Anderson,
Audo Arajo Faleiro, Yoko Asuyama, Vudayagiri Balasubramanyam, Maria Borga, Peter Brimble, Philip
Brusick, Peter Buckley, Jos Durn, Richard Eglin, Roderick Floud, Rainer Geiger, Andrea Goldstein,
Kathryn Gordon, Charles Gore, Jim Gunderson, Jeffery Heinrich, Barry Herman, Pinfang Hong, MarieFrance Houde, Anna Joubin-Bret, Joachim Karl, John Kline, Jesse Kreier, Tatjana Krylova, Sam Laird,
Martha Lara, Don Lecraw, Robert Lipsey, Henry Loewendahl, Mina Mashayekhi, Raymond J. Mataloni,
Anne Miroux, Hafiz Mirza, Juan Carlos Moreno-Brid, Michael Mortimore, Peter Nunnenkamp, Herbert
Oberhnsli, Sheila Page, Antonio Parra, Carlo Pettinato, Craig Parsons, Sol Picciotto, Gwenael Quere,
Prasada Reddy, Lorraine Ruffing, Hassan Qaqaya, Maryse Roberts, Patrick Robinson, Rodrigo Sabbatini,
Nicolo Gligo Saenz, A. Edward Safarian, Magdolna Sass, Christoph H. Schreuer, Prakash Sethi, Angelika
Sitz, Marjan Svetlicic, Taffere Tesfachew, Peter Utting, Thomas Wlde, Jrg Weber, Louis Wells, Gerald
West and Christopher Wilkie. Comments were also received from delegates participating in the WTO
Working Group on the Relationship between Trade and Investment.
Numerous officials of central banks, statistical offices, investment promotion and other government
agencies, and officials of international organizations and non-governmental organizations, as well as
executives of a number of companies, also contributed to WIR03, especially through the provision of
data and other information. Most particularly, they include BusinessMap from South Africa and the
participants of the OGEMID network led by Thomas Wlde, and UNCTADs network of experts on
international investment agreements.
The Report benefited from overall advice from John H. Dunning, Senior Economic Advisor.
The financial support of the Governments of Germany, Norway, Sweden and the United Kingdom
is gratefully acknowledged.
Table of contents
Page
PREFACE ..................................................................................................................................... iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................iv
OVERVIEW ............................................................................................................................... xiii
PART ONE
FDI FALLS AGAINUNEVENLY
CHAPTER I. FDI DOWN 21% GLOBALLY ...................................................................... 3
A. The downturn continues ................................................................................................................... 4
B. The unevenness of the downturn ................................................................................................... 5
C. Performance Index captures the downturns unevenness ..................................................... 9
D. Why the downturn? ......................................................................................................................... 15
1.
2.
3.
Africa
.......................................................................................................................................................
a.
FDI down by two-fifths ....................................................................................................................
b. Policy developmentsimproving the investment climate ..........................................................
c.
Prospectsquick recovery likely ...................................................................................................
2.
Asia
a.
b.
c.
3.
33
34
36
37
vi
Page
C. Developed countries ......................................................................................................................... 68
1.
2.
3.
PART TWO
ENHANCING THE DEVELOPMENT DIMENSION OF
INTERNATIONAL INVESTMENT AGREEMENTS
INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................... 83
CHAPTER III. KEY NATIONAL FDI POLICIES AND INTERNATIONAL
INVESTMENT AGREEMENTS ............................................................................................ 85
A. Key national FDI policies .............................................................................................................. 86
1.
2.
3.
The sensitivity of indirect takings and national policy dilemmas ................................................ 110
Coverage in IIAs ....................................................................................................................................... 112
Table of Contents
vii
Page
E. Performance requirements .......................................................................................................... 119
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
viii
Page
SELECTED UNCTAD PUBLICATIONS ON TRANSNATIONAL
CORPORATIONS AND FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT .................................. 299
QUESTIONNAIRE ................................................................................................................. 305
Boxes
I.1.
I.2.
I.3.
I.4.
I.5.
I.6.
II.1.
II.2.
II.3.
II.4.
II.5.
II.6.
II.7.
II.8.
II.9.
II.10.
II.11.
II.12.
II.13.
III.1.
III.2.
III.3.
IV.1.
IV.2.
IV.3.
IV.4.
IV.5.
IV.6.
IV.7.
V.1.
V.2.
V.3.
V.4.
VI.1.
VI.2.
VI.3.
VI.4.
Figures
I.1.
I.2.
I.3.
I.4.
I.5.
I.6.
I.7.
I.8.
I.9.
I.10.
I.11.
I.12.
I.13.
Table of Contents
ix
Page
I.14.
I.15.
I.16.
II.1.
II.2.
II.3.
II.4.
II.5.
II.6.
II.7.
II.8.
II.9.
II.10.
II.11.
II.12.
II.13.
II.14.
II.15.
II.16.
II.17.
II.18.
II.19.
II.20.
II.21.
II.22.
II.23.
II.24.
II.25.
II.26.
II.27.
II.28.
II.29.
II.30.
II.31.
II.32.
II.33.
II.34.
IV.1.
FDI stocks among the Triad and economies in which FDI from the Triad members
dominates, 1985 and 2001 ............................................................................................................................ 24
BITs and DTTs between the Triad and their geographical distribution, 2002 ..................................... 25
Reinvested earnings as a percentage of FDI inflows, by region, 19902001 ...................................... 28
Africa: FDI inflows, top 10 countries, 2001 and 2002 ............................................................................ 34
Africa: FDI inflows and their share in gross fixed capital formation, 19902002 ............................. 35
Total external resource flows to Africa, by type of flow, 19902001 ................................................... 35
Africa: BITs and DTTs concluded, 19922002 ......................................................................................... 37
Africa: selected bilateral, regional and interregional agreements containing FDI provisions,
concluded or under negotiation, 2003 ........................................................................................................ 38
Africa: FDI prospects, 20032005 .............................................................................................................. 39
Asia and the Pacific: the share of FDI inflows in gross fixed capital formation, 19902002 .......... 41
Asia and the Pacific: FDI flows, top 10 economies, 2001 and 2002 .................................................... 41
Asia and the Pacific: host economies defying the downturn in 2002 ................................................... 42
Asia and the Pacific: BITs and DTTs concluded, 19922002 ................................................................ 49
Asia and the Pacific: selected bilateral, regional and interregional agreements containing
FDI provisions, concluded or under negotiation, 2003 ........................................................................... 50
FDI prospects in Asia, 2003-2005 ............................................................................................................... 52
Latin America and the Caribbean: shares of the primary, secondary and tertiary
sectors in total FDI flows in selected countries, 19972001 and 2002 ................................................ 53
Latin America and the Caribbean: FDI inflows and their share in gross fixed capital
formation, 19902002 ................................................................................................................................... 53
Latin America and the Caribbean: FDI flows, top 10 countries, 2001 and 2002 ................................ 54
FDI inflows into Argentina and Brazil, by type of financing, 19992002, by quarter ..................... 55
Latin America and the Caribbean: BITs and DTTs concluded, 19922002 ......................................... 56
Latin America and the Caribbean: selected bilateral, regional and interregional agreements
containing FDI provisions, concluded or under negotiation, 2003 ....................................................... 57
CEE: FDI inflows and their share in gross fixed capital formation, 19902002 ................................ 59
CEE: FDI flows, top 10 countries, 2001 and 2002 .................................................................................. 60
Expansion and reduction of capacity by foreign affiliates in Hungary the ins and the
outs, 2002June 2003 ............................................................................................................................... 62
The Russian FDI roller coaster, 19932002 .............................................................................................. 63
Russian Federation: industry composition of inward FDI stock, 2002 ................................................. 64
CEE: BITs and DTTs concluded, 19922002 ............................................................................................ 66
CEE: selected bilateral and regional agreements containing FDI provisions, concluded or
under negotiation, 2003 ................................................................................................................................ 67
CEE: forecast mostly sunny, 20032005 .................................................................................................... 68
Developed countries: FDI flows, top 10 countries, 2001 and 2002 ...................................................... 70
Developed countries: FDI inflows and their share in gross fixed capital formation,
19902002 ....................................................................................................................................................... 71
United States: FDI flows, by major partner, 1990-2002 ......................................................................... 71
United States: FDI flows, by major sector and industry, 1990-2002 .................................................... 72
Developed countries: BITs and DTTs concluded, 19922002 ................................................................ 74
Western Europe: selected bilateral, regional and interregional agreements containing
FDI provisions, concluded or under negotiation, 2003 ........................................................................... 75
Canada and the United States: selected bilateral, regional and interregional agreements
containing FDI provisions, concluded or under negotiation, 2003 ....................................................... 76
Developed countries: FDI prospects, 20032005 ..................................................................................... 78
Reservations in the negotiations of the Multilateral Agreement on Investment,
by industry, 1998 .......................................................................................................................................... 103
Tables
I.1.
I.2.
I.3.
I.4.
I.5.
I.6.
I.7.
I.8.
Page
I.9.
I.10.
II.1.
II.2.
II.3.
II.4.
II.5.
II.6.
II.7.
II.8.
III.1.
III.2.
IV.1.
IV.2.
V.1.
The similarity index between the geographical distribution pattern of BITs and DTTs and
that of FDI outward stocks of the United States, the EU and Japan, 2001 .......................................... 25
The propensity to sign BITs and DTTs with associate partners and non-associate partners
of the Triad members ..................................................................................................................................... 26
Intra-regional FDI flows in developing Asia, 19992001 ....................................................................... 46
Catching upinward FDI stock as a percentage of GDP in CEE, 1995 and 2001 ............................. 61
CEE: a car-assembly bonanza, 2003 ........................................................................................................... 61
Who competes with whom? .......................................................................................................................... 63
Inward FDI stock as a percentage of GDP, selected economies, 2001 ................................................. 64
Key greenfield FDI projects started in the Russian Federation, JanuaryApril 2003 ........................ 65
Making corporate taxes attractive in the Visegrad-4 countriesrates announced by
June 2003 for the rest of the year and 2004 .............................................................................................. 66
Matrix of specialization between accession countries and non-accession
countries of CEE, 2003 ................................................................................................................................. 67
Host country determinants of FDI ............................................................................................................... 85
How much FDI is covered by BITsand how much by DTTs, 2000 ................................................... 89
Examples of IIAs prohibiting various types of performance requirements not covered under
the TRIMs Agreement ................................................................................................................................. 122
Technology import strategies, policies and conditions .......................................................................... 132
A thought experiment to help analysisapplying the positive list approach to investment .......... 148
Box figures
I.2.1.
I.2.2.
16
16
20
29
29
29
47
73
Box tables
I.1.1.
Snapshot of the worlds 100 top TNCs, top 50 from developing economies and top 25 from
CEE, 2001 .......................................................................................................................................................... 5
I.3.1. Divestment after mergers: changes in the number of foreign affiliates and host countries
in selected cases ............................................................................................................................................. 18
I.6.1. World Banks estimates of FDI inflows to developing countries, 20022004..................................... 30
II.4.1. China and India: selected FDI indicators, 1990, 2000-2002 .................................................................. 44
II.11.1. FDI flows to and from Luxembourg, by component, 2002 ..................................................................... 69
Table of Contents
xi
Page
A.I.11. Germany, Japan and the United States: receipts of royalties and licence fees from affiliated
firms, by country, 19852001 .................................................................................................................... 206
A.I.12. Receipts of royalties and licence fees by affiliated firms and by country, Germany and
the United States, 1998 and 20002001 ................................................................................................... 207
A.I.13. Main international instruments dealing with FDI, 19482003 ............................................................. 208
A.I.14. Bilateral association, cooperation, framework and partnership agreements including investmentrelated provisions, signed by the European Community, by the European Free Trade
Association, by the United States and by Canada with third countries, as of July 2003 ............... 219
A.I.15. Number of parent corporations and foreign affiliates, by area and economy,
latest available year ..................................................................................................................................... 222
A.II.1. Asia and the Pacific: sources of FDI finance in selected economies, 19992002 ............................ 225
A.II.2. Asia and the Pacific: rates of return on FDI, selected economies, 19992001 ................................. 226
A.II.3. Asia and the Pacific: possible effects of selected regional agreements on FDI ................................ 227
A.II.4. Selected cases of expansion and reduction of production capacities by foreign affiliates in
Hungary, 2002-June 2003 ........................................................................................................................... 229
A.II.5. Developed countries: components of FDI flows in selected countries, 20012002 ......................... 230
FDI
a.
b.
FDI
Annex tables
B.1.
B.2.
B.3.
B.4.
B.5.
B.6.
B.7.
B.8.
B.9.
B.10.
xii
OVERVIEW
xiv
OVERVIEW
xv
xvi
OVERVIEW
xvii
xviii
OVERVIEW
xix
Rubens Ricupero
Secretary-General of UNCTAD
xx
PART ONE
FDI FALLS AGAIN UNEVENLY
CHAPTER I
Item
1982
FDI inflows
FDI outflows
FDI inward stock
FDI outward stock
Cross-border M&As a
Sales of foreign affiliates
2
Gross product of foreign affiliates
Total assets of foreign affiliates
2
Export of foreign affiliates
Employment of foreign affiliates (thousands) 19
GDP (in current prices)
Gross fixed capital formation
Royalties and licences fees receipts
Export of goods and non-factor services
Source:
a
b
c
1990
59
28
802
1
595
1
..
737
5
640
1
091
5
722
1
375 24
10 805
2 286
9
2 053
209
242
954
763
151
675
458
899
197
262
21 672
4 819
30
4 300
2002
7
6
17
3
26
2
53
651
647
123
866
370
685 c
437 d
543 e
613 f
094 g
32 227 h
6 422 i
72 j
7 838 k
1999
2000
23.1
25.7
14.7
18.0
25.9 b
16.0
17.3
18.8
13.5
5.5
21.1
16.5
9.3
10.6
24.0
10.1
6.7
13.9
7.6
2.9
40.2
35.7
17.2
16.8
51.5
10.9
7.9
19.2
9.6
14.2
57.3
60.5
19.4
18.2
44.1
13.3
12.8
20.7
3.3
15.4
29.1
9.5
18.9
19.8
49.3
19.6
16.2
27.4
11.4
16.5
10.8
13.4
21.3
15.6
5.6
4.2
14.3
5.4
1.3
1.0
6.2
3.4
3.5
3.5
5.7
3.3
2.6
2.8
8.2
11.4
2001
2002
-40.9 -21.0
-40.8
-9.0
7.5
7.8
5.5
8.7
-48.1 -37.7
c
9.2
7.4 c
14.7 d 6.7 d
4.5 e 8.3 e
-3.3 f
4.2 f
-1.5 g 5.7 g
-0.5
-3.9
-3.1
-3.3
3.4 h
1.3 i
..
4.2 k
Source:
a
U N C TA D , F D I / T N C d a ta b a s e ; a n d E v e r h a r t a n d
Sumlinski, 2001.
Source:
a
b
CHAPTER I
Variable
Assets
Foreign
Total
Sales
Foreign
Total
Employment
Foreign
Total
Average TNI
Source:
a
Source:
2000
% change 2001
vs. 2000 a
2 934
5 914
3 113
6 184
-5.8
-4.4
2 235
4 352
2 356
4 748
-5.2
-8.3
6 890 178
13 383 852
59.4
6 791 647
14 197 264
55.7
1.5
-5.7
3.7
2001
UNCTAD.
Source:
a
UNCTAD estimates.
Average of the four shares : FDI inflows as a percentage of gross fixed capital formation for the past three years 1998-2000; FDI inward
stocks as a percentage of GDP in 2000; value added of foreign affiliates as a percentage of GDP in 2000; and employment of foreign
affiliates as a percentage of total employment in 2000.
Only the economies for which data for all of these four shares are available were selected. Data on value added are available only
for Finland (1999), France (1998), Italy (1997), Japan (1999), Netherlands (1996), Norway (1998), Portugal, Sweden, United Kingdom
(1997), United States, China (1997), India (1995), Malaysia (1995), Singapore and Taiwan Province of China (1994) . For other economies,
data were estimated by applying the ratio of value added of United States affiliates to United States outward FDI stock to total inward
FDI stock of the country. Data on employment are available only for Austria, Denmark (1996), Finland (1999), France (1998), Germany,
Ireland, Italy (1999), Japan (1999), Netherlands (1996), Norway (1996), Portugal, Sweden, United Kingdom (1997), United States, Hong
Kong (China) (1997), Indonesia (1996) and Singapore (1999). For other countries, data were estimated by applying the ratio of employment
of Finnish, German, Japanese, Swedish, Swiss and United States affiliates
For Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Estonia, Lithuania, Romania, Serbia and Montenegro, Slovakia, TFYR Macedonia
and Ukraine the employment impact of foreign-owned affiliates was estimated on the basis of their per capita inward FDI stocks. The
corresponding ratios for employment refer to 1999. With the exception of Belarus, Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland and Slovenia,
the value added of foreign-owned firms was estimated on the basis of the per capita inward FDI stocks. The corresponding ratios for
value added refer to 1999.
CHAPTER I
Geography
The United States alone accounted for
nearly 90% of the decline in inflows to developed
countries in 2002 (as it did in 2001) (table I.2;
chapter II). Among developing regions the fall
was steepest in Africa (41%), a return to normalcy
after the exceptionally large inflows registered
by two countries in 2001 (chapter II). Flows to
Latin America and the Caribbean dropped for the
third year in a row, this time by a third. The
decline in flows to the Asia-Pacific region (which
includes West Asia) was quite small (11%). And
flows to CEE rose by 15%.
Despite the high concentration, the
decline was widespread, with 108 of the total of
195 host economies receiving less in 2002 than
Table 1.2. FDI inflows to major economies, 2001
and 2002
(Billions of dollars)
Host region/economy
2001
2002
World
823.8
651.2
Developed countries
European Union
France
Germany
Luxembourg
United Kingdom
United States
589.4
389.4
55.2
33.9
..
62.0
144.0
460.3
374.4
51.5
38.0
125.6
24.9
30.0
Developing economies
209.4
162.1
Africa
Algeria
Angola
Nigeria
South Africa
18.8
1.2
2.1
1.1
6.8
11.0
1.1
1.3
1.3
0.8
83.7
3.2
22.5
25.3
56.0
1.0
16.6
13.6
106.9
46.8
23.8
3.4
3.5
0.6
1.0
10.9
4.1
3.8
95.1
52.7
13.7
3.4
2.0
3.2
1.1
7.7
1.4
1.1
25.0
5.6
5.7
2.5
28.7
9.3
4.1
2.4
Source:
Sector
FDI inflows in 50 countries, which together
accounted for roughly 90% of the total, declined
by more than 45% in both manufacturing and
services in 2001, compared with 19992000. But
FDI in the primary sector rose by 70%, down in
developing countries but up significantly in the
developed countries (figure I.4; annex table A.I.4).
Services are the single largest sector for FDI
inflows. In the peak years 19992000, most large
cross-border M&As were in services (particularly
telecommunications), a pattern sustained in 2001
2002, though at a much lower level.
Financing
The role played by the three modes of FDI
financing (equity investment, intra-company loans
and reinvested earnings) in the decline in 2002
(as well as in the preceding year) was also uneven.
The 2002 decline in intra-company loans (by
77%) was much larger than that in equity
investments (by 12%) for the 30 countries
(accounting for two thirds of total FDI flows) with
data (figure I.5). The 79% fall in FDI flows to
the United States in 2002 involved declines of
$50 billion in new equity investment and $80
billion in intra-company loansand a rise of $30
billion in reinvested earnings. The fall in intracompany loans was due to large repayments of
loans by foreign affiliates in the United States
to their parent companies. Interest rates in the
United States were lower than in other areas,
especially the EU. 3 And parent firms reduced
loans to their foreign affiliates, particularly to
EU affiliates in the United States, because of the
reduced need to finance M&As in the United
States (see chapter II). 4
Source:
Notes:
Source:
UNCTAD, based on IMF, Balance of Payments Statistics, April 2003 CD-ROM and UNCTAD FDI/TNC database.
CHAPTER I
Mode of entry
M&As declined relative to
entry through greenfield projects.
Cross-border M&As, down by 48%
in 2001, fell another 38% in 2002.
The share of cross-border M&A
deals fell from at most 80% of total
FDI flows in 2001 to at most 55%
in 2002. 5
Outflows
United States outflows ($120
billion) rose by 15% in 2002
(chapter II). EU outflows ($394
billion) decreased by 13% in 2002
and Japans fell by 18%. In 2001 the
decline in FDI flows from developed
countries was concentrated primarily
in other developed countries (table
I.3). And in 2002, it is expected to
be smaller. FDI from developing
countries ($43 billion) also declined,
but its share in world outflows
remained almost the same; 7% each
in 19992000, 2001 and 2002
(annex table B.2). That from CEE
($4 billion) rose, with the Russian
Federation, the largest investor from
the region, accounting for the bulk.
Its share in world outflows also rose
over the past years and reached 0.6%
in 2002.
Average
1999-2000
Region/economy
Developed countries
Western Europe
European Union
Other Western Europe
Unspecified Western Europe
North America
Other developed countries
Unspecified developed countries
Average
2001 1999-2000
2001
924.2
640.9
589.4
50.9
0.6
256.2
25.0
2.2
470.1
259.7
236.6
24.1
- 1.0
197.3
9.1
3.9
83.7
58.0
53.4
4.6
0.1
23.2
2.3
0.2
74.6
41.2
37.5
3.8
-0.2
31.3
1.4
0.6
Developing economies
129.2
Africa
6.8
North Africa
0.5
Other Africa
5.0
Unspecified Africa
1.3
Latin America and the Caribbean
84.7
South America
39.5
Other Latin America and Caribbean
36.4
Unspecified Latin America and Caribbean
8.8
Asia
33.9
West Asia
0.8
Central Asia
1.0
South, East and South-East Asia
31.0
Unspecified Asia
1.1
The Pacific
1.5
Unspecified developing countries
2.4
115.2
8.5
1.8
6.3
0.4
69.1
20.3
38.0
10.9
36.5
2.8
0.1
32.8
0.8
0.8
0.3
11.7
0.6
0.0
0.5
0.1
7.7
3.6
3.3
0.8
3.1
0.1
0.1
2.8
0.1
0.1
0.2
18.3
1.3
0.3
1.0
0.1
11.0
3.2
6.0
1.7
5.8
0.4
0.0
5.2
0.1
0.1
0.1
18.0
18.6
1.6
3.0
Unspecified
32.7
26.3
3.0
4.2
1 104.1
630.3
100.0
100.0
Total world
Source:
a
Totals are based on data for the following countries: Australia, Austria, Belgium
and Luxembourg, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Iceland, Ireland,
Japan, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,
United Kingdom and United States.
10
Performance Index
The leader in the 19992001 Inward FDI
Performance Index, Belgium and Luxembourg,
retains the rank it attained in the earlier period
(19982000). 7 Of the top 20 performers, six are
industrialized, two are mature East-Asian tiger
economies, three are economies in transition and
the remaining nine are developing economies,
including three from sub-Saharan Africa (table I.4).
The two lowest-ranked performers in 19992001
are Suriname and Gabon, followed by Indonesia,
badly affected by the 1997 financial crisis. The
laggards also include several oil-rich economies
from the West Asia and North Africa region.
These index ranks are, of course, quite
different from the ranks given by the values of FDI
inflows. For instance, the largest FDI recipient in
Table I.4. Ranks in the UNCTAD inward FDI performance index, 1999-2001
Rank
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
Economy
Belgium and Luxembourg
Angola
Hong Kong, China
Ireland
Malta
Singapore
Sweden
Netherlands
Denmark
Brunei Darussalam
Czech Republic
Gambia
Nicaragua
Bolivia
Kazakhstan
Congo, Republic
Guyana
Moldova, Republic of
Chile
Cyprus
Estonia
Croatia
Jamaica
Mozambique
Bulgaria
Slovakia
Trinidad and Tobago
United Kingdom
TFYR Macedonia
Canada
Dominican Republic
Panama
Azerbaijan
Namibia
Ecuador
Source: UNCTAD.
Rank
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
Economy
Rank
Economy
Rank
Economy
Switzerland
Brazil
Armenia
Germany
United Republic of Tanzania
Spain
Argentina
Papua New Guinea
New Zealand
Togo
Morocco
Poland
Mongolia
Finland
Viet Nam
Latvia
Portugal
Hungary
Jordan
Honduras
Bahrain
Sudan
Uganda
China
Lithuania
Thailand
France
Georgia
Zambia
Israel
Bahamas
Albania
Mali
Norway
Malaysia
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
Venezuela
Mexico
Costa Rica
Austria
Romania
Tunisia
Ghana
Peru
United States
Colombia
South Africa
Benin
Nigeria
Uzbekistan
Myanmar
Cte d'Ivoire
Belarus
Ukraine
Madagascar
Philippines
Australia
Korea, Republic of
Tajikistan
Senegal
El Salvador
Lebanon
Iceland
Qatar
Guatemala
Uruguay
Algeria
Taiwan Province of China
Syrian Arab Republic
Paraguay
Slovenia
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
Ethiopia
Kyrgyzstan
Russian Federation
Italy
Egypt
Sri Lanka
Turkey
Greece
Guinea
Botswana
Pakistan
Sierra Leone
Kenya
Burkina Faso
India
Niger
Cameroon
Haiti
Zimbabwe
Bangladesh
Rwanda
Congo, Democratic Republic
Japan
Oman
Nepal
Iran, Islamic Republic
Kuwait
Malawi
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
Saudi Arabia
United Arab Emirates
Yemen
Indonesia
Gabon
Suriname
CHAPTER I
11
Potential Index
The Inward FDI Potential Index, based
mainly on structural variables (see annex table A.I.7
for raw data), is far more stable than the
Performance Index. So the ranks for 19881990
are quite similar to those 12 years later in 1999
2001 (with a correlation coefficient of 0.92). Recent
years show even higher correlation with the final
year, reaching 0.99 for the preceding period 1998
2000. The ranks, as may be expected, correspond
to incomes, with the United States leading in each
three-year period (annex table A.I.8). But incomes
do not fully reflect potential: Japan, Germany and
Sweden, for instance, rank below Singapore and
the United Kingdom in the Potential Index. At the
bottom of the index are very poor countries, such
as the Democratic Republic of Congo and Sierra
Leonebut the country with the fourth lowest
ranking, Zimbabwe, is richer than many countries
that rank higher.
The leading 20 countries are all developed
countries except for the four mature tiger
economies of East Asia. The largest gains in the
index over the 12 periods are by Guyana (39
places), Lebanon (27), El Salvador (26), Yemen
(22) and Kuwait (18). Among developed countries,
the main gainer is Ireland (13), and among the
Source:
UNCTAD.
12
Figure I.7. Inward FDI Performance Index, by main region, 19881990, 19931995,
19982000 and 19992001
Source:
UNCTAD.
13
CHAPTER I
Economy
19881990
19931995
8
106
3
59
21
1
50
13
53
103
..
9
96
46
..
84
58
..
10
27
24
7
14
51
22
2
25
41
43
18
30
32
37
27
17
6
1
35
21
79
19992001
Economy
19881990
19931995
19992001
1
13
5
3
2
4
6
10
8
9
24
12
17
7
11
16
15
20
21
22
1
4
5
6
2
3
9
11
10
15
22
8
13
7
14
16
19
17
21
20
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
105
90
116
114
94
108
84
..
92
98
..
111
109
100
115
..
82
113
103
107
118
124
137
125
121
128
101
134
113
114
133
135
132
117
136
103
102
140
139
138
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
Leading 20 economies
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
United States
Singapore
Norway
United Kingdom
Canada
Germany
Sweden
Belgium and Luxembourg
Netherlands
Finland
Ireland
Japan
Hong Kong, China
France
Switzerland
Denmark
Iceland
Korea, Republic of
Taiwan Province of China
Qatar
Lagging 20 economies
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
Niger
Cameroon
Haiti
Zimbabwe
Bangladesh
Rwanda
Congo, Democratic Republic
Japan
Oman
Nepal
Iran, Islamic Republic
Kuwait
Malawi
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
Saudi Arabia
United Arab Emirates
Yemen
Indonesia
Gabon
Suriname
56
114
81
113
104
61
111
105
32
97
112
102
41
69
83
92
115
54
33
117
118
127
135
83
126
117
133
128
94
122
123
125
129
136
131
92
13
57
139
140
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
Bangladesh
Togo
Sudan
Ethiopia
Burkina Faso
Niger
Kenya
Kyrgyzstan
Pakistan
United Republic of Tanzania
Georgia
Benin
Nepal
Zambia
Haiti
Tajikistan
Zimbabwe
Rwanda
Congo, Democratic Republic of
Sierra Leone
Source: UNCTAD.
14
Table I.6. Matrix of inward FDI performance and potential, 1988-1990, 1993-1995 and 1999-2001
Front-runners
High FDI potential
Below-potential
Above-potential
Under-performers
1993-1995
Front-runners
Below-potential
Above-potential
Under-performers
1988-1990
Source:
Front-runners
Below-potential
Above-potential
Under-performers
UNCTAD.
CHAPTER I
15
1. Macroeconomic factors
The most important macroeconomic factors
were the slow growth, even recession in some
countrieslinked to the business cyclein most
parts of the world, particularly the main home and
host countries (United States and the EU), and the
decline in stock market valuations reflecting
reduced transactions due to the economic slowdown
as well as a correction of the excessively high stock
market activity of the previous few years. Both
these factors contributed to the steep fall in crossborder M&As, especially in the developed world.
The economic slowdown affected greenfield FDI
as well.
World real GDP growth is estimated to have
declined from 4.7% in 2000 to 2.3% in 2001
(before increasing to 3.0% in 2002) (IMF 2003a).
The United States had overvalued stock markets,
a low savings rate, high levels of private sector
debt, low corporate profits and large external
deficitsaggravated by geopolitical uncertainties
(UNDESA and UNCTAD 2003). Japan has yet to
emerge from its prolonged slump, now a decade
long, and most European countries have not
succeeded in boosting their growth in recent years.
For developing countries as a group, financial
crises (especially Argentina), recessions in major
export markets and falling commodity prices have
slowed the pace of growth.
The main home and host countries for FDI
had slower growth than other developed countries
and much slower than developing and transition
economies, making the latter groups more attractive
to investors. Through a negative wealth effect,
falling stock market values aggravated the impact
16
Source:
Source:
a
UNCTAD.
UNCTAD, based on data obtained from United States Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis (http:/
/www.bea.gov/); Evenett 2002.
CHAPTER I
Source:
17
Year
Number of
deals
Percentage
of total
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
14
22
26
33
7
10
14
24
36
43
64
86
114
175
113
81
1.6
1.5
1.2
1.3
0.2
0.4
0.5
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.3
1.5
1.6
2.2
1.9
1.8
Value
Percentage
(Billion dollars)
of total
30.0
49.6
59.5
60.9
20.4
21.3
23.5
50.9
80.4
94.0
129.2
329.7
522.0
866.2
378.1
213.9
40.3
42.9
42.4
40.4
25.2
26.8
28.3
40.1
43.1
41.4
42.4
62.0
68.1
75.7
63.7
58.1
2. Microeconomic factors
Lower corporate profits, a decline in TNCs
ability or willingness to finance FDI through intracompany loans and a slowdown in corporate
restructuring contributed to the downturn.
Source:
a
18
2000
BHP Billiton
(BHP-Billiton)
2001
60 foreign affiliates
20 host countries
Unilever
(Unilever-Bestfoods)
2000
Nestl
(Nestl-Ralston Purina)
2001
a
b
a
b
Vivendi Universal
(Vivendi-Seagram)
Source:
Source:
Merger year
UNCTAD.
UNCTAD.
FDI statistics on a balance-of-payments basis do not report explicitly the magnitude of divestment from a country as they are reported
in net values. Furthermore, if foreign affiliates are relocated to other host countries, there is no decline in global FDI.
Nihon Keizai Shimbun, 19 and 28 February 2003.
CHAPTER I
19
3. Institutional factors
Some important institutional factors have
also contributed to the FDI downturn, among them
the winding down of privatization. In infrastructure,
private participation in the form of investment in
2001, including that through privatization, was $57
billion, the same as in 1995 (World Bank 2002).
Former leading FDI-through-privatization
recipients, such as Brazil, Hungary and Poland,
registered declines in FDI inflows in 2002 primarily
because there were no large privatization deals.
Investment following a privatization is unlikely
to be of the same order as the initial investment.
Corporate scandals, the demise of large
corporations and the associated loss of confidence
hit industries (energy, telecoms and information
technology) that were part of the FDI boom in the
later 1990s. That dampened firms willingness to
invest and assume new risks.
20
Box I.4. Technology payments by developing countries and the FDI downturn
There are close links between inward FDI and
outward payments of royalties and licence fees.
TNCs are the leading source of international
technology transfers in all forms: internal (to their
affiliates) and external (to other companies). While
a part of TNCs' internal technology transfer is not
charged for separately, the bulk of their royalty
and technical fees earnings come from their
affiliates (WIR99). Around 76% of royalties and
license fees earned abroad are intra-firm (based
on data for Germany, Japan and the United States).
And the share has risen steadily (annex tables
A.I.11 and A.I.12). This rise reflects:
Source:
UNCTAD.
21
CHAPTER I
Source:
a
1991 1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
43
79
57
102
49
110
64
112
65
114
76
151
60
145
63
140
69
150
71
208
70
248
79
-
101
1
108
2
106
6
98
16
135
16
136
9
131
9
147
3
194
14
236
12
Including liberalizing changes or changes aimed at strengthening market functioning, as well as increased incentives.
Including changes aimed at increasing control as well as reducing incentives.
Source:
22
Source:
CHAPTER I
23
Associate partners are the host economies in which the triad member accounts for at least 30 % of the total FDI inward stocks or of the total FDI inward flows within a 3-year average. Approval
data were used for the following economies: Bangladesh, Egypt, Kenya, Israel, Taiwan Province of China and Zimbabwe. Data may not necessarily be available for each economy during both
years 1985 and 2001. The EU includes Austria (1990 instead of 1985 and 2000 instead of 2001), Denmark (1991 instead of 1985), Finland (1991 instead of 1985 and 2000 instead of 2001),
France (1989 instead of 1985 and 1999 instead of 2001), Germany (2000 instead of 2001), Italy (1994 instead of 1985 and 1998 instead of 2001), Netherlands, Portugal (2000 instead of 2001),
Sweden (1986 instead of 1985) and the United Kingdom (1987 instead of 1985 and 2000 instead of 2001) that account for about 80 per cent of the EU outward stock in 2001. Japans outward
stocks are cumulative flows on a balance-of-payments basis since 1968.
Or latest year available.
Source:
Note:
Figure I.14. FDI stocks among the Triad and economies in which FDI from the Triad members dominates, 1985 and 2001
(Billions of dollars)
24
FDI Policies for Development: National and International Perspectives
25
CHAPTER I
Figure I.15. BITs and DTTs between the Triad and their geographical distribution, 2002
(Number and percentage distribution of totals)
Source:
a
Bilateral
treaties United States
EU
Japan
Triad total
BIT
DTT
13
40
18
60
20
51
Source:
Note:
29
73
UNCTAD.
26
Non-associate
partners b
BITs
Japan
EU d
United States
0.25
3.57
0.39
0.05 c
3.5 c
0.24 c
DTTs
Japan
EU d
United States
0.5
9.1
0.79
0.26
6.41
0.43
Treaty
Source:
UNCTAD.
G. Prospects
Was the surge in investment flows in the
1990s the outcome of short-lived factors, such as
the boom in cross-border M&As? And when will
flows begin to rebound? UNCTAD predicts that
FDI flows will stabilize in 2003. Flows to
developing countries and developed countries are
likely to remain at levels comparable to those of
2002, while those to CEE are likely to rise further.
(The prospects for the different developing regions
are discussed in chapter II.) In the longer run,
beginning with 2004, global flows should rebound
and return to an upward trend. As in the case of
the downturn during 20012002, the prospects for
a future rise depend on a number of factors at the
macro, micro and institutional levels and on the
possible impact of specific recent events on
investors plans. In addition, to the extent that
WTOs Cancun Ministerial Meeting will improve
business confidence and growth prospects, FDI
flows could receive further impetus.
Macro factors
The consensus of the main multilateral
agencies is that global recovery is already under
way, but there are concerns about its sustainability
and pace in 2003 and beyond (IMF 2003a; World
Bank 2003b; UNDESA and UNCTAD 2003; OECD
2003a). Economic growth will pick up in 2003
2004 in both the United States and the Euro area,
the two main sources of FDI, but it will continue
to be weak in Japan. For developing countries, the
projected growth of 5% in 2003 is about three
percentage points above that for developed
countries (1.9%). But the forecasts for 2003 have
been revised downward, especially in East Asia,
for the negative effects of SARS on the regions
economy (IMF 2003a). China and India, the most
populous developing countries, are forecast to grow
by 7.5% and 5.1% in the next couple of years (IMF
2003a). Strong growth is also forecast for CEE.
However, the danger of deflation in major
CHAPTER I
Micro factors
At the micro level, the recovery in economic
growth and stronger demand in a range of industries
should improve corporate profits, release financial
constraints and encourage investments, including
FDI. They will also foster conditions for a recovery
to some extent in stock market performances and
portfolio equity flows. That would boost the value
of cross-border M&As through stock markets and
increase the ability of TNCs to raise funds for
investment by issuing new stock or borrowing on
the value of their assets.
Worldwide M&A activity in 2003, however,
continues to be weak, trailing the pace of the
previous year. M&As with values of less than $1
27
Institutional factors
As regards institutional factors, despite the
winding down of many privatization programmes,
there is still potential for privatization in several
countries and industries. In late 2002 China allowed
private and foreign investors to acquire controlling
stakes in domestically listed companies, including
State enterprises (UNCTAD 2002a). India also has
considerable potential for the privatization of Stateowned enterprises. 27
28
Figure I.16.
Source: UNCTAD, based on IMF, Balance of Payments Statistics, May 2003 CD-ROM.
CHAPTER I
29
Source:
a
UNCTAD.
Source:
UNCTAD.
The survey question was: " Do you foresee any shift in the
industry distribution of FDI in your country? Please list the three
industries that have received and are likely to receive more
FDI".
Note:
A number of responses have not mentioned specific
industries but only economic sectors in general. These
responses are not reflected in this figure.
Source:
a
UNCTAD.
UNCTAD.
The UNCTAD questionnaire survey covered 154 countries that have a national IPA or a government entity with an investmentpromotion function. Out of the 154 national IPAs (i.e. one national IPA per country), 106 IPAs responded, for a 69% response
rate (72% for developed countries, 64% for developing countries and 79% for CEE countries).
A number of responses did not mention specific industries but only economic sectors in general. These responses are not reflected
in this figure.
30
2002
2003
2004
143
57
29
42
3
5
7
145
61
30
38
3
6
7
159
69
32
39
4
7
8
UNCTAD, based on Economist Intelligence Unit 2003; Institute for International Finance 2003; International Chamber
of Commerce/IFO Research Institute 2003; International Monetary Fund 2003a; Japan Bank for International Cooperation
2003; JETRO 2003a; PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC) 2003a; KPMG 2003; World Bank 2003a.
CHAPTER I
Notes
1
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
31
32
CHAPTER II
A. Developing countries
All developing regionsAfrica, Asia and the
Pacific, Latin America and the Caribbeanhad
lower FDI inflows.
The least developed countries (LDCs), a
special group of 49 economies, 2 were not an
exception with inflows declining by 7% to $5.2
billion in 2002 (annex table B.1). Inflows to
African LDCs fell by 3% in 2002, and those to
LDCs in Asia and the Pacific declined by half, to
$0.3 billion in 2002. The only LDC in Latin
AmericaHaitihad higher inflows, particularly
for textiles, due in part to its entry into CARICOM.
The share of LDCs in global FDI flows remains
less than 1% of the world total and 3.2% of the
developing country total.
FDI flows to the largest LDC recipients
most of them oil-exporting countries, including
1.
Africa
34
Source:
a
b
U N C TA D ,
FDI/TNC
d a ta b a s e
www.unctad.org/fdistatistics).
(http://
CHAPTER II
35
Figure II.2. Africa: FDI inflows and their share in gross fixed capital formation, 19902002
Source:
Source:
a
to
36
UNCTAD.
Investment Policy Reviews have been completed for Botswana, Egypt, Ethiopia, Ghana, Lesotho, Mauritius, the United Republic
of Tanzania and Uganda and are under way for Algeria, Benin and Zambia.
b. Policy developmentsimproving
the investment climate
African countries have liberalized regulatory
regimes for FDI, addressing investors concerns,
privatizing public enterprises and actively
promoting investment (box II.1). In 2002 alone,
10 countries introduced 20 changes in their
investment regimes, overwhelmingly in the
direction of a more favourable investment climate.7
Many countries had previously abolished, or
significantly reduced requirements for government
participation in business ventures. Nigeria has
moved away from mandatory joint ventures in
petroleum and minerals. Ghana expanded the scope
for FDI by reducing the number of industries closed
to foreign investors. And some countries recently
expedited investment approval procedures by
developing one-stop investment centres (Egypt,
CHAPTER II
37
38
Figure II.5. Africa: selected bilateral, regional and interregional agreements containing FDI
provisions, concluded or under negotiation, 2003 a
Source:
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
l
UNCTAD.
CHAPTER II
distribution and sales, much less in high valueadded corporate functions, such as R&D or regional
headquarters (HQ) facilities. Not surprisingly,
African IPAs expect most FDI in 20032005 to
come as greenfield FDI. But some countries have
scope for privatization M&As.
Bilateral, regional and interregional
initiatives can also influence future FDI flows. Two
initiatives by the EUthe EU-ACP Cotonou
Agreement and the Everything-but-Arms
Initiativecould have an effect on trade and
investment in Africa. 14 So could a 2001 initiative
by Japan, establishing duty-free and quota-free
preferences for LDCs on 99% of industrial
Figure II.6. Africa: FDI prospects, a 2003-2005
(Per cent)
Source:
a
UNCTAD.
Box. II.2. The need for an integrated approach to attract FDI to Africa and
benefit from it: an African Investment Initiative
To attract FDI and benefit more from it
requires the right conditions. An African
Investment Initiative would help countries of the
region in creating such conditions. The past few
years have seen various initiatives that can help
in this respect. It would be appropriate for
interested intergovernmental and civil society
organizations to coordinate, with NEPAD, the
aspects of their work that deal with FDIan
African Investment Initiative.
Improving the national investment framework
39
40
Box. II.2. The need for an integrated approach to attract FDI to Africa and
benefit from it: an African Investment Initiative (concluded)
opportunities to more than 160 IPAs, including
through exposure to successful IPAs worldwide.
This helps them develop their strategy and
promotion plans, establish information systems and
produce marketing materials. Other activities
include project portfolio preparation and retention
and expansion programmes.
Promoting information dissemination and
public-private sector dialogue
2.
UNCTAD.
CHAPTER II
41
Figure II.7. Asia and the Pacific: the share of FDI inflows in
gross fixed capital formation, 19902002
Source:
Figure II.8. Asia and the Pacific: FDI flows, top 10 economies, 2001 and 2002 a
(Billions of dollars)
42
(compared with $58 million on a balance-ofpayments basis reported by the Central Bank
of Bangladesh). Half of it was financed by
equity, 31% by reinvested earnings and 19%
by intra-company loans.
While FDI flows have traditionally been
concentrated in the power and energy
industries, 44% of the total FDI flows in 2002
went to the manufacturing sector.
The major sources of investment in 2002 were
Asia (45%), followed by Europe (32%) and
Source:
Source:
Note:
U N C TA D , F D I / T N C d a ta b a s e ( h t t p : / / w w w. u n c t a d . o r g /
fdistatistics).
The figure presents percentage increase in FDI inflows in
2002 over 2001. Figures in parenthesis are absolute amounts
of FDI inflows, in millions of dollars, for 2002.
CHAPTER II
43
Box II.4. China and Indiawhat explains their different FDI performance?
China and India are the giants of the
developing world. Both enjoy healthy rates of
economic growth. But there are significant
differences in their FDI performance. FDI flows
to China grew from $3.5 billion in 1990 to $52.7
billion in 2002; if round-tripping is taken into
account, Chinas FDI inflows could fall to, say,
$40 billion. a Those to India rose from $0.4 billion
to $5.5 billion during the same time period (box
table II.4.1). b
Even with these adjustments, China attracted
seven times more FDI than India in 2002, 3.2% of
its GDP compared with 1.1% for India. c In
UNCTADs FDI Performance Index, China ranked
54th and India 122nd in 19992001.
FDI has contributed to the rapid growth of
Chinas merchandise exports, at an annual rate of
15% between 1989 and 2001. In 1989 foreign
affiliates accounted for less than 9% of total
Chinese exports; by 2002 they provided half. In
some high-tech industries in 2000 the share of
foreign affiliates in total exports was as high as
91% in electronics circuits and 96% in mobile
phones (WIR02, pp. 162-163). About two-thirds
of FDI flows to China in 20002001 went to
manufacturing.
In India, by contrast, FDI has been much less
important in driving Indias export growth, except
in information technology. FDI in Indian
manufacturing has been and remains domestic
market-seeking. FDI accounted for only 3% of
Indias exports in the early 1990s (WIR02, pp. 154-
44
Box II.4. China and Indiawhat explains their different FDI performance? (continued)
Country
1990
2000
2001
2002
FDI inflows
(Million dollars)
China
India
3 487
379
40 772
4 029
46 846 52 700
6 131 5 518
China
India
China
India
2.8
-6.1
1.1
16.1
14.9
52.2
12.5
-10.0
China
India
7.0
0.6
32.3
6.5
33.2
7.4
36.2
8.3
3.5
0.5
10.3
4.0
10.5
5.8
..
..
China
India
3.0
0.4
32.0
4.0
36.5
6.0
40.7
5.3
China
India
12.6
4.5
47.9
..
50.0
..
..
..
China
India
388
311
1 080
463
China
India
3.8
6.0
8.0
5.4
1 159.1 1 237.2
484
502
7.3
4.2
8.0
4.9
CHAPTER II
45
Box II.4. China and Indiawhat explains their different FDI performance? (concluded)
For India the situation is somewhat different.
A tradition of entrepreneurship has spawned a broad
based domestic enterprise sector (Huang and Khanna
2003). This combines with the necessary legal and
institutional infrastructure and a restrictive FDI
policies followed until the 1990s. As a result, TNC
participation in production has often taken
externalized forms (such as licensing and other
contractual arrangements). Even after a significant
liberalization of FDI policies, internalization is not
necessarily dominant. Consider information
technology, industries where outsourcing to private
Indian firms is efficient and there are quality
domestic subcontractors.
Chinas accession to the WTO in 2001 has led
to the introduction of more favourable FDI
measures. With further liberalization in the services
sector, Chinas investment environment may be
further enhanced. For instance, China will allow
100% foreign equity ownership in such industries
as leasing, storage and warehousing and wholesale
and retail trade by 2004, advertising and multimodal
transport services by 2005, insurance brokerage by
2006 and transportation of goods (railroad) by 2007.
In retail trade, China has already opened and
attracted FDI from nearly all the big-name
department stores and supermarkets such as Auchan,
Carrefour, Diary Farm, Ito Yokado, Jusco, Makro,
Metro, Pricesmart, 7-Eleven and Wal-Mart
(PricewaterhouseCoopers 2002).
In India the Government is planning to open
some more industries for FDI and further relax the
foreign equity ownership ceiling (EIU 2003a). To
identify approaches to increase FDI flows, the
Planning Commission established a steering
committee on FDI in August 2001. Following the
Chinese model, India recently took steps to establish
special economic zones. Chinas special economic
zones have been more successful than Indian export
processing zones in promoting trade and attracting
FDI (Bhalla 2002).
Overseas networks
UNCTAD.
FDI flows to China are generally considered to be over-reported due to the inclusion of round tripping (investment from locations
abroad by investors from China) in Chinas FDI data, while those to India were under-reported due to the non-inclusion of reinvested
earnings and intra-company loans in that countrys data. Zhan (1995, pp. 91-92) estimated that round-tripping to China was less
than 25%, the prevailing estimate at the time (Harrold and Lall 1993). However, with Chinas accession to the WTO in December
2001 and the removal of preferential treatment to foreign investors over domestic investors, round-tripping of Chinese FDI is
likely to fall (World Bank 2003a, p. 102). The Bank of China Group indicated in an article that the markets general assessment
is that the ratio (round-tripping to China) has declined from 30% to around 1020% in recent years. (Foreign direct investment
in China, Hong Kong Trade and Development Cooperation, 1 January 2003 (http://www.tdctrade.com/econforum/boc/boc030101.htm).
Based on the revised FDI data methodology, which includes the three components of FDI, India reported that FDI flows to the
country increased from $4.1 billion in fiscal year 2000/01 to $6.1 billion in fiscal year 2001/02. This means that actual inflows
were about 60% higher than those reported earlier. This ratio is applied to arrive at the 1990 and the 2002 data for India. (The
data in the annex to this report are still old ones, as the new ones arrived after closure of the statistical work).
The figure for China after taking into account round-tripping (25% of FDI flows). The figure for India is based on the methodology
mentioned in note b.
46
Host economy
ASEAN
China
Hong Kong, China
Total above
Percentage of A/B
ASEAN
China
1 685
3 275 a
759
5 719
78
..
4 981
5 059
Hong Kong,
China
Republic of
Korea
886
16 363
..
17 249
510
1 275
231
2 016
Taiwan Province
of China
347
2 599
171
3 117
Sub-total of
reporting host
economy (A)
3 506
23 512
6 142
33 160
37%
Total in
reporting host
economy (B)
25
40
24
89
029
318
581
928
Host economy
ASEAN
ASEAN
China
Hong Kong, China
Total above
Percentage of A/B
1
2
7
11
259
838 a
703
800
China
58
..
14 211
14 269
Hong Kong,
China
Republic of
Korea
1 045
15 500
..
16 545
153
1 490
69
1 712
Taiwan Province
of China
580
2 296
535
3 411
Sub-total of
reporting
economy (A)
3
22
22
47
095
124
518
737
39%
Total in
reporting
economy (B)
18
40
61
121
625
715
940
280
Host economy
ASEAN
China
Hong Kong, China
Total above
Percentage of A/B
Source:
a
ASEAN
2
2
1
7
334
970 a
930
234
China
151
..
4 934
5 085
Hong Kong,
China
- 365
16 717
..
16 352
Republic of
Korea
- 304
2 152
100
1 948
Taiwan Province
of China
113
2 980
518
3 611
Sub-total of
reporting
economy (A)
Total in
reporting
economy (B)
1 929
24 819
7 482
34 230
40%
15 211
46 878
23 776
85 865
CHAPTER II
47
UNCTAD.
Box figure II.5.1. Asia and the Pacific: FDI flows to ASEAN
and SAPTA, a 19902002
(Billions of dollars)
Source:
a
48
b. Policy developmentsmore
unilateral measures to improve
the investment environment
Many countries introduced unilateral policy
measures to further liberalize their FDI regimes.
They relaxed limitations on foreign equity
ownership, liberalized sectoral restrictions,
streamlined approval procedures, granted
incentives, relaxed foreign exchange controls and
offered investment guarantees. For instance, China
relaxed foreign shareholding limitations in the
domestic airlines industry from 35% to 49%; the
Shenzhen Municipal Government in China
established a centre to handle and coordinate
foreign investors complaints; India announced in
2002 a plan to allow foreign companies to own up
to 74% equity in print media business; the Republic
of Korea offered new tax incentive to attract FDI;
Lao Peoples Democratic Republic streamlined its
investment application procedures; Malaysia
announced incentives for operational headquarters
and R&D centers; Thailand relaxed the conditions
governing the location of promoted projects in the
country; and Viet Nam further relaxed conditions
Box II.6. Indonesias Investment Year 2003
To promote FDI and increase investor
confidence, the President of the Republic of
Indonesia declared the Indonesia Investment Year
2003. The new National Investment Team,
chaired by the President, includes key cabinet
ministers. An Investment Working Group, chaired
by the Chairperson of the Investment Coordinating
Board, provides technical support to the National
Investment Team.
A one roof service, supervised by the
Investment Coordinating Board, will expedite
investment approvals for all investors, existing
and new, foreign and domestic. It will simplify
procedures and improve the coordination of
various agencies, including regional governments.
In parallel, the Board will improve its pre- and
post-investment services at the national and
regional levels.
The Board has a detailed action plan to
support Investment Year activities. Its objectives
are to support institutional and legal changes for
investment, improve investor relations and
communications and promote foreign investment.
Noting the importance of investment advocacy
and the involvement of the general public in
supporting investment efforts, the Government
will improve communication and collaboration
with investors, parliament and regional
governments.
Source: UNCTAD.
CHAPTER II
49
Figure II.10. Asia and the Pacific: BITs and DTTs concluded, 1992-2002
(Number)
Source:
a
b
c
UNCTAD.
Source:
50
FDI Policies for Development: National and International Perspectives
CHAPTER II
51
Source:
UNCTAD, based on information from Nihon Keizai Shimbun, 31 December 2002; Nissan sets up ASEAN sourcing HQ
in Thailand, AutoAsia, 27 February 2003; http://www.auto-asia.com/viewcontent.asp?pk=8131; Jakarta Post, 20 June
2002, p. 17; Jun 2001, p. 306; and information from the ASEAN Secretariat.
52
Source:
a
UNCTAD.
a. The downturnconcentrated in
Argentina, Brazil and Chile
FDI inflows have been on a downward trend
since 2000. The decline was concentrated in
services (figure II.13), especially in the South
American countries where TNCs had been
attracted, before that, by the deregulation of
telecom, utilities and banking, macroeconomic
stability and prospects of a growing market in the
second half of the 1990s. FDI flows into
manufacturing were similar to those in 2001, as
were flows into natural resources. The exception:
Venezuela, where political instability affected flows
to the oil industry. Due to a larger decline in FDI
inflows than in domestic investment, FDI as a
CHAPTER II
53
Figure II.13: Latin America and the Caribbean: shares of primary, secondary and
tertiary sectors in total FDI flows in selected countries, a 19972001 and 2002
Source:
a
Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Mexico and Venezuela.
Figure II.14. Latin America and the Caribbean: FDI inflows and their share in gross fixed capital
formation, 19902002
Source:
54
Figure II.15. Latin America and the Caribbean: FDI flows, top 10 countries, 2001 and 2002 a
(Billions of dollars)
Source:
a
CHAPTER II
negative flows in the reinvested-earnings and intracompany loan components of FDI, revealing that
established TNCs have been reducing their
investments. The reaction was similar in Brazil,
though smaller, as the country went through a
period of financial instability and political
uncertainty (De Barros 2002). TNCs reacted to the
crisis and poor local prospects by cutting loans to
their Brazilian affiliates, especially in telecoms,
electricity and gas (figure II.16). The decline in
intra-company loans accounted for the entire
decline in FDI inflows in Brazil in 2002. 34
These economic factors as well as political
uncertainties also affected domestic investment in
Latin America and the Caribbean, which declined
in 2001 and 2002. In 2002, total investment (both
public and private) declined in most major
economies, but MERCOSUR countries and
Venezuela were particularly affected (ECLAC 2002).
Outward FDI from Latin American countries
also declined in 2002 by 28%, to $6 billion. Most
Latin American TNCs are expanding within the
region, which for Mexican companies includes the
United States. But Argentine firms divested more
than they invested abroad, to the tune of $1 billion,
as companies in that country sold assets abroad
to help overcome the crisis at home. The
Figure II.16. FDI inflows into Brazil and
Argentina, by type of financing,
2001-2002, by quarter
55
b. Policy developmentslinking
FDI to development strategies
Over the past decade, national FDI policies
in Latin America and the Caribbean have
emphasized liberalization and opening to FDI.
There is now the perception that more emphasis
should be placed on FDI policies that support an
overall development strategy. Although openness
to FDI is not being reversed, the enthusiasm for
privatization has diminished. There is also growing
awareness that more sophisticated policies need
to be pursued to attract the right type of FDI and
to benefit more from it. The survey of IPAs carried
out by UNCTAD (box I.5) found that most
countries in the region were planning to increase
promotion and targeting efforts to attract FDI.
Costa Rica has had the most important national FDI
initiative going beyond liberalization and opening
(WIR02). Chile recently developed such an
initiative (box II.9). Proceeding along similar lines,
the Mexican State-owned bank Bancomext
launched an investment promotion service in 2003.
By the end of 2002, the cumulative number
of BITs (413, with an average of 10 BITs per
country for 40 economies) and DTTs (262, with
an average of 7 DTTs per country for 40
economies) concluded by countries in the region
was less than half that concluded by the economies
Box II.9. A new FDI strategy in Chile
Chiles high technology investment
programme targets the software industry and
services that are intensive users of information
technology, such as call centres, support centres,
shared services and back offices. It is attracting
FDI to transform the countrys production base in
a direction consistent with the countrys changing
economic conditions and comparative advantage.
The programme is promoting Chile as a place for
high-tech investment (the President inaugurated
the establishment of an office in Silicon Valley).
So far, it has attracted regional technology centres
and back offices for Air France, Banco Santander,
Hewlett-Packard, Motorola and Unilever, among
others.
Source:
Source:
56
Figure II.17. Latin America and the Caribbean: BITs and DTTs concluded, 1992-2002
(Number)
Source:
j
k
g
h
i
a
b
c
d
e
f
UNCTAD.
Latin America and the Caribbean: selected bilateral, regional and interregional agreements containing FDI provisions,
concluded or under negotiation, 2003 a
Source:
Figure II.18.
CHAPTER II
57
58
UNCTAD.
CHAPTER II
59
Figure II.19. CEE: FDI inflows and their share in gross fixed capital formation, 19902002
60
Figure II.20. CEE: FDI flows, top 10 countries, 2001 and 2002 a
(Billions of dollars)
Source:
a
CHAPTER II
Country/region
1995
2001
Estonia
Czech Republic
Moldova, Republic of
Slovakia
Hungary
Latvia
Lithuania
Croatia
Bulgaria
Poland
TFYR Macedonia
Slovenia
Albania
Romania
Serbia and Montenegro
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Ukraine
Belarus
Russian Federation
14.4
14.1
6.5
4.4
26.7
12.5
5.8
2.5
3.4
6.2
0.8
9.4
8.3
2.3
2.7
1.1
2.5
0.5
1.6
65.9
64.3
45.0
43.2
38.2
32.4
28.9
28.4
25.0
24.0
23.9
23.1
21.0
20.5
20.1
15.8
12.9
8.7
6.5
Memorandum:
Central and Eastern Europe
World
5.3
10.3
20.9
22.5
61
Location
Manufacturer
Czech Republic
Kolin
Mlada Boleslav
Hungary
Esztergom
Gyr
Poland
Bielsko Biala
Gliwice
Lublin
Poznan
Warsaw
Zeran
Romania
Craiova
Pitesti
Russian Federation
Kaliningrad
Moscow
Togliatti
Vsevolozhsk
Slovakia
Bratislava
Trnava
Slovenia
Novo Mesto
Toyota/PSA (2005)
Volkswagen/Skoda
Suzuki (Swift, Wagon R+)
Audi Hungaria Motor
Fiat
General Motors/Opel (Opel Agila)
Daewoo FSO a
Volkswagen (T4)
Daewoo FSO
Daewoo (Lanos)
Daewoo (Matiz)a
Renault (Dacia Nova)
BMW (3 series)
Renault (X-90) (2005)
GM/AvtoVAZ joint venture (Niva 4x4)
Ford (Focus)
Volkswagen (Tuareg, Polo, Golf 4x4,
Variant 4x4, Bora 4x4)
PSA/Peugeot (2006)
Renault (Clio)
Project discontinued/closed.
62
Figure II.21. Expansion and reduction of capacity by foreign affiliates in Hungarythe ins
and the outs, 2002June 2003
Source:
a
CHAPTER II
63
Income group
(Dollars)
EU accession
countries
Other CEE
>20,000:
high income
EU-15
Other developed
countries
Selected developing
economies as
benchmarks
Luxembourg
Denmark
Sweden
Ireland (+)
United Kingdom (+)
Finland
Austria
Netherlands
Germany
Belgium
France
Japan
Norway
United States
Switzerland
Canada
Australia (+)
Italy (-)
Spain
Greece
Portugal
Israel
New Zealand
5,000-19,999:
upper middle
income
Cyprus
Malta
Slovenia
2,000-4,999
middle income
Czech Republic
Hungary
Poland
Estonia
Slovakia
Lithuania (+)
Turkey b
Latvia (+)
Croatia
Chile
Malaysia
Costa Rica
Brazil
Botswana
South Africa
Dominican Rep. (+)
Peru (+)
500-1,999:
low income
Romania c
Bulgaria c
TFYR Macedonia
Russian Federation (-)
Albania
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Belarus (+)
Serbia and Montenegro
Ukraine (+)
Thailand
Egypt
Kazakhstan
Morocco
Philippines
Turkmenistan
China (+)
Indonesia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Armenia (+)
Moldova, Republic of
India
Viet Nam
Bangladesh
Uzbekistan
Uganda
Kyrgyzstan
Tajikistan
<500:
very low
income
This table is based on Michalets idea (Michalet, 1999) that each economy competes for FDI with other economies at a similar level
of development only. CEE countries are shown in italics.
In a pre-accession stage. Candidate status for EU to be confirmed.
Envisaged to join EU in 2007.
Notes:
(+) means a country moved upwards in categories from 1992 to 2000.
(-) means a country moved downwards in categories from 1992 to 2000.
Countries are listed in the order of GDP per capita.
b
c
64
Economy
Viet Nam
South Africa
Brazil
Nigeria
Indonesia
China
Argentina
Thailand
Mexico
Poland
Egypt
Philippines
Turkey
Taiwan Province of China
Korea, Republic of
Pakistan
Russian Federation
India
Per cent
48.4
44.0
43.6
41.6
39.5
33.2
28.3
24.6
22.7
22.3
22.1
14.7
12.0
11.4
11.2
9.9
7.0
4.7
Source:
U N C TA D , b a s e d o n d a ta p r o v i d e d b y t h e Sta t e
Committee of the Russian Federation on Statistics.
CHAPTER II
Table II.6. Key greenfield FDI projects started in the Russian Federation,
January-April 2003
IInvestor
Home country
Netherlands/
United Kingdom
TotalFinaElf
France
Pfleiderer
Germany
Value
($ million)
Project description
Main motivation
5 500
Natural resources
2 500
Natural resources
647
Efficiency/exports
Spain
319
Market seeking
Renault
France
250
Market seeking/
efficiency
Philip Morris
United States
240
Market seeking
Baltic Beverages
seeking
Denmark
50
Exports/market
Krka
Slovenia
20
Tex Development
United Kingdom
12
Efficiency/exports
Outocoumpu
Finland
4.5
Efficiency/exports
Bank Austria
Austria
..
Strategic assets
Nuclear Solutions
United States
..
Strategic assets
Source:
65
66
Country
2003
Czech Republic
Hungaryc
Poland
Slovakia
31
18
27
25
Memorandum items:
EU average
Ireland
32
12.5
2004
24 b
18
19
19
..
..
Source:
a
b
a
4. Prospectsmostly sunny
Led by the surge in flows to the Russian
Federation, and fuelled by the momentum of EU
enlargement, UNCTAD expects the regions FDI
flows to rise somewhat in 2003 to close to $30
billion. 45 The surge of FDI in the Russian
Federation seems more fragile in the medium or
long term than the spur of EU enlargement. But
in the short term both are helping overcome the
completion of privatizations and the slowdown of
GDP growth expected in the Czech Republic,
Hungary, the Russian Federation and Slovakia.
Realizing the potential of natural-resourceseeking FDI largely depends on the willingness of
governments to allow foreign ownership in natural
resources. Much depends also on whether local
private companies are ready to take foreigners as
minority, or eventually, majority shareholders in
their ventures.
For market-seeking investment, prospects
depend mostly on the speed of economic recovery
in the Russian Federation and the rise in disposable
income. The improvement of the general business
environment and progress with intellectual property
protection in such industries as pharmaceuticals
could also boost FDI inflows.
Source:
CHAPTER II
Figure II.25.
Source:
a
CEE:
67
UNCTAD.
FDI patterns
Accession
countries
Source: UNCTAD.
68
Source: UNCTAD.
a
C. Developed countries
FDI inflows to developed countries in 2002
declined by 22%, to $460 billion, from $590 billion
in 2001. 46 Despite the second year of decline, they
remained above the average for 19961999. The
United Kingdom and the United States accounted
for half of the decline in the countries with reduced
inflows in 2002. All three economic sectors
(primary, manufacturing and services) suffered
declines, but such industries as finance and
business services activities saw higher FDI inflows.
The major factors? A continuing slowdown in
corporate investment, caused by weak economic
conditions and reduced profit prospects, a pause
in the consolidation in some industries and
declining stock prices were the major factors
behind the fall in FDI flows that occurred in
parallel with, and largely in the form of, a decline
in cross-border M&As. Large repayments of intracompany loans were the main element in reduced
net FDI flows for some major host countries. IPAs
in developed countries reported major setbacks in
their efforts to attract FDI, including divestments
or the scaling down of planned projects.
CHAPTER II
69
Box II.11. What made Luxembourg the worlds largest FDI recipient and investor in 2002?
In 2002 Luxembourga was the worlds largest
outward investor and largest FDI recipient,
accounting for about 19% ($126 billion) of world
inflows and 24% ($154 billion) of outflowsand
a more than a third of the combined EU inflows
and outflows. The countrys share of EU GDP is
only 0.2%. Compared with domestic investment
of $4.4 billion in 2002, its FDI is impressive.
What explains these numbers?
Interestingly, Luxembourgs FDI inflows and
outflows are relatively close in value, concentrated
in manufacturing and services (box table II.11.1).
A significant part of inflows and outflows in the
first quarter of 2002 can be explained by large
cross-border M&As that took place to establish the
steel group Arcelor, formed by Arbed
(Luxembourg), Aceralia (Spain) and Usinor
(France) in late 2001 and headquartered in
Luxembourg.
Inflows and outflows in roughly the same
period could reflect a transfer of funds between
affiliates within the same group located in different
countriesor a channelling of funds to acquire
companies in different countries through a holding
company established in Luxembourg to take
advantage of favourable intra-firm financing
conditions. b Luxembourg offers favourable
Box table II.11.1. FDI flows to and from Luxembourg, by component, 2002
(Millions of Euro)
Outflows
Equity
Period
1st quarter
2nd quarter
3rd quarter
4th quarter
2002
Total
Financial
industries
-45 446
-23 385
133
-95 011
-163 710
30
96
- 49
712
789
Reinvested earnings
Other
industries
-25 593
-7 003
-5 165
-86 950
-124 711
Financial
industries
- 20
- 20
- 20
- 20
- 81
Other
industries
- 88
- 88
- 88
- 88
- 353
Intra-company loans
Financial
industries
4
-9
0
139
134
Other
industries
-19 778
-16 361
5 456
-8 805
-39 488
Inflows
Equity
Period
1st quarter
2nd quarter
3rd quarter
4th quarter
2002
Source:
Note:
Source:
a
Reinvested earnings
Total
Financial
industries
Other
industries
Financial
industries
Other
industries
34 072
7 315
4 423
87 709
133 520
244
- 51
80
- 23
250
21 353
6 293
5 920
84 359
117 925
322
322
322
322
1 289
316
316
316
316
1 264
Intra-company loans
Financial
industries
Other
industries
-4
5
-3
-3
-5
11 842
429
-2 213
2 738
12 796
UNCTAD.
The Belgium-Luxembourg Economic Union, formed in 1921 primarily as a monetary union, came to an end in 2002, with the
coming into force of the Euro as a common currency for several EU member countries (including Belgium and Luxembourg).
Until 2002, only aggregate Union data had been reported and it is difficult to compare 2002 FDI flows for Luxembourg with those
for previous years.
In a countrys balance-of-payments statistics, all transactions between residents and non-residents are recorded (concept of
residence, IMF 1993, paragraphs 57-58). This concept is not based on legal criteria or nationality but the transactors centre
of economic interest. In FDI statistics, as part of the financial account in the balance-of-payments statistics, transactions with
the first foreign counterpart (as opposed to the ultimate beneficial owner, or debtor/creditor principle) are recorded. As a result,
the initial source or the final destination of FDI flows might be different from the immediate partner to the transaction, in particular,
in the case of special purpose entities (such as holding companies and regional HQ).
70
Figure II.27. Developed countries: FDI flows, top 10 countries, 2001 and 2002 a
(Billions of dollars)
Source:
a
b
CHAPTER II
71
Figure II.28. Developed countries: FDI inflows and their share in gross fixed
capital formation, 1990-2002
Source:
Note:
Source:
72
Figure II.30. United States: FDI flows, by major sector and industry, 1990-2002
(Billions of dollars)
Source:
Note:
CHAPTER II
73
Box II.12. What reverse flows mean for Germanys FDI statistics
and subsequently passed on to the parent firm in
Between April and June 2002, German FDI
Germany. They also reflect different economic
outflows were only 1.6 billion, compared with
circumstances. From January 1996 (when Germany
36 billion in the same period the previous year.
started to report FDI data according to the
Part of this decline can be explained by the more
directional principle) until June 2002, reverse flows
cautious approach of German TNCs during the
represented an important component of outward
global economic slowdown. But the numbers also
flows (128 billion, as compared to equity capital
conceal important acquisitions of equity
of 318 billion). But their sudden significance in
shareholdings by German companies abroad,
the first half of 2002 is striking (box figure II.12.1).
amounting to 21 billion, largely offset by loans
by German affiliates abroad to their parent
Aggregate FDI figures thus do not reflect the
companies in Germany (perhaps for the same
complexity of underlying economic transactions.
reasons that foreign affiliates in the United States
repaid loans to their
European parent firms).
Box figure II.12.1. Germany: cumulative FDI flows, by component,
These credit transactions,
January 1996-June 2002
designated reverse flows,
reduced Germanys outward
FDI (box figure II.12.1).
The IMF recommends
including
cross-border
financial loans and trade
credits between affiliated
enterprises under intracompany loans (or other
capital).
With
loans
classified according to the
directional principle a
German parent company
granting a loan to its
affiliate abroad increases
German outward FDI. And
a German parent receiving
a loan by one of its
affiliates abroad decreases
German outward FDI,
because it is considered a
reverse flow. Not all
countries have adopted this
recommended principle.
Source:
Note:
2. Policy developmentscontinuing
liberalization
Developed countries have been liberalizing
their FDI rules and concluding bilateral and
regional agreements since the 1950s. In a flurry
of such activity 12 developed countries made
changes to their FDI regimes in 2001 and 19 did
so in 2002, with 45 regulatory changes in 2002
alone. More than 95% of the new national policy
74
3. Prospectshinging on economic
recovery
UNCTAD expects FDI inflows to increase
in some countries in 2003, but the developed
countries as a group are not likely to exceed their
performance in 2002, even though several surveys
expect FDI to recover in 2003 (World Bank 2003a;
EIU 2003a). 57 What will happen depends on the
economic recovery, especially in developed
countries, and on the success of efforts to
strengthen investors confidence. Low profitability,
falling equity prices, concerns about corporate debt
and cautious commercial bank lending (as well as
investors evaluation of future demand growth)
might all dampen prospects for increased FDI
(UNDESA and UNCTAD 2003; World Bank
2003a). To weather adverse conditions, TNCs are
continuing to restructure, concentrate on core
competencies, relocate to lower-cost locations and
tap emerging markets. That will reduce investment
in some markets and increase it in others.
For the EU and the United States, prospects
for economic growth continue to be modest in
2003. Germany and Japanboth with higher FDI
inflows in 2002have declined in attractiveness,
according to some surveys (IMD 2003; AT Kearney
2002). In Japan, Citigroup and other foreign
financial companies plan large divestments in
2003. 58 In Switzerlandwhich expects little GDP
growth in 2003 and only about 1% in 2004a
Source:
a
b
c
d
UNCTAD.
Source:
CHAPTER II
75
a
b
c
d
e
f
Source: UNCTAD.
BITs and DTTs are not included.
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA): Canada, Mexico and the United States.
Central American Common Market (CACM): El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua and Costa Rica.
Southern Common Market (Mercosur): Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay.
West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU), its member States are currently: Benin, Burkina Faso, Cte dIvoire, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Niger, Senegal and Togo.
Treaty Establishing the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) comprises Angola, Botswana, Comoros, Djibouti, Ethiopia, Kenya, Lesotho, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique,
Seychelles, Somalia, Swaziland, United Republic of Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe.
g
Asean Free Trade Area (AFTA) and ASEAN Investment Area: Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and Viet Nam.
h
Canada is negotiating agreements with CARICOM, the Dominican Republic, the Central American countries and Singapore. Similarly, the United States is negotiating agreements with Australia, Mexico
and Uruguay.
i
ANDEAN community: Bolivia, Columbia, Eduador, Peru and Venezuela.
Figure II.33.
76
FDI Policies for Development: National and International Perspectives
CHAPTER II
77
Source:
a
UNCTAD, based on Japan, Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (www.meti.go.jp); JETRO (www.jetro.go.jp); JIC
(www5.cao.go.jp); and Investment in Japan Information Centre (www.investment-japan.net).
Foreign direct investment in Japan will bring new technology and innovative management methods, and will also lead to greater
employment opportunitiesWe will take measures to present Japan as an attractive destination for foreign firms in the aim
of doubling the cumulative amount of investment in five years, General Policy Speech by Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi
to the 156th Session of the Diet, 31 January 2003 (http://www.kantei.go.jp/foreign/koizumispeech/2003/01/31sisei_e.html).
IJIC was established in July 2000 to provide support to potential investors, mainly through information on business opportunities
and legal issues.
78
Source:
a
Notes
1
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
UNCTAD.
CHAPTER II
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
79
80
57
58
59
60
61
62
PART TWO
ENHANCING THE DEVELOPMENT DIMENSION OF
INTERNATIONAL INVESTMENT AGREEMENTS
The results of this work are contained in various UNCTAD publications listed in
the references. For the coverage of technical cooperation, see UNCTAD 2003e.
INTRODUCTION
Countries seek FDI to help them to grow and
developand their national policies are key to
attracting FDI and increasing benefits from it.
Many countries have also concluded
international investment agreements (IIAs)
especially agreements at the bilateral, subregional
or regional levels that address investment issues,
at least in part. In doing so, they seek to make the
regulatory framework for FDI more transparent,
stable, predictable and secureand thus more
attractive for foreign investors. If frameworks
liberalize FDI entry and operations, they reduce
obstacles to FDI. At the same time IIAs limit the
policy spaceand thus flexibilitygovernments,
especially of developing countries, need to pursue
policies to attract FDI and increase benefits from
it to further their development. The challenge for
developing countries entering IIAs is to find the
right balance between the attractiveness provided
by IIAs and the loss of policy autonomy that they
entail. This years WIR seeks to identify the main
issues. 1
There has been significant liberalization of
FDI policies over the past decade (table I.8). FDI
flows have risen rapidly, partly in response. Still, FDI
is only a complement to domestic investment, the
main driver of growth. But since FDI is becoming
more important in total investment, most developing
countries and economies in transition are following
the developed countries in removing restrictions
to FDI entry and operations and improving
standards of treatment of foreign affiliates. The
results have been mixed. Opening has not, in many
cases, led to the magnitude of FDI inflows that
many developing countries expected. And even
when inflows rose, the development benefits of FDI
were often below expectations.
Why? Once an enabling framework has been
established, economic factorsthe main
determinants of FDI flowsassert themselves. Host
countries may not have the size of markets, growth
rates, skills, capabilities or infrastructure that would
make investment in productive capacity attractive
either for the domestic market or as export bases.
Foreign investors may not have been well informed
of the opportunities availableperhaps because
host countries did not promote themselves
effectively in an intensely competitive world
market for FDI or were ambiguous about how much
FDI they really wanted and on what terms.
Prospective investors, in turn, may have found the
investment environment deficient, difficult or
riskydespite the liberalization.
84
CHAPTER III
85
CHAPTER III
A. Market-seeking
B. Resource/
asset-seeking
C. Efficiency-seeking
raw materials
low-cost unskilled labour
skilled labour
technological, innovatory and other
created assets (e.g. brand names),
including as embodied in
individuals, firms and clusters
physical infrastructure (ports, roads,
power, telecommunication)
WIR98, p. 91.
86
1. Attracting investment
Countries can attract FDI in many ways.
They can simply liberalize the conditions for the
admission and establishment of foreign investors
without doing much more. They can promote FDI
inflows in general, without trying to attract
particular kinds of investmentsay, according to
CHAPTER III
87
88
***
To sum up: governments in developing
countries and economies in transition use a range
of policies and measures to attract FDI, increase
CHAPTER III
1. Bilateral agreements
BITs are spinoffs from general treaties
dealing with economic relations between countries
(such as Friendship, Commerce and Navigation
treaties). Since 1959, the year of the first BIT, their
number has grown steadilyto 385 by 1989 and
to 2,181 by 2002 (figure I.11). 9 Since the second
half of the 1990s, their number almost doubled.
Now encompassing 176 countries, more BITs are
being concluded between developing countries as
well as between them and economies in transition
(see chapter I), reflecting the emergence of firms
from these countries as foreign investors. Today,
more than 45% of the BIT universe does not
include developed countries. They are the most
widely used international agreement for protecting
FDI (table III.2). 10 For the world, roughly 7% of
the FDI stock was in countries party to a BIT, 88%
in those party to a DTT. For developing and CEE
countries alone, these figures were, respectively,
27% and 64%. 11
BITs have remained much the same over time
(box III.1). The early focus on protection, treatment
and dispute settlementthe reason for these
Table III.2. How much FDI is covered by BITsand
how much by DTTs, 2000
Proportion of outward
stock protected a
Home countries b
BITs
DTTs
United States
Total outward FDI stock
Stock in developing countries and CEE
6
19
96
87
EU c
Total outward FDI stock
Stock in developing countries and CEE
9
73
93
73
Japan
Total outward FDI stock
Stock in developing countries and CEE
7
26
89
61
World d
Total outward FDI stock
Stock in developing countries and CEE
7
27
88
64
Source:
a
b
c
d
UNCTAD.
89
UNCTAD.
90
UNCTAD.
CHAPTER III
91
3. Multilateral agreements
Renewed efforts to create comprehensive
multilateral rules for FDI, even non-binding ones
undertaken occasionally in the postwar period, have
shared the fate of the first effortand failed. Most
prominent among them were the United Nations
Code of Conduct on Transnational Corporations
(in the late 1970s and 1980s) and a Multilateral
Agreement on Investment by the OECD (in the late
1990s). But the World Bank Guidelines on the
Treatment of Foreign Direct Investment, a nonbinding instrument, set down (in 1992) certain
standards of treatment for investors on which a
level of international consensus could be said to
exist.
Some efforts dealing with specific investment
aspects bore fruit as well. The Convention on the
Settlement of Investment Disputes between States
and the Nationals of other States provides a
framework for the settlement of investment
disputes. The ILO Tripartite Declaration of
Principles Concerning Multinational Enterprises
and Social Policy deals with a range of labourrelated issues. The Convention Establishing the
Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA)
enhances the legal security of FDI by
supplementing national and regional investment
guarantee schemes with a multilateral one.
The WTO Agreement on TRIMs prohibits
certain trade-related investment measures (adopted
as part of the Uruguay Round). And the General
Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS), also
concluded as part of the Uruguay Round, offers
a comprehensive set of rules covering all types of
92
UNCTAD.
CHAPTER III
93
1. Bilateral approaches
The bilateral approaches, mainly BITs and
free trade agreements with an investment
component, have the advantage of allowing
countries the freedom of choosing the partners to
enter into an agreement and how to tailor the
agreement to their specific situations. They offer
countries flexibility in designing their networks
of IIAs, concluding them with countries that are
key investors, avoiding countries that are less
interesting or that may insist on unwanted
provisions. Allowing each treaty to be negotiated
separately gives developing countries more
flexibility than under a multilateral approach. In
94
3. Multilateral approaches
CHAPTER III
95
96
3
4
5
6
Notes
1
10
11
12
13
CHAPTER III
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
97
98
CHAPTER IV
A. Definition of investment
The definition of investment in
international investment agreements (IIAs),
combined with the substantive provisions, has
profound developmental implications, because it
defines their scope and reach. For developing
countries the key issue is whether investment is
defined narrowly, focusing on FDI, or broadly,
including virtually every asset connected with
foreign investors. Developing countries have
indicated a preference for a narrow definition in
the discussions of the WTO Working Group on the
Relationship between Trade and Investment, but
the trend in IIAs has been towards a broad assetbased definition. Even a broad definition can be
narrowed, for example, through reservations,
affording countries the right to exclude certain
types of investment (such as portfolio investment)
or by limiting the applicability of specific
operational provisions. Another approach is to give
each government the choice, when negotiating an
IIA, to commit to either a narrow or a broad
definition.
100
2. Scope of definitions
The general trend towards a broad definition
of investment is not universal, and there are
significant differences by level of development.
A number of developed countries do not have
specific legislation or policies on FDI and so do
not need to define it. Developing countries,
concerned about the effects of volatile capital
flows, have narrow definitions (in practice if not
in the legal terminology). The financial crises of
the 1990s strengthened the case for adopting
definitions with great care.
The definition can magnify or reduce the
scope of an IIA. But because it is exercised through
the substantive provisions of an IIA, it cannot be
considered in isolation.
CHAPTER IV
101
Protecting
investmentsay,
expropriation.
against
102
B. National treatment
National treatment has the greatest
development implications. It is also of key
importance to foreign investors.13 In todays usage,
it combines two constructs that used to be dealt
with separately:
CHAPTER IV
103
2.
3.
Source:
a
b
MAI reservations relate to the application of the following principles and areas: national treatment, MFN treatment, performance requirements,
key personnel, national regulations and dispute settlement.
Reservations relate almost exclusively to performance requirements and nationality/citizenship requirements for companies' boards
of directors.
104
a. Pre-establishment
CHAPTER IV
105
UNCTAD.
Such crowding out is different from domestic firms being taken over by foreign investors (cross-border M&As) (see WIR00),
although in some cases they are presented together.
106
CHAPTER IV
107
b. Post-establishment
Political and social preferences apart, there
can be an economic case for restricting national
treatment for foreign investors, resting on market
and institutional failures. First, foreign affiliates
may be more efficient, and denying them national
treatment is a version of the infant enterprise
argument. But denying foreign affiliates national
treatment on infant enterprise grounds is justified
only if the differentiation is limited in duration and
local enterprises are able to become fully
competitive. There is little economic justification
for a long-term or open-ended policy of treating
firms differently because of ownership. Host
countries can also tap into the greater efficiency
of foreign affiliates by insisting on local equity
participation or high-level employment.
Second, foreign affiliates may have
advantages over local firmsnot because they are
more efficient but because markets for credit and
skills and so on are segmented, with foreign
affiliates getting better terms simply because of
their foreign ownership. Offering better treatment
to local firms offsets the adverse effects of
segmentation. But factor market segmentation
should be tackled at source rather than by
suppressing its symptoms (what economists call
a second best response). If foreign affiliates are
treated better in credit markets because banks are
poorly informed about local borrowers, the solution
is to improve banking practices. Preventing banks
from lending to foreign affiliates may not ensure
that credit is efficiently allocated. Note, too, that
segmentation is difficult to distinguish from healthy
commercial practice: banks may prefer foreign
affiliates because they may be better credit risks
108
109
CHAPTER IV
Box IV.2. The impact of NAFTA on Mexicos policy on admission and establishment
NAFTA membership contributed to Mexicos
long-term policy of liberalizing the admission and
establishment of FDI in the context of a broader
policy to increase the role of FDI in economic
development. NAFTAs investment provisions
allowed Mexico to retain certain FDI admission
and establishment restrictions for economic and
non-economic purposes (protecting domestic
SMEs and national culture). Because investment
was part of a much broader set of issues,
agreement on it needs to be seen in this wider
context.
Before NAFTA
110
Box IV.2. The impact of NAFTA on Mexicos policy on admission and establishment (concluded)
NAFTAs effect on Mexicos policy on
admission and establishment
UNCTAD.
CHAPTER IV
111
112
2. Coverage in IIAs
Most IIAs contain provisions on taking
property, generally defining a taking as including
traditional notions of nationalization or
expropriation as well as creeping expropriations
and regulatory takings (UNCTAD 2000b, pp. 19
24). The indirect taking may or may not be
qualified by a carve-out for normal regulatory
powers, as in the areas of taxation, intellectual
property rights and public debt. If such a clause
is included, it may subject the carve-out to an
obligation that the regulatory powers must be nondiscriminatory (UNCTAD 2000b, p. 23). 37
Furthermore, the majority of such agreements
require observance, by the contracting parties, of
the principal elements of a lawful taking: public
purpose, non-discrimination and compensation
(UNCTAD 2000b, pp. 2426). In addition, some
agreements refer expressly to the need for
observance of due process. 38
However, there is no uniformity on the
standard of compensation to be applied, reflecting
an absence of full consensus among States on this
issue and, also, the relative bargaining positions
of parties to IIAs. Some agreements refer to
appropriate or just compensation, while others
refer to prompt, adequate and effective
compensation or similar phrasing. The trend in
recent years has moved towards the latter approach,
in both bilateral or regional agreements (UNCTAD
2000b, pp. 2631).
From a developmental perspective, recent
practice in IIAs suggests that developing countries
strive to strike a balance between offering
reasonable protection to investors and retaining
their right to regulate. The utility of IIAs in
referring to takings of property has usually been
judged for the effect on the investment climate in
developing countries. Treaty-based controls over
the scope and legal requirements of a valid taking
of foreign-owned property are assumed to have
been good for investment conditions. But
international disciplines have sometimes been
criticized as imposing too much control over the
sovereign discretion to limit the enjoyment of
private property in the public interest. Where a host
CHAPTER IV
113
UNCTAD, based on ICSID Case No. Arb. (AF)/97/1; 30 August 2000 (www.worldbank.org/icsid/cases/mm-award-e.pdf);
S u p r e m e C o u r t o f B r i t i s h C o l u m b i a , T h e U n i t e d M e x i c a n Sta t e s v. M e t a l c l a d C o r p o r a t i o n , 2 M a y 2 0 0 1
(www.courts.gov.bc.ca/jdb-txt/sc/01/06/2001bcsc0664.htm); North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) arbitration:
S.D. Myers, Inc. v. Government of Canada: text of the decision Award of 12 November 2000, International Legal
Materials, 40, 6 (2001), pp. 14081492; ICSID case no. Arb (AF)/99/1, 16 December 2002; see www.naftaclaims.com.
114
D. Dispute settlement
The two key issues in dispute settlement
concern the role of investor-State procedures in
future IIAs and the extent to which the investment
dispute settlement process is self-contained. IIAs
normally have State-State dispute settlement
provisions, but investor-State procedures are now
being included more as well. That raises fears of
frivolous or vexatious claims that could inhibit
legitimate regulatory action by governments.
Another issue is balancing national and
international methods of dispute settlement. The
second key issue concerns the isolation of
investment disputes from existing State-State
systems of dispute settlement, such as that in the
WTO. Questions also arise as regards open and
well-functioning procedures that can deal better
with the developmental aspects of investment
disputes.
CHAPTER IV
2. Legal effectiveness
The effective settlement of any dispute, not
just an investment dispute, often requires adopting
the most speedy, informal, amicable and
inexpensive method available. In recent years the
emphasis has been on alternative dispute
resolution mechanismsavoiding procedures
provided by the public courts of a country or of
an international court. They usually include direct
methods of settlement through negotiation or
informal methods employing a third party, such as
the provision of good offices, mediation or
conciliation. 46 Arbitration can be an alternative
dispute resolution mechanism, but its practical
conduct may be only marginally different from that
of a court proceeding (Merills 1998; Asouzu 2001,
pp. 1126).
So the first step in the resolution of any
investment dispute is to use direct, bilateral,
informal and amicable means of settlement. Only
where such informal means fail to resolve a dispute
should the parties contemplate informal third-party
measures, such as good offices, mediation or
conciliation. The use of arbitration should be
contemplated only where bilateral and third-party
informal measures have failed to achieve a
negotiated result. Indeed, this gradation of dispute
settlement methods is commonly enshrined in the
dispute settlement provisions of IIAs.
The choice of a dispute settlement method
is but one choice that the investor and State have
to make when seeking to resolve a dispute. Another
concerns the forum. Most recent BITs provide for
some type of international dispute settlement
mechanism to be used in relation to investment
disputes. Foreign investors have traditionally
maintained that, in developing countries, investorState disputes should be resolved by
internationalized dispute settlement governed by
international standards and procedures. But host
countries may perceive such an emphasis on
international systems as a sign of low investor
confidence, which may or may not be justifiable.
The willingness of the host country to accept
internationalized dispute settlement may be
motivated by a desire to show its commitment to
creating a good investment climate. This may be
of importance where the country has followed a
restrictive policy on FDI and wishes to change that
115
3. Coverage in IIAs
Dispute settlement has evolved significantly
in IIAs. In trade agreements, disputes centre on
State-State issues pertaining to either a violation
of trade rules under an applicable agreement or to
the nullification or impairment of benefits arising
from the agreement. For investment, State-State
disputes arise over the interpretation and
application of an IIA agreement. But IIAs differ
from trade agreements in that they recognize
disputes between investors and States, virtually
unknown before the introduction of the ICSID
system in 1965. Most bilateral and many regional
agreements now include provisions on investorState dispute settlement.
Provisions for State-State dispute settlement
appear in almost all IIAs. 48 Some regional
agreements contain provisions only for disputes
arising between the parties, thus not covering
disputes between a party and an investor of another
party. This is the case for the 1997 EUMexico
Partnership Agreement, the 1998 Framework
Agreement on the ASEAN Investment Area and
many of the Europe Agreements, Association
Agreements and Partnership and Cooperation
Agreements recently concluded by the EU.
The usual approach to investor-State disputes
in IIAs is to specify that the parties to the dispute
must seek an amicable negotiated settlement. Only
where such an approach fails to resolve the dispute
can they resort to arbitration. Most BITs and some
regional agreements provide for the possibility of
settling disputes by consultation and negotiation.49
Some bilateral agreements also have as one of their
116
CHAPTER IV
Box IV.5. Investment arbitration and the control of claims made by investors
In the NAFTA case of Azanian v Mexico
(ICSID Case No ARB(AF)/97/2, 1 November
1999), the termination of a contractual concession
to supply solid refuse collection and disposal
services to a local authority in Mexico was
claimed to be an expropriation. The tribunal held
that the termination could not amount to an
expropriatory taking in violation of Chapter 11
of NAFTA because the Mexican authorities had
not violated the international law standard
embodied in NAFTA. The alleged breach had been
reviewed by three levels of Mexican courts, and
in none was the alleged breach affirmed. Without
proof that the Mexican courts had breached
Chapter 11, by violating international standards
of due process through a denial of justice or a
pretence of form, the claimants case failed.
The case suggests that an investor-State
mechanism should operate within the limits of
international law and that its rules should be the
only ones that determine whether a claim is valid.
Source:
117
118
CHAPTER IV
119
E. Performance requirements
Performance requirements can be an
important policy tool to enhance the benefits of
inward FDI, so developing countries seek to
preserve their right to use them. But developed
countries associate them with interventionist
strategies of the past and question their
effectiveness. The use of performance requirements
has declined, and they are typically linked to some
kind of incentives. Because there are valid
economic arguments for using performance
requirements in some circumstances, they are
important in the negotiation of IIAs.
2. Declining incidence
Performance requirements have been used
extensively by a wide range of countries. 61 In
developed countries, performance requirements
were particularly used in the 1970s and 1980s in
industries in which FDI was concentrated:
electrical, transport equipment (especially
automobiles), chemicals, non-electrical machinery
and primary sector industries such as mining and
petroleum. 62 For several reasons, the incidence of
performance requirements by developed countries
has declined over time (UNCTAD 2003f). 63 This
does not mean, however, that developed countries
stopped trying to influence the trade and investment
behaviour of TNCs. To achieve similar objectives,
they now use other strategic trade and investment
policy instruments, such as rules of origin and
locational incentives. 64 In the 1980s and early
1990s, voluntary export restraints were also used
extensively by developed countries (Messerlin
1989; Prusa 1992). 65 These instruments, too, may
have distorting effects on international trade and
investment (Belderbos 1997; Moran 1998, 2002;
Safarian 1993).
Developing countries also use performance
requirements (UNCTAD 2003f; OECD 1989; WTO/
UNCTAD 2002), 66 particularly because of their
desire to promote infant industries and address
balance-of-payments problems (UNCTC 1991;
Bora 2002). A survey of some 400 European
business executives recently noted that the highest
incidence of performance requirements was in
Brazil, China, India and Russia, all large
developing countries or economies in transition
(Taylor Nelson Sofres Consulting 2000). But the
general policy trend resembles that of the
developed countries: there is a declining incidence
of performance requirements and a shift from
mandatory requirements on investors to
requirements linked to investment incentives
(UNCTAD 2003f). 67
The general trend to reduce mandatory
performance requirements reflects several factors:
120
bargaining position for FDI, such as efficiencyseeking export-oriented FDI. Similarly, they are
less used to promote local linkages in activities
that feed into exports. Countries have generally
shifted from sticks to carrotsthey use
incentives to induce foreign affiliates (and
domestic firms) to operate in a way that
promotes the type of development that is desired.
4. Coverage in IIAs
Performance requirements have received
more attention in IIAs over the past decade. They
fall into three categories: those explicitly prohibited
at the multilateral level; those prohibited,
conditioned or discouraged by interregional,
regional or bilateral (but not by multilateral)
agreements and those not subject to control by any
international agreement.
At the multilateral level, the WTO TRIMs
Agreement prohibits certain performance
requirements considered to be trade distorting: local
content requirements, trade-balancing requirements,
restrictions on foreign exchange inflows
attributable to an enterprise and export controls. 68
The Agreement prohibits not only mandatory
TRIMs but also those linked to an advantage. It
applies equally to measures imposed on domestic
and foreign enterprises. With the transition periods
for phasing out measures agreed for developing
countries and LDCs having expired, the
Agreements provisions apply to all WTO members,
except those granted an extended transition
period. 69 Export performance requirements linked
to the receipt of a subsidy are furthermore restricted
CHAPTER IV
121
NAFTA, 1992
UNCTAD.
Draft MAI
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Most of the recent BITs signed by the United States contain clauses prohibiting similar measures, for example the BITs with Azerbaijan (1997), Bolivia (1998), Lithuania (1998), and Mozambique
(1998).
b Most of the recent BITs signed by Canada contain clauses prohibiting similar measures, for example the BITs with Romania (1996), Ecuador (1996), Panama (1996), Egypt (1996), Lebanon (1997),
Thailand (1997), Croatia (1997), Armenia (1997), Uruguay (1997), and Costa Rica (1998).
c
Pursuant to Article 8 (2) of the treaty, the party seeking to introduce such measure may do so if (a) it notifies the other contracting party of its intent to apply the restriction no later than 60 days
before the intended date of the implementation of the restriction; and (b) upon request by the other contracting party before the implementation of the restriction.
Note:
Apart from the four performance requirements measures prohibited by the TRIMs (local content requirement, trade-balancing requirements, foreign exchange restrictions related to foreign
exchange flows attributable to an enterprise and export controls), countries have continued to include other specific prohibitions in their bilateral and regional agreements. This table is an
example of some of the instruments concluded between 1996 and 2003 that have introduced express provisions prohibiting certain types of performance requirements. The NAFTA and draft
MAI are included for reference purpose. For additional examples of other agreements see UNCTAD 2001i.
Source:
EFTA-Singapore, 2002
Table IV.1. Examples of IIAs prohibiting various types of performance requirements not covered under the TRIMs Agreement
Japan-Singapore Economic
Partnership, 2002
122
FDI Policies for Development: National and International Perspectives
CHAPTER IV
resource
endowments
objectives. 79
and
development
123
F. Incentives
Investment incentives induce new investors
to establish a presence, to expand an existing
business or not to relocate elsewhere. They may
also be provided to increase the benefits from FDI
by stimulating foreign affiliates to operate in
desired ways or to direct them into favoured
industries or regions. As the use of investment
restrictions has declined, incentives have become
more prevalent across the world, especially because
the market for FDI in some industries has become
global.
In general, IIAs do not address the use of
incentives directly, though the principle of nondiscrimination may apply to them. The WTO
Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing
Measures may also apply to subsidies offered to
foreign investors if they relate to activities in trade
in goods. And a few agreements have no-loweringof-standards clauses. Still, host countries usually
retain considerable discretion in the use of
incentives, permitting them to differentiate
investment by industry, size and location, for
example. In addition, IIAs may include exceptions
to allow for differential treatment of investors in
like circumstances.
124
CHAPTER IV
125
126
CHAPTER IV
127
128
OECD 2003b.
CHAPTER IV
129
G. Transfer of technology
The transfer and dissemination of
technology and the promotion of innovation are
among the most important benefits that host
countries seek from FDI. TNCs are the dominant
source of innovation. Direct investment by them
is an important mode of international technology
transfer, possibly contributing to local innovative
activities in host countries. But attracting
technology and innovative capacities and
mastering, upgrading and diffusing them
throughout the domestic economy require
government supportthrough national policies
and international treaty making.
The policies on technology transfer have
changed. Most governments have moved from
direct controls and restrictions to market-friendly
approachesimproving the business and FDI
environment, strengthening legal and other
institutions and enhancing the skills and raising
the capabilities of local enterprises. Marketfriendly approaches are themselves shiftingfrom
providing an enabling environment to stronger
pro-innovation (technology seller) regimes, while
continuing to encourage technology transfer. In
the international arena, national market-friendly
approaches are complemented by TRIPS,
restrictions on performance requirements and a
number of other agreements (UNCTAD 2001h).
Important choices remain on the right
balance between regulation and markets in the
transfer of technology. The realization that
developing countries, particularly the LDCs, need
special support has led to some mandatory
requirements on technology transfer. But
implementation remains an issue.
130
CHAPTER IV
131
4. International agreements
mirror the shift in national
policies
International agreements reflect the shift
in national technology transfer policies from a
regulatory to a market-friendly approach. 103 The
regulatory approach was characteristic of
132
Policy
Policy instrument
Condition
- Conditions on FDI
- Incentives to partnership
agreements
- Government support to
domestic firms
- Foster national flagship firms
- Exposure to international
competition (as by strong
export orientation)
- Availability of skilled labour
- Financial resources
- Entrepreneur s willingness and
ability to undertake risky
technology investment
- Institutions able to support
skill, technology and export
activity
Mixed strategy
Source:
Business incubators
Information clearinghouses
Industrial parks
Supporting R&D
Supporting joint ventures,
licensing and collaboration
- Supporting training of domestic
labour force
CHAPTER IV
133
Source:
WTO 2003a.
134
H. Competition policy
The Declaration of the first ministerial
meeting of the WTO in Singapore in 1996
recognized the relationship between investment and
competition policy. FDI, particularly in developing
countries, may have undesirable effects, stemming
especially from restrictive business practices,
abuses of dominant positions and cross-border
M&As. Competition law and policy are particularly
important for FDI, because economic liberalization
results in greater reliance on market forces to
determine the development impact of that FDI. Host
countries want to ensure that the reduction of
regulatory barriers to FDI and the strengthening
of standards of treatment of foreign investors are
not accompanied by the emergence of private
barriers to entry and anticompetitive behaviour
of firms.
Where countries choose to open their
economies and, as part of this process, remove the
screening of FDI at the point of entry, competition
policy may acquire special importance. The major
difficulty in developing countries is adopting
effective legal frameworks and monitoring and
enforcement systems. International cooperation has
a role in this, especially when national policies
cannot deal with the full range of cross-border
effects of anticompetitive behaviour. Nevertheless,
competition issues are typically not addressed in
IIAs.
1. Policy challenges
Competition policy deals, among other
things, with the anticompetitive effects of
restrictive business practices, the abuse of a
dominant positions and M&As. Each presents
different issues and challenges. The control of
restrictive practices is a major issue for developing
countries because restrictive arrangements by TNCs
can limit the positive developmental impact of
FDIsay by reducing exports or limiting the use
of technology. This can happen if a parent company
limits the external markets of its individual
affiliates (Puri and Brusick 1989; Correa and
Kumar 2003). A possible abuse of dominant
positions can occur as a result of large cross-border
M&As. Indeed, the main interface between
competition law and FDI occurs when foreign
affiliates are established by significant M&As. 108
When foreign entry is accomplished by
cross-border M&As, the probability of an
anticompetitive impact increases for two reasons:
first, because the number of competitors may be
reduced; second, because cross-border M&As do
not necessarily add new capacities. So countries
tend to screen those transactions and often regulate
them both at the entry and post-entry phases.
Regulation at entry considers the potential market
effect of the acquisition of a local enterprise by
the foreign investor on competition in the host
CHAPTER IV
135
2. International cooperation
arrangements
Most IIAs do not cover competition issues.
It is usually assumed that the international element
of competition law and policy is dealt with in a
separate, specialized instrument. At the multilateral
level, the only instrument to cover all aspects of
competition regulation is the 1980 UNCTAD Set
of Multilaterally Agreed Equitable Principles and
Rules for the Control of Restrictive Business
Practices. 109 This instrument stresses the close
relationship between the control of restrictive
business practices and development policies.
Indeed, the UNCTAD Set is the only major
international instrument that makes a significant
link between the economic policy concerns of
developing countries and the control of
anticompetitive practices. But some trends are
developing for competition provisions in IIAs and
free trade agreements.
First, as a supplement to national competition
rules and as a response to the unilateral application
of competition rules outside the territory of the
regulating country, there has been more
international cooperation by way of procedural
agreements covering competition policy issues
136
***
To conclude, all eight areas reviewed here
are key sensitive issues that arise in the interface
between national and international rule-making
as countries seek to attract FDI and benefit more
from it. In each case, governments face options for
treating each individual issue in the context of
future IIAs. The option that is most development
friendly is specific to the issue under consideration.
However, looking at individual issues or
provisionsthese eight as well as othersdoes
not offer enough guidance for assessing the overall
strengths and weaknesses of agreements. IIAs are
packages in which acceptance of one provision may
be balanced with concessions on other provisions.
So their orientation and impact are informed by
the inclusion or exclusion of certain issues, by their
objectives, by their overall design (that is, their
CHAPTER IV
Notes
1
2
3
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
137
138
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
CHAPTER IV
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
139
140
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
CHAPTER IV
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
141
142
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
CHAPTER IV
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
143
144
CHAPTER V
THE IMPORTANCE OF
NATIONAL POLICY SPACE
The preceding analysis revealed that IIAs
need to accommodate different perspectives on the
policy priorities in the investment process. The
common goal, shared by all parties to IIAs, is to
increase the flows of FDI. In addition, home
countries (and their investors) seek transparency,
stability, predictability and securityand greater
market access. And host developing countries, for
their part, want to advance their development by
increasing the benefits from FDI. To do so, they
need to have enough flexibility to use a range of
development-oriented policies. In the final analysis,
IIAs have to be acceptable to all parties, many in
different development situations with widely
differing endowments. IIAs therefore need to strike
a mutually advantageous balance of rights and
obligations between the diverging interests and
priorities of various groups of countries.
The concept of national policy space and
the flexibility it affords to governments to pursue
development-oriented FDI policies is the
operational bridge between the differing
perspectives of host countries, home countries and
investors (UNCTAD 2000d). (Although the focus
146
UNCTAD.
Article 3
Right to Regulate a
A Contracting Party may adopt, maintain or
enforce any measure that it considers
appropriate to ensure that investment activity
is undertaken in a manner sensitive to health,
safety or environmental concerns, provided
such measures are consistent with this
agreement (OECD 1998a, p. 14).
/...
CHAPTER V
147
A. Objectives of IIAs
Many IIAs incorporate the objective of
development among their basic aims, purposes or
principles, as a part of their preambular statements
or as specific declaratory clauses articulating
general principles. For example, the Preamble to
the GATS Agreement (which covers FDI in
services) includes among its objectives the
expansion of [services] trade under conditions of
transparency and progressive liberalization and as
a means of promoting the economic growth of all
trading partners and the development of developing
countries. It also expresses a desire for the early
achievement of progressively higher levels of
liberalization of trade in services through
successive rounds of multilateral negotiations
aimed at promoting the interests of all participants
on a mutually advantageous basis and at securing
an overall balance of rights and obligations, while
B. Structure
The structure of agreements may reflect
development concerns through the application of
special and differential treatment for developing
country parties. This entails differences in the
extent of obligations undertaken by developed and
developing country parties, with the latter assuming
less onerous obligations, either on a temporary or
permanent basis, that are also non-reciprocal. This
may be achieved in a number of ways:
148
Table V.1. A thought experiment to help analysisapplying the positive list approach to investment
Issue/measure
Definition
National treatment
MFN
Fair and equitable treatment
Transparency
Nationalization and expropriation
Home country measures
Good corporate citizenship
Dispute settlement (State-State, investor-State)
Incentives
Transfer of technology
Competition policy
Other
Source:
FDI
Foreign
portfolio
investment
FDI
Foreign
portfolio
investment
CHAPTER V
149
C. Content
As to the substantive content of agreements,
the key substantive issues were addressed in the
preceding chapter. Central to IIAs, they determine
their effect on national policies. For each of them,
more development friendly or less development
friendly solutions exist. (For example, as discussed
earlier, national treatment at the pre-establishment
phasemarket accessis perhaps the single most
difficult issue for developing countries to accept
in IIAs.) And given their importance, they require
the full attention of negotiators.
150
CHAPTER V
151
D. Implementation of IIAs
The implementation of IIAs can also be
designed with flexibility for development as its
organizing principle. Two approaches are
particularly relevant here: first, the legal character,
mechanisms and effects of an agreement, and
second promotional measures and technical
assistance:
UNCTAD.
152
Box V.4. The effect of the MFN clause in BITsthe example of performance requirements
The MFN standard in IIAs seeks to prevent
discrimination between different foreign investors.
It does so by requiring that the foreign investor
protected by the standard enjoys treatment no less
favourable than that enjoyed by the most
favourably treated foreign investor. The
application of this standard raises some particular
problems for the operation of IIAs. The example
of performance requirements is used here to
illustrate these problems. The national treatment
standard is also discussed so as to give a more
complete analysis of how non-discrimination can
operate in this context.
The great majority of IIAs, particularly BITs
concluded by countries other than the United
States or Canada, do not contain specific rules on
the use of performance requirements. But such
IIAs may nevertheless constrain the flexibility of
governments to impose and implement
performance requirements. The reason is that
virtually all IIAs contain non-discrimination
provisions, typically national treatment and MFN
treatment. Thus, even if governments are otherwise
free to impose performance requirements, they
may not do so in a way that treats differently
foreign and domestic investorsor foreign
investors from different countriesin like
circumstances. Such restrictions may, in turn, be
subject to conditions and qualifications, described
here.
National treatment standard
CHAPTER V
153
UNCTAD.
Notes
1
154
4
5
to commercial presence.
This, for instance, is the case in the GATS.
For example, development considerations play a role
in the case of Germanys approach in bilateral
investment treaties (BITs) to national treatment in
the post-establishment phase, insofar as Germany has
accepted certain exceptions to the national treatment
principle provided that these are undertaken for
development purposes only (for example, to develop
small-scale industries) and that the measures do not
substantially impair investments by German investors
(see the BIT between Germany and Papua New
Guinea, 1980).
CHAPTER VI
156
CHAPTER VI
157
158
3. Effectiveness
Lack of information and difficulties in
isolating the influence of other factors complicate
the evaluation of the effectiveness of the wide
range of HCMs. In addition, the use and impact
of HCMs is a vastly under-researched area. But
some important considerations can be identified
for enhancing the effectiveness of HCMs as a
development tool.
A stronger link between the explicit needs
of developing countries and the design and
execution of HCMs would likely enhance the
beneficial impact of such programmes on
development. As noted earlier, most HCMs remain
at the discretion of each developed country and
are commonly shaped to serve a home countrys
own business interests along with general
development objectives. Moreover, the awareness
among developing countries of HCMs is generally
low. Interviews with IPAs from developing
countries indicate that HCMs are not yet regarded
a strategic complementary element to their own
promotion efforts. This may imply that the
measures have not been well advertised or that they
are not perceived to be very effective. It may also
CHAPTER VI
159
160
Box VI.2. Support for investment and private sector development in the Cotonou Agreement
Article 74
CHAPTER VI
161
162
Box VI.3. Home country measures to mitigate risk linked to FDI in LDCs
In a study commissioned by the Government
of Sweden on ways to mitigate risk associated with
investing in LDCs, a number of measures were
identified, some of them listed here:
CHAPTER VI
163
Box VI.3. Home country measures to mitigate risk linked to FDI in LDCs (concluded)
164
1. The concept
With liberalization and globalization, there
is a greater mutual interest for host country
governments and TNCs to cooperate with each
other to achieve their public and private goals.
Firms benefit from the more open, market-oriented
and business-friendly policy frameworks of the
recent decade. Host countries expect, in return, to
draw net economic and social benefits from the
presence of TNCs. As these firms have
transnationalized, their impact on host countries
has increased. A case can be made therefore that
the increased role of TNCs, as the most important
actors in the global economy, should be
accompanied by an increased recognition of their
responsibilities towards the countries in which they
operate.
The concept that captures the essence of a
cooperative relationship between TNCs and their
host countries, aimed at achieving a balance of
public and private objectives and benefits, is good
corporate citizenship. It can complement actions
of developing countries and home countries to
maximize the benefits of FDI, while minimizing
the costs. To ensure full support, however, the
content of this concept should be defined with the
full involvement of all stakeholders, beginning of
course with business.
CHAPTER VI
165
166
CHAPTER VI
167
168
Source:
Notes
1
CHAPTER VI
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
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20
21
22
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24
25
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170
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
172
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Vodafone
General Electric
BP
Vivendi Universal
Deutsche Telekom AG
Exxonmobil Corporation
Ford Motor Company
General Motors
Royal Dutch/Shell Group h
TotalFinaElf
Suez
Toyota Motor Corporation
Fiat Spa
Telefonica SAf
Volkswagen Group
ChevronTexaco Corp.
Hutchison Whampoa Limited
News Corporation
Honda Motor Co Ltd
E.On
Nestl SAh
RWE Groupj
IBM
ABB
Unilever h
ENI Group
BMW AG
Philips Electronics
Carrefour SA
Electricit De France
Repsol YPF SA
Sony Corporation
Aventis SA
Wal-Mart Stores
DaimlerChrysler AG
Lafarge SA
Nissan Motor Co Ltd
AES Corporation
Roche Group
BASF AG
Deutsche Post AG
Bayer AG
GlaxoSmithkline Plc
Royal Ahold NVh
Compagnie De Saint-Gobain SA
BHP Billiton Group
Diageo Plc
Conoco Inc.
Philip Morris Companies Inc
National Grid Transco h
Pinault-Printemps Redoute SA
Pfizer Inc
Motorola Inc
Texas Utilities Company
Thomson Corporation
Nortel Networks
Alcatel
assets TNI b
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
Foreign
Foreign
United Kingdom
United States
United Kingdom
France
Germany
United States
United States
United States
United Kingdom/ Netherlands
France
France
Japan
Italy
Spain
Germany
United States
Hong Kong, China
Australia
Japan
Germany
Switzerland
Germany
United States
Switzerland
United Kingdom/ Netherlands
Italy
Germany
Netherlands
France
France
Spain
Japan
France
United States
Germany/ United States
France
Japan
United States
Switzerland
Germany
Germany
Germany
United Kingdom
Netherlands
France
Australia
United Kingdom
United States
United States
United Kingdom
France
United States
United States
United States
Canada
Canada
France
Home economy
Telecommunications
Electrical & electronic equipment
Petroleum expl./ref./distr.
Diversified
Telecommunications
Petroleum expl./ref./distr.
Motor vehicles
Motor vehicles
Petroleum expl./ref./distr.
Petroleum expl./ref./distr.
Electricity, gas and water
Motor vehicles
Motor vehicles
Telecommunications
Motor vehicles
Petroleum expl./ref./distr.
Diversified
Media
Motor vehicles
Electricity, gas and water
Food & beverages
Electricity, gas and water
Electrical & electronic equipment
Machinery and equipment
Diversified
Petroleum expl./ref./distr.
Motor vehicles
Electrical & electronic equipment
Retail
Electricity, gas and water
Petroleum expl./ref./distr.
Electrical & electronic equipment
Pharmaceuticals
Retail
Motor vehicles
Construction materials
Motor vehicles
Electricity, gas and water
Pharmaceuticals
Chemicals
Transport and storage
Pharmaceuticals/chemicals
Pharmaceuticals
Retail
Construction materials
Mining & quarrying
Food & beverages
Petroleum expl./ref./distr.
Diversified
Electricity, gas and water
Retail
Pharmaceuticals
Telecommunications
Electricity, gas and water
Printing & publishing
Telecommunications
Machinery and equipment
Industry
187 792
180 031
111 207
91 120
90 657
89 426
81 169
75 379
73 492
70 030
69 345
68 400
48 749
48 122
47 480
44 943
40 989
35 650
35 257
33 990
33 065
32 809
32 800
30 586
30 529
29 935
29 901
29 416
29 342
28 141
27 028
26 930
26 368
26 324
25 795
24 906
24 382
23 902
22 794
20 872
20 840
20 297
20 295
19 967
19 961
19 898
19 731
19 383
19 339
19 080
18 285
18 160
18 116
17 966
17 815
17 474
17 356
Foreign
f
d
d
d
d
f
d
d
f
d
f
d
d
d
Total
207 458
495 210
141 158
123 156
145 802
143 174
276 543
323 969
111 543
78 500
79 280
144 793
89 264
77 011
92 520
77 572
55 281
40 007
52 056
87 755
55 821
81 024
88 313
32 305
46 922
55 584
45 415
34 070
41 172
120 124
45 575
61 393
34 761
83 451
183 765
26 493
54 113
36 736
25 289
32 671
138 837
32 817
31 758
28 562
28 478
29 552
26 260
27 904
84 968
24 839
30 991
39 153
33 398
42 275
18 402
21 137
32 382
Assets
24 602
39 914
141 225
29 652
11 836
145 814
52 983
45 256
72 952
74 647
29 919
59 880
24 860
14 303
57 426
57 673
6 092
13 880
40 088
22 744
34 704
23 151
50 651
18 876
28 675
19 437
25 304
27 598
31 513
12 468
13 752
38 605
13 377
35 485
43 556
10 537
29 078
5 809
17 156
17 108
9 844
15 778
27 319
40 150
19 091
14 821
13 747
17 530
33 944
3 829
13 627
12 327
16 051
13 534
7 086
16 571
15 786
Foreign
i
h
i
f
Total
32 744
125 913
175 389
51 423
43 309
209 417
162 412
177 260
135 211
94 418
37 975
108 808
52 002
27 775
79 376
104 409
11 415
15 087
55 955
71 419
50 717
58 039
85 866
19 382
46 803
43 861
34 482
28 992
62 294
36 502
39 135
57 595
20 567
217 799
137 051
12 280
47 091
9 327
17 463
29 136
29 924
27 142
29 689
59 701
27 245
17 778
16 020
38 737
89 924
6 308
24 921
32 259
30 004
27 927
7 237
17 511
22 729
Sales
The worlds top 100 non-financial TNCs, ranked by foreign assets, 2001 a
(Millions of dollars and number of employees)
56 430
152 000
90 500
256 725
78 722
61 148
188 919
148 000
52 109
69 037
128 750
186 911
103 565
93 517
157 579
35 569
53 478
24 700
59 000
64 285
223 324
65 609
173 969
148 486
204 000
26 570
23 338
157 661
235 894
38 066
16 455
99 300
47 968
303 000
76 441
73 940
37 417
35 000
55 451
41 606
52 680
52 300
60 962
183 851
130 000
33 070
59 868
10 362
39 831
10 154
54 231
54 000
57 720
7 869
43 338
38 800
68 191
Foreign
Total
67 178
310 000
110 150
f
381 504
257 058
g
97 900
354 431
365 000
89 939
122 025
188 050
246 702
198 764
161 527
324 413
67 569
77 253
33 800
120 600
151 953
f
229 765
155 634
f
319 876
f
156 865
279 000
f
80 178
f
97 275
188 643
358 501
162 491
35 452
168 000
h
91 729
1 383 000
372 470
82 892
f
125 099
f
38 000
63 717
92 545
276 235
h
116 900
107 470
270 739
173 329
f
51 037
f
62 124
f
20 033
175 000
13 236
107 571
f
90 000
111 000
18 301
f
44 000
52 600
99 314
Employment
/...
83.2
39.0
80.5
66.3
40.0
64.8
38.4
29.8
59.3
74.9
78.2
59.3
51.5
57.3
57.4
55.3
65.6
84.7
62.8
37.6
75.0
40.8
50.2
95.6
66.5
43.8
54.4
88.4
62.6
27.0
47.0
56.7
64.4
23.2
22.1
89.7
45.6
73.2
91.8
55.9
22.3
54.9
70.9
68.4
71.7
71.8
85.8
55.5
27.8
71.4
54.7
48.2
53.2
44.7
97.7
83.7
63.9
TNI b
(Percent)
ANNEX A
187
60
27
58
36
90
28
8
78
54
89
61
22
95
9
39
40
21
63
17
25
70
1
81
5
100
99
-
Diversified
Food & beverages
Electrical & electronic equipment
Telecommunications
Telecommunications
Telecommunications
Motor vehicles
Motor vehicles
Mining & quarrying
Electrical & electronic equipment
Telecommunications
Pharmaceuticals/chemicals
Motor vehicles
Non-metallic mineral products
Wholesale trade
Pharmaceuticals/chemicals
Metal and metal products
Paper
Electricity, gas and water
Electrical & electronic equipment
Pharmaceuticals
Restaurants
Media
Construction materials
Telecommunications
Publishing and printing
Business services
Electrical & electronic equipment
Food & beverages
Media
Pharmaceuticals
Mining & quarrying
Pharmaceuticals
Petroleum expl./ref./distr.
Tobacco
Pharmaceuticals
Luxury goods
Telecommunications
Metal and metal products
Telecommunications
Telecommunications
Electricity, gas and water
Paper
Industry c
17 342
17 058
17 007
16 815
16 744
16 659
16 556
15 928
15 848
15 712
15 594
15 536
15 444
15 016
14 733
14 508
14 018
13 471
13 186
12 769
12 762
12 755
12 755
12 645
12 592
12 309
11 998
11 561
11 429
10 949
10 891
10 852
10 750
10 721
10 355
10 286
10 208
10 159
9 966
9 900
9 742
9 730
9 536
Foreign
d
d
d
d
d
d
f
d
d
d
d
d
k
40 776
22 417
32 584
16 834
31 605
23 258
61 087
24 449
25 501
57 204
19 108
40 319
44 414
16 097
50 013
35 515
31 565
18 214
23 269
70 412
17 985
22 535
21 028
16 282
19 870
14 255
14 368
20 304
15 146
11 646
38 488
19 616
44 007
15 369
16 403
23 296
21 115
170 795
28 355
34 160
24 130
22 754
37 158
Total
19 040
12 566
26 393
3 699
2 057
4 955
15 821
17 011
13 509
26 815
1 362
12 672
19 825
7 454
25 553
16 080
15 436
11 415
4 520
14 130
15 508
8 535
11 834
4 390
27 557
4 853
27 853
10 009
9 950
5 157
12 800
6 052
7 803
3 589
11 613
6 036
8 907
2 541
7 859
2 066
17 461
4 961
5 808
Foreign
k
i
Total
40 238
20 092
45 226
3 699
6 129
8 472
100 553
18 322
19 282
52 263
4 054
24 726
32 589
8 170
96 174
27 805
33 782
12 111
9 050
60 753
16 480
14 870
17 015
6 730
27 963
6 607
30 265
22 528
12 972
6 122
33 004
10 438
47 716
13 413
17 352
16 285
10 963
67 190
22 859
14 027
22 442
31 502
26 363
Sales
43 381
26 147
44 992
19 178
6 366
27 750
18 779
47 463
175 000
142 984
17 574
30 441
48 826
44 613
6 308
26 161
88 221
29 221
6 349
72 849
42 400
251 023
48 426
17 449
35 470
25 500
43 690
21 017
88 285
23 291
50 645
26 384
27 700
7 560
59 358
31 537
34 095
10 012
72 500
11 250
47 870
1 600
37 000
Foreign
f
f
102 000
38 341
86 200
19 200
15 116
35 561
44 034
72 031
204 000
267 196
21 535
79 000
140 417
47 362
36 116
52 689
193 516
44 275
15 758
321 517
52 600
395 000
80 296
25 519
57 716
34 600
50 487
42 512
100 560
29 027
101 800
36 141
78 100
10 838
81 425
71 426
53 795
250 309
129 000
75 000
85 198
10 000
100 000
44.1
68.9
54.2
99.9
42.9
69.4
28.5
74.6
72.7
44.1
65.6
42.8
43.5
92.9
24.5
49.4
45.2
78.1
49.0
21.4
81.9
59.2
63.5
70.4
74.5
77.8
87.4
50.3
80.0
86.2
38.9
62.1
25.4
55.4
67.7
41.8
64.3
4.6
41.9
19.6
58.1
24.8
28.2
TNI b
Total (Percent)
Employment
The list includes non-financial TNCs only. In some companies, foreign investors may hold a minority share of more than 10 per cent.
All data are based on the companies' annual reports unless otherwise stated.
TNI is the abbreviation for "transnationality index". The transnationlity index is calculated as the average of the following three ratios: foreign assets to total assets, foreign sales to total sales and foreign employment to total employment.
Industry classification for companies follows the United States Standard Industrial Classification as used by the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC).
In a number of cases companies reported only partial foreign assets. In these cases the ratio of the partial foreign assets to the partial (total) assets was applied to total assets to calculate the total foreign assets. In all cases the
resulting figures have been sent for confirmation to the companies.
Foreign sales are based on the origin of the sales unless otherwise stated.
Data were derived from the company as a response to an UNCTAD survey.
Foreign employment data calculated by applying the ratio of foreign assets and total asets to total employment.
Data for outside Europe.
Foreign sales are based on customer location.
In 2001 the company changed year-end from June to December. Sales calculated by summing the half year result for 2001 and 50% of 2000/01 sales.
Data for outside North America.
Note:
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
a
b
c
d
46
47
44
78
96
69
26
62
98
42
50
54
56
52
67
76
68
92
75
83
59
39
73
31
58
60
-
Home economy
Assets
The worlds top 100 non-financial TNCs, ranked by foreign assets, 2001 a (concluded)
(Millions of dollars and number of employees)
Source:
73
32
61
1
77
31
88
22
25
74
37
78
76
4
94
66
71
17
67
98
14
49
43
30
23
19
8
64
16
9
84
46
92
56
34
80
41
100
79
99
50
93
89
assets TNI b
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
Foreign
Foreign
188
FDI Policies for Development: National and International Perspectives
Ranking by
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
12
11
9
22
41
42
45
4
16
14
28
2
5
10
46
8
13
44
26
18
34
31
3
49
1
50
20
47
33
48
17
32
39
40
19
21
25
6
15
27
Home economy
Diversified
Telecommunications
Non-metalic mineral products
Electrical & electronic equipment
Petroleum expl./ref./distr.
Petroleum expl./ref./distr.
Diversified
Transport and storage
Diversified
Diversified
Electrical & electronic equipment
Diversified
Hotels and motels
Paper
Motor vehicles
Electrical & electronic equipment
Hotels
Electrical & electronic equipment
Diversified
Food & beverages
Telecommunications
Petroleum expl./ref./distr.
Diversified
Electrical & electronic equipment
Electrical & electronic equipment
Petroleum expl./ref./distr.
Electrical & electronic equipment
Metal and metal products
Food & beverages
Electricity, gas and water
Food & beverages
Metal and metal products
Electrical & electronic equipment
Diversified
Diversified
Food & beverages
Diversified
Transport and storage
Food & beverages
Media
Industry
40 989
15 594
12 645
11 561
7 964
7 877
4 715
4 674
4 184
4 080
3 840
3 694
3 606
3 463
3 210
2 983
2 870
2 800
2 788
2 785
2 323
2 154
2 129
2 033
2 007
1 715
1 686
1 589
1,584
1 559
1 549
1 488
1 462
1,422
1 409
1 229
1 225
1 170
1 118
979
h
f, h
Foreignc
55 281
19 108
16 282
20 304
57 542
37 933
16 253
4 951
7 798
7 166
41 692
4 042
4 565
4 504
33 216
4 115
6 454
9 400
4 928
4 399
10 137
6 244
2 559
10 446
2 046
36 864
3 344
18 164
3 203
6 798
2 693
4 379
9 140
6 332
2 403
4 282
3 290
2 136
1 828
1 470
Total
Assets
092
362
390
009
801
359
565
2 970
1 109
6 297
25 112
854
458
3 223
6 943
5 363
857
5 800
9 145
2 433
919
471
362
..
1 852
0 848
2 198
1 378
743
93
1 362
988
966
661
2 027
949
1 911
2 290
1 205
332
6
1
4
10
19
5
Foreign
3
1
24
3
10
2
3
2
2
2
3
3
1
3
2
1
1
4
33
6
1
32
16
4
4
1
415
054
730
528
250
681
933
737
212
413
155
932
560
184
199
691
302
300
165
364
385
655
433
751
852
549
754
497
384
205
651
495
081
283
521
660
174
379
889
059
Total
11
4
6
22
46
17
2
4
2
9
37
Sales
478
574
449
017
480
006
800
10 412
7 354
62 629
23 953
6 869
13 033
10 429
5516
50734
11 457
..
350
15 450
7 142
1 182
12 920
...
47 998
1 790
2 259
1 949
3 460
36
14955
3 774
1 007
4 507
10 222
7 920
6 827
4 017
8 664
1 523
53
17
17
21
5
4
Foreign
77
21
25
42
46
25
26
11
11
110
73
7
16
18
91
70
14
4
7
33
14
3
13
13
48
38
4
28
26
4
26
16
8
16
23
11
26
4
15
10
253
535
519
512
425
724
100
777
733
000
682
641
500
231
958
000
337
164
950
230
786
427
120
669
046
483
480
619
697
085
000
000
543
223
233
455
384
686
585
706
Total
Employment
The top 50 non-financial TNCs from developing economies, ranked by foreign assets, 2001 a
(Millions of dollars and number of employees)
Foreign
assets TNI b Corporation
65.6
65.6
70.4
50.3
22.8
22.2
17.1
81.8
55.5
60.3
36.4
91.0
79.9
70.4
12.2
75.0
63.4
17.4
39.2
55.2
30.7
32.5
88.4
7.0
99.3
4.3
53.1
9.6
31.2
8.9
55.5
32.4
24.7
23.5
53.4
51.7
41.1
78.9
60.2
37.4
/...
TNI b
(Per cent)
ANNEX A
189
Ranking by
43
7
30
38
35
24
23
29
36
37
Chile
Mexico
Malaysia
South Africa
Mexico
Hong Kong, China
Taiwan Province of China
Malaysia
Mexico
Taiwan Province of China
Petroleum expl./ref./distr.
Diversified
Diversified
Telecommunications
Metal and metal products
Business services
Electrical & electronic equipment
Hotels
Food & beverages
Electrical & electronic equipment
Industry
969
961
959
839
828
781
774
740
738
732
h
Foreignc
6
1
3
2
3
3
1
2
2
3
432
585
171
606
041
721
510
690
443
038
Total
1 118
635
585
336
824
177
487
306
883
271
Foreign
Sales
3 577
683
1 480
1 687
2 233
343
1 273
829
3588
1096
Total
754
5 983
8 084
2 138
4 457
1 613
5 883
5 611
21 448
4 870
Foreign
8
8
26
9
16
2
11
15
71
15
367
085
745
408
373
656
480
200
000
681
Total
Employment
18.4
75.9
33.3
24.9
30.4
44.4
46.9
33.8
28.3
26.6
TNI b
(Per cent)
All data is based on the companies' annual reports unless otherwise stated.
TNI is the abbreviation for "transnationality index". The transnationlity index is calculated as the average of the following three ratios: foreign assets to total assets, foreign sales to total sales and foreign
employment to total employment.
Industry classification for companies follows the United States Standard Industrial Classification as used by the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC).
In a number of cases companies reported only partial foreign assets. In these cases the ratio of the partial foreign assets to the partial (total) assets was applied to total assets to calculate the total foreign
assets. In all cases, the resulting figures have been sent for confirmation to the companies.
Foreign sales are based on the origin of the sales. In a number of cases companies reported only sales by destination.
Data was derived from the company as a response to an UNCTAD survey.
Foreign employment data calculated by applying the ratio of foreign assets and total asets to total employment.
Foreign assets are calculated by applying the ratio of partial foreign assets and total assets to the balance total assets.
Data for outside East and South East Asia.
Data for outside Mexico, Costa Rica, Nicaragua and Guatemala.
Data for outside Asia.
Home economy
Assets
The top 50 non-financial TNCs from developing economies, ranked by foreign assets, 2001 a
(Millions of dollars and number of employees)
Source:
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
Foreign
assets TNI b Corporation
190
FDI Policies for Development: National and International Perspectives
22
3
19
11
17
12
24
13
23
9
8
16
18
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
Petrol Group
Zalakermia Rt.
Richter Gedeon Ltd.
Malv Hungarian Airlines Ltd.
Intereuropa d.d.
Lek d.d.
Petrom SA National Oil Co. c
Croatia Airlines d.d.
Merkur d.d.
Budimex Capital Group
BLRT Grupp AS
Iskraemeco d.d.
Tiszai Vegyi Kombint Ltd.
Slovenia
Hungary
Hungary
Hungary
Slovenia
Slovenia
Romania
Croatia
Slovenia
Poland
Estonia
Slovenia
Hungary
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
Latvia
Croatia
Croatia
Russian Federation
Slovenia
Slovenia
Russian Federation
Slovenia
Hungary
Croatia
Home country
Corporation
Foreign
Total
373.2
15.2
1 350.1
9.7
Industry
Assets
Total
525.2
8.8
134.3
80.0
39.0
43.5
299.0
25.0
219.7
303.0
90.4
44.8
50.4
31.5
32.8
245.6
1 209.4
1.6
303.5
1 122.8
64.0
309.6
383.4
163.0
281.2
2 423.0
141.8
436.7
610.0
83.8
115.0
489.9
8 771.0 d 14 892.0
302.3
392.1
.. e
172.9
477.3
632.2
8.0
775.0
114.9
145.7
475.4
661.3
235.4
296.0
101.0
318.0
53.0
1 171.5
819.2
3 850.0
Foreign
Sales
1 252
- 10.6
790
24
1 889
884
49
662
252
149
63
89
1 076
1 521
267
182
13 000
85
1 313
2 900
1 305
670
595
233
1 279
776
Foreign
000
976
762
208
071
629
186
520
608
692
218
13 409
- 5.3
885
572
921
007
952
230
663
630
977
2 824
1 189
3 415
2 114
2 987
6
1
2
5
2
2
2
77
140
6
1
7
15
2
8
3
5
13
15
Total
Employment
Source:
a
b
c
d
e
Averages
Change from 2000 (in per cent)
10
4
1
5
25
2
7
6
15
21
20
14
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
assets
TNI
Ranking by
Foreign
Annex table A.I.3. The top 25 non-financial TNCs from Central and Eastern Europe, a ranked by foreign assets, 2001
(Millions of dollars and number of employees)
30.3
- 1.9
25.0
7.5
59.9
14.3
33.9
20.7
32.0
4.5
26.1
6.7
35.0
36.4
21.0
19.9
35.0
55.5
77.7
48.3
4.2
63.2
42.6
45.5
22.8
8.9
9.8
(Per cent)
TNI
ANNEX A
191
68.3
0.4
200.9 1 239.9
8.1
849.7
26.5
4.4
71.5
5.1
143.0
309.3
247.1
0.3
6.1
31.2
5.2
5.1
36.4
39.7
2.5
5.4
15.0
41.6
48.7
1.3
19.9
7.9
31.2
550.5
45.3
0.5
357.4
5.4
2.0
27.1
2.2
52.9
111.0
113.8
0.4
4.2
33.6
4.8
3.7
- 1.8
13.3
- 0.4
2.0
7.0
10.7
12.6
- 0.4
7.6
13.7
12.5
91.4
4.8
- 0.2
6.3
55.9
0.4
55.5
-
2001
169.8
1.7
99.1
6.8
2.3
12.9
2.7
20.1
28.9
16.9
0.1
2.7
3.7
2.0
0.2
0.2
2.5
0.2
0.5
1.3
3.6
4.7
0.1
1.9
1.5
36.1
56.0
2.6
0.2
0.3
13.0
1.3
11.7
-
Developing
economies
725.2
47.2
0.5
459.4
12.4
4.4
40.9
4.9
74.2
140.3
130.7
0.5
7.0
37.3
6.8
3.9
- 1.5
15.9
- 0.2
2.5
8.5
14.6
17.3
- 0.2
9.5
15.2
48.8
148.8
8.0
6.7
69.4
1.7
67.6
-
Totala
100.0
5.8
71.0
1.6
0.2
5.3
0.3
12.2
27.5
20.6
0.4
2.5
0.4
0.5
3.5
3.1
0.2
0.5
1.3
3.2
3.8
0.1
1.6
0.5
0.8
21.0
0.7
0.5
0.6
2.1
0.0
2.0
0.1
100.0
4.0
56.3
4.8
0.9
8.1
1.2
7.9
12.1
16.8
0.1
1.2
2.4
0.8
0.1
3.6
0.1
0.3
0.8
4.3
4.7
1.4
1.2
11.4
30.8
2.0
0.8
0.2
8.9
0.5
8.1
0.3
Developing
economies
100.0
5.5
68.5
2.1
0.4
5.8
0.4
11.5
24.9
19.9
0.5
2.5
0.4
0.4
2.9
3.2
0.2
0.4
1.2
3.4
3.9
0.1
1.6
0.6
2.5
22.6
1.0
0.6
0.5
3.3
0.1
3.1
0.1
Totala
100.0
8.2
0.1
64.9
1.0
0.4
4.9
0.4
9.6
20.2
20.7
0.1
0.8
6.1
0.9
0.7
- 0.3
2.4
- 0.1
0.4
1.3
2.0
2.3
- 0.1
1.4
2.5
2.3
16.6
0.9
1.1
10.2
0.1
10.1
-
Developed
countries
2001
100.0
1.0
58.4
4.0
1.3
7.6
1.6
11.8
17.0
9.9
0.1
1.6
2.2
1.2
0.1
0.1
1.5
0.1
0.3
0.8
2.1
2.8
0.1
1.1
0.9
21.3
33.0
1.5
0.1
0.2
7.6
0.8
6.9
-
Developing
economies
100.0
6.5
0.1
63.3
1.7
0.6
5.6
0.7
10.2
19.3
18.0
0.1
1.0
5.1
0.9
0.5
- 0.2
2.2
0.3
1.2
2.0
2.4
1.3
2.1
6.7
20.5
1.1
0.9
9.6
0.2
9.3
-
Total a
Data cover 50 countries for which data are available for 1999, 2000 and 2001. They account for 94 % and 89 % of world inward flows in 1999-2000 and 2001, respectively. In the absence of actual data,
approval data were used in some countries. For other notes, please see figure I.4.
Notes:
Source:
1 034.2
60.1
Unspecified
Total
0.4
734.2
16.8
2.5
54.4
2.7
126.2
284.8
213.2
0.2
3.7
26.3
3.6
Tertiary
Electricity, gas and water
Construction
Trade
Hotels and restaurants
Transport, storage and communications
Finance
Business activities
Health and social services
Community, social and personal service activities
Other services
Unspecified tertiary
0.3
7.1
0.2
0.5
1.5
8.6
9.5
2.8
2.4
22.9
5.1
36.1
32.6
2.3
4.8
13.4
32.9
39.2
1.3
17.0
5.5
8.1
280.5
12.4
7.0
6.4
40.9
1.4
38.3
1.2
Total a
Developed
countries
Percentage distribution
113.2
9.7
1.9
16.3
2.4
15.8
24.4
33.8
0.1
2.4
4.9
1.5
61.8
3.9
1.6
0.4
217.2
7.5
5.4
5.9
Secondary
Food, beverages and tobacco
Textiles, clothing and leather
Wood and wood products
Publishing, printing and reproduction
of recorded media
Coke, petroleum products and nuclear fuel
Chemicals and chemical products
Rubber and plastic products
Non-metallic mineral products
Metal and metal products
Machinery and equipment
Electrical and electronic equipment
Precision instruments
Motor vehicles and other transport equipment
Other manufacturing
Unspecified secondary
17.8
1.1
16.2
0.5
22.2
0.3
21.2
0.7
Developing
economies
Primary
Agriculture, hunting, forestry and fishing
Mining, quarrying and petroleum
Unspecified primary
Sector/industry
Developed
countries
192
FDI Policies for Development: National and International Perspectives
Albania
Algeria
Angola
Argentina
Armenia
Australia
Austria
Azerbaijan
Bahamas
Bahrain
Bangladesh
Belarus
Belgium and Luxembourg
Benin
Bolivia
Botswana
Brazil
Brunei Darussalam
Bulgaria
Burkina Faso
Cameroon
Canada
Chile
China
Colombia
Congo
Congo, Dem. Rep.
Costa Rica
Cte dIvoire
Croatia
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
Egypt
El Salvador
Estonia
Ethiopia
Finland
France
Gabon
Gambia
Georgia
Germany
Ghana
Greece
Economy
..
101
106
36
..
15
77
..
66
23
104
..
8
16
46
24
78
103
..
93
114
35
10
44
40
84
111
18
80
..
27
..
53
26
30
14
89
..
99
65
43
33
9
..
87
90
34
1988-1990
..
99
32
42
..
24
80
..
101
4
107
..
6
5
41
47
89
106
..
98
117
55
16
51
45
65
110
21
86
..
31
..
52
30
39
28
84
..
97
87
49
114
7
..
83
85
48
1989-1991
77
113
30
44
27
37
82
..
132
3
125
124
9
7
39
70
93
115
103
118
135
65
28
42
50
72
126
21
84
..
41
40
63
36
48
56
99
59
111
100
51
67
14
..
112
96
54
1990-1992
27
116
7
49
74
45
82
..
98
4
125
122
9
17
37
136
93
107
89
114
120
72
31
18
51
12
117
26
69
94
54
30
64
38
36
47
97
29
119
95
56
133
22
..
121
66
61
1991-1993
22
129
12
56
114
51
79
116
94
10
127
112
14
43
34
139
103
115
89
102
124
69
23
9
48
13
130
31
66
84
63
32
44
39
29
40
117
19
119
72
64
137
27
122
121
36
68
1992-1994
29
130
7
55
102
48
87
28
62
46
126
119
24
105
27
138
101
18
95
99
127
71
21
11
65
6
133
38
50
89
79
30
43
40
34
52
115
15
116
77
67
139
32
121
112
39
82
1993-1995
35
124
18
55
99
56
75
4
54
1
131
113
25
95
20
88
90
7
86
100
127
66
14
16
57
37
134
33
44
69
92
30
59
58
38
72
128
23
119
82
70
140
28
89
115
43
87
1994-1996
49
119
18
50
79
59
89
1
33
2
130
92
26
102
10
77
83
4
60
112
124
75
14
20
39
31
136
43
42
64
52
40
84
55
48
99
126
24
71
95
80
140
22
35
116
81
103
1995-1997
69
114
9
61
22
90
86
1
39
2
131
94
20
100
7
87
66
3
44
120
125
67
15
30
38
62
132
40
45
50
56
37
72
59
43
105
47
14
57
98
88
140
26
25
116
104
117
1996-1998
99
112
2
40
19
104
93
1
47
36
125
77
3
89
7
95
54
4
30
120
119
63
15
43
61
14
133
50
53
38
29
22
31
34
51
106
49
16
62
80
79
140
18
26
101
90
121
1997-1999
88
109
3
40
19
95
80
10
52
43
121
92
1
84
13
104
45
8
27
117
124
31
20
51
82
14
118
65
71
30
26
15
12
32
50
102
54
18
83
55
76
140
16
38
47
89
120
67
101
2
42
38
91
74
33
66
56
125
87
1
82
14
115
37
10
25
119
122
30
19
59
80
16
127
73
86
22
20
11
9
31
35
110
95
21
106
49
62
139
12
63
39
77
113
/...
1998-2000 1999-2001
ANNEX A
193
Guatemala
Guinea
Guyana
Haiti
Honduras
Hong Kong, China
Hungary
Iceland
India
Indonesia
Iran, Islamic Rep.
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Jamaica
Japan
Jordan
Kazakhstan
Kenya
Korea, Republic of
Kuwait
Kyrgyzstan
Latvia
Lebanon
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
Lithuania
Madagascar
Malawi
Malaysia
Mali
Malta
Mexico
Moldova, Republic of
Mongolia
Morocco
Mozambique
Myanmar
Namibia
Nepal
Netherlands
New Zealand
Nicaragua
Niger
Nigeria
Norway
Oman
Pakistan
Economy
22
60
58
81
31
3
63
85
98
54
112
59
82
64
25
105
76
..
74
75
102
..
..
94
69
..
73
41
4
86
21
38
..
..
62
88
57
79
97
13
6
96
56
7
49
32
72
1988-1990
57
60
33
82
36
14
25
81
103
56
116
35
88
79
12
105
91
..
68
77
108
..
..
95
74
..
66
102
3
92
17
44
..
94
59
72
34
27
100
13
10
43
63
8
64
40
69
1989-1991
64
69
1
104
46
17
16
108
116
57
129
25
97
91
8
117
80
89
92
94
130
..
62
106
88
107
73
134
4
133
32
52
13
102
60
68
29
15
110
23
10
34
45
22
127
55
74
63
76
1
110
46
15
8
124
113
59
126
25
88
99
13
123
129
24
111
104
130
96
42
108
102
77
80
135
3
131
32
58
21
79
48
57
39
19
112
40
11
28
68
16
128
60
75
1991-1993
75
108
1
136
60
8
15
134
111
65
131
35
92
105
20
128
126
30
125
113
133
47
17
110
123
80
99
106
5
132
26
49
38
82
45
54
58
28
118
42
11
33
78
7
77
73
83
1992-1994
93
124
1
135
60
14
8
132
107
57
123
51
81
109
36
128
134
17
120
113
125
23
20
114
136
80
110
129
5
47
22
45
35
76
64
54
53
31
122
41
12
37
118
10
63
94
85
1993-1995
106
123
2
135
62
12
10
117
104
52
132
41
71
120
31
133
126
21
125
118
111
24
13
114
136
68
122
130
9
39
11
36
45
73
77
53
32
27
121
34
19
26
96
17
61
112
79
1994-1996
113
120
5
131
57
15
13
100
105
53
132
46
73
123
44
133
66
17
127
114
117
23
11
107
137
51
125
135
12
41
21
38
36
67
70
61
19
34
121
37
25
16
97
27
58
122
91
1995-1997
93
121
8
134
70
12
32
89
113
80
137
21
85
130
35
136
55
23
129
111
124
33
13
108
138
27
128
135
18
77
16
51
49
76
84
41
19
60
127
24
53
10
109
34
65
123
106
1996-1998
1990-1992
92
111
21
124
68
13
44
98
116
128
136
9
81
127
35
135
56
24
126
100
132
33
23
105
138
27
114
115
32
83
10
67
48
73
70
25
37
76
130
17
69
12
118
58
55
123
109
1997-1999
96
111
21
122
61
2
53
100
119
137
134
4
72
115
28
130
37
23
116
91
131
67
33
99
135
34
101
129
49
86
5
79
29
62
90
25
70
68
132
9
59
11
127
81
57
126
114
1998-2000
99
114
17
123
55
3
53
97
120
138
131
4
65
109
23
128
54
15
118
92
132
107
51
96
134
60
89
133
70
68
5
72
18
48
46
24
85
34
130
8
44
13
121
83
69
129
116
/...
1999-2001
194
World Investment Report 2003
FDI Policies for Development: National and International Perspectives
UNCTAD.
116
2
55
91
28
100
12
110
..
..
61
83
67
47
1
..
..
108
19
68
109
117
50
29
51
48
..
..
17
42
20
52
70
107
..
92
11
95
39
71
..
37
45
115
5
113
1988-1990
Source:
Panama
Papua New Guinea
Paraguay
Peru
Philippines
Poland
Portugal
Qatar
Romania
Russian Federation
Rwanda
Saudi Arabia
Senegal
Sierra Leone
Singapore
Slovakia
Slovenia
South Africa
Spain
Sri Lanka
Sudan
Suriname
Sweden
Switzerland
Syrian Arab Republic
Taiwan Province of China
Tajikistan
TFYR Macedonia
Thailand
Togo
Trinidad and Tobago
Tunisia
Turkey
Uganda
Ukraine
United Arab Emirates
United Kingdom
United Republic of Tanzania
United States
Uruguay
Uzbekistan
Venezuela
Viet Nam
Yemen
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Economy
29
2
50
96
46
93
11
90
..
..
76
73
75
23
1
..
..
109
22
70
113
118
38
37
67
58
..
..
19
61
15
53
71
111
..
112
18
104
62
78
..
26
20
54
9
115
1989-1991
31
6
43
105
49
81
19
86
109
120
98
76
85
47
2
71
83
119
24
66
131
11
58
53
87
75
90
..
26
95
20
33
78
128
61
122
35
114
79
101
123
38
12
5
18
121
35
23
53
67
43
62
33
73
103
109
101
91
115
132
5
65
70
118
34
55
127
137
52
90
86
84
81
..
41
134
10
20
87
78
71
83
50
105
85
92
106
44
6
2
14
100
1991-1993
24
25
52
21
37
50
46
67
85
109
107
98
90
138
4
61
76
120
41
55
101
140
53
95
70
97
81
104
59
135
6
18
100
57
86
93
62
88
91
87
74
71
3
2
16
96
1992-1994
26
9
68
19
44
42
73
69
84
108
117
131
90
137
2
56
88
106
61
74
100
140
25
96
72
98
59
111
75
70
4
33
103
49
97
92
66
58
91
86
104
78
3
13
16
83
1993-1995
22
5
67
15
47
40
80
46
83
107
129
137
91
105
3
64
94
103
74
85
108
138
29
84
76
101
63
116
78
48
8
50
109
51
98
102
65
49
93
97
110
60
6
139
42
81
1994-1996
9
7
72
29
65
45
85
47
69
104
129
134
78
101
3
86
93
90
94
82
118
138
28
87
109
108
68
128
76
63
6
74
115
56
96
111
62
54
98
106
110
32
8
139
30
88
1995-1997
5
17
64
36
78
46
73
42
52
110
133
95
83
112
6
79
101
103
96
92
91
81
29
68
118
122
82
102
54
74
4
71
126
63
99
119
48
75
97
115
107
31
11
139
28
58
1996-1998
1990-1992
8
46
75
59
85
45
86
74
52
107
131
94
71
129
5
84
108
102
87
91
72
134
6
57
110
117
88
97
42
66
11
78
122
65
96
137
41
60
82
113
103
39
20
139
28
64
1997-1999
17
46
85
75
87
42
69
97
64
105
128
125
94
133
7
41
112
113
60
106
66
139
6
35
103
110
93
73
44
58
22
74
123
63
98
136
24
48
78
107
108
56
36
138
39
77
1998-2000
32
43
104
78
90
47
52
98
75
108
126
135
94
117
6
26
105
81
41
111
57
140
7
36
103
102
93
29
61
45
27
76
112
58
88
136
28
40
79
100
84
71
50
137
64
124
1999-2001
ANNEX A
195
196
Region
World
Developed countries
Western Europe
European Union
Other Western Europe
North America
Other developed countries
Developing countries
Africa
North Africa
Other Africa
Latin America and the Caribbean
South America
Other Latin America and the Caribbean
Asia
West Asia
Central Asia
South, East and South-East Asia
East and South-East Asia
South Asia
The Pacific
Central and Eastern Europe
Source:
a
b
1988-1990
1993-1995
1998-2000
1999-2001
1.00
1.03
1.33
1.33
1.33
1.13
0.29
0.99
0.80
0.85
0.76
0.90
0.74
1.26
1.06
0.27
..
1.31
1.74
0.11
4.49
1.02b
1.00
0.76
1.11
1.12
0.95
0.77
0.20
1.98
1.11
1.05
1.15
1.62
1.21
2.57
2.30
0.36
2.93
2.70
3.22
0.41
4.22
1.31
1.00
0.99
1.62
1.63
1.37
0.86
0.12
1.04
0.52
0.39
0.62
1.42
1.33
1.60
0.92
0.14
1.53
1.08
1.30
0.16
0.75
1.01
1.00
1.00
1.77
1.80
1.29
0.78
0.12
1.01
0.67
0.47
0.82
1.41
1.31
1.59
0.87
0.11
1.63
1.02
1.22
0.16
0.58
0.99
UNCTAD.
Three-year average.
1992-1994. As most of the countries in this region did not exist in their present form before 1992, the period for the index is adjusted.
5.4
2.3
3.1
2.9
1.6
4.1
2.2
-3.0
2.4
4.2
5.0
0.0
2.5
4.9
3.7
5.4
2.9
2.2
-0.7
4.3
2.8
3.5
5.9
9.7
2.5
1.4
-4.3
5.1
3.4
2.7
4.2
1.9
2.6
6.3
1.5
4.7
4.3
1.6
5.3
3.7
2.0
2.6
3.5
-2.5
1.5
4.2
2.5
Economy
Albania
Algeria
Angola
Argentina
Armenia
Australia
Austria
Azerbaijan
Bahamas
Bahrain
Bangladesh
Belarus
Belgium and Luxembourg
Benin
Bolivia
Botswana
Brazil
Brunei Darussalam
Bulgaria
Burkina Faso
Cameroon
Canada
Chile
China
Colombia
Congo
Congo, Dem. Rep.
Costa Rica
Cte dIvoire
Croatia
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
Egypt
El Salvador
Estonia
Ethiopia
Finland
France
Gabon
Gambia
Georgia
Germany
Ghana
Greece
0.748
0.561
0.610
0.598
0.520
0.666
0.554
0.247
0.568
0.677
0.720
0.428
0.573
0.714
0.646
0.743
0.597
0.555
0.386
0.683
0.590
0.631
0.777
1.000
0.576
0.512
0.174
0.726
0.628
0.585
0.675
0.536
0.578
0.798
0.514
0.704
0.682
0.522
0.739
0.643
0.545
0.579
0.635
0.277
0.515
0.676
0.576
Score
0-1
Average
1991-2001
1 226.4
1 702.4
608.1
7 531.3
517.3
19 915.1
24 332.8
643.1
15 184.7
11 728.5
332.0
1 137.1
23 852.2
364.3
984.7
3 257.7
3 181.1
15 177.7
1 617.1
202.7
606.6
22 416.5
4 595.9
852.5
1 983.7
894.5
113.3
3 978.0
618.7
4 251.1
11 498.6
5 281.2
31 209.5
2 388.6
1 320.2
1 364.3
2 087.9
3 771.9
102.0
23 907.4
22 824.6
3 729.2
322.5
568.0
23 688.9
312.6
11 164.4
Dollars
0.031
0.044
0.014
0.205
0.011
0.546
0.668
0.015
0.416
0.320
0.006
0.029
0.654
0.007
0.024
0.087
0.085
0.415
0.042
0.003
0.014
0.615
0.124
0.021
0.052
0.022
0.000
0.107
0.014
0.114
0.314
0.143
0.857
0.063
0.034
0.035
0.055
0.101
0.000
0.656
0.626
0.100
0.006
0.013
0.650
0.006
0.305
Score
0-1
18.0
37.6
85.4
10.7
23.3
20.7
49.4
36.6
54.3
82.0
14.1
64.7
87.2
27.5
17.7
53.2
11.5
..
52.6
11.2
28.5
44.1
32.7
24.4
19.2
83.9
16.4
47.4
45.3
44.1
46.2
67.4
42.1
43.3
33.8
16.3
27.1
87.6
14.7
40.3
27.6
65.6
63.9
22.4
32.8
44.1
22.8
As %
of GDP
0.067
0.185
0.473
0.023
0.098
0.083
0.256
0.179
0.285
0.453
0.043
0.348
0.484
0.124
0.065
0.279
0.028
..
0.276
0.025
0.130
0.224
0.155
0.105
0.074
0.464
0.057
0.244
0.231
0.224
0.237
0.365
0.212
0.219
0.162
0.056
0.121
0.486
0.047
0.201
0.124
0.354
0.344
0.093
0.156
0.224
0.096
Score
0-1
Total exports
41.73
57.28
5.51
215.04
149.01
519.61
470.78
103.21
381.42
248.30
3.78
268.12
628.20
8.32
61.78
84.14
182.89
251.67
351.76
4.54
6.46
677.35
220.26
111.67
166.90
7.38
0.36
219.05
16.93
371.59
635.74
374.01
707.21
104.53
98.25
88.34
88.12
357.57
3.70
549.89
577.43
31.00
24.92
140.07
610.50
10.43
530.96
0.057
0.078
0.007
0.296
0.205
0.715
0.648
0.142
0.525
0.341
0.005
0.369
0.865
0.011
0.085
0.115
0.251
0.346
0.484
0.006
0.008
0.932
0.303
0.153
0.229
0.010
0.000
0.301
0.023
0.511
0.875
0.515
0.974
0.143
0.135
0.121
0.121
0.492
0.005
0.757
0.795
0.042
0.034
0.192
0.840
0.014
0.731
32.88
2.82
3.43
160.84
4.56
452.17
698.79
61.16
117.60
308.70
2.43
6.86
612.01
9.91
71.82
120.54
131.11
301.17
108.01
3.03
10.20
294.15
238.49
70.11
58.97
24.58
1.13
54.00
31.42
224.62
333.95
428.89
621.21
93.26
45.24
24.14
106.94
370.24
0.27
710.86
488.09
103.27
16.56
35.55
517.91
6.42
560.10
0.042
0.003
0.004
0.208
0.006
0.585
0.904
0.079
0.152
0.399
0.003
0.009
0.792
0.013
0.093
0.156
0.170
0.390
0.140
0.004
0.013
0.381
0.309
0.091
0.076
0.032
0.001
0.070
0.040
0.291
0.432
0.555
0.804
0.121
0.058
0.031
0.138
0.479
0.000
0.920
0.632
0.133
0.021
0.046
0.670
0.008
0.725
Score
0-1
Mobile phones
Average 1999-2001
Per
Per
1000
1000
inhabiScore inhabitants
0-1
tants
Telephone mainlines
514.1
956.8
588.4
1 674.4
513.7
5 710.8
3 527.3
1 526.0
..
9 574.2
140.4
2 406.4
6 998.3
373.1
587.0
..
1 073.8
5 235.0
2 258.4
..
423.2
8 062.4
1 644.3
898.5
678.3
270.8
292.6
839.7
430.1
1 805.4
3 129.1
3 825.0
3 698.7
918.2
672.8
714.9
643.8
3 332.5
290.8
6 432.9
4 359.5
1 305.1
..
502.5
4 143.0
396.1
2 580.5
Per
capita
0.014
0.031
0.017
0.059
0.014
0.214
0.130
0.053
..
0.363
0.000
0.087
0.264
0.009
0.017
..
0.036
0.196
0.082
..
0.011
0.305
0.058
0.029
0.021
0.005
0.006
0.027
0.011
0.064
0.115
0.142
0.137
0.030
0.020
0.022
0.019
0.123
0.006
0.242
0.162
0.045
..
0.014
0.154
0.010
0.094
..
..
..
0.45
..
1.51
1.81
0.24
..
..
..
1.09
1.96
..
0.29
..
0.77
..
0.57
0.19
..
1.82
0.54
0.92
0.24
..
..
0.20
..
0.98
0.25
1.30
2.09
..
0.09
0.19
2.20
0.76
..
3.29
2.17
..
..
0.33
2.46
..
0.67
Country risk
..
..
..
0.118
..
0.397
0.477
0.062
..
..
..
0.287
0.516
..
0.077
..
0.202
..
0.150
0.051
..
0.479
0.143
0.240
0.063
..
..
0.052
..
0.257
0.065
0.342
0.550
..
0.024
0.050
0.577
0.200
..
0.867
0.571
..
..
0.086
0.647
..
0.176
1.29
1.52
0.06
4.38
1.00
4.52
3.19
1.91
2.20
1.86
0.57
3.67
3.39
0.32
3.10
0.40
1.46
1.15
3.16
0.08
0.45
3.96
3.00
0.58
2.11
0.55
0.12
2.72
0.68
3.55
1.34
2.47
3.58
2.22
2.01
3.71
1.96
3.80
0.11
5.23
3.42
0.64
0.09
2.74
2.54
0.23
3.97
0.207
0.245
0.005
0.715
0.159
0.739
0.521
0.309
0.358
0.301
0.089
0.599
0.552
0.047
0.506
0.060
0.236
0.185
0.515
0.009
0.069
0.646
0.489
0.091
0.343
0.085
0.015
0.443
0.106
0.579
0.215
0.402
0.584
0.361
0.326
0.605
0.318
0.620
0.013
0.856
0.558
0.100
0.010
0.446
0.413
0.032
0.649
62.5
62.3
50.5
64.8
59.8
81.5
86.5
68.5
76.0
78.5
60.5
61.3
87.9
..
66.3
78.5
62.5
88.3
72.3
60.5
64.0
84.8
76.3
74.3
58.8
57.5
50.3
74.0
57.5
75.0
80.0
75.8
87.3
70.3
60.8
68.8
73.5
75.0
60.5
88.3
81.0
69.3
68.8
..
83.8
59.5
74.0
0.439
0.436
0.215
0.482
0.389
0.794
0.888
0.551
0.692
0.738
0.402
0.417
0.914
..
0.510
0.738
0.439
0.921
0.622
0.402
0.467
0.856
0.697
0.660
0.370
0.346
0.211
0.654
0.346
0.673
0.766
0.688
0.903
0.585
0.407
0.557
0.645
0.673
0.402
0.921
0.785
0.566
0.557
..
0.837
0.383
0.654
As of
1999
December 2001
As a %
of total
CompoScore popu- Score site risk Score
0-1
lation
0-1
rating
0-1
R&D
expenditures
Score As %
0-1 of GDP
Commercial
energy use
Students
in the
tertiary level
0.00
2.40
0.82
0.73
0.01
3.61
0.37
0.23
0.01
0.70
0.00
0.17
1.88
0.00
0.07
0.05
0.97
0.24
0.13
0.00
0.14
6.43
1.17
1.73
0.77
0.26
0.02
0.01
0.09
0.08
0.01
0.22
0.49
0.00
0.29
0.32
0.01
0.05
0.00
0.40
2.00
0.28
0.00
0.01
3.18
0.03
0.32
As a
% of
world
total
Imports of parts/
accessories of
electronics and
automobiles
Exports in
services
0.000
0.267
0.091
0.082
0.001
0.401
0.041
0.025
0.001
0.077
0.000
0.019
0.209
0.000
0.008
0.005
0.107
0.027
0.014
0.000
0.015
0.713
0.130
0.192
0.085
0.029
0.003
0.001
0.010
0.009
0.001
0.024
0.054
0.000
0.032
0.035
0.002
0.005
0.000
0.045
0.222
0.031
0.002
0.353
0.003
0.035
0.01
0.03
0.43
0.00
0.90
1.04
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.03
2.31
0.00
0.01
0.01
1.05
0.02
0.00
0.01
6.22
0.12
4.26
0.08
0.05
0.01
0.04
0.03
0.50
0.49
0.02
0.09
0.02
0.09
0.01
0.51
3.97
0.00
0.00
0.00
6.22
0.01
0.30
0.000
0.002
0.023
0.000
0.049
0.057
0.000
0.000
0.001
0.002
0.126
0.000
0.001
0.001
0.057
0.001
0.000
0.000
0.341
0.007
0.233
0.004
0.003
0.000
0.002
0.001
0.027
0.027
0.001
0.005
0.001
0.005
0.000
0.028
0.217
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.340
0.000
0.017
0.03
0.08
0.01
0.30
0.01
1.18
2.20
0.02
0.13
0.06
0.02
0.06
2.94
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.57
..
0.15
0.00
0.03
2.52
0.27
2.03
0.14
0.01
..
0.11
0.03
0.29
0.21
0.48
1.66
0.19
0.06
0.65
0.04
0.11
0.03
0.43
5.67
0.02
0.01
0.01
5.80
0.03
1.28
0.001
0.004
0.001
0.016
0.000
0.065
0.121
0.001
0.007
0.003
0.001
0.003
0.161
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.031
..
0.008
0.000
0.001
0.138
0.015
0.112
0.007
0.000
..
0.006
0.002
0.016
0.011
0.026
0.091
0.011
0.003
0.036
0.002
0.006
0.001
0.023
0.311
0.001
0.000
0.001
0.319
0.002
0.070
Average 1999-2001
As a
As a
% of
% of
Score world
Score world Score
0-1 Total
0-1
total 0-1
Exports of
natural
resources
Annex table A.I.7. Raw data and scores for the variables included in the UNCTAD Inward FDI Potential Index, 1999-2001
0.01
0.06
0.14
1.18
0.01
1.87
0.50
0.06
0.03
0.10
0.02
0.02
3.23
0.01
0.09
0.03
3.24
0.06
0.05
0.00
0.02
3.29
0.76
5.87
0.23
0.03
0.01
0.09
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.37
0.97
0.09
0.12
0.32
0.03
0.05
0.02
0.38
4.43
-0.03
0.00
0.01
6.61
0.02
0.23
/...
0.004
0.007
0.011
0.064
0.004
0.100
0.029
0.007
0.005
0.009
0.005
0.005
0.169
0.004
0.008
0.005
0.170
0.007
0.006
0.004
0.005
0.172
0.043
0.304
0.016
0.006
0.004
0.008
0.007
0.007
0.007
0.023
0.053
0.008
0.010
0.021
0.006
0.006
0.005
0.024
0.230
0.003
0.004
0.004
0.342
0.005
0.015
As a
% of
world Score
total 0-1
Inward
FDI stock
ANNEX A
197
4.1
4.4
4.5
-0.0
3.0
3.6
2.8
3.4
6.1
3.2
3.3
8.3
4.5
1.7
0.1
1.2
4.5
-1.9
2.1
5.4
8.5
-1.6
-0.2
4.1
1.1
-0.9
2.9
3.7
6.1
4.3
4.5
3.1
-7.0
2.1
2.5
7.3
7.8
4.5
4.9
3.0
3.2
4.2
2.9
2.4
3.4
3.9
3.5
3.5
Economy
Guatemala
Guinea
Guyana
Haiti
Honduras
Hong Kong, China
Hungary
Iceland
India
Indonesia
Iran, Islamic Rep.
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Jamaica
Japan
Jordan
Kazakhstan
Kenya
Korea, Republic of
Kuwait
Kyrgyzstan
Latvia
Lebanon
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
Lithuania
Madagascar
Malawi
Malaysia
Mali
Malta
Mexico
Moldova, Republic of
Mongolia
Morocco
Mozambique
Myanmar
Namibia
Nepal
Netherlands
New Zealand
Nicaragua
Niger
Nigeria
Norway
Oman
Pakistan
Panama
0.666
0.687
0.693
0.424
0.601
0.639
0.590
0.628
0.786
0.617
0.624
0.914
0.692
0.528
0.433
0.497
0.691
0.314
0.548
0.748
0.929
0.329
0.412
0.668
0.490
0.374
0.597
0.642
0.787
0.680
0.691
0.612
0.011
0.553
0.576
0.856
0.887
0.690
0.714
0.606
0.618
0.673
0.595
0.570
0.629
0.655
0.634
0.630
Score
0-1
Average
1991-2001
1 693.5
381.9
916.5
462.0
922.6
23 712.0
4 902.3
29 410.4
458.3
689.8
1 516.0
25 601.7
18 011.0
19 366.6
2 932.0
35 149.8
1 719.4
1 196.4
340.4
9 198.0
17 162.5
280.8
2 949.1
4 742.4
6 049.9
3 061.6
252.7
155.4
3 856.6
221.7
9 256.7
5 651.2
305.8
384.5
1 143.7
207.2
267.9
1 885.8
229.1
24 232.6
13 830.2
449.4
178.1
394.0
36 399.2
7 270.6
411.0
3 684.1
Dollars
0.044
0.008
0.022
0.010
0.023
0.650
0.132
0.807
0.010
0.016
0.039
0.703
0.493
0.531
0.078
0.966
0.045
0.030
0.007
0.251
0.470
0.005
0.078
0.128
0.164
0.082
0.004
0.001
0.103
0.003
0.252
0.153
0.006
0.008
0.029
0.003
0.005
0.049
0.004
0.665
0.378
0.010
0.002
0.008
1.000
0.197
0.009
0.099
Score
0-1
19.3
25.0
96.6
12.3
40.1
140.1
58.2
36.7
13.0
39.5
24.5
95.0
37.6
27.4
43.5
10.4
42.8
48.6
26.8
43.3
53.5
40.2
44.8
12.0
28.1
45.1
28.1
27.3
120.9
26.8
93.8
29.8
50.6
58.0
26.1
31.1
16.5
44.6
22.8
64.3
34.8
37.7
15.3
55.0
44.6
54.5
16.4
73.1
As %
of GDP
0.075
0.109
0.540
0.032
0.200
0.803
0.309
0.179
0.036
0.197
0.106
0.531
0.185
0.123
0.220
0.021
0.216
0.251
0.120
0.219
0.281
0.201
0.228
0.031
0.128
0.230
0.128
0.123
0.687
0.120
0.524
0.138
0.263
0.308
0.116
0.146
0.057
0.227
0.096
0.346
0.168
0.186
0.050
0.290
0.227
0.287
0.057
0.399
Score
0-1
Total exports
59.42
4.05
82.03
9.06
45.79
583.00
374.85
674.69
32.02
31.94
150.36
458.99
476.50
469.15
195.41
579.87
112.53
110.58
10.40
466.80
241.29
77.11
303.72
197.85
105.92
315.32
3.40
4.52
199.27
3.59
521.91
124.71
138.00
48.43
47.73
4.26
5.76
64.06
12.13
615.12
485.94
30.82
1.86
4.23
667.56
89.34
22.35
154.56
0.081
0.005
0.112
0.012
0.063
0.802
0.516
0.929
0.044
0.043
0.207
0.632
0.656
0.646
0.269
0.798
0.154
0.152
0.014
0.642
0.332
0.106
0.418
0.272
0.145
0.434
0.004
0.006
0.274
0.004
0.718
0.171
0.190
0.066
0.065
0.005
0.007
0.088
0.016
0.847
0.669
0.042
0.002
0.005
0.919
0.123
0.030
0.212
67.18
5.17
45.38
6.97
24.18
772.56
322.57
735.48
3.89
19.86
18.42
609.62
660.61
701.66
156.09
520.94
87.52
17.12
8.04
568.07
284.07
2.60
185.80
203.13
7.19
161.61
5.08
4.11
221.44
1.80
248.24
146.18
27.89
53.69
86.14
3.88
0.27
40.10
0.49
621.63
457.78
18.88
0.20
1.59
729.70
79.64
3.38
144.74
0.087
0.006
0.059
0.009
0.031
1.000
0.417
0.952
0.005
0.025
0.024
0.789
0.855
0.908
0.202
0.674
0.113
0.022
0.010
0.735
0.368
0.003
0.240
0.263
0.009
0.209
0.006
0.005
0.286
0.002
0.321
0.189
0.036
0.069
0.111
0.005
0.000
0.052
0.000
0.805
0.592
0.024
0.000
0.002
0.945
0.103
0.004
0.187
Score
0-1
Mobile phones
Average 1999-2001
Per
Per
1000
1000
inhabiScore inhabitants
0-1
tants
Telephone mainlines
626.8
..
..
263.0
468.9
2 500.0
2 475.6
11 839.7
490.1
688.6
1 710.9
3 784.2
3 123.8
2 953.0
1 488.2
4 103.3
1 044.4
2 465.6
511.6
4 003.3
9 755.2
501.0
1 573.7
1 224.6
2 818.1
2 131.0
..
..
2 002.0
..
2 172.0
1 559.8
713.0
..
363.2
403.3
264.1
583.3
343.3
4 739.3
4 808.1
540.2
..
708.7
5 836.5
3 786.3
463.9
895.1
Per
capita
0.019
..
..
0.005
0.013
0.091
0.090
0.450
0.013
0.021
0.060
0.140
0.115
0.108
0.052
0.153
0.035
0.090
0.014
0.149
0.370
0.014
0.055
0.042
0.103
0.077
..
..
0.072
..
0.078
0.055
0.022
..
0.009
0.010
0.005
0.017
0.008
0.177
0.180
0.015
..
0.022
0.219
0.140
0.012
0.029
0.16
..
..
..
..
0.44
0.75
2.33
1.23
0.07
0.49
1.21
3.62
1.04
..
2.96
..
0.29
..
2.57
0.20
0.19
0.40
..
..
..
0.18
..
0.40
..
0.00
0.43
1.13
..
..
..
..
..
..
2.02
1.11
0.15
..
..
1.70
..
..
0.35
Students
in the
tertiary level
Country risk
0.041
..
..
..
..
0.117
0.198
0.613
0.323
0.017
0.127
0.318
0.952
0.273
..
0.779
..
0.077
..
0.677
0.051
0.051
0.104
..
..
..
0.046
..
0.104
..
0.000
0.113
0.296
..
..
..
..
..
..
0.531
0.292
0.038
..
..
0.446
..
..
0.090
0.80
0.11
1.07
0.10
1.27
1.63
3.05
3.47
0.64
1.17
1.02
4.33
4.19
3.09
1.41
3.15
2.19
2.28
0.15
6.11
1.78
2.83
3.82
3.59
5.30
3.31
0.21
0.03
2.17
0.17
1.50
2.02
2.14
2.82
0.99
0.04
0.85
0.56
0.30
3.10
4.37
1.21
0.06
0.40
4.30
0.70
0.18
3.03
0.127
0.013
0.171
0.012
0.203
0.263
0.497
0.566
0.100
0.187
0.162
0.709
0.685
0.503
0.226
0.513
0.356
0.370
0.020
1.000
0.289
0.460
0.624
0.585
0.868
0.540
0.029
0.000
0.352
0.024
0.242
0.327
0.348
0.460
0.158
0.001
0.135
0.088
0.044
0.505
0.714
0.194
0.004
0.060
0.703
0.109
0.025
0.493
70.3
61.8
65.8
57.3
64.8
83.3
76.0
77.3
65.3
56.3
69.3
88.8
67.8
81.8
70.3
84.3
71.0
72.0
61.0
79.3
84.0
..
76.0
56.8
73.8
74.0
67.0
60.0
76.0
57.8
77.8
70.8
63.8
64.3
71.8
59.0
62.0
76.3
..
87.0
80.3
57.8
59.5
57.3
92.3
81.8
56.0
71.5
0.585
0.426
0.501
0.342
0.482
0.828
0.692
0.716
0.492
0.323
0.566
0.931
0.538
0.800
0.585
0.847
0.598
0.617
0.411
0.753
0.841
..
0.692
0.333
0.650
0.654
0.523
0.393
0.692
0.351
0.725
0.594
0.464
0.473
0.613
0.374
0.430
0.697
..
0.897
0.772
0.351
0.383
0.342
0.996
0.800
0.318
0.607
As of
1999
December 2001
As a %
of total
CompoScore popu- Score site risk Score
0-1
lation
0-1
rating
0-1
R&D
expenditures
Score As %
0-1 of GDP
Commercial
energy use
0.02
0.05
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.08
0.16
0.06
0.29
2.51
3.12
0.12
0.08
1.12
0.11
1.10
0.05
0.71
0.03
1.48
1.98
0.01
0.02
0.01
1.44
0.13
0.00
0.00
1.34
0.00
0.00
2.24
0.00
0.03
0.14
0.03
0.02
0.02
0.00
2.74
0.14
0.00
0.01
3.07
5.43
1.19
0.02
0.01
As a
% of
world
total
Imports of parts/
accessories of
electronics and
automobiles
Exports in
services
0.003
0.005
0.001
0.000
0.001
0.008
0.018
0.006
0.032
0.279
0.346
0.014
0.009
0.125
0.012
0.123
0.005
0.079
0.003
0.164
0.220
0.001
0.002
0.001
0.160
0.014
0.000
0.000
0.149
0.000
0.000
0.249
0.000
0.003
0.015
0.004
0.002
0.002
0.000
0.304
0.015
0.000
0.001
0.341
0.603
0.133
0.003
0.001
0.04
0.00
0.01
4.79
0.94
0.01
0.20
0.24
0.24
1.72
0.20
2.07
0.01
3.85
0.05
0.02
0.01
1.81
0.03
0.00
0.02
0.04
0.03
0.00
0.00
3.86
0.02
4.30
0.00
0.00
0.04
0.00
0.01
0.00
3.31
0.14
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.34
0.09
0.06
0.02
0.002
0.000
0.001
0.262
0.051
0.001
0.011
0.013
0.013
0.094
0.011
0.113
0.001
0.211
0.003
0.001
0.000
0.099
0.002
0.000
0.001
0.002
0.002
0.000
0.000
0.211
0.001
0.235
0.000
0.000
0.002
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.181
0.008
0.000
0.000
0.001
0.019
0.005
0.003
0.001
0.05 0.003
0.00 0.000
0.01 0.001
0.01 0.001
0.03 0.002
2.81 0.154
0.45 0.025
0.06 0.003
1.20 0.066
0.33 0.018
0.08 0.004
1.21 0.067
0.89 0.049
3.99 0.219
0.14 0.008
4.48 0.246
0.11 0.006
0.07 0.004
0.05 0.003
1.96 0.107
0.10 0.006
0.00 0.000
0.08 0.004
..
..
0.00 0.000
0.08 0.004
0.02 0.001
0.00 0.000
0.91 0.050
0.00 0.000
0.08 0.004
0.88 0.048
0.01 0.001
0.01 0.000
0.20 0.011
0.02 0.001
0.04 0.002
0.02 0.001
0.03 0.002
3.65 0.200
0.30 0.016
0.02 0.001
0.00 0.07 0.004
1.18 0.065
0.02 0.001
0.09 0.005
0.12 0.007
Average 1999-2001
As a
As a
% of
% of
Score world
Score world Score
0-1 Total
0-1
total 0-1
Exports of
natural
resources
0.06
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.02
7.14
0.35
0.01
0.32
1.02
0.04
1.84
0.39
1.84
0.06
0.76
0.03
0.17
0.02
0.59
0.01
0.01
0.03
0.02
-0.08
0.04
0.01
0.00
0.87
0.01
0.05
1.76
0.01
0.00
0.13
0.02
0.05
0.02
0.00
4.04
0.44
0.02
0.01
0.34
0.51
0.04
0.11
0.12
0.007
0.004
0.005
0.004
0.005
0.369
0.022
0.004
0.020
0.056
0.006
0.098
0.024
0.098
0.007
0.043
0.006
0.013
0.005
0.034
0.004
0.004
0.006
0.005
0.006
0.004
0.004
0.048
0.004
0.006
0.094
0.004
0.004
0.010
0.005
0.007
0.005
0.004
0.211
0.026
0.005
0.004
0.021
0.030
0.006
0.010
0.010
As a
% of
world Score
total 0-1
Inward
FDI stock
Annex table A.I.7. Raw data and scores for the variables included in the UNCTAD Inward FDI Potential Index, 1999-2001 (continued)
198
FDI Policies for Development: National and International Perspectives
Sources:
0.586
0.543
0.683
0.635
0.725
0.595
0.872
0.439
0.254
0.536
0.499
0.680
0.169
0.853
0.619
0.647
0.568
0.598
0.719
0.754
0.607
0.568
0.493
0.681
0.768
0.003
0.434
0.617
0.584
0.660
0.707
0.617
0.840
0.000
0.615
0.596
0.626
0.639
0.578
0.485
0.489
0.851
0.777
0.484
0.535
695.6
1 354.8
2 067.2
980.5
4 223.5
11 043.7
24 539.9
1 660.6
1 730.0
236.8
8 472.2
486.3
154.8
21 775.9
3 699.1
9 558.6
2 869.2
14 576.8
839.4
362.0
1 981.5
26 434.7
34 617.5
1 053.0
13 150.4
171.7
1 753.1
1 906.9
289.7
5 879.0
2 130.7
2 659.9
261.9
679.4
18 297.4
24 228.0
252.5
34 260.1
5 936.1
451.1
4 815.8
395.5
465.0
319.3
572.7
Dollars
0.016
0.035
0.054
0.024
0.114
0.301
0.673
0.043
0.045
0.004
0.231
0.011
0.001
0.597
0.099
0.261
0.076
0.399
0.020
0.007
0.052
0.725
0.951
0.026
0.359
0.002
0.045
0.050
0.005
0.159
0.056
0.070
0.004
0.016
0.501
0.665
0.004
0.941
0.161
0.010
0.130
0.008
0.010
0.006
0.013
Score
0-1
61.1
21.5
15.5
52.0
28.5
30.7
36.1
31.6
42.2
6.9
41.6
30.2
18.1
172.8
69.5
57.2
28.4
29.0
37.1
12.8
57.2
45.1
42.7
37.4
51.2
75.4
42.3
64.0
32.1
58.8
44.4
26.9
11.0
56.2
67.4
27.1
15.0
10.7
19.0
34.6
24.2
53.4
42.0
27.9
32.5
As %
of GDP
0.326
0.088
0.052
0.272
0.130
0.143
0.176
0.149
0.213
0.000
0.209
0.140
0.067
1.000
0.377
0.303
0.129
0.133
0.182
0.036
0.303
0.230
0.215
0.184
0.267
0.413
0.213
0.344
0.151
0.312
0.226
0.120
0.025
0.297
0.364
0.121
0.049
0.023
0.073
0.167
0.104
0.280
0.211
0.126
0.154
Score
0-1
Total exports
12.35
51.92
69.64
40.40
280.32
426.71
268.36
174.86
223.91
2.23
137.15
21.32
4.13
479.26
302.99
389.64
117.84
422.40
40.57
11.79
171.35
724.11
726.45
101.91
562.18
35.45
249.34
92.60
9.32
228.88
99.44
281.79
2.74
205.80
364.49
583.77
4.52
668.18
277.32
66.22
107.25
32.05
19.08
8.38
19.23
0.017
0.071
0.095
0.055
0.386
0.587
0.369
0.240
0.308
0.003
0.188
0.029
0.005
0.660
0.417
0.536
0.162
0.581
0.055
0.016
0.236
0.997
1.000
0.140
0.774
0.048
0.343
0.127
0.012
0.315
0.136
0.388
0.003
0.283
0.501
0.803
0.006
0.920
0.381
0.091
0.147
0.044
0.026
0.011
0.026
1.73
144.88
47.13
90.74
178.96
635.49
212.74
114.77
23.14
4.91
72.33
22.33
3.99
608.94
241.97
562.69
188.14
525.94
24.21
1.50
111.00
696.80
600.45
4.71
763.43
0.18
63.38
70.90
11.66
109.94
19.46
224.70
8.47
21.58
483.02
651.44
6.19
385.11
127.35
2.10
216.16
9.83
3.76
8.00
20.70
0.002
0.187
0.061
0.117
0.231
0.823
0.275
0.148
0.030
0.006
0.093
0.029
0.005
0.788
0.313
0.728
0.243
0.681
0.031
0.002
0.143
0.902
0.777
0.006
0.988
0.000
0.082
0.092
0.015
0.142
0.025
0.291
0.011
0.028
0.625
0.843
0.008
0.498
0.165
0.002
0.280
0.012
0.005
0.010
0.027
Score
0-1
Mobile phones
Average 1999-2001
Per
Per
1000
1000
inhabiScore inhabitants
0-1
tants
Telephone mainlines
..
743.8
495.6
548.0
2 373.1
2 448.2
26 119.0
1 620.9
4 169.9
..
4 769.9
321.2
..
5 897.8
3 226.7
3 254.4
2 555.2
3 015.1
425.9
505.6
..
5 526.6
3 721.1
1 139.9
4 052.0
506.4
..
1 191.0
331.8
6 447.2
818.1
1 138.6
..
2 824.9
10 114.9
3 953.1
456.5
8 107.2
949.6
2 049.1
2 413.6
462.5
202.7
618.6
836.4
Per
capita
..
0.023
0.014
0.016
0.086
0.089
1.000
0.057
0.155
..
0.178
0.007
..
0.222
0.119
0.120
0.093
0.111
0.011
0.014
..
0.207
0.138
0.038
0.151
0.014
..
0.040
0.007
0.243
0.026
0.038
..
0.103
0.384
0.147
0.012
0.307
0.031
0.073
0.088
0.012
0.002
0.018
0.027
..
..
0.08
0.21
0.72
0.73
..
0.39
1.01
..
..
0.01
..
1.89
0.68
1.48
0.62
0.91
0.18
..
..
3.80
2.64
0.18
2.09
..
0.52
0.10
..
0.14
0.44
0.63
0.75
0.95
..
1.87
..
2.67
0.26
..
0.33
..
..
..
..
Score As %
0-1 of GDP
Students
in the
tertiary level
Country risk
..
..
0.022
0.056
0.190
0.192
..
0.102
0.264
..
..
0.003
..
0.497
0.180
0.388
0.163
0.239
0.048
..
..
1.000
0.695
0.048
0.550
..
0.136
0.026
..
0.035
0.116
0.166
0.198
0.249
..
0.492
..
0.702
0.067
..
0.087
..
..
..
..
0.21
0.85
2.96
3.03
4.08
3.79
1.53
1.82
4.91
0.09
1.93
0.21
0.14
2.73
2.53
4.01
1.61
4.61
0.36
0.71
1.08
3.90
2.14
0.61
5.30
1.31
2.00
3.12
0.34
0.60
1.90
1.55
0.26
3.11
0.89
3.45
0.06
4.78
2.75
3.05
2.82
0.93
0.97
0.13
0.37
0.030
0.135
0.482
0.493
0.666
0.618
0.247
0.294
0.803
0.009
0.313
0.029
0.018
0.444
0.411
0.655
0.260
0.755
0.053
0.112
0.173
0.637
0.347
0.096
0.867
0.211
0.323
0.509
0.050
0.094
0.308
0.250
0.038
0.507
0.142
0.562
0.004
0.782
0.448
0.497
0.459
0.148
0.155
0.017
0.056
61.8
63.0
68.8
70.0
75.3
78.3
70.8
64.3
69.5
..
77.3
66.3
48.5
89.3
73.3
78.8
68.8
80.5
57.0
54.0
60.8
84.3
92.5
71.5
81.5
..
..
73.8
61.0
73.5
72.8
48.5
62.5
66.8
82.5
83.5
57.5
79.0
74.3
..
66.8
69.5
65.3
53.5
39.0
0.426
0.449
0.557
0.579
0.679
0.735
0.594
0.473
0.570
..
0.716
0.510
0.178
0.940
0.641
0.744
0.557
0.776
0.336
0.280
0.407
0.847
1.000
0.607
0.794
..
..
0.650
0.411
0.645
0.632
0.178
0.439
0.520
0.813
0.832
0.346
0.748
0.660
..
0.520
0.570
0.492
0.271
0.000
0.17
0.00
0.37
0.14
0.48
0.14
1.34
0.19
8.25
0.00
9.01
0.02
0.00
1.82
0.17
0.07
0.66
0.90
0.01
0.00
0.05
0.61
0.61
0.43
0.48
0.07
0.02
0.36
0.01
0.35
0.10
0.17
0.00
0.37
2.28
3.98
0.00
3.78
0.01
0.09
3.35
0.45
0.43
0.09
0.04
Imports of parts/
accessories of
electronics and
automobiles
Exports in
services
0.019 0.00
0.000 0.02
0.041 0.05
0.016 2.49
0.053 0.60
0.015 0.54
0.149 0.02
0.021 0.11
0.916 0.13
0.000 0.00
1.000 0.27
0.002 0.01
0.000 0.202 3.78
0.019 0.28
0.007 0.13
0.074 0.22
0.100 3.23
0.001 0.02
0.000 0.01
0.005 0.00
0.068 1.32
0.068 0.49
0.047 0.01
0.053 1.20
0.008 0.00
0.002 0.00
0.040 1.97
0.001 0.00
0.039 0.01
0.011 0.05
0.019 0.45
0.000 0.00
0.041 0.03
0.253 0.442 6.58
0.000 0.01
0.420 18.28
0.001 0.04
0.010 0.372 0.10
0.050 0.048 0.010 0.01
0.004 0.00
0.000
0.001
0.003
0.136
0.033
0.030
0.001
0.006
0.007
0.000
0.015
0.000
0.207
0.015
0.007
0.012
0.177
0.001
0.000
0.000
0.072
0.027
0.000
0.066
0.000
0.000
0.108
0.000
0.001
0.003
0.025
0.000
0.002
0.360
0.000
1.000
0.002
0.005
0.000
0.000
0.02
0.04
0.10
0.28
0.72
0.60
..
0.11
0.70
0.00
0.36
0.03
0.01
1.80
0.17
0.13
0.33
3.82
0.07
0.00
0.01
1.43
1.82
0.10
1.35
..
0.02
0.96
0.00
0.04
0.19
1.20
0.01
0.27
..
7.84
0.04
18.22
0.09
..
0.08
0.18
0.01
0.01
0.05
0.006
0.005
0.012
0.013
0.033
0.028
0.006
0.010
0.020
0.004
0.027
0.005
0.004
0.098
0.008
0.006
0.045
0.125
0.006
0.005
0.003
0.078
0.076
0.005
0.028
0.004
0.004
0.027
0.004
0.010
0.014
0.020
0.005
0.007
0.005
0.396
0.005
1.000
0.006
0.005
0.027
0.016
0.005
0.006
0.005
As a
% of
world Score
total 0-1
Inward
FDI stock
0.001 0.03
0.002 0.02
0.006 0.17
0.015 0.17
0.039 0.57
0.033 0.47
..
0.03
0.006 0.11
0.038 0.30
0.000 0.00
0.020 0.45
0.001 0.01
0.000 0.00
0.099 1.85
0.009 0.08
0.007 0.05
0.018 0.81
0.210 2.38
0.004 0.04
0.000 0.02
0.000 -0.01
0.079 1.45
0.100 1.41
0.006 0.03
0.074 0.46
..
0.00
0.001 0.01
0.053 0.44
0.000 0.01
0.002 0.11
0.010 0.19
0.066 0.31
0.001 0.02
0.015 0.07
..
0.02
0.430 7.66
0.002 0.03
1.000 19.48
0.005 0.03
..
0.01
0.004 0.45
0.010 0.24
0.001 0.02
0.000 0.04
0.003 0.02
Average 1999-2001
As a
As a
% of
% of
Score world
Score world Score
0-1 Total
0-1
total 0-1
Exports of
natural
resources
As of
1999
December 2001
As a %
As a
of total
Compo% of
Score popu- Score site risk Score world
0-1
lation
0-1
rating
0-1
total
R&D
expenditures
UNCTAD, based on data from the World Bank and IMF (real GDP growth); UNCTAD (GDP per capita, exports); World Bank, WDI online (telephone mainlines, mobile phones, commercial energy use, R&D
expenditures); UNESCO (students in the tertiary level); the PRS Group/International country risk guide (country risk); United Nations Statistics Division, DESA and COMTRADE database (exports of natural
resources, imports of parts and accessories of electronics and automobiles and exports in services); UNCTAD FDI database (inward FDI stock).
2.7
2.0
4.3
3.5
5.0
2.9
7.5
0.2
-2.9
1.9
1.2
4.3
-4.3
7.2
3.3
3.7
2.4
2.9
4.9
5.5
3.0
2.4
1.1
4.3
5.8
-7.2
0.1
3.2
2.7
4.0
4.8
3.2
7.0
-7.2
3.2
2.9
3.4
3.6
2.6
1.0
1.1
7.2
5.9
1.0
1.8
Economy
Score
0-1
Average
1991-2001
Commercial
energy use
Annex table A.I.7. Raw data and scores for the variables included in the UNCTAD Inward FDI Potential Index, 1999-2001(concluded)
ANNEX A
199
Albania
Algeria
Angola
Argentina
Armenia
Australia
Austria
Azerbaijan
Bahamas
Bahrain
Bangladesh
Belarus
Belgium and Luxembourg
Benin
Bolivia
Botswana
Brazil
Brunei Darussalam
Bulgaria
Burkina Faso
Cameroon
Canada
Chile
China
Colombia
Congo
Congo, Dem. Rep.
Costa Rica
Cte dIvoire
Croatia
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
Egypt
El Salvador
Estonia
Ethiopia
Finland
France
Gabon
Gambia
Georgia
Germany
Ghana
Greece
Economy
..
53
75
59
..
14
19
..
28
26
105
..
10
111
81
32
48
30
..
94
79
2
41
45
58
73
103
50
96
..
33
..
16
66
69
67
80
..
114
9
7
60
63
..
4
91
34
1988-1990
..
61
84
58
..
14
19
..
31
28
103
..
10
112
77
32
48
30
..
98
99
2
41
43
56
85
111
47
94
..
33
..
16
68
72
65
75
..
117
9
7
63
66
..
4
88
34
1989-1991
123
79
106
53
127
13
20
..
32
30
113
28
9
129
92
48
69
23
42
114
119
2
47
52
71
112
131
55
102
..
37
58
14
73
83
88
86
76
135
11
5
80
84
..
4
100
34
1990-1992
121
87
122
48
131
10
19
..
31
29
101
32
11
132
95
47
69
26
53
110
124
2
43
56
71
114
137
54
107
117
37
50
15
67
85
82
76
90
129
14
5
77
74
..
4
100
38
118
91
122
45
120
11
18
134
33
29
107
31
10
135
90
46
71
27
60
116
131
2
41
59
80
105
139
54
111
106
38
48
16
66
86
79
73
83
128
15
6
84
93
129
3
103
39
1992-1994
123
96
109
50
116
12
18
131
36
30
118
71
11
135
90
49
74
28
48
121
130
2
40
55
86
106
139
58
112
82
37
39
16
67
95
85
51
65
125
15
7
79
97
133
3
110
38
1993-1995
120
93
117
47
127
12
18
133
35
30
110
72
10
132
90
50
71
28
59
119
129
2
39
45
86
100
139
57
104
80
37
40
16
65
97
87
52
60
122
14
9
79
88
137
5
111
38
1994-1996
131
89
125
46
123
12
20
130
35
30
111
66
11
132
83
52
71
28
74
124
127
2
39
41
100
126
139
57
105
77
38
40
16
59
90
87
47
55
112
14
9
69
82
137
6
110
37
1995-1997
124
89
116
43
129
15
21
130
36
31
111
68
9
134
79
60
74
28
58
118
119
5
44
42
90
108
139
59
98
57
39
40
16
66
95
69
51
47
126
12
10
76
85
137
6
109
35
1996-1998
1991-1993
109
91
124
46
125
16
24
131
37
33
113
68
9
133
78
55
73
28
63
110
118
4
44
42
89
108
138
56
96
53
41
39
15
62
103
71
54
40
126
10
12
76
85
136
7
114
35
1997-1999
103
83
108
47
126
19
23
118
37
34
110
64
9
132
80
58
70
31
68
115
122
5
44
42
86
102
139
57
109
51
41
38
16
59
104
71
55
39
120
10
12
82
87
135
6
116
36
97
81
105
51
118
21
22
106
39
31
121
63
8
132
82
59
71
32
64
125
115
5
45
40
94
104
139
60
110
46
42
37
16
65
103
70
54
38
124
10
14
77
87
131
6
113
36
/...
1998-2000 1999-2001
200
World Investment Report 2003
FDI Policies for Development: National and International Perspectives
Guatemala
Guinea
Guyana
Haiti
Honduras
Hong Kong, China
Hungary
Iceland
India
Indonesia
Iran, Islamic Rep.
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Jamaica
Japan
Jordan
Kazakhstan
Kenya
Korea, Republic of
Kuwait
Kyrgyzstan
Latvia
Lebanon
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
Lithuania
Madagascar
Malawi
Malaysia
Mali
Malta
Mexico
Moldova, Republic of
Mongolia
Morocco
Mozambique
Myanmar
Namibia
Nepal
Netherlands
New Zealand
Nicaragua
Niger
Nigeria
Norway
Oman
Pakistan
Economy
102
89
101
115
83
17
47
15
72
42
51
24
27
18
61
12
65
..
84
20
46
..
..
85
55
..
99
88
38
106
35
44
..
..
71
112
117
87
109
8
23
95
108
68
5
36
92
1988-1990
100
90
101
115
79
17
50
15
71
44
46
24
26
18
62
12
69
..
89
20
49
..
..
80
51
..
102
91
36
107
39
45
..
57
74
110
118
82
108
8
25
97
109
60
5
38
87
1989-1991
108
104
94
132
96
18
63
17
97
54
51
29
31
19
74
12
68
61
101
26
40
..
43
60
46
70
122
103
39
120
38
44
35
91
81
126
128
90
125
8
25
116
121
77
6
45
107
108
105
89
133
97
16
63
18
94
51
49
28
30
20
72
9
68
75
104
24
40
126
66
52
45
91
119
109
39
113
35
41
36
92
80
127
130
86
128
7
25
123
120
83
6
46
103
1991-1993
108
109
70
136
99
13
63
20
95
53
49
28
30
19
65
8
64
85
102
21
32
133
89
55
51
92
126
115
37
114
36
42
40
88
77
127
132
74
130
9
24
121
125
87
5
47
101
1992-1994
108
115
61
136
99
13
57
19
93
60
56
22
26
23
66
8
62
92
101
17
32
134
87
77
63
89
127
111
31
119
33
53
46
84
91
129
126
76
132
10
25
120
128
98
5
52
113
1993-1995
105
115
55
136
101
13
54
21
84
58
56
19
26
22
70
7
62
98
103
17
32
134
91
69
66
85
126
107
31
113
33
51
96
76
92
130
125
68
131
11
27
121
128
99
4
49
109
1994-1996
102
113
56
135
99
13
54
19
92
72
61
18
25
22
68
7
60
97
114
17
31
134
86
64
70
81
120
104
32
108
34
50
98
78
96
133
115
67
129
10
27
119
128
91
4
51
117
1995-1997
103
105
56
135
94
13
48
19
88
91
67
18
24
25
72
11
62
96
114
17
34
132
71
53
45
61
113
106
32
102
38
52
107
73
92
122
115
77
133
8
27
123
128
93
3
55
125
1996-1998
1990-1992
102
106
58
135
90
13
45
19
87
84
77
18
21
25
74
11
65
97
123
17
34
132
66
50
47
60
117
104
29
99
38
52
120
67
92
122
111
75
134
8
27
115
121
93
5
59
128
1997-1999
100
111
60
136
94
13
45
18
91
85
72
15
22
25
81
11
67
93
123
17
29
130
63
50
46
61
114
112
32
105
40
48
125
66
96
124
106
77
134
8
27
113
119
89
4
56
129
1998-2000
101
111
62
135
96
13
41
17
84
92
74
11
23
26
78
12
68
83
127
18
28
128
55
58
47
56
114
120
33
117
44
49
109
69
93
108
100
79
133
9
27
112
126
89
3
50
129
/...
1999-2001
ANNEX A
201
Note:
UNCTAD.
55
78
67
83
76
52
35
22
..
..
116
27
96
113
13
..
..
53
23
92
114
42
6
11
73
21
..
..
40
95
64
70
59
106
..
29
3
93
1
54
..
37
86
104
105
81
1989-1991
67
93
75
95
78
59
36
16
85
33
130
22
117
133
15
62
89
57
21
115
134
64
7
10
87
27
105
..
50
118
72
82
65
124
49
24
3
109
1
66
56
41
111
98
110
99
1990-1992
55
88
73
98
70
57
34
17
93
33
135
21
118
134
13
62
78
61
22
111
136
64
8
12
81
23
116
..
44
125
79
84
58
115
65
27
3
106
1
60
59
42
102
96
112
99
1991-1993
54
77
70
78
76
49
39
22
..
..
113
31
93
107
13
..
..
52
25
97
116
43
6
11
74
21
..
..
40
90
57
64
62
104
..
29
3
98
1
56
..
37
86
110
100
82
1988-1990
50
75
78
94
72
56
34
17
97
35
140
25
124
137
7
61
69
58
26
104
138
57
12
14
76
22
119
110
44
123
82
81
68
113
67
23
4
112
1
62
52
43
100
96
117
98
1992-1994
42
70
83
94
68
54
35
20
88
34
140
29
122
138
4
47
43
59
27
105
137
45
9
14
73
21
103
104
41
124
80
78
75
107
64
24
6
114
1
69
72
44
100
81
117
102
1993-1995
44
67
83
95
61
53
34
24
89
36
140
29
123
135
3
48
42
63
25
106
138
43
8
15
73
23
116
112
41
118
78
77
74
102
75
20
6
114
1
64
94
46
81
82
124
108
1994-1996
42
76
85
88
58
53
33
24
101
36
140
29
122
138
3
48
43
62
26
106
136
45
8
15
73
23
121
109
49
94
65
75
80
103
79
21
5
118
1
63
95
44
84
93
116
107
1995-1997
46
80
99
83
64
41
33
22
97
37
140
29
120
138
2
49
30
75
26
104
131
65
7
14
81
23
136
110
50
112
70
78
82
100
84
20
4
121
1
63
101
54
87
86
127
117
1996-1998
48
83
98
82
61
43
32
22
101
36
139
31
119
140
2
49
30
70
26
107
130
79
6
14
88
20
137
105
51
116
69
72
81
95
86
23
3
129
1
64
100
57
80
94
127
112
1997-1999
52
84
99
79
69
43
33
21
98
35
138
28
117
140
2
49
30
73
26
107
127
76
7
14
90
20
137
101
53
121
65
74
78
95
88
24
3
128
1
62
97
54
75
92
131
133
1998-2000
53
98
107
80
66
43
34
20
91
35
138
30
119
140
2
48
29
72
25
116
123
76
7
15
90
19
136
102
52
122
61
73
86
99
85
24
4
130
1
67
95
57
75
88
134
137
1999-2001
Source:
Panama
Papua New Guinea
Paraguay
Peru
Philippines
Poland
Portugal
Qatar
Romania
Russian Federation
Rwanda
Saudi Arabia
Senegal
Sierra Leone
Singapore
Slovakia
Slovenia
South Africa
Spain
Sri Lanka
Sudan
Suriname
Sweden
Switzerland
Syrian Arab Republic
Taiwan Province of China
Tajikistan
TFYR Macedonia
Thailand
Togo
Trinidad and Tobago
Tunisia
Turkey
Uganda
Ukraine
United Arab Emirates
United Kingdom
United Republic of Tanzania
United States
Uruguay
Uzbekistan
Venezuela
Viet Nam
Yemen
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Economy
202
FDI Policies for Development: National and International Perspectives
10.7
8.3
8.0
7.4
7.4
7.4
6.6
6.5
6.2
5.6
4.6
4.4
3.9
3.7
3.6
3.3
3.3
3.1
3.0
2.9
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.7
2.7
2.6
2.6
2.5
2.5
2.4
2.3
2.2
2.2
2.1
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
1.9
1.9
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
Value
Rank ($ billion)
Pennzoil-Quaker State Co
Franco-Nevada Mining Corp Ltd
VAW Aluminium AG (VIAG)
Daewoo Motor Co-Certain Assets
Zomba Group
SPP
Simco SA
Chef America Inc
TXU Europe-Generation & Supply
Zurich Scudder Investments Inc
United California Bank, LA, CA
Telecom Americas Ltd
Aceralia
Normandy Mining Ltd
Seeboard PLC
IBM Corp-Hard Disk Drive
Veba Oil & Gas GmbH-Certain
Shell & DEA Oil GmbH
DSM Petrochemicals
Ben (Belgacom SA,TeleDanmark)
Acquired company
United Kingdom
Spain
United Kingdom
United States
Canada
Germany
Republic of Korea
United States
Slovakia
France
United States
United Kingdom
United States
United States
Brazil
Spain
Australia
United Kingdom
United States
United Kingdom
Germany
Netherlands
Netherlands
United Kingdom
United States
Germany
France
United States
Czech Republic
Germany
Ireland
United States
Sweden
Germany
Germany
United States
Canada
United Kingdom
United Kingdom
France
Finland
United States
Electric services
Electric services
Electric services
Petroleum refining
Gold ores
Primary production of aluminum
Motor vehicles and passenger car bodies
Business services, nec
Crude petroleum and natural gas
Operators of nonresidential buildings
Frozen specialties, nec
Electric services
Investment advice
National commercial banks
Radiotelephone communications
Steel foundries, nec
Gold ores
Electric services
Computer storage devices
Crude petroleum and natural gas
Petroleum refining
Industrial inorganic chemicals, nec
Radiotelephone communications
Shell Oil Co
Newmont Mining Corp
Norsk Hydro ASA
Investor Group
Bertelsmann Music Group Inc
Investor Group
Gecina
Nestle SA
PowerGen PLC
Deutsche Bank AG
BNP Paribas SA
America Movil SA de CV
Usinor SA
Newmont Mining Corp
LE Group Plc
Hitachi Ltd
Petro-Canada
Deutsche Shell AG
Saudi Basic Industries Corp
Deutsche Telekom AG
Vivendi Universal SA
Acquiring company
United States
Italy
United Kingdom
United States
United States
Norway
United States
United States
France
France
Switzerland
United Kingdom
Germany
France
Mexico
France
United States
United Kingdom
Japan
Canada
Germany
Saudi Arabia
Germany
United Kingdom
United Kingdom
United Kingdom
United Kingdom
Netherlands
Germany
United Kingdom
Ireland
France
Finland
Netherlands
United States
United Kingdom
United States
Germany
Germany
Germany
Sweden
France
Home economy
Telephone communications,
except radiotelephone
Information retrieval services
Electric services
Electric and other services combined
Electric and other services combined
Electric services
Medicinal chemicals and botanical products
Telephone communications,
except radiotelephone
Crude petroleum and natural gas
Beer and ale
Cigarettes
Hardware stores
Investors, nec
Natural gas and transmission
Petroleum refining
Investors, nec
Advertising agencies
Crude petroleum and natural gas
Telephone communications,
except radiotelephone
Petroleum refining
Gold ores
Nitrogenous fertilizers
Investors, nec
Miscellaneous publishing
Investors, nec
Operators of nonresidential buildings
Chocolate and cocoa products
Electric services
Banks
Banks
Radiotelephone communications
Steel works, blast furnaces, and rolling mills
Gold ores
Electric services
Electronic computers
Crude petroleum and natural gas
Crude petroleum and natural gas
Industrial inorganic chemicals, nec
Telephone communications,
except radiotelephone
Combination utilities, nec
Electric services
Electric services
Host economy
ANNEX A
203
1.3
1.3
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
Note:
Source:
1.3
1.3
63
64
Sweden
South Africa
Germany
France
France
Ireland
Australia
Netherlands
Mexico
France
Netherlands
Australia
Italy
Germany
Mexico
Norway
Hungary
Denmark
Mexico
France
United Kingdom
United States
Luxembourg
Chile
Sweden
Japan
Germany
Belgium
Australia
Germany
United States
Norway
United States
Italy
United Kingdom
United Kingdom
Canada
Home economy
Host and home economies represent the immediate partner economy of the transaction. Thus, for the M&A deals whose home economy is identical to the host economy, the ultimate parent
economy is different. Therefore, they are considered as cross-border M&As. The data cover deals involving the acquisition of an equity stake of more than 10%.
Amersham Biosciences
Navision A/S
Pegaso PCS SA de CV
Germany
Luxembourg
1.3
1.3
61
62
Renault SA
YTL Utilities(UK)Ltd
Adolph Coors Co
Demag Holding SARL
Banco Santiago
EQT Northern Europe Fund
Nissan Motor Co Ltd
Hamburgische Electricitaets
Interbrew SA
Amcor Ltd
Deutsche Boerse AG
Goodrich Corp
Investor Group
Morgan Stanley, Pirelli-Real
Aida (Morgan Stanley,Pirelli)
Anglo American PLC
Investor Group
TrizecHahn Corp
Acquiring company
1.8
1.8
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.4
1.4
1.4
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
Host economy
Acquired company
Value
Rank ($ billion)
Annex table A.I.9. Cross-border M&A deals with values of over $1 billion completed in 2002 (concluded)
204
FDI Policies for Development: National and International Perspectives
a
b
4
5
5
8
9
8
11
14
12
14
18
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
504
958
563
243
886
961
259
207
189
457
806
..
Divestment
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
15
16
22
25
39
23
24
23
9
8
19
..
Source:
Divestment as
percentage of
gross FDI
26
22
26
56
53
51
104
110
114
63
25
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
971
474
006
690
939
344
702
907
964
283
372
Gross FDI
8
5
7
17
3
9
15
1
65
18
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
372
278
146
641
135
546
877
461
171
305
837
Divestment
Germany
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
31
23
27
31
6
19
15
1
57
29
3
Divestment as
percentage of
gross FDI
5 302
7 733
11 068
17 294
31 309
37 206
35 164
17 948
16 409
17 739
26 033
32 199
43 562
34 047
61 586
122 816
201 451
233 371
66 118
..
Gross FDI
1 008
1 631
2 251
2 140
4 309
5 911
5 692
5 647
6 268
6 576
6 734
8 514
5 807
14 007
8 176
24 868
22 665
52 724
36 168
..
Divestment
United Kingdom
19
21
20
12
14
16
16
31
38
37
26
26
13
41
13
20
11
23
55
..
Divestment as
percentage of
gross FDI
21
31
24
27
43
34
65
52
45
54
89
98
112
107
129
172
229
194
140
147
188
536
027
229
940
994
365
310
991
554
610
555
848
635
488
629
371
619
636
729
Gross FDI
11
18
10
7
13
16
27
21
13
11
12
25
20
23
33
41
54
29
26
35
663
491
639
588
786
395
761
328
295
907
363
304
774
208
719
625
794
650
659
064
Divestment
United States
55
59
44
28
31
47
42
41
29
22
14
26
18
22
26
24
24
15
19
24
Divestment as
percentage of
gross FDI
UNCTAD, FDI/TNC database, based on Ministre de l'Economie, des Finances et de l'Industrie/Banque de France, Balance des paiements et position extrieure 2001, 15 May
2002; Deutsche Bundesbank, Zahlungsbilanzstatistik, February 2003, Statistisches Beiheft zum Monatsbericht 3; United Kingdom, Office for National Statistics, Business Monitor
MA4, Foreign Direct Investment 2001, February 2003; and United States Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S. International Transactions Accounts Data,
www.bea.doc.gov, 14 March 2003.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
636
364
296
616
642
382
843
818
045
961
620
..
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
29
36
25
32
25
39
46
62
139
189
101
Gross FDI
Year
France
Annex table A.I.10. Gross FDI a outflows and divestment in France, Germany, the United Kingdom and the United States, 1983-2002
(Millions of dollars and per cent)
ANNEX A
205
206
Annex table A.I.11. Germany, Japan and the United States: receipts of royalties and
licence fees from affiliated firms, by country, 1985-2001
(Millions of dollars)
Year
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
Germany
Intra-firm
German
Foreign
parent
affiliates
firms only in Gernany TNCs
464
597
698
883
1 122
1 547
1 515
1 680
1 629
1 720
2 231
2 457
2 321
2 652
2 321
2 214
2 404
2 904
Source:
83
122
146
124
106
236
345
472
501
496
617
655
518
750
629
642
745
1 010
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
Country
as a
whole
617
919
1 165
1 265
1 341
1 987
1 888
2 072
2 058
2 403
3 134
3 365
3 222
3 346
3 108
2 884
3 149
..
Japan
Intra-firm
Japanese
Foreign
parent
affiliates
firms only in Japan TNCs
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
617
..
..
1 034
..
..
2 335
..
..
3 919
..
..
5 499
..
..
..
..
Country
as a
whole
723
906
1 293
1 637
2 016
2 479
2 866
3 061
3 861
5 185
6 005
6 681
7 303
7 388
8 190
10 227
10 462
..
United States
Intra-firm
United States
Foreign
parent
affiliates in the
firms only
United States
TNCs
..
5 994
7 668
9 238
10 612
12 867
13 523
14 925
14 936
19 250
21 399
22 719
23 091
24 362
24 807
24 585
23 502
..
..
180
220
256
349
383
583
733
752
1 025
1 460
1 837
1 374
1 951
1 700
2 231
2 371
..
..
..
..
..
12 800
..
..
..
..
33 957
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
Country
as a
whole
6 680
8 113
10 174
12 139
13 818
16 634
17 819
20 841
21 695
26 712
30 289
32 470
33 228
35 626
36 902
39 607
38 668
..
UNCTAD, based on WIR99; IMF, Balance of Payments Statistics CD-ROM (January 2003); Germany, Deutsche
Bundesbank (various issues); Japan, METI, 2002 and United States, Department of Commerce, 2002.
ANNEX A
207
Annex table A.I.12. Receipts of royalties and licence fees by affiliated firms
and by country, Germany and the United States, 1998, 2000-2001
(Millions of dollars)
Germany
United States
Intra-firm
German parent
firms only
CountryRegion
Intra-firm
Foreign affiliates
Germany
Country
as a whole
United States
parent firms only
Foreign affiliates
in the United States
Country
as a whole
1998
TOTAL WORLD
Developed Countries
European Union
North America
Japan
Developing countries
Africa
Latin America and the Caribbean
Asia and Pacific
South, East and South-East Asia
1 707
1 300
482
601
137
353
24
99
230
..
748
636
267
284
22
51
4
14
..
..
3 346
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
24
20
13
1
3
3
362
993
192
287
200
601
185
1 423
1 993
1 984
1 951
2 037
1 108
41
220
279
25
156
98
94
35
26
17
1
5
6
626
853
525
657
776
535
311
2 552
3 672
3 593
24
18
11
1
3
4
2 231
1 803
964
49
331
239
188
51
51
39
28
17
2
7
8
23
17
11
1
3
4
2 371
1 872
952
58
248
349
266
83
83
38
28
16
2
6
7
2000
TOTAL WORLD
Developed Countries
European Union
North America
Japan
Developing countries
Africa
Latin America and the Caribbean
Asia and Pacific
South, East and South-East Asia
2 194
1 856
597
677
212
224
37
104
83
..
640
568
201
100
20
36
3
18
15
..
2 884
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
585
293
942
520
416
818
190
2 500
2 128
2 113
607
931
080
259
120
188
393
3 279
4 516
4 374
2001
TOTAL WORLD
Developed Countries
European Union
North America
Japan
Developing countries
Africa
Latin America and the Caribbean
Asia and Pacific
South, East and South-East Asia
Source:
2 290
1 900
549
803
165
251
46
98
108
..
666
555
134
116
30
86
20
21
45
..
3 149
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
502
318
252
503
173
759
212
2 483
2 064
2 039
668
214
333
255
972
996
327
3 368
4 301
4 164
208
Annex table A.I.13. Main international instruments a dealing with FDI, 1948-2003
Year b
Title
Setting
Level
Form
Status
1948
International
Conference on Trade
and Employment
Multilateral
Binding
Not ratified
1948
International Law
Association
Nongovernmental
Non-binding
Not adopted
1949
International Chamber
of Commerce
Nongovernmental
Non-binding
Adopted
1957
European Economic
Community
Regional
Binding
Adopted
1957
Council of Arab
Economic Unity
Regional
Binding
Adopted
1958
United Nations
Multilateral
Binding
Adopted
1959
Abs-Shawcross
Draft Convention
NonGovernmental
Non-binding
Not adopted
1961
Code of Liberalisation of
Capital Movements
OECD
Regional
Binding
Adopted
1961
OECD
Regional
Binding
Adopted
1962
United Nations
Multilateral
Non-binding
Adopted
1963
OECD
Regional
Model
Adopted
1965
Customs and
Economic Union
of Central Africa
Regional
Binding
Adopted
1965
World Bank
Multilateral
Binding
Adopted
1967
OECD
Regional
Non-binding
Adopted
1967
OECD
Regional
Non-binding
Not adopted
1969
Andean
Common Market
Regional
Binding
Adopted
1969
Inter-regional
Binding
Adopted
1969
Inter-regional
Binding
Adopted
/...
ANNEX A
209
Annex table A.I.13. Main international instruments a dealing with FDI, 1948-2003 (continued)
Year b
Title
Setting
Level
Form
Status
1970
Regional
Binding
Adopted
1970
Andean Common
Market
Regional
Binding
Superseded
1971
Inter-Arab Investment
Guarantee Corporation
Regional
Binding
Adopted
1972
Regional
Binding
Adopted
1972
International Chamber
of Commerce
NonGovernmental
Non-binding
Adopted
1973
Caribbean Community
Regional
Binding
Adopted
1973
Caribbean Community
Regional
Binding
Adopted
1974
United Nations
Multilateral
Non-binding
Adopted
1974
United Nations
Multilateral
Non-binding
Adopted
1975
Regional
Binding
Adopted
1975
International
Confederation of Free
Trade Unions
NonGovernmental
Non-binding
Adopted
1975
International Chamber
of Commerce
NonGovernmental
Non-binding
Adopted
1976
OECD
Regional
Binding/
non-binding c
Adopted
1976
United Nations
Multilateral
Model
Adopted
1976
GermanyUnited States
Bilateral
Binding
Adopted
1977
International Labour
Organization
Multilateral
Non-binding
Adopted
/...
210
Annex table A.I.13. Main international instruments a dealing with FDI, 1948-2003 (continued)
Year b
Title
Setting
Level
Form
Status
1977
International Chamber
of Commerce
NonGovernmental
Non-binding
Adopted
1979
United Nations
Multilateral
Binding
Not adopted
1979
United Nations
Multilateral
Model
Adopted
1980
ASEAN-EC
Inter-regional
Binding
Adopted
1980
United Nations
Multilateral
Non-binding
Adopted
1980
OECD
Regional
Non-binding
Adopted
1980
Regional
Binding
Adopted
1980
LAIA
Regional
Binding
Adopted
1981
World Health
Organization
Multilateral
Non-binding
Adopted
1981
Council of Europe
Regional
Binding
Adopted
1981
Islamic Conference
Regional
Binding
Adopted
1981
Regional
Binding
Adopted
1982
CEPGL
Regional
Binding
Adopted
1983
United Nations
Multilateral
Non-binding
Not adopted
1983
Economic Community
of Central and
African States
Regional
Binding
Adopted
1985
United Nations
Multilateral
Non-binding
Not adopted
1985
United Nations
Multilateral
Non-binding
Adopted
/...
ANNEX A
211
Annex table A.I.13. Main international instruments a dealing with FDI, 1948-2003 (continued)
Year b
Title
Setting
Level
Form
Status
1985
World Bank
Multilateral
Binding
Adopted
1985
OECD
Regional
Non-binding
Adopted
1987
Caribbean Common
Market
Regional
Binding
Adopted
1987
ASEAN
Regional
Binding
Adopted
1987
ASEAN
Regional
Binding
Adopted
1989
Inter-regional
Binding
Adopted
1989
Inter-regional
Binding
Adopted
1990
United Nations
Multilateral
Non-binding
Adopted
1990
Preferential Trade
Area for Eastern and
Southern African States
Regional
Binding
Adopted
1984
ECOWAS
Regional
Binding
Adopted
1991
African Economic
Community
Regional
Binding
Adopted
1991
Andean Community
Regional
Binding
Adopted
1991
Andean Community
Regional
Binding
Adopted
1990
/...
212
Annex table A.I.13. Main international instruments a dealing with FDI, 1948-2003
(continued)
Year b
Title
Setting
Level
Form
Status
1991
Andean Community
Regional
Binding
Adopted
1991
International Chamber
of Commerce
NonGovernmental
Non-binding
Adopted
1992
EC-EFTA
Regional
Binding
Adopted
1992
World Bank
Multilateral
Non-binding
Adopted
1992
Islamic Conference
Regional
Binding
Adopted
1992
Regional
Binding
Adopted
1992
CERES
NonGovernmental
Non-binding
Adopted
1993
EC-Costa Rica,
El Salvador, Guatemala,
Honduras, Nicaragua
and Panama
Inter-regional
Binding
Adopted
1993
Permanent Court
of Arbitration
Multilateral
Binding
Adopted
1993
ECOWAS
Regional
Binding
Adopted
1993
EC-Andean
Community
Inter-regional
Binding
Adopted
1993
Common Market
for Eastern and
Southern Africa
Regional
Binding
Adopted
1994
Azerbaijan, Armenia,
Belarus, Georgia,
Moldova, Kazakhstan,
the Russian Federation,
Ukraine, Uzbekistan,
Tajikistan and the
Kyrgyz Republic
Regional
Binding
Adopted
1994
Mexico-Bolivia
Bilateral
Binding
Adopted
1994
Mexico-Costa Rica
Bilateral
Binding
Adopted
/...
ANNEX A
213
Annex table A.I.13. Main international instruments a dealing with FDI, 1948-2003 (continued)
Year b
Title
Setting
Level
Form
Status
1994
Colombia, Venezuela,
Mexico
Regional
Binding
Adopted
1994
World Trade
Organization
Multilateral
Binding
Adopted
1994
World Trade
Organization
Multilateral
Binding
Adopted
1994
World Trade
Organization
Multilateral
Binding
Adopted
1994
MERCOSUR
Regional
Binding
Adopted
1994
MERCOSUR
Regional
Binding
Adopted
1994
Caribbean Community
Regional
Binding
Adopted
1994
OECD
Regional
Non-binding
Adopted
1994
Colombia, Mexico
and Venezuela
Regional
Binding
Adopted
1994
APEC
Regional
Non-binding
Adopted
1994
Australia-Mexico
Bilateral
Binding
Adopted
1994
European Energy
Charter Organisation
Regional
Binding
Adopted
1995
EC- MERCOSUR
Inter-regional
Binding
Adopted
1995
ASEAN
Regional
Binding
Adopted
1995
Consumers International
NonGovernmental
Non-binding
Adopted
/...
214
Annex table A.I.13. Main international instruments a dealing with FDI, 1948-2003 (continued)
Year b
Title
Setting
Level
Form
Status
1995
Pacific Basin
Economic Council
NonGovernmental
Non-binding
Adopted
1995
Bilateral
Binding
Adopted
1995
APEC
Regional
Non-binding
Adopted
1996
ASEAN
Regional
Binding
Adopted
1996
MERCOSUR
Regional
Binding
Adopted
1996
Inter-American Convention
Against Corruption
Organization of
American States
Regional
Binding
Adopted
1996
Acuerdo de Complementacin
Econmica MERCOSUR-Chile
Chile-MERCOSUR
Regional
Binding
Adopted
1996
United Nations
General Assembly
Multilateral
Non-binding
Adopted
1997
Mexico-Nicaragua
Bilateral
Binding
Adopted
1997
WTO
Multilateral
Binding
Adopted
1997
WTO
Multilateral
Binding
Adopted
1997
Caribbean Community
Regional
Binding
Adopted
1997
Peoples Action
Network to Monitor
Japanese TNCs
NonGovernmental
Non-binding
Not adopted
1997
United Nations
General Assembly
Multilateral
Non-binding
Adopted
1997
Council of Europe
Regional
Non-binding
Adopted
1997
OECD
Regional
Binding
Adopted
/...
ANNEX A
215
Annex table A.I.13. Main international instruments a dealing with FDI, 1948-2003 (continued)
Year b
Title
Setting
Level
Form
Status
1991
Bilateral
Binding
Adopted
1998
Regional
Binding
Adopted
1998
Chile-Mexico
Bilateral
Binding
Adopted
1998
Andean Community
Regional
Binding
Adopted
1998
Andean Community
Regional
Binding
Adopted
1998
Caribbean Community
Regional
Binding
Adopted
1998
ASEAN
Regional
Binding
Adopted
1998
Canada and
MERCOSUR
Regional
Binding
Adopted
1998
Memorandum of Understanding on
Trade and Investment between the
Governments Canada, Costa Rica,
El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras
and Nicaragua
Regional
Non-binding
Adopted
1998
OECD
Regional
Non-binding
Adopted
1998
OECD
Regional
Non-binding
Adopted
1998
OECD
Regional
Binding
Not adopted
1998
International
Labour Office
Multilateral
Non-binding
Adopted
1998
Consumer Unity
& Trust Society
NonGovernmental
Non-binding
Not adopted
1998
/...
216
Annex table A.I.13. Main international instruments a dealing with FDI, 1948-2003 (continued)
Year b
Title
Setting
Level
Form
Status
1998
Council of Canadians
NonGovernmental
Non-binding
Adopted
1999
European Parliament
Regional
Non-binding
Adopted
1999
Council of Europe
Regional
Binding
Adopted
1999
OECD
Regional
Non-binding
Approved
1999
International Chamber
of Commerce
Model
Non-binding
Adopted
1999
Core Standards
World Development
Movement
NonGovernmental
Non-binding
Not adopted
1999
International Chamber
of Commerce
NonGovernmental
Non-binding
Adopted
1999
Regional
Binding
Adopted
1999
Council of Europe
Regional
Binding
Adopted
1999
East African
Community
Regional
Binding
Adopted
1982
AustraliaUnited States
Bilateral
Binding
Adopted
1999
Brazil-United States
Bilateral
Binding
Adopted
1999
Canada-Eurpean Union
Bilateral
Binding
Adopted
1999
JapanUnited States
Bilateral
Binding
Adopted
1999
/...
ANNEX A
217
Annex table A.I.13. Main international instruments a dealing with FDI, 1948-2003 (continued)
Year b
Title
Setting
Level
Form
Status
1999
Chile-Central
American countries
Regional
Binding
Adopted
1999
ASEAN
Regional
Binding
Adopted
2000
Regional
Binding
Adopted
2000
OECD
Regional
Binding/
non-binding c
Adopted
2000
United Nations
Multilateral
Model
Adopted
2000
New ZealandSingapore
Bilateral
Binding
Adopted
2000
Caribbean Community
Regional
Binding
Adopted
2000
African, Caribbean
and the PacificEuropean community
Regional
Binding
Adopted
2001
Council of Europe
Regional
Binding
Adopted
2001
Council of Europe
Regional
Binding
Adopted
2001
EFTA
Regional
Binding
Adopted
2001
ASEAN
Regional
Binding
Adopted
2001
Caribbean Community
Regional
Binding
Adopted
2001
Canada-Costa Rica
Bilateral
Binding
Adopted
2002
Japan-Singapore
Bilateral
Binding
Adopted
2002
Panama-Central
American countries
Regional
Binding
Adopted
2002
Regional
Binding
Adopted
/...
218
Annex table A.I.13. Main international instruments a dealing with FDI, 1948-2003
Year b
Title
2002
2003
2003
Level
Form
ASEAN-China
Bilateral
Binding
Adopted
Chile-Korea
Bilateral
Binding
Adopted
Singapore-Australia
Bilateral
Binding
Adopted
ACP - EU
Algeria - United States
Andean Community - Canada
Andean Community - Mercosur
Andean Community - Panama FTA
ASEAN - India
ASEAN - Japan
Brazil - Russian Federation
CACM - Canada
CACM - United States
Canada - CARICOM
Canada - Dominican Republic
Canada - Singapore FTA
CARICOM - EFTA
CARICOM - EU
Chile - EFTA FTA
Chile - Japan FTA
Chile - New Zealand
China - Japan
Costa Rica - Panama
Ecuador - Mexico
EU - Mercosur
Free Trade of the Americas (FTAA)
India - Singapore FTA
Japan - Republic of Korea FTA
Japan - Malaysia
Japan - Mexico FTA
Japan - Thailand
Jordan - Singapore FTA
Mexico - Panama FTA
Mexico - Peru FTA
Mexico - Singapore FTA
Mexico - Trinidad and Tobago FTA
Singapore - ASEAN - China FTA
Southern African Customs Union
(SACU) - United States Agreement
Uruguay - United States FTA
ACP - EU
Algeria - United States
Andean Community - Canada
Andean Community - Mercosur
Andean Community - Panama
ASEAN - India
ASEAN - Japan
Brazil - Russian Federation
Central American countries - Canada
Central American countries - United States
Canada - CARICOM
Canada - Dominican Republic
Canada - Singapore
CARICOM - EFTA
CARICOM - EU
Chile - EFTA
Chile - Japan
Chile - New Zealand
Japan - China
Costa Rica - Panama
Ecuador -Mexico
EU - Mercosur
Americas
India - Singapore
Japan - Korea FTA
Japan - Malaysia
Japan - Mexico
Japan - Thailand
Jordan - Singapore
Mexico - Panama
Mexico - Peru
Mexico - Singapore
Mexico - Trinidad and Tobago
Singapore - ASEAN - China
SACU Member countries United States
Uruguay - United States
Inter-regional
Bilateral
Bilateral
Inter-regional
Bilateral
Bilateral
Bilateral
Bilateral
Bilateral
Bilateral
Bilateral
Bilateral
Bilateral
Inter-regional
Inter-regional
Bilateral
Bilateral
Bilateral
Bilateral
Bilateral
Bilateral
Inter-regional
Regional
Bilateral
Bilateral
Bilateral
Bilateral
Bilateral
Bilateral
Bilateral
Bilateral
Bilateral
Bilateral
Pluraliteral
Under
Under
Under
Under
Under
Under
Under
Under
Under
Under
Under
Under
Under
Under
Under
Under
Under
Under
Under
Under
Under
Under
Under
Under
Under
Under
Under
Under
Under
Under
Under
Under
Under
Under
Bilateral
Bilateral
Under negotiation
Under negotiation
Source:
b
c
Setting
(concluded)
Status
negotiation
negotiation
negotiation
negotiation
negotiation
negotiation
consultation
negotiation
negotiation
negotiation
negotiation
negotiation
negotiation
negotiation
negotiation
negotiation
consultation
negotiation
consultation
negotiation
negotiation
negotiation
negotiation
negotiation
consultation
consultation
negotiation
consultation
negotiation
negotiation
negotiation
negotiation
negotiation
negotiation
UNCTAD. The instruments listed here are reproduced in whole or in part in UNCTAD, International Investment
Instruments: A Compendium, vols. I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX, X and XI (United Nations publication, Sales Nos.
E.96.II.A.9.10.11, E.00.II.D.13. 14, E.01.II.D.34, E.02.II.D.14, E.02.II.D.15, E.02.II.D.16, E.02.II.D. 21 and
forthcoming).
Bilateral treaties for the promotion and protection of investment (BITs) and for the avoidance of double taxation (DTTs) are not included in
this table. For a list of BITs, as of 1 January 2000, see Bilateral Investment Treaties, 1959-1999 (UNCTAD/DITE/IIA/2), available on the
Internet: www.unctad.org/en/pub/poiteiiad2.en.htm. The most recent list of BITs and DTTs (as of 1 January 2003) is available on the Internet:
www.unctad.org. The list of bilateral association, partnership and cooperation agreements signed by the European Community and/or the
European Free Trade Association and third countries, and including investment provisions, is available in a separate table (Annex table A.I.14).
Dates given relate to original adoption. Subsequent revisions of instruments are not included, unless explicitly stated.
The OECD Declaration on International Investment and Multinational Enterprises is a political undertaking supported by legally binding
Decisions of the Council. The Guidelines on Multinational Enterprises are non-binding standards.
ANNEX A
219
Date of signature
5 December 1970
18 January 1977
18 January 1977
21 May 1985
23 July 1985
2 April 1990
4 November 1991
16 December 1991
19 September 1989 a
16 December 1991
16 December 1991
3 February 1992
11 May 1992
16 June 1992
26 June 1992
5 June 1992
22 October 1990 a
1 February 1993
16 December 1991 a
4 October 1993
8 May 1990 a
8 March 1993
4 October 1993
23 June 1981 a
20 December 1993
14 June 1994
8 December 1989 a
24 June 1994
2 July 1975 a
18 July 1994
28 November 1994
23 January 1995
9 February 1995
6 March 1995
12 September 1963 a
11 May 1992 a
12 June 1995
11 May 1992 a
12 June 1995
11 May 1992 a
12 June 1995
25 April 1976 a
17 July 1995
17 July 1995
11 May 1975
20 November 1995
20 November 1995
27 April 1976
26 February 1996
22 April 1996
22 April 1996
22 April 1996
1 April 1971
1 January 1979
1 January 1978
1 October 1985
1 May 1986
1 November 1990
1 January 1994
1 February 1994
1 February 1994
Not yet in force
1 March 1992
1 December 1992
1 March 1993
1 November 1995
Not yet in force
1 February 1995
1 February 1995
1 February 1995
1 February 1993
1 August 1994
1 February 1998
1 December 1997
2nd quarter 1995
1 July 1998
1 July 1999
1 July 1999
Not yet in force
1 December 1964
1 February 1993
1 February 1998
1 February 1993
1 February 1998
1 March 1993
1 February 1998
1 November 1978
1 March 1998
1 June 1996
1 July 1975
1 June 2000
1 June 1996
1 November 1978
1 July 1999
1 July 1999
1 July 1999
/...
220
(continued)
Country/territory/group of countries
Date of signature
Slovenia
Slovenia
Uzbekistan
Republic of Korea
Cambodia
Palestine Authority
Lao Peoples Democratic Republic
Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of
Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of
Yemen
Turkmenistan
South Afirca
Bangladesh
Bangladesh
Mexico
Mexico
Egypt
Egypt
Croatia
Algeria
Algeria
Lebanon
Lebanon
Lebanon d
Chile
Chile
5 April 1993
10 June 1996
21 June 1996
28 October 1996
29 April 1996
24 February 1997
29 April 1997
29 April 1997
9 April 2001
25 November 1997
25 May 1998
11 October 1999
19 October 1978
22 May 2000
8 December 1997
27 February 2001
18 January 1977
30 April 2001
29 October 2001
26 April 1976
22 April 2002
3 May 1977
17 June 2002
17 June 2002
18 November 2002
21 June 1996
1 September 1993
1 February 1999
1 July 1999
1 March 2000
1 November 1999
1 July 1997
1 December 1997
1 January 1998
...
1 January 1978
1 November 1978
Not yet in force
Not yet in force
1 February 1999
10 December 1991
17 September 1992
10 December 1992
10 December 1992
29 March 1993
29 March 1993
20 March 1992
20 March 1992
13 June 1995
7 December 1995
7 December 1995
7 December 1995
19 June 1997
30 November 1998
19 June 2000
27 November 2000
21 June 2001
21 June 2001
26 June 2002
26 June 2003
1 April 1992
1 January 1992
1 September 1993
1 May 1993
1 July 1993
1 October 1993
1 July 1992 c
1 July 1992 c
1 September 1998
1 October 1997
1 June 1996
1 January 1997
1 December 1999
1 July 1999
1 January 2001
...
...
11 June 1989
16 March 1995
22 April 1985
19 September 1994
18 June 1996
20 March 1998
30 October 1998
1 September 1985
/...
ANNEX A
221
(concluded)
Country/territory/group of countries
Date of signature
Egypt
Egypt b
Ghana
South Africa
Turkey
Jordan
Nigeria
Viet Nam
Algeria
COMESA
West African Economic and Monetary Union
Bahrain
Sri Lanka
Brunei Darussalam
Thailand
Tunisia
Chile
Chile
Singapore
Pakistan
1 July 1999
1 July 1999
26 February 1999
18 February 1999
29 September 1999
24 October 2000
16 February 2000
13 July 2000
13 July 2001
1 October 2001
24 April 2002
18 July 2002
25 July 2002
16 December 2002
23 October 2002
2 October 2002
19 May 1998
11 December 2002
24 June 2003
25 June 2003
1 July 1999
1 July 1999
26 February 1999
18 February 1999
11 February 2000
24 October 2000
16 February 2000
28 July 1993
24 October 1994
15 November 1995
5 December 1996
3 December 1997
9 December 1997
24 March 1998
16 June 1998
24 September 1998
31 May 1999
23 April 2001
5 July 1997
1 November 2002
...
Canada
ASEAN
Ukraine
Australia
Chile
Norway
Switzerland
Iceland
MERCOSUR
South Africa
Andean Community
Costa Rica
Source:
a
b
c
d
UNCTAD.
No longer in force.
Investment Incentive Agreement between the Government of the United States and the Government of the Arab Republic of Egypt.
Signed with former CSFR on 20 March 1992. Protocols of the succession of the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic were signed and
entered into force on 19 April 1993 simultaneously.
Interim Agreement on Trade and Trade-related Matters between the European Community, of the One Part, and the Republic of Lebanon,
of the Other Part.
222
Region/economy
Year
Developed economies
Parent
corporations
based in
economy a
49 048
Western Europe
39 715
2001
1997
1998
2001
2000
2000
2001
2001
1999
1998
2001
1998
2002
2002
34 291
935
988
9 356
900
1 922
8 522
155
39
1 017
1 608
600
857
4 260
3 132
2002
2000
2002
1998
1995
5 424
..
18
..
900
4 506
North America
Canada
United States
4 674
1 439
3 235
1999
2000
4 659
682
..
3 760
217
2001
2002
2002
1998
13 936
1 202
..
2
..
..
1
..
..
..
..
..
..
4
1
..
..
4
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
1
2
..
..
Developing economies
Africa
Algeria
Angola
Benin
Botswana
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cameroon
Central African Republic
Chad
Congo
Cte dIvoire
Congo, Democratic Republic of the
Djibouti
Egypt
Equatorial Guinea
Ethiopia
Gabon
Gambia
Ghana
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Kenya
Lesotho
Liberia
Madagascar
Malawi
Mali
Mauritania
Mauritius
Morocco
2002
2002
2002
2002
2002
2002
2002
2002
2002
2002
2002
2002
2002
1999
2002
2002
2002
2002
2002
2002
2002
2002
2002
2002
2002
2002
2002
2002
2002
2002
105 830
77 415
b
European Union
Austria
Belgium/Luxembourg
Denmark
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Ireland
Italy
Netherlands k
Portugal
Spain
Sweden n
United Kingdom o
Foreign
affiliates
located in
economy a
65 460
2 607
1 504
2 305
2 030
9 473
13 826
697
1 225
1 843
3 132
3 000
7 465
4 656
13 828
b
c
d
e
c, e
11 955
21
55
1 000
5 105
5 774
19 437
3 725
15 712
b
c
r
6 847
2 352
30
3 359
1 106
517 611
7 049
14
31
10
10
14
3
60
5
5
25
120
6
6
99
3
14
39
5
62
15
2
123
1
11
28
6
8
2
35
194
d
f
h
j
u
u
u
u
g
i
j
c
l
c
Region/economy
Mozambique
Namibia
Niger
Nigeria
Rwanda
Senegal
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Somalia
South Africa
Sudan
Swaziland
Togo
Tunisia
United Republic of Tanzania
Uganda
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Latin America and the Caribbean
Antigua and Barbuda
Argentina
Aruba
Bahamas
Barbados
Belize
Bermuda
Bolivia
Brazil
British Virgin Islands
Cayman Islands
Chile
Colombia
Costa Rica
Dominica
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
El Salvador
Grenada
Guatemala
Guyana
Haiti
Honduras
Jamaica
Mexico
Netherlands Antilles
Nicaragua
Panama
Paraguay
Peru
St. Kitts and Nevis
Saint Lucia
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Suriname
Trinidad and Tobago
Uruguay
Venezuela
Asia
South, East and South-East Asia
Afghanistan
Bangladesh
Bhutan
Brunei Darussalam
Cambodia
China
Hong Kong, China
India
Indonesia
Lao Peoples Democratic Rep.
Year
Parent
corporations
based in
economy a
2002
2002
2002
2002
2002
2002
1998
2002
2002
1998
2002
2002
2002
2002
2002
2002
1999
1998
5
..
1
48
..
6
1
1
941
2
12
3
142
15
..
2
8
2 022
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
1 225
..
..
478
302
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
4
3
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
10
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
2002
2002
2002
2002
2002
2002
2002
1996
1998
2002
2002
1998
1995
2002
2002
2002
2002
2002
2002
1985
2002
2002
2002
1998
2002
2002
2002
2002
1995
1997
2002
2002
2002
2002
1999
2002
2002
b
b
2002
2002
1997
2002
1997
2002
2001
1995
1995
1997
10 685
9 934
..
10
..
..
..
350
948
187
313
..
u
f
u
u
u
u
u
v
u
x
f
u
aa
af
ah
ai
Foreign
affiliates
located in
economy a
27
7
5
66
2
42
30
6
..
2 044
4
61
9
2 503
38
34
1 179
36
45 383
10
1 123
29
117
99
7
240
257
8 050
129
283
3 173
2 220
154
5
113
165
310
10
287
56
11
49
177
25 708
145
34
384
109
1 183
5
19
10
10
65
164
473
464 631
445 272
4
13
2
16
598
363 885
9 132
1 416
2 241
669
b
b
ab
ac
ad
ae
ag
aj
ak
ANNEX A
223
Region/economy
Year
Macau
Malaysia
Maldives
Mongolia
Myanmar
Nepal
Pakistan
Philippines
Republic of Korea
Singapore
Sri Lanka
Taiwan Province of China
Thailand
Viet Nam
Parent
corporations
based in
economy a
2001
1999
2002
1998
2002
2002
2001
1995
2002
2002
1998
2001
1998
1996
..
..
..
..
..
1
59
..
7 460
..
..
606
..
..
West Asia
Bahrain
Cyprus
Iran
Jordan
Kuwait
Lebanon
Oman
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
Syrian Arab Republic
Turkey
United Arab Emirates
Yemen
2002
2002
2002
2002
2002
2002
1995
2002
1989
2002
2002
2002
2002
751
..
..
..
..
..
..
92
..
..
..
653
..
6
Central Asia
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Kazakhstan
1999
2002
1998
1999
..
..
..
..
Source:
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
l
m
n
o
p
q
Foreign
affiliates
located in
economy a
u
am
ao
ar
at
560
15 567
1
1 400
6
6
582
14 802
12 909
14 052
305
2 841
2 721
1 544
al
an
ap
aq
as
11 672
36
3 185
28
13
16
58
351
16
1 461
8
6 311
185
4
7 687
1 604
12
190
1 865
b
au
at
av
aw
Region/economy
Year
Kyrgzstan
Uzbekistan
The Pacific
Fiji
Kiribati
New Caledonia
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Tonga
Vanuatu
2002
2002
2002
1998
2002
2002
2002
2002
..
..
27
2
..
..
..
7
7
..
11
1995
1994
2002
2000
1997
1999
1999
2000
2002
1999
2001
2002
2002
1994
2002
1997
2000
1999
1999
850
..
..
..
26
70
660
..
..
..
16
58
..
20
..
..
..
..
..
..
World
1998
2002
Parent
corporations
based in
economy a
63 834
u
u
u
b
h
x
ag
h
h
Foreign
affiliates
located in
economy a
4 004
12
548
151
1
3
345
8
16
5
19
ax
242 678
2 422
393
16
7 153
353
71 385
3 066
26 645
210
1 893
14 469
2 402
89 911
7 793
22
5 560
1 617
7 362
7 362
b
az
b
x
ay
ba
bb
bc
bd
be
bf
bg
bh
bi
866 119
Represents the number of parent companies/foreign affiliates in the economy shown, as defined by that economy. Deviations from the
definition adopted in the World Investment Report (see section on definitions and sources in the annex B) are noted below. The data for
Afghanistan, Algeria, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Aruba, Azerbaijan, Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belize, Benin,
Bermuda, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, British Virgin Islands, Brunei, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Cayman Islands, Central
African Republic, Chad, Congo, Costa Rica, Cte dIvoire, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic,
Ecuador, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Gibraltar, Grenada, Guinea-Bissau, Haiti, Honduras, Iran, Israel, Jordan,
Kenya, Kiribati, Kuwait, Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Morocco,
Mozambique, Myanmar, Namibia, Nepal, Netherlands Antilles, New Caledonia, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Panama, Qatar, Rwanda, Senegal,
Serbia and Montenegro, Sierra Leone, Solomon Islands, Somalia, St. Lucia, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Sudan,
Suriname, Syria, TFYR Macedonia, Togo, Tonga, Uganda, United Arab Emirates, United Republic of Tanzania, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Venezuela
and Western Samoa are from Who Owns Whom CD-Rom 2003 ( London, Dun & Bradstreet). Syria, Togo, Tonga, Uganda, United Arab
Emirates, United Republic of Tanzania, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Venezuela and Western Samoa are from Who Owns Whom CD-Rom 2003 (
London, Dun & Bradstreet).
Includes data only for the countries shown below.
Majority-owned foreign affiliates.
Provisional figures by Banque Nationale de Belgique.
Directly and indirectly owned foreign affiliates (subsidiaries and associates), excluding branches.
As of 1999.
2001; does not include the number of foreign-owned holding companies in Germany which, in turn, hold participating interests in Germany
(indirect foreign participating interests).
As of 1994.
Refers to the number of foreign-owned affiliates in Ireland in manufacturing and services activities which receive assistance from the
Investment and Development Authority (IDA).
Relates to parent companies and foreign affiliates industrial activities (based on Consiglio Nazionale dellEconomia e del Lavoro, Italia
Multinazionale, 2000, inward and outward FDI in the Italian industry in 1998 and 1999 April 2002.
Data for parent corporation, as of October 1993. Data for foreign affiliates refer to majority-owned affiliates and are taken from OECD.
2000.
Includes those Spanish parent enterprises which are controlled, at the same time, by a direct investor.
Data provided by Sveriges Riksbank. Includes those Swedish parent companies which are controlled, at the same time, by a direct investor.
Data on the number of parent companies based in the United Kingdom, and the number of foreign affiliates in the United Kingdom are based
on the register of companies held for inquiries on the United Kingdom FDI abroad, and FDI into the United Kingdom conducted by the Central
Statistical Office. On that basis, the numbers are probably understated because of the lags in identifying investment in greenfield sites and
because some companies with small presence in the United Kingdom and abroad have not yet been identified.
Refers to Norwegian non-financial joint-stock companies with foreign shareholders owning more than 10 per cent of total shares in 1998.
Represents a total of 2,466 non-bank parent companies in 2000 and 60 bank parent companies in 1994 with at least one foreign affiliate whose
224
s
t
u
v
w
x
y
z
aa
ab
ac
ad
ae
af
ag
ah
ai
aj
ak
al
am
an
ao
ap
aq
ar
as
at
au
av
aw
ax
ay
az
ba
bb
bc
bd
be
bf
bg
bh
bi
assets, sales or net income exceeded $3 million, and 709 non-bank and bank parent companies in 1994 whose affiliate(s) had assets, sales
and net income under $3 million. Each parent company represents a fully consolidated United States business enterprise, which may consist
of a number of individual companies.
Represents a total of 9,368 non-bank affiliates in 2000 and 438 bank affiliates in 1997 whose assets, sales or net income exceeded $3 million,
and 5,906 bank and non-bank affiliates in 1996 with assets, sales, net income less than or equal to $3 million. Each affiliate represents a
fully consolidated United States business entreprise, which may consist of a number of individual companies.
Japanese firms with at least two foreign affiliates that have a more than 20 per cent equity share. Source: Toyokeizai, Kaigai Shinshutsu Kigyo
Soran 2002 (Tokyo: Toyokeizai Shinposha, 2002).
Number of foreign affiliates in late 2000. Source: Toyokeizai, Gaishikei Kigyo Soran 2001 (Tokyo: Toyokeizai Shimposha, 2001), The 35th
Survey of Overseas Business Activities.
2001.
1999.
Provisional.
1997.
Estimated by Comite de Inversiones Extranjeras.
Number of foreign companies registered under DL600.
Less than 10.
Out of this number, 811 are majority-owned foreign affiliates, while 159 affiliates have less than 10 per cent equity share.
An equity stake of 25 per cent or more of the ordinary shares or voting power.
Number of enterprises included in the Central Bank survey (all sectors).
Number of projects approved, both domestic and foreign, since August 1994.
In 2002, 350 companies invested abroad. The accumulative number of companies that invested abroad was 6,960.
As of 2000, Cumulative number of registered industrial enterprises with foreign capital.
Number of regional headquarters as at 1 June 2002.
As of 1991.
As of 1996.
Number of projects licensed since 1988 up to end 1997.
May 1999. Refers to companies with foreign equity stakes of 51 per cent and above. Of this, 3,787 are fully owned foreign affiliates.
1998.
This figure refers to directly and indirectly owned foreign affiliates.
As of 1999. Data refer to the number of investment projects abroad.
Number of wholly owned foreign companies.
Number of projects approved under section 17 of the BOI law which provides for incentives.
Number of approved new investment projects abroad in 1998.
Data refer to the number of BOI-promoted companies which have been issued promotion certificates during the period 1960-1998, having
at least 10 per cent of foreign equity participation.
As of May 1995.
Accumulated number of joint ventures and foreign enterprises registered as of 1 November 1999.
Number of cases of approved investments of more than 100,000 dollars registered during the period of January 1996 up to March 1998.
Joint ventures and foreign firms operating in the country.
Joint venture companies established in the economy.
Number of applications received since 1993.
1,532 joint ventures and 890 wholly-owned foreign affiliates.
The number refers to registered investment projects between 1992 and 2000, Bulgarian Foreign Investment Agency, January 2002.
Out of this number 53,775 are fully-owned foreign affiliates. Includes joint ventures.
As of 15 March 1999. Only registered affiliates with the Estonian Commercial Register.
Source: Hungary Statistics Office.
Cumulative number of companies with foreign capital share which participated in the statistical survey.
Number of enterprises with foreign participation set up in Moldova as of 1 January 2002.
Data refer to the cumulative number of companies with FDI as at end-December 2002.
Includes joint ventures with local firms.
Source: Bank of Slovenia.
Note:
The data can vary significantly from preceding years, as data become available for countries that had not been covered before, as
definitions change, or as older data are updated.
ANNEX A
225
Annex table A.II.1. Asia and the Pacific: sources of FDI finance in selected economies,
1999-2002
(Millions of dollars)
1999
2000
Economy
Total
FDI
inflows
Equity
Other
capitala
Brunei Darusssalam
China
Indonesia
Hong Kong (China)
Kazakhstan
Republic of Korea
Taiwan Province of China
Malaysia
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Papua New Guinea
747
38 753
-2 746
24 581
1 587
9 333
2 926
3 895
1 734
12 825
6 149
297
656
16 772
1 110
4 315
316
8 889
2 346
1 512
1 145
7 951
6 139
274
87
9 783
-3 856
8 126
1 093
444
-69
476
219
1 252
10
-1
Economy
Total
FDI
inflows
Equity
Other
capitala
Brunei Darusssalam
China
Indonesia
Hong Kong (China)
Kazakhstan
Republic of Korea
Taiwan Province of China
Malaysia
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Papua New Guinea
527
44 241
-3 278
23 776
2 763
3 528
4 109
554
1 537
10 916
3 820
63
218
27 361
688
7 717
539
3 189
3 737
-854
628
9800b
2 626
45.3
287
2 199
-3 966
3 705
1 775
339
10
-1 083
421
1 117
1 194
-0.6
Reinvested
earnings
4
12 198
..
12 140
178
..
649
1 907
370
3 622
..
24
Total
FDI
inflows
Equity
Other
capital a
550
38 399
-4 450
61 939
1 283
9 283
4 928
3 788
1 354
5 389
3 366
96
209
20 841
992
32 955
272
8 282
4 493
674
1 024
1 342
3 402
74.6
321
1 536
-5 442
9 695
536
1 001
-86
112
504
-19
-36
-0.4
2001
Source:
a
b
Reinvested
earnings
20
16 022
..
19 289
474
..
521
3 002
-174
4 066
..
21.7
2002
Reinvested
earnings
22
14 681
..
12 354
449
..
362
2 491
488
..
..
17.8
Total
FDI
inflows
684
52 700
-1 522
13 718
2 561
1 972
1 455
3 203
494
6 102
735
..
Equity
351
..
1 817
..
..
1 686
1 121
-204
945
7 661b
307
..
Other
capital a
332
..
-3 339
..
..
286
82
-5
-571
-1 559
427
..
Reinvested
earnings
..
..
..
..
..
..
242
3 413
120
..
..
..
226
1999
2000
2001
World average
7.1
Developed countries average
7.4
Developing economies average 4.6
Azerbaijan
0.1
China
5.6
Hong Kong (China)
13.6
Indonesia
5.5
Kazakhstan
3.2
Republic of Korea
3.0
Malaysia
11.5
Pakistan
3.4
Papua New Guinea
13.6
Philippines
3.6
6.8
7.1
4.3
9.3
6.2
12.5
5.7
9.6
3.1
14.1
6.1
10.1
9.5
5.5
5.7
4.2
8.6
5.8
11.5
5.4
9.0
3.3
11.2
7.0
10.1
8.8
Source:
a
UNCTAD.
Increase FDI
investment
ASEAN Investment
Area(AIA)b
Agreement signed in
2002 and the FTA to be
realized within 10 years.
(ASEAN-China FTA)
ASEAN-China
Comprehensive
Economic
Cooperationc
Transparency
Investment facilitation and promotion of the region
for FDI
Investment protection
Reduce or eliminate investment impediments
Resource seeking
/...
Production network
Efficiency seeking
Efficiency seeking
Market seeking
Open up of industries/liberalization
Investment measures
Promote FDI
Trade measures
Elimination of tariff and non-tariff barriers
Key elements
Objectives
Name/date
Annex table A.II.3. Asia and the Pacific: possible effects of selected regional agreements on FDI
ANNEX A
227
UNCTAD.
Resource seeking
Efficiency seeking
Efficiency seeking
Market seeking
Resource seeking
Market seeking
Efficiency seeking
Resource seeking
Members of AFTA: Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and Viet Nam. The Agreement was supported by further trade facilitation
arrangements such as mutual recognition, standards and conformance.
Members of AIA: Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and Viet Nam.
Members of ACFTA: Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, China, Indonesia, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and Viet Nam.
Members of SAARC Preferential Trading Arrangement (SAPTA): Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. SAARC represents the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation.
Members of BIMSTEC: Bangladesh, India, Myanmar, Sri Lanka and Thailand.
Members of SPARTECA: Australia, New Zealand, Cook Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Fiji, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Nauru, Niue, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu, Vanuatu and
Western Samoa.
Source:
Rules of origin
Market seeking
Tariff jumping
Agreement signed on
11 April 1993 and in
operation in 1995.
Currently studying in
moving towards an FTA.
SAARC Preferential
Trading Arrangement
(SAPTA) d
Key elements
Objectives
Name/date
Annex table A.II.3. Asia and the Pacific: possible effects of selected regional agreements on FDI (concluded)
228
FDI Policies for Development: National and International Perspectives
GE Capital Kft.
Financial services
GE Hungary Rt.
Electronics
GE Hungary Rt.
Electronics
Opel Southeast Eurpa Kft./ GM Daewoo
Central and Eastern Europe Kft.
Automotive
August 2002
November 2002
February 2003
February 2003
December 2002
December 2002
September 2002
2002-2003a
May 2002
June 2002
October 2002
2003a
February 2002
November 2002
October 2002
2002-2003a
January 2003
December 2002
May 2002
December 2002
June 2002
January 2003
January 2003
May 2003
2002-2003a
December 2002
April 2003
February 2003
May 2003
April 2003
November 2002
July 2002
October 2002
May 2002
Bonyhd
Jszfnyszaru
Gd
Budapest
Nagykanizsa
Mr
Komrom
Rtsg
Szzhalombatta
Szkesfehrvr
Szkesfehrvr
Tatabnya
Automotive
Automotive supplier
Automotive supplier
Water treatment
Esztergom
Kisbr
Szkesfehrvr
Szombathely
Gyr
Kecskemt
Tiszajvros
New capacity
New capacity
..
Partial relocation from Hungary
Closure of factory
Expansion of production
Relocation to Hungary
Expansion of capacities
Regional centre
New capacity
New capacity
Partial relocation from Hungary
Expansion of capacities
New capacity
Relocation to Hungary
Relocation from Hungary
Expansion of capacities
New capacity
Regional headquarters
Budars
Szkesfehrvr
Vc
Tiszajvros
Szkesfehrvr
Relocation to Hungary
Expansion of capacities
..
Expansion of capacities
Relocation to Hungary
Relocation to Hungary
New capacity
Expansion of capacities
Relocation to Hungary
New capacity
Expansion of capacities
Relocation from Hungary
New capacity
Relocation to Hungary
Relocation to Hungary
Type of action
Budapest
Nagykanizsa
Budapest
Gyr
Miskolc
Hatvan
Eger
Pcs
Jszberny
Budapest
Srvr/ Zalaegerszeg
Srvr
Komrom
Szkesfehrvr
Tatabnya
Location
in Hungary
Footwear
Electronics
Electronics
Food and beverages
Recycling
Automotive supplier
Electronics
Electronics
Automotive
Automotive
Electronics
Electronics
Electronics
Precision engineering
Metallurgy
Electronics
Electronics
Electronics
Electronics
Source:
January 2002
March 2003
2002-2003a
Aluminium
Electronics
Alcoa-Kfm Kft.
Artesyn Kft.
January 2003
May 2002
Automotive
Electronics
Electronics
Electronics
Electronics
White goods
Electronics
Electronics
Electronics
Electronics
Industry
..
..
China
..
United Kingdom
..
other European countries
..
..
Austria
..
Germany
Austria, Germany
..
..
Spain
..
..
China
R&D centre
..
..
..
India (Chennai)
+32.
+150
+30
..
+100
-560
..
+500-700
..
..
+300
+120 (2004)
-200
+80
+150
..
330
-500
+1 170
-200
+60-80
-3 700
+377
+600
+50-100
+330
+500
+250
+400
+250
+400
+110
+2 100
-1 000
+150
Estimated
employment
effect in
Other location involved Hungary
..
..
Supplier to Opel Polska and Magyar Suzuki ..
Cathode ray tube televisions
France
Cathode ray tube monitors
China
..
..
Product assembly and regional sales
centre for Eastern Europe
..
Shoes
..
Television production
..
Cathode ray tube production
other European countries
Filtered tea production for exports
..
Production and management
..
Car spare parts
..
Supplier to Nokia
..
..
Ukraine
Car radios
Metalworking and foundry (for the
production of car spare parts)
Car assembly
GM's/Daewoo's regional
headquarter for CEE
Hard disk drive
..
..
Activity concerned
Annex table A.II.4. Selected cases of expansion and reduction of production capacities
ANNEX A
229
230
Inflows
Country
Total
Equity
Reinvested
earnings
Other
capital a
Total
Equity
Reinvested
earnings
Other
capital a
France
2001
2002
92 974
62 544
54 472
27 530
6 604
6 968
31 899
28 046
55 190
51 503
20 659
29 887
2 180
2 496
32 351
19 120
Germany
2001
2002
42 078
24 535
55 139
44 065
- 2 899
-
- 10 161
- 19 529
33 917
38 035
26 925
25 397
- 3 222
- 3 388
10 215
16 026
Japan
2001
2002
38 333
31 482
27 295
22 926
6 958
8 231
4 084
325
6 243
9 326
4 908
- 5 830
1 546
1 505
- 215
13 651
Luxembourg
2002
154 072
116 627
408
37 036
125 660
111 218
2 403
12 038
Norway
2001
2002
- 1 272
3 810
575
5 202
300
338
- 2 148
- 1 730
2 212
615
1 314
869
- 382
- 430
1 280
176
Sweden
2001
2002
6 594
10 869
5 625
10 475
2 016
5 690
- 1 046
- 5 299
11 780
11 081
9 168
9 079
- 589
992
3 205
1 007
Switzerland
2001
2002
17 300
11 800
13 500
8 800
2 700
4 200
1 100
- 1 200
8 900
9 300
9 000
2 400
900
3 300
- 1 000
3 600
United Kingdom
2001
2002
68 037
39 703
25 949
20 375
35 482
44 048
6 606
- 24 720
61 958
24 945
29 158
14 724
6 973
15 405
25 827
- 5 185
127 800
123 500
49 800
27 300
- 1 500
14 500
81 700
79 700
130 800
30 100
107 700
57 600
- 19 700
10 200
42 800
- 37 700
United States
2001
2002
Source:
a
Note:
Up to 2001, data for the Belgium-Luxembourg Economic Union (BLEU) were reported by the National Bank of Belgium. Data on
Luxembourg are not available separately before 2002.
A subsidiary is an incorporated enterprise in the host country in which another entity directly owns
more than a half of the shareholders voting power and has the right to appoint or remove a majority
of the members of the administrative, management or supervisory body.
An associate is an incorporated enterprise in the host country in which an investor owns a total of
at least 10 per cent, but not more than half, of the shareholders voting power.
A branch is a wholly or jointly owned unincorporated enterprise in the host country which is one of
the following: (i) a permanent establishment or office of the foreign investor; (ii) an unincorporated
partnership or joint venture between the foreign direct investor and one or more third parties; (iii)
land, structures (except structures owned by government entities), and /or immovable equipment and
objects directly owned by a foreign resident; or (iv) mobile equipment (such as ships, aircraft, gasor oil-drilling rigs) operating within a country, other than that of the foreign investor, for at least one
year.
2.
Equity capital is the foreign direct investors purchase of shares of an enterprise in a country other
than its own.
Reinvested earnings comprise the direct investors share (in proportion to direct equity participation)
of earnings not distributed as dividends by affiliates, or earnings not remitted to the direct investor.
Such retained profits by affiliates are reinvested.
232
Intra-company loans or intra-company debt transactions refer to short- or long-term borrowing and
lending of funds between direct investors (parent enterprises) and affiliate enterprises.
FDI stock is the value of the share of their capital and reserves (including retained profits)
attributable to the parent enterprise, plus the net indebtedness of affiliates to the parent enterprise.
FDI flow and stock data used in the World Investment Report are not always defined as above, because
these definitions are often not applicable to disaggregated FDI data. For example, in analysing
geographical and industrial trends and patterns of FDI, data based on approvals of FDI may also be
used because they allow a disaggregation at the country or industry level. Such cases are denoted
accordingly.
3.
Foreign direct investors may also obtain an effective voice in the management of another business
entity through means other than acquiring an equity stake. These are non-equity forms of FDI, and
they include, inter alia, subcontracting, management contracts, turnkey arrangements, franchising,
licensing and product sharing. Data on these forms of transnational corporate activity are usually not
separately identified in the balance-of-payments statistics. These statistics, however, usually present
data on royalties and licensing fees, defined as receipts and payments of residents and non-residents
for: (i) the authorized use of intangible non-produced, non-financial assets and proprietary rights such
as trademarks, copyrights, patents, processes, techniques, designs, manufacturing rights, franchises,
etc., and (ii) the use, through licensing agreements, of produced originals or prototypes, such as
manuscripts, films, etc. 3
233
Consequently, data on FDI outflows, which are reported as World Bank data, are estimated by subtracting
FDI inward flows from net FDI flows.
For those economies in Latin America and the Caribbean for which data are not available from
one of the above-mentioned sources, data from ECLAC were utilized. Data from the EBRD were also
utilized for those economies in Central Asia for which data were not available from one of the abovementioned sources.
Furthermore, data on the FDI outflows of the OECD, as presented in its publication, Geographical
Distribution of Financial Flows to Developing Countries, and as obtained from its on-line databank,
are used as a proxy for FDI inflows. As these OECD data are based on FDI outflows to developing
economies from the member countries of the Development Assistance Committee (DAC) of OECD, 4
inflows of FDI to developing economies may be underestimated. In some economies, FDI data from
large recipients and investors are also used as proxies.
Finally, in those economies for which data were not available from either of the above-mentioned
sources, or only partial data (quarterly or monthly) were available, estimates were made by: annualising
the data, if they are only partially available (monthly or quarterly) from either the IMF or national
official sources; using data on cross-border mergers and acquisitions (M&As) and their growth rates;
and using UNCTADs own estimates.
The following sections give details of how data on FDI flows for each economy used in the Report
were obtained.
a.
FDI inflows
Those economies for which data from national official sources were used for the period, 19802002, or part of it, are listed below.
Period
Economy
1980-2002
1980-1993
1980-1985
1982-2002
1985-2002
1986-2002
1987-2002
1988-2002
1988-1991
1989-2002
1989-1992
1990-2002
and 1995-2002
and 1995-2002
and 1994-2002
and 2000-2002
Bolivia; Brazil; Canada; Chile; Finland; Japan; Republic of Korea; Peru; Taiwan
Province of China; Tunisia; Turkey; United States and Venezuela
Congo
Paraguay
Sweden
Austria; Burundi; Denmark; Pakistan and Senegal
Ecuador; France and Switzerland
Germany and the Netherlands
Iceland; Lesotho; Mauritius and the United Kingdom
Slovenia
Australia
Armenia
Algeria; Angola; Anguilla; Antigua and Barbuda; Aruba; Bahamas; Benin;
Botswana; Bulgaria; Colombia; Costa Rica; Cte dIvoire; Czech Republic;
Dominica; Dominican Republic; Egypt; Fiji; Gambia; Ghana; Greece; Grenada;
Guatemala; Honduras; Ireland; Israel; Jamaica; Kenya; Madagascar; Mexico;
Montserrat; Morocco; Mozambique; Namibia; Nigeria; Norway; Portugal;
Romania; Rwanda; Saint Kitts and Nevis; Saint Lucia; Saint Vincent and the
Grenadines; Seychelles; Slovakia; South Africa; Sri Lanka; Suriname; Swaziland;
United Republic of Tanzania; Togo; Trinidad and Tobago; Yemen and Zimbabwe
Zambia
Djibouti; Hati; India; Nicaragua and Uganda;
Argentina; Belarus; Burkina Faso; Estonia; Guyana; Kazakhstan; Lithuania;
Mongolia; Niger and Serbia and Montenegro
Russian Federation
Republic of Moldova and Ukraine
Croatia; Kuwait; Mali and Uruguay
Albania; Azerbaijan; Cape Verde; Spain and the TFYR Macedonia
Central African Republic; Chad; Equatorial Guinea and Gabon
Bosnia and Herzegovina and Sudan
Bahrain and Guinea-Bissau
El Salvador; Hong Kong (China); Latvia and New Zealand
China
/...
234
Period
2000-2002
2001-2002
2002
1985-2001
1990-2001
1991-2001
1992-2001
1993-2001
1995-2001
1996-2001
1999-2001
2001
1997-2000
1985-1997
1994-1996
1990-1995
1980-1994
1990-1994
1986-1991
Economy
Italy and Netherlands Antilles
Bangladesh
Belgium; Jordan; Kyrgyzstan; Luxembourg; Poland and Vanuatu
Barbados
Belize and Malawi
Cyprus
Ethiopia
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
Oman
Solomon Islands
Belgium and Luxembourg
Macau (China) and Tajikistan
Occupied Palestinian Territory
Papua New Guinea
Georgia
Indonesia
Thailand
Malaysia; the Philippines; Singapore and Viet Nam
Hungary
Those economies for which national official sources provided either preliminary or estimated
data are listed below.
Period
Economy
2002
Benin; Burkina Faso; Central African Republic; Chad; Congo; Cte dIvoire;
Djibouti; Equatorial Guinea; Gabon; Ghana; Guinea-Bissau; Haiti; Jamaica;
Madagascar; Mali; Morocco; Niger; Senegal; Suriname;Togo and Uganda
As mentioned above, one of the main sources for annex table B.1 is the IMF. Those economies
for which IMF data were used for the period, 1980-2002, or part of it, are listed below.
Period
1980-2002
1997-2002
1980-2001
1980-1984 and 1998-2001
1982-2001
1984-1993 and 2000-2001
1986-2001
1993-2001
2001
1983-1984 and 1986-2000
1994-2000
1996-2000
1980-1999
1993-1999
1980-1998
1980-1995 and 1998
1994-1998
1980-1997
1980-1993 and 1995-1997
1992-1997
1996-1997
1980 and 1982-1996
1980-1995
1987-1995
1994-1995
1980-1994
1983 and 1985-1994
1984-1989 and 1991-1994
Economy
Malta and Panama
Georgia
Jordan; Poland and Saudi Arabia
Papua New Guinea
Vanuatu
Tonga
Guinea and Maldives
Kyrgyzstan
So Tom and Principe
Bangladesh
Islamic Republic of Iran
Eritrea and Nepal
Netherlands Antilles
Armenia
Belgium and Luxembourg; China and Italy
Mauritania
Republic of Moldova and Ukraine
New Zealand
El Salvador
Latvia
Turkmenistan
Bahrain
Cameroon; Sierra Leone and Solomon Islands
Comoros
Russian Federation
Central African Republic; Gabon and Oman
Kiribati
Chad
/...
Period
235
Economy
1986-1994
1988-1994
1989-1994
1992-1994
1994
1980-1993
1986-1993
1990-1993
1992-1993
1980-1992
1980-1991
1980-1990
1980-1989
Paraguay
Lao Peoples Democratic Republic
Equatorial Guinea and Myanmar
Cambodia
New Caledonia
Spain
Cape Verde
Brunei Darussalam
Albania and Slovenia
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya and Mali
Argentina and Niger
Cyprus
Algeria; Antigua and Barbuda; Bahamas; Botswana; Burkina Faso; Colombia;
Costa Rica; Cte dIvoire; Dominican Republic; Egypt; Fiji; Ghana; Greece;
Guatemala; Haiti; Honduras; Indonesia; Ireland; Israel; Jamaica; Kenya; Malaysia;
Mexico; Morocco; Nigeria; Norway; Philippines; Portugal; Rwanda; Saint Kitts
and Nevis; Saint Lucia; Saint Vincent and the Grenadines; Seychelles; Singapore;
South Africa; Sri Lanka; Suriname; Swaziland; Togo; Trinidad and Tobago; Zambia
and Zimbabwe
Benin
Gambia
Dominica and Grenada
Belize
Sudan
Angola
Montserrat and Mozambique
Madagascar amd Nicaragua
Australia
Uruguay
Iceland; Lesotho; Mauritius; United Kingdom and Yemen
Malawi
Liberia
Germany and the Netherlands
Ecuador; France and Guyana
Somalia
Switzerland
Austria; Barbados; Pakistan and Senegal
Denmark
Hungary
Sweden
Those economies for which World Bank data were used for the period, 1980-2002, or part of
it, are listed below.
Period
Economy
1995-2000
1996-2000
1992-1994 and 1998-1999
1995-1999
1997
1992-1995
1993-1995
1992
1990-1991
1990
1989
Lebanon
Cameroon
Samoa
Tonga
Kiribati
Nepal
Somalia
Zambia
Ethiopia
Haiti
Czech Republic
ECLAC data were used for the Virgin Islands (the United Kingdom) for the period 1990-1997.
Data from the ASEAN Secretariat were used for the South-East Asian countries for the period
1995 to 2002. The data are on a balance-of-payments basis. Malaysia and Singapore report data based
on surveys of companies.
236
Those economies for which data from EBRDs Transition Report 2002 were used for the period,
1980-2002, or part of it, are listed below.
Period
Economy
Uzbekistan
Turkmenistan
Tajikistan
For those economies in which FDI inflows data were unavailable from the above-mentioned sources,
UNCTADs estimates were used on the following basis:
Estimates were applied by using the net FDI flows from either national official sources or the
IMF for the economies and the years listed below.
(a)
(b)
Economy
1995-2002
IMF
Year
Economy
1995-2000
Annualised data
Estimates were applied by annualising quarterly data obtained from either national official sources
or the IMF for the economies and the years listed below.
(a)
Latest quarter/month
Economy
2002
Third quarter
First quarter
August
Cyprus
Tajikistan
Ethiopia
2001
(b)
IMF
Year
Latest quarter
Economy
1994
Second quarter
Tonga
Proxy
In estimating FDI inflows for some economies for which data were not available, OECD data
on outward flows from DAC member countries are used as proxies for FDI inflows. These economies
for which this methodology was applied, for the period 1980-2002, or part of it, are listed below (these
data were available until 2001 only at the time of the compilation of inflow data):
P eriod
1980-2001
1980-1981, 1986-1992 and 1998-2001
1980, 1982-1989 and 1998-2001
1980-1981 and 1988-2001
1980, 1983, 1985-1986, 1988-1993,
1995-1996 and 1998-2001
1980-1993 and 2001
1980-1991 and 2001
1980 and 1982-2001
1980 and 1983-2001
1980-1983, 1987, 1991-1994 and
1996-2001
1980-1995 and 1997-2001
1982 and 1996-2001
1987-2001
1994, 1996, 1998-1999 and 2001
1996-2001
1996-1997 and 1999-2001
2001
1982-1983 and 1985-2000
1983-1988, 1990-1991, 1995-1997
and 2000
1987-1989, 1993 and 1995-2000
1990-1991, 1995-1997 and 2000
1984-1992 and 1994-1996
1980-1983, 1986-1988 and 1990-1995
1995
1980-1994
1980, 1982-1988 and 1994
1994
1980-1992
1980-1981 and 1983-1992
1982-1985 and 1989-1992
1986-1991
1990-1991
1986 and 1991
1980-1990
1980-1987 and 1989-1990
1980, 1982, 1985 and 1988-1990
1980-1989
1981-1982,1985-1986 and 1988-1989
1982, 1984, 1986 and 1988-1989
1985 and 1987-1989
1988-1989
1989
1980-1988
1981-1988
1981, 1985-1988
and 1990
1985-1987
1980 and 1982-1986
1980, 1983-1984 and 1986-1987
1980-1981 and 1983-1985
1980-1982 and 1985
1980-1985
1985
1980-1984
1980-1981 and 1983
1980-1981
1981
1980
237
Economy
Bermuda; Cayman Islands; Democratic Republic of Congo; Gibraltar and
United Arab Emirates
Somalia
Virgin Islands (United Kingdom)
Liberia
New Caledonia
Islamic Republic of Iran
Nepal
Cuba
Qatar
Afghanistan
Iraq
Comoros
Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea
Tuvalu
Sierra Leone
Mauritania
Eritrea; Cameroon and Uzbekistan
Macao (China)
Samoa
So Tom and Principe
Bhutan
Guinea-Bissau
Sudan
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Lebanon
Brunei Darussalam
Congo and El Salvador
Kuwait
Syrian Arab Republic
Uruguay
Guyana
Burkina Faso
Mongolia
India
Djibouti
Uganda
United Republic of Tanzania
Viet Nam
Malawi
Namibia
Yemen
Aruba
Ethiopia and Madagascar
Equatorial Guinea
Nicaragua
Benin
Gambia
Myanmar
Guinea
Bangladesh
Maldives and Mozambique
Lao Peoples Democratic Republic
Angola; Burundi
Chad
Vanuatu
Bahrain; Belize and Dominica
Cambodia; Grenada
238
Estimates of UNCTAD
Estimates of UNCTAD based on national and secondary information sources are applied to the
following economies and periods where FDI inflows data are not available:
Period
Economy
Methodology
Samoa
New Caledonia
Qatar
Syrian Arab Republic
Guinea
Kiribati
Tuvalu
Afghanistan
Somalia
Occupied Palestinian Territory
Iraq
Bhutan
Lebanon
2002
1980-1997
1993
1982, 1990
1981 and 1989
1989
1988
1980, 1983-1984 and 1987
1986
1980
Guinea-Bissau
Chad
Brunei Darussalam
Ethiopia
Djibouti
Viet Nam
Namibia
Denmark and Equatorial Guinea
The data for India, presented in Annex table B.1., are equity investment only, as reported by
the Reserve Bank of India. After closing the data collection for this Report, the Reserve Bank of India
released the revised FDI data on 30 June 2003. The revised data include all of the three components
of FDI, which for fiscal year 2000/01 was $ 4.1 billion and $ 6.1 billion for fiscal year 2001/02.
b.
239
FDI outflows
Those economies for which national official sources data were used for the period, 1980-2002,
or part of it, are listed below.
Period
1980-2002
1981-2002
1982-2002
1983-2002
1985-2002
1986-2002
1986-1989 and 1991-2002
1987-2002
1998-2002
1989-2002
1990-2002
Economy
Brazil; Canada; Chile; Finland; Japan; Republic of Korea; Taiwan Province of
China; Thailand; United Kingdom and the United States
Tunisia
Sweden
Zimbabwe
Austria; Denmark and Pakistan
France and Switzerland
Poland
Germany; Netherlands and Turkey
Algeria; Iceland and Mauritius
Australia and Nigeria
Bahamas; Botswana; Burundi; Colombia; Costa Rica; Cte dIvoire; Egypt; Fiji;
Gambia; Ireland; Israel; Jamaica; Kenya; Kuwait; Morocco; Namibia; Norway;
the Philippines; Portugal; Romania; Senegal; Seychelles; Singapore; South Africa;
Sri Lanka; Swaziland; Togo and Venezuela
Bangladesh
Argentina; Aruba; Estonia; Latvia; Niger and Slovakia
Mexico
Burkina Faso; Croatia; Czech Republic; India; Mali and the Russian Federation
Cape Verde; Kazakhstan; Republic of Moldova; Slovenia; Spain and Ukraine
Central African Republic; Chad; Congo; Equatorial Guinea; Gabon; Lithuania
and Paraguay
Benin and TFYR Macedonia
Bahrain; Belarus and Uruguay
El Salvador; Greece; Hong Kong (China) and New Zealand
Ecuador and Italy
Guinea-Bissau and the Netherlands Antilles
Belgium; China; Jordan and Luxembourg
Malaysia
Barbados
Indonesia
Cyprus
Albania
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
Belgium and Luxembourg and Trinidad and Tobago
Bulgaria
Macau (China)
Belize
Brunei Darussalam; Samoa; Solomon Islands and Tonga
Bolivia
Azerbaijan
Armenia
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Hungary
Papua New Guinea
Haiti
Those economies for which national official sources provided either preliminary or estimated
data are listed below.
Period
Economy
2002
Benin; Burkina Faso; Central African Republic; Chad; Congo; Cte dIvoire;
Equatorial Guinea; Gabon; Guinea-Bissau; Madagascar; Mali; Morocco; Niger;
Senegal; Singapore and Togo
240
As mentioned above, one of the main sources for annex table B.2 is the IMF. Those economies
for which IMF data were used for the period, 1980-2002, or part of it, are listed below.
Period
Economy
1993-2002
1996-2002
1999-2002
2000 and 2002
1980-1996 and 1999-2001
1982-2001
1998-2001
2000-2001
1980-1999
1995-1999
1997-1999
1980-1998
1998
1980-1997
1990-1996
1993-1996
1996
1980-1995
1981-1984 and 1995
1980-1983, 1985-1989 and 1991-1994
1982-1994
1990 and 1993-1994
1994
1980-1993
1988-1993
1990-1993
1992-1993
1980-1982 and 1987-1992
1980-1991
1989-1991
1985 and 1987-1990
1990
1980-1989
Malta
Hungary
Georgia
Azerbaijan
Jordan
China
Kyrgyzstan
Bolivia
Netherlands Antilles
Peru
Bangladesh
Belgium and Luxembourg and Italy
Armenia
New Zealand
Bahrain
Dominican Republic
El Salvador; Guinea
Cameroon
Benin
Chad
Central African Republic
Angola
Kiribati
Gabon and Spain
Cape Verde
Tonga
Slovenia
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
Algeria; Niger
Czechoslovakia (former) and Equatorial Guinea
Cyprus
Comoros
Colombia; Costa Rica; Egypt; Fiji; Israel; Kenya; Kuwait; Norway; Portugal;
Senegal; Seychelles; Singapore; South Africa and Swaziland
Venezuela
Sri Lanka
Bahamas and Burundi
Australia
Uruguay
Mauritania
Lesotho; So Tom and Principe
Papua New Guinea
Trinidad and Tobago
Iceland
Burkina Faso; Germany and the Netherlands
Yemen
France and Poland
Botswana
Switzerland
Austria and Barbados
Denmark
Pakistan
Argentina
Sweden
Where data were unavailable from the above-mentioned sources, estimates were applied by
annualising quarterly data obtained from national official sources for the economies and the years listed
below.
Year
Latest quarter
Economy
2002
Third quarter
Cyprus
241
The World Bank reports only data on net FDI flows and FDI inward flows. Therefore, for selected
economies, FDI outward flows were estimated by subtracting FDI inflows from net FDI flows. This
methodology was used for the economies and years listed below.
Period
Economy
Uganda
Saint Kitts and Nevis
Saint Lucia
Mozambique
Grenada
Ethiopia
Honduras
Angola
Lao Peoples Democratic Republic
United Republic of Tanzania
Papua New Guinea
Paraguay
Sierra Leone
Uruguay
El Salvador
Nicaragua
Guatemala and Solomon Islands
Bulgaria and Lesotho
Comoros
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Mauritania
Bangladesh
Tonga
Belize
Togo
Mauritius
Pakistan
In the case of economies for which FDI outflows data were unavailable from the above-mentioned
sources, three methodologies were used to calculate the estimates of UNCTAD.
Proxy
Inflows of FDI to large recipient economies were used as a proxy. Those economies for which
this methodology was used for the period, 1980-2002, or part of it, are listed below.
Economy
Period
Proxy countries/region
Algeria
1992-1996
1997
1997-2000
1992-1996 and 1998
1997 and 1999-2000
1984-1986
1987-1988
1989-1991
Anguilla
Antigua and Barbuda
Argentina
Bahamas
Bahrain
Bermuda
1980-1985
1986-1988
1982
1985-1989
1980-1984
1985-1999
2001-2002
1993-1994
1987-1990
1996-1999
/...
242
Economy
Period
Proxy countries/region
Cayman Island
1980-1987
1988-2002
Congo
Cte dIvoire
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
1988-1994
1989
1992 and 1997-2002
1980-1983
1984-1998
Equatorial Guinea
Greece
1993
1987-1994
1995-1997
Guatemala
Guinea
Guyana
Haiti
Hong Kong (China)
India
Indonesia
Islamic Republic of Iran
Ireland
Jordan
Lao Peoples
Democratic Republic
Lebanon
1995-2001
1997-1999
1992-1993, 1996 and
1999-2000
1993 and 1995-2000
1980-1997
1980-1992
1980-1989
1991-1994 and 2000-2001
1995-1999
1987-1989
1997-1998
Mali
Mexico
2000-2001
1982-2000
2000-2001
1980-2001
1986-1996
1997-2000
1986-1992
1980-1991 and 1990-2000
Nicaragua
1996-2001
Nigeria
Oman
Panama
Peru
The Philippines
Qatar
Rwanda
Saudi Arabia
Sierra Leone
Liberia
Madagascar
Togo
Trinidad and Tobago
United Arab Emirates
United Republic of
Tanzania
Virgin Islands
(United Kingdom)
United States
United States
China; the European Union and the United States
The European Union and the United States
The European Union and the United States
Belgium and Luxembourg; France and Germany
Belgium and Luxembourg; France; Germany and the United States
Belgium and Luxembourg; France; Germany; Netherlands; United
Kingdom and the United States
United States
Thailand
Belgium and Luxembourg; France and the United States
France
Belgium and Luxembourg; France and the United States
Belgium and Luxembourg and France
Belgium and Luxembourg; France and the United States
Belgium and Luxembourg and France
Belgium and Luxembourg; Colombia; Ecuador; France;
United States; Venezuela
Belgium and Luxembourg; Costa Rica; El Salvador and
the United States
Belgium and Luxembourg; Brazil and the United States
Belgium and Luxembourg; the United States
Bolivia; Brazil; Chile; Colombia; Peru; United States and Venezuela
Belgium and Luxembourg; Colombia; Ecuador and France
The European Union and the United States
France and the United States
Belgium and Luxembourg
Belgium and Luxembourg; France; Morocco and the United States
Belgium and Luxembourg
Belgium and Luxembourg and France
United States
United States
Belgium and Luxembourg; France; Netherlands and
the United States
2000
United States
1993-2002
United States
243
Cross-border M&As
Data on cross-border M&As and their growth rates were used to estimate FDI outflows. Those
economies are listed below.
Period
Economy
Ghana
Qatar
Brunei Darussalam
Cambodia
Estimates of UNCTAD
Estimates of UNCTAD based on national and secondary information sources are applied to the
following economies and periods where FDI inflows data are not available:
Period
1983-1986 and 2002
1985-1986, 1988-1989,
1992-1998 and 2000-2002
1986-1987, 1997 and
1999-2002
1986-1987, 1990-1991
and 2001-2002
1987 and 2001-2002
1988 and 2001-2002
1992-1994, 1996-1997
and 2002
1992-1994 and 2001-2002
1992, 1994 and 2001-2002
1994-1995, 1997-1998
and 2001-2002
1994-1997, 1999 and
2001-2002
1994-1996 and 2001-2002
1993-1994 and 2002
1993-1994, 1996-1997,
1999 and 2002
1995-1996 and 2002
Economy
Methodology
Guyana
United Republic of Tanzania
Grenada
Guatemala
Papua New Guinea;
Trinidad and Tobago
1996-2002
Malawi
Brunei Darussalam
Ghana
Angola
Rwanda;
Qatar;
Armenia; Cameroon; Guinea; Peru Estimated by monitoring investment situation using
Anguilla; Antigua and Barbuda;
secondary sources and investments reported by major
Ethiopia; Mozambique; Saint Kitts investment recipients.
and Nevis;
Albania; Barbados; Bolivia;
Indonesia; Islamic Republic of Iran;
Kyrgyzstan; Lebanon; Liberia;
Malaysia; Nicaragua and Saudi Arabia
Azerbaijan
Dominican Republic; Virgin Islands
(United Kingdom)
El Salvador
Gabon
Paraguay
Burkina Faso
2002
2001
1999
1997
1994
1985-1989 and 1992
1991-1992
/...
244
Period
Economy
1992
Czech Republic
Chad
Poland
Morocco
Botswana
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Uruguay
Cyprus
Nigeria
Bangladesh
Venezuela
Togo
Central African Republic
Denmark
Methodology
Estimated by calculating the difference in stock.
Up to 2001, the National Bank of Belgium reported FDI data for the Belgium and Luxembourg
Economic Union. As of 2002, this economic union is no longer in effect. Consequently, FDI data
are reported separately by the respective national authorities. It is, therefore, difficult to compare
the 2002 data with the combined flows as reported in previous years because of different methodologies.
In the case of Lesotho, the Lesotho Highland Water Project is excluded from its FDI as it is not
considered as foreign investment.
2. FDI stocks
Annex tables B.3 and B.4, as well as some tables in the text, present data on FDI stocks at book
value or historical cost, reflecting prices at the time when the investment was made.
UNCTAD regularly collects published and unpublished national official FDI stock data directly
from central banks, statistical offices or national authorities on an aggregated and disaggregated basis
for its FDI/TNC database. These data constitute the main source for the reported data on FDI stocks.
They are further complemented by the data obtained from the IMF.
For economies in which data were not available from national official sources, or for those in
which data were not available for the entire period of 1980-2002, data on International Investment
Position assets and liabilities from the IMFs CD-ROMs on International Financial Statistics and Balance
of Payments, June 2003, were used instead.
For a large number of economies (as indicated in the footnotes of annex tables B.3 and B.4),
FDI stocks are estimated by either cumulating FDI flows over a period of time or adding or subtracting
flows to an FDI stock that has been obtained for a particular year from national official sources or
the IMF data series on assets and liabilities of direct investment.
In the case of the Republic of Korea, outward investment stocks obtained from the Bank of Korea
were used to estimate the data for the period 1994 to 2001.
Those economies for which national official data were used for the period, 1980-2002, or part
of it, are listed below.
Country/economy
Inward stock
Outward stock
Australia
Austria
Argentina
Bangladesh
Belgium and Luxembourg
Bolivia
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Botswana
Brazil
1980-2002
1990-2002
1991-1999
None
1980
1986-1999
None
1990-2002
None
/...
Country/economy
Inward stock
Outward stock
Cambodia
Canada
Chile
China
Colombia
Costa Rica
Croatia
Czech Republic
Denmark
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
El Salvador
Estonia
Fiji
Finland
France
Gambia
Georgia
Germany
Greece
Guatemala
Hong Kong (China)
Hungary
Iceland
India
Indonesia
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Japan
Kazakhstan
Republic of Korea
Latvia
Lithuania
Macau (China)
Malawi
Malaysia
Mexico
Republic of Moldova
Namibia
Nepal
Netherlands
New Zealand
Norway
Pakistan
Papua New Guinea
Peru
The Philippines
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Russian Federation
Singapore
Slovakia
Slovenia
South Africa
Spain
Sri Lanka
Swaziland
Sweden
Switzerland
Taiwan Province of China
Thailand
Trinidad and Tobago
Tunisia
Turkey
1994-1998
1980-2002
1980-2001
1997 and 2000
1980-2002
1980-1990
1996-1997
1992-2002
1980-2001
1980-1990
1980-1990 and 1993-2002
1980-1990, 1993-1995 and 1998-2002
1996-2002
1980-1989
1980-2001
1989-2002
1990-2001
1995-1998
1980-2001
1980-1989 and 1999-2000
1990-2002
1997-2001
1990-2001
1988-2002
1980-1988
1980-1999
1999-2001
1990-2002
1980-2002
1996-2001
1993-2002
1980-2002
1995-2002
1991-2002
2001
None
None
1990-2001
1992-2002
1990-2001
2001
1980-2001
1980-1988
1987-2001
1980-2001
1980-1997
1980-1999 and 2001-2002
1980-2001
1990-1999
1990-2002
1990-2002
1993-1999
1980-2000
1990-2000
1993-2000
1980-2002
1980-2001
1980-1988
1990-2002
1986-2002
1980-2002
1980-1988
1980-2000
1980-1990
1980-2002
2000-2001
None
1980-2002
1980-1992 and 1996-2001
1981-1989
1980-2002
None
1992-1997
1992-2002
1980-2001
None
None
1998-2002
1996-2002
None
1980-2001
1989-2002
1990-2001
None
1980-2001
1999-2000
None
1998-2001
1990-2001
1988-2002
1992
1993-1999
1999-2001
1990-2002
1994-2002
1996-2001
1995-2002
1980-2001
1991-2002
1994-2002
2001
1996-1998
1980-1998
2001-2002
1994-2002
1990-2001
None
1980-2001
None
1988-2000
1980-2001
1980-1989
1980-1990
1980-1988 and 1990-2001
1990-2000
1990-2002
1990-2002
1992-1999
1990-2000
1994-2000
1990-2000
1980-2002
1990-2002
None
1990-2002
1986-2002
1980-1983 and 1986-2002
1980-1988
1980-2000
None
1980-2002
2000-2001
245
/...
246
Country/economy
Inward stock
Outward stock
Ukraine
United Kingdom
United States
Uruguay
Venezuela
Yemen
1991-2001
1980-2002
1980-2001
1996-2002
1980-2002
1990-2002
1993-2001
1980-2002
1980-2001
1996-1999
1990-2002
None
Those economies for which national official sources provided either preliminary or estimated
data are listed below.
Country/economy
Inward stock
Outward stock
1990-2002
2001-2002
2002
1990-1993
Yemen
Colombia and Portugal
Iceland
Israel
None
Colombia and Portugal
Iceland
None
Those economies for which IMF data were used for the period, 1980-2002, or part of it, are listed
below.
Country/economy
Inward stock
Outward stock
Australia
Austria
Argentina
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Bahrain
Belarus
Belgium and Luxembourg
Bolivia
Brazil
Bulgaria
Cambodia
Croatia
El Salvador
Finland
France
Greece
Italy
Japan
Kyrgyzstan
Malaysia
Malta
Myanmar
New Zealand
Norway
Panama
Paraguay
Peru
Poland
The Russian Federation
Singapore
Slovenia
Spain
Swaziland
Sweden
Switzerland
Thailand
Venezuela
1986-1988
1980-1989
None
1997-2001
1999-2002
1989-2001
1996-2001
1981-2001
2000-2001
None
1998-2001
1999-2001
1998-2001
1996-1997
2002
None
1998 and 2001
None
1980-1995
1993-2001
1980-1994
None
1999-2001
1989-2002
None
1995-2002
1995-2002
2000
2000-2001
2000-2001
2001
2001
None
1981-1989
1982-1985
None
2001
None
None
1980-1989
2000-2001
None
None
1989-2001
None
1981-2001
2000-2001
2001
1998-2001
None
1998-2001
1996-1997
2002
1987-1988
2001
1980-1993
1980-1995
1998-2001
None
1994-2000
None
1992-2002
1980-1987
None
1995-2002
1990-2002
2001
2000-2001
2001
2001
1980-1989
1981-1989
1982-1985
1984-1985
None
1983-1989
247
D. Data verification
In compiling data for this years Report, requests for verifications and confirmation were made
to national official sources for virtually all economies to reflect the latest data revisions and accuracy.
In addition, websites of certain national official sources were also consulted. This verification process
continued until end June 2003. Any revisions made after this process are not reflected in the Report.
Below is a list of economies for which data were checked using either means. For the economies,
which are not mentioned below, the UNCTAD Secretariat could not have the data verified or confirmed
by their respective Governments.
Communiqu
Algeria; Angola; Aruba; Australia; Austria; ASEAN Secretariat; Bahamas; Barbados; Banque Centrale
de lAfrique de lOuest; Banque des Etats de lAfrique Centrale; Belgium; Bosnia and Herzegovina;
Botswana; Burundi; Canada; Chile; Colombia; Costa Rica; Cyprus; Denmark; Djibouti; Eastern
Caribbean Central Bank; Ecuador; Egypt; El Salvador; Ethiopia; Fiji; Finland; France; Gambia;
Germany; Ghana; Greece; Guatemala; Guyana; Haiti; Honduras; Hong Kong (China); Iceland;
Indonesia; Ireland; Israel; Italy; Jamaica; Japan; Jordan; Kazakhstan; Kenya; Kuwait; Lesotho;
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya; Luxembourg; Macau (China); Malawi; Malaysia; Madagascar; Mauritius;
Mexico; Morocco; Mozambique; Namibia; Netherlands; New Zealand; Nicaragua; Nigeria; Norway;
Pakistan; Philippines; Portugal; Romania; Rwanda; Seychelles; Singapore; South Africa; Spain; Sri
Lanka; Sudan; Suriname; Swaziland; Sweden; Switzerland; United Republic of Tanzania; Taiwan
Province of China; Thailand; Tunisia; Turkey; Uganda; Uruguay; United Kingdom; United States;
Venezuela; Viet Nam; Yemen; Zambia and Zimbabwe
Web sites
Albania; Argentina; Armenia; Australia; Austria; Azerbaijan; Bahrain; Bangladesh; Belarus; Belgium;
Belize; Bolivia; Brazil; Bulgaria; Canada; Cape Verde; China; Colombia; Costa Rica; Croatia; Cyprus;
Czech Republic; Denmark; Dominican Republic; Eastern Caribbean Central Bank; Ecuador; Egypt; El
Salvador; Estonia; Fiji; Finland; France; Germany; Guatemala; Haiti; Honduras; Hong Kong (China);
Hungary; Iceland; India; Ireland; Israel; Italy; Japan; Kazakhstan; Kuwait; Republic of Korea; Latvia;
Lithuania; Luxembourg; TFYR Macedonia; Mauritius; Republic of Moldova; Mongolia; Morocco;
Mozambique; Namibia; Netherlands; New Zealand; Norway; Nicaragua; Occupied Palestinian
Territory; Oman; Pakistan; Paraguay; Peru; the Philippines; Poland; Portugal; Romania; Russian
Federation; Rwanda; Serbia and Montenegro; Slovakia; Slovenia; Solomon Islands; South Africa;
Spain; Sudan; Swaziland; Sweden; Switzerland; Tajikistan; United Republic of Tanzania; Taiwan
Province of China; Trinidad and Tobago; Thailand; Tunisia; Turkey; Ukraine; Uruguay; United
Kingdom; United States; Vanuatu; Venezuela and Yemen
248
E. Definitions and sources of the data in annex tables B.5 and B.6
These two annex tables show the ratio of inward and outward FDI flows to gross fixed capital
formation (annex table B.5) and inward and outward FDI stock to GDP (annex table B.6), respectively.
All of these data are in current prices.
The data on GDP were obtained from the UNCTAD Secretariat, IMFs CD-ROM on International
Financial Statistics, June 2003 and IMFs World Economic Outlook, April 2003. For some economies
such as Taiwan Province of China, data are complemented by national official sources.
The data on gross fixed capital formation were obtained from IMFs CD-ROM on International
Financial Statistics, June 2003. For some economies for which data are not available for the period
1980-2002, or part of it, data are complemented using data on gross capital formation. These data
are further complemented by data obtained from: (i) national official sources; (ii) World Bank data
on gross fixed capital formation or gross capital formation, obtained from the World Development
Indicators 2003 CD-ROM.
For annex table B.5, figures exceeding 100 per cent may result from the fact that, for some
economies, the reported data on gross fixed capital formation do not necessarily accurately reflect
the value of capital formation and FDI flows do not necessarily translate into capital formation.
Data on FDI are from annex tables B.1-B.4.
Notes
1
2
3
4
In some countries, an equity stake other than that of 10 per cent is still used. In the United Kingdom, for
example, a stake of 20 per cent or more was a threshold used until 1997.
This general definition of FDI is based on OECD, Detailed Benchmark Definition of Foreign Direct Investment,
third edition (Paris, OECD, 1996) and International Monetary Fund, Balance of Payments Manual, fifth
edition (Washington, D.C., IMF, 1993).
International Monetary Fund, op. cit., p. 40.
Includes Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands,
Norway, Spain, Sweden, the United Kingdom and the United States.
ANNEX B
Host region/economy
249
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
254 326
481 911
686 028
1 079 083
1 392 957
823 825
651 188
154 641
269 654
472 265
824 642
1 120 528
589 379
460 334
Western Europe
91 030
139 274
263 025
496 205
709 877
400 813
384 391
European Union
87 584
127 888
249 934
475 542
683 893
389 432
374 380
1 894
10 777
..
..
2 374
796
18 444
4 790
1 058
1 469
3 307
9 086
1 550
9 512
6 066
16 463
2 654
11 998
..
..
2 801
2 119
23 174
12 244
984
2 712
3 700
11 132
2 477
7 697
10 968
33 229
4 533
22 691
..
..
7 730
2 040
30 984
24 593
85
8 579
2 635
36 964
3 144
11 797
19 836
74 324
2 975
119 693
..
..
16 700
4 581
46 545
55 797
571
18 500
6 911
41 187
1 234
15 758
60 853
84 238
8 840
88 739
..
..
32 772
8 015
43 250
203 080
1 089
26 447
13 375
60 313
6 787
37 523
23 239
130 422
5 883
88 203
..
..
11 486
3 732
55 190
33 918
1 589
15 681
14 871
51 244
5 892
28 005
11 780
61 958
1 523
..
18 252
125 660
5 953
9 148
51 505
38 033
50
19 033
14 545
29 182
4 276
21 193
11 081
24 945
3 446
11 386
13 091
20 662
25 984
11 381
10 011
World
Developed economies
Austria
Belgium and Luxembourg
Belgium
Luxembourg
Denmark
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Ireland
Italy
Netherlands
Portugal
Spain
Sweden
United Kingdom
Other Western Europe
1991-1996
(Annual average)
25a
126a
162a
17a
138a
21a
59a
152
- 375
872
9 303
Gibraltar
Iceland
Malta
Norway
Switzerland
13
122
1 346
1 940
149
81
4 394
6 636
146
273
3 893
8 940
66
815
8 046
11 719
158
604
5 829
19 255
141
294
2 062
8 864
North America
53 406
114 925
197 243
308 118
380 764
172 787
50 625
6 571
46 834
11 527
103 398
22 809
174 434
24 742
283 376
66 757
314 007
28 809
143 978
20 595
30 030
10 205
15 455
11 997
20 319
29 887
15 778
25 319
6 238
716
890
2 361
7 657
1 950
3 225
2 624
6 015
1 839
3 192
951
2 924
3 068
12 742
1 586
13 071
4 988
8 323
3 505
4 006
3 520
6 243
2 009
13 978
1 648
9 326
367
91 502
193 224
191 284
229 295
246 057
209 431
162 145
Africa
4 606
10 667
8 928
12 231
8 489
18 769
10 998
North Africa
1 615
2 716
2 882
3 569
3 125
5 474
3 546
63
714
- 12
406
18
425
260
887
- 82
1 188
98
365
501
1 076
- 150
417
371
668
507
1 065
- 118
1 376
371
368
438
1 235
- 142
423
392
779
1 196
510
- 101
2 808
574
486
1 065
647
- 96 a
428
681
821
2 992
7 951
6 046
8 663
5 364
13 295
7 452
1 114
35
90
10
2
50
9
21
3a
33
61a
2 471
61
37
13
40
53
3
27
-a
521
11a
Canada
United States
Other developed economies
Australia
Israel
Japan
New Zealand
Developing economies
Algeria
Egypt
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
Morocco
Sudan
Tunisia
Other Africa
Angola
Benin
Botswana
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cameroon
Cape Verde
Central African Republic
Chad
Comoros
Congo
Congo, Democratic Republic of
346
41
- 28
9
1
9
10
- 1
20
86
3
412
26
100
13
45
12
44
-a
79
- 44a
879
60
54
23
12
31
34
1
115
1a
166
23a
2 146
44
26
9
67a
9
5
-a
77
1a
1 312
41
37
8
86a
14
4
901
1a
247
32a
/...
250
Host region/economy
Cte dIvoire
Djibouti
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Gabon
Gambia
Ghana
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Kenya
Lesotho
Liberia
Madagascar
Malawi
Mali
Mauritania
Mauritius
Mozambique
Namibia
Niger
Nigeria
Rwanda
So Tom and Principe
Senegal
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Somalia
South Africa
Swaziland
Togo
Uganda
United Republic of Tanzania
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Latin America and the Caribbean
158
2
66
37b
10
- 243
12
105
14
2
13
21
- 28
13
- 4
29
7
21
39
112
16
1 264
3
-c
20
24
1
1
450
62
11
65
63
108
50
1997
450
2
53
41
288
- 587
21
82
17
11
40
32
214a
14
- 1
74
1a
55
64
84
25
1 539
3
-a
176
54
10 a
1a
3 817
- 15
23
175
158
207
135
1998
416
3
291
149
261
- 200
24
56
18
4
42
27
190a
16
- 3
36
12
235
77
9
1 051
7
-a
71
55
- 10 a
-a
561
152
42
210
172
198
444
1999
381
4
252
83
70
- 625
49
267
63
9
42
33
256a
58
46
51
1a
49
382
111
1 005
2
1a
136
60
6a
- 1a
1 502
100
70
222
517
163
59
2000
235
3
108
28
135
- 43
44
115
10
1
127
31
- 431a
70
- 33
83
9a
277
139
153
9
930
8
2a
63
56
5a
-a
888
39
42
254
463
122
23
2001
44
3
945
1a
20a
169
35
89
2
1
50
28
- 20 a
93
- 20
122
- 6a
32
255
275
23
1 104
4
6
32
59
3a
-a
6 789
78
63
229
327
72
4
2002
223
4
323
21a
75a
123
43
50
30a
1
50
24
- 65 a
8
-a
102
12a
28
406
181
8
1 281
3
2a
93
63
5a
-a
754
107
75
275
240
197
26
27 069
73 275
82 040
108 255
95 358
83 725
56 019
South America
14 982
48 228
52 424
70 346
57 248
39 693
25 836
Argentina
Bolivia
Brazil
Chile
Colombia
Ecuador
Guyana
Paraguay
Peru
Suriname
Uruguay
Venezuela
4 309
212
3 633
2 191
1 279
392
84
111
1 538
- 16
99
1 150
9 160
879
18 993
5 271
5 562
724
53
236
1 697
- 9
126
5 536
7 291
1 023
28 856
4 628
2 829
870
47
342
1 842
38
164
4 495
23 988
1 008
28 578
8 761
1 452
648
48
95
2 263
- 24
238
3 290
11 657
723
32 779
3 639
2 237
720
67
104
681
- 97
274
4 465
3 206
660
22 457
4 477
2 521
1 330
56
95
1 151
- 27
318
3 448
1 003
553
16 566
1 603
2 034
1 275
44
- 22
1 462
- 85
85
1 318
12 087
25 047
29 616
37 910
38 110
44 032
30 183
39
33
- 144
250
19
19
10 627a
6 922a
409
- 10 a
11
953
173
37
230
13
282
33
39
- 319
101
19
40
12 584a
1 382a
454
4a
12
1 079
250
49
456
4
195
15
28
26
41
12
16
2 353a
371a
285
10a
24
205
15
19
91
1
60
21
23
196
210
15
12
2 928a
3 151a
407
1a
21
421
59
34
85
4
128
28
23
84
147
16
19
5 399 a
4 354 a
612
15 a
7
700
1 104
49
673
11
99
38
31
392
149
17
50
9 470a
6 569a
620
9a
18
1 338
216
42
155
30
237
33
36
241
200
11 a
52 a
9 093a
3 095a
642
4a
14
961
208
41
110
6
143
/...
ANNEX B
251
Host region/economy
1991-1996
(Annual average)
Jamaica
Mexico
Montserrat
Netherlands Antilles
Nicaragua
Panama
Saint Kitts and Nevis
Saint Lucia
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Trinidad and Tobago
Virgin Islands
Asia and the Pacific
Asia
West Asia
Bahrain
Cyprus
Iran, Islamic Republic of
Iraq
Jordan
Kuwait
Lebanon
Oman
Occupied Palestinian Territory
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
Syrian Arab Republic
Turkey
United Arab Emirates
Yemen
Central Asia
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyzstan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
South, East and South-East Asia
Afghanistan
Bangladesh
Bhutan
Brunei Darussalam
Cambodia
China
Hong Kong, China
India
Indonesia
Korea, Democratic Peoples Republic of
Korea, Republic of f
Lao Peoples Democratic Republic
Macau, China
Malaysia
Maldives
Mongolia
Myanmar
Nepal
Pakistan
Philippines
Singapore
Sri Lanka
Taiwan Province of China
Thailand
Viet Nam
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
160
7 351
5
- 17
56
244
20
36
29
317
315
203
14 160
3
- 88
173
1 299
20
48
93
923
500
369
12 170
3
- 53
195
1 296
32
83
89
732
1 362 a
524
12 856
8
- 22
300
652
58
83
56
366
3 648a
468
15 484
4
- 63
267
603
96
55
29
472
830a
614
25 334
1
- 1
150
513
88
22
21
685
222a
59 826
109 282
100 316
108 809
142 209
106 937
95 129
59 411
109 092
99 983
108 529
142 091
106 778
94 989
2 228
5 918
6 893
754
1 523
5 211
2 341
650
81
47
2a
4
55
28
91
8b
120a
- 201
105
751
220a
274
329
491
53
1a
361
20
150
65
7
418a
3 044
80
805
232a
- 139
180
264
24
7a
310
59
200
101
58
347a
4 289
82
940
258a
- 226
454
685
35
- 7a
158
72
250
21
19
113 a
- 780
263
783
- 985a
- 328
364
804
39
- 3a
787
16
298
44
62
252a
- 1 884
270
982
- 515a
6
81
652
50 a
- 6a
100
- 147
249 a
42
11a
296a
20
205 a
3 266
257a
136
218
297
37a
- 9a
56
7
257a
40 a
41a
326a
- 350 a
225a
1 037
95a
64
1 035
3 107
2 997
2 462
1 871
3 963
4 035
52
1 115
243
1 321
84
18a
108a
167a
221
1 023
265
1 152
109
25a
62a
140a
122
510
82
1 472
44
21a
89a
121a
104
129
131
1 283
- 2
22a
131a
73a
70
227
110
2 823
5
9
150a
570a
100
1 067
146
2 561
- 12 a
9
100a
65a
12
326d
19d
826e
48 c
12 e
131 c
39 e
56 147
-a
8
1a
210
120e
25 476
6 057a
1 085
2 985
24a
1 234
53
-a
5 436
8
9
256
8
501
1 226
6 856
125
1 311
1 964
1 217
100 067
- 1a
139
- 1a
702
168
44 237
11 368a
3 619
4 678
307a
2 844
86
2a
6 323
11
25
879
23
713
1 261
13 533
433
2 248
3 882
2 587
90 093
-a
190
-a
573
243
43 751
14 766
2 633
- 356
31a
5 412
45
- 18a
2 714
12
19
684
12
507
1 718
7 594
150
222
7 491
1 700
105 313
6a
180
-a
748
230
40 319
24 580
2 168
- 2 745
- 15 a
9 333
52
9a
3 895
12
30
304
4
530
1 725
13 245
201
2 926
6 091
1 484
138 698
-a
280
-a
549
149
40 772
61 939
2 319
- 4 550
5a
9 283
34
- 1a
3 788
13
54
208
305
1 345
12 464
175
4 928
3 350
1 289
2002
479
13 627
1
- 15
174
57
81
22
19
737
111 a
97 604
88 613
1a
79
-a
526
148
46 846
23 775
3 403
- 3 279
- 24a
3 528
24
133
554
12
43
192
21a
385
982
10 949
82
4 109
3 813
1 300
-a
45
-a
1 035
54
52 700
13 718
3 449
- 1 523
12a
1 972
25
150 a
3 203
12 a
78
129
10a
823
1 111
7 655
242
1 445
1 068
1 200
/...
252
Host region/economy
The Pacific
1991-1996
(Annual average)
416
Fiji
Kiribati
New Caledonia
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
71
5
295
3
10
1
-d
29
8 183
Albania
Belarus
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bulgaria
Croatia
Czech Republic
Estonia
Hungary
Latvia
Lithuania
Moldova, Republic of
Poland
Romania
Russian Federation
Serbia and Montenegro
Slovakia
Slovenia
TFYR Macedonia
Ukraine
Yugoslavia (former)
58e
31e
- 1g
74
216 c
1 177
162e
2 205
170e
59e
27e
2 119
206e
1 449e
66
201
122
15 d
269
119h
1997
190
29
1
10 a
88
20a
9
3
-a
30
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
333
280
118
159
140
196
1a
-a
110
3
2
2
-a
20
- 20
1a
4a
296
2
- 19
2
-a
13
- 25
1a
22a
96
- 2a
1
5
-a
20
90
1a
- 1a
63
1a
- 12
1
-a
18
77
1a
-a
50 a
1a
- 7a
2a
-a
15
19 033
22 479
25 145
26 373
25 015
28 709
48
352
1
505
533
1 286
267
2 167
521
355
79
4 908
1 215
4 865
740
220
334
16
623
..
45
203
56
537
932
3 700
581
2 037
357
926
76
6 365
2 031
2 761
113
684
216
118
743
..
41
444
154
819
1 467
6 310
305
1 977
347
486
38
7 270
1 041
3 309
112
390
107
32
496
..
143
119
147
1 002
1 089
4 984
387
1 646
410
379
129
9 341
1 025
2 714
25
1 925
136
177
595
..
207
96
130
813
1 561
5 639
542
2 440
164
446
156
5 713
1 157
2 469
165
1 579
503
442
792
..
213
227
321
479
981
9 319
307
854
396
732
111
4 119
1 106
2 421
475
4 012
1 865
77
693
..
3 401
18 427
148 987
4 573
14 010
147 533
5 974
5 254
188 976
3 427
2 468
205 285
5 629
8 099
162 585
5 232
7 364
109 445
Memoraudum
Least developed countries i
Oil-exporting countries j
All developing economies, excluding China
Source:
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
1 713
7 647
66 061
ANNEX B
Home region/economy
253
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
280 550
476 934
683 211
1 096 554
1 200 783
711 445
647 363
240 639
396 057
630 891
1 021 307
1 097 796
660 558
600 063
140 132
244 115
436 525
770 608
872 422
468 807
411 665
127 762
220 953
415 367
731 068
819 169
451 911
394 146
1 417
7 264
..
..
2 535
1 654
24 303
27 908
5
436
6 662
17 573
510
3 871
5 294
28 331
1 987
7 252
..
..
4 209
5 278
35 584
41 797
156
1 016
10 414
24 494
1 903
12 626
12 648
61 590
2 745
28 845
..
..
4 477
18 647
48 611
88 823
262
3 906
12 407
36 669
3 847
18 936
24 371
122 820
3 301
122 304
..
..
16 943
6 605
126 856
109 648
539
6 109
6 722
57 627
3 168
42 084
21 928
207 235
5 740
86 362
..
..
25 052
22 572
177 449
56 846
2 102
4 629
12 316
73 540
7 512
54 675
40 592
249 783
3 137
100 646
..
..
12 964
8 367
92 974
42 079
607
5 864
21 472
48 514
7 564
33 093
6 594
68 037
5 670
..
13 288
154 073
4 839
9 891
62 547
24 534
655
2 706
17 123
26 270
3 523
18 456
10 869
39 703
12 370
23 162
21 159
39 540
53 253
16 896
17 519
Gibraltar
Iceland
Malta
Norway
Switzerland
..
25
3a
2 257
10 086
..
55
16
5 359
17 732
..
71
14
2 306
18 767
..
106
45
6 113
33 276
..
362
26
8 193
44 673
..
323
6
- 734
17 300
..
195
5 537
11 787
North America
75 220
118 838
165 362
226 638
189 251
140 406
148 534
Canada
United States
8 163
67 057
23 069
95 769
34 358
131 004
17 247
209 391
46 625
142 626
36 642
103 764
28 793
119 741
25 287
33 104
29 003
24 061
36 122
51 345
39 864
Australia
Israel
Japan
New Zealand
3 603
573
20 943
169
6 448
708
25 994
- 45
3 352
1 124
24 151
376
- 688
932
22 745
1 072
561
3 440
31 557
564
11 014
805
38 333
1 193
6 828
1 232
31 481
322
Developing economies
39 439
76 662
49 837
72 786
99 052
47 382
43 095
1 861
3 788
1 997
2 574
1 309
- 2 522
173
27
476
367
313
228
202
267
14
32
- 47
24
..
4
8
166
284
9
..
9
1
46
299
20
..
2
47
38
208
18
..
3
18
51
98
59
..
2
9
12
84
97
..
-
1 834
3 312
World
Developed economies
Western Europe
European Union
Austria
Belgium and Luxembourg
Belgium
Luxembourg
Denmark
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Ireland
Italy
Netherlands
Portugal
Spain
Sweden
United Kingdom
Other Western Europe
Africa
North Africa
Algeria
Egypt
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
Morocco
Sudan
Tunisia
Other Africa
Angola
Benin
Botswana
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cameroon
Cape Verde
Central African Republic
Chad
Comoros
Congo
Congo, Democratic Republic of
1991-1996
(Annual average)
6c
13
2
15
4
5
-d
..
1 630
2 262
1 081
- 2 725
-b
-b
-b
-b
-b
12
4
1
7b
..
3
..
2
3
5
-b
..
- 8
..
23
1
5
3b
2
..
2
..
4
2
4b
..
4
..
2
318
3b
..
6
..
100
28
110 b
29
..
- 94
-b
2
1
3b
..
8
..
/...
254
Home region/economy
1991-1996
(Annual average)
1997
2002
2
..
4
..
69b
2
5
53b
2b
50
..
- 167b
4b
17
..
2
b
- 13
- 4
94
-b
..
- 7
11
-b
..
- 3 180
9
- 7
- 5b
-b
..
4
2
..
..
7b
5
61b
2b
76
..
- 50 b
3b
19
..
1
b
- 5
101
-b
..
39
14
-b
..
- 401
27
- 14 b
-b
..
3
5 953
23 666
19 057
30 845
13 534
7 961
5 770
2 671
7 902
7 689
6 766
7 820
- 758
3 726
3 653
2
1 116
1 463
809
257b
-b
6
84
..
13
500
2 325
3
2 854
1 484
796
- 84 b
-b
6
64
..
9
233
1 727
3
1 690
2 558
116
- 2b
6
128
..
40
501
1 018
2
2 282
3 987
325
2b
6
92b
..
107
- 200
2
- 2 258
1 432
16
-b
6
95b
..
1
148
- 1 066
2b
2 482
464
783
-b
- 3b
156b
..
15
893
24 079
5 714
8 720
2 044
1b
-b
- 8
1
10
18 137b
2 187b
5
..
..
6b
54
-b
- 3b
- 1b
-b
1b
1b
12
1
10
2 426b
1 795b
9
..
..
61b
- 5
-b
16b
1b
-b
1b
-b
13
1
8b
- 5 407b
2 811b
9
..
..
- 33 b
- 10
-b
1b
-b
-b
1b
-b
5
1b
9b
- 1 823b
967b
57
..
..
b
- 26
-b
5b
-b
-b
3 282
..
1h
2h
2
3
183
375
5
..
..
10 h
- 4
- 5
-
15 763
1b
- 3b
- 2
1
4
4 220b
4 871b
4
..
..
2b
b
-b
7b
1b
-b
11 368
1b
- 1b
1
1
1
6
2 980 b
4 452 b
5
..
..
2b
1
-b
8b
1b
-b
..
- 4
..
- 1b
25
5
52b
2b
29
..
608b
1b
3b
4
..
13
b
3
85
-b
..
7
-b
..
271
- 16
- 28 b
1b
..
8
2001
997
2
493
626
154
25
-h
8
1
..
364
57
..
2
..
- 46b
14
4
77b
3b
..
30
..
310b
b
3b
50
..
6
b
92
-b
..
6
9
-b
..
1 580
- 13
41
- 8b
-b
..
9
2000
86
..
..
..
16
5
150e
-e
..
7
-f
76
2e
..
16
g
- 3
12
238
..
8
8
..
1 204
27
7
42
-h
..
17
Argentina
Bolivia
Brazil
Chile
Colombia
Ecuador
Guyana
Paraguay
Peru
Suriname
Uruguay
Venezuela
36
..
..
254b
- 14
6
30 b
-b
..
14
..
- 731b
1b
6b
27
..
14
b
- 1
10
107
-b
..
10
3
-b
..
1 779
24
22
20 b
-b
..
9
1999
Cte dIvoire
Djibouti
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Gabon
Gambia
Ghana
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Kenya
Lesotho
Liberia
Madagascar
Malawi
Mali
Mauritania
Mauritius
Mozambique
Namibia
Niger
Nigeria
Rwanda
So Tom and Principe
Senegal
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Somalia
South Africa
Swaziland
Togo
Uganda
United Republic of Tanzania
Zambia
Zimbabwe
South America
34
..
..
228b
- 13
5
50b
1b
..
5
..
501b
- 2b
-b
5
..
3
b
8
58
1b
..
10
-b
..
2 351
- 10
4
15b
-b
..
28
1998
/...
ANNEX B
255
Home region/economy
1991-1996
(Annual average)
Jamaica
Mexico
Montserrat
Netherlands Antilles
Nicaragua
Panama
Saint Kitts and Nevis
Saint Lucia
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Trinidad and Tobago
Virgin Islands
Asia and the Pacific
Asia
West Asia
Bahrain
Cyprus
Iran, Islamic Republic of
Iraq
Jordan
Kuwait
Lebanon
Oman
Occupied Palestinian Territory
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
Syrian Arab Republic
Turkey
United Arab Emirates
Yemen
Central Asia
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyzstan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
South, East and South-East Asia
Afghanistan
Bangladesh
Bhutan
Brunei Darussalam
Cambodia
China
Hong Kong, China
India
Indonesia
Korea, Democratic Peoples Republic of
Korea, Republic of
Lao Peoples Democratic Republic
Macau, China
Malaysia
Maldives
Mongolia
Myanmar
Nepal
Pakistan
Philippines
Singapore
Sri Lanka
Taiwan Province of China
Thailand
Viet Nam
60
257
..
- 4a
672
..
2 586a
1997
1998
57
1 108
..
- 7
2b
2 068b
-b
-b
..
- 18 b
3 444b
82
1 363
..
- 2
7b
3 289b
-b
-b
..
1b
- 830b
1999
95
1 475b
..
- 1
3b
356b
-b
-b
..
264
1 500b
2000
2001
74
984b
..
- 2
4b
- 839b
-b
-b
..
25
1 141b
89
846
..
5b
1 902b
-b
-b
..
150
8 333b
2002
74
969
..
1
4b
1 861b
-b
-b
..
146 b
- 209b
31 624
49 209
28 783
39 367
84 208
41 943
37 151
31 564
49 199
28 839
39 390
84 139
41 827
37 121
452
- 99
- 1 193
1 943
3 508
4 718
2 131
105
17
9
..
- 23
147
8
3
..
35 c
93
..
63
17
..
48
27
78b
..
2b
- 969
19 b
1b
..
20b
215b
..
251
208b
..
181
57
10b
..
2b
- 1 867
- 1b
- 5b
..
20b
74b
..
367
- 30b
..
10
166
348b
..
5
- 303
125b
- 2b
..
41b
155b
..
870
2 094b
..
216
220
2 812b
..
8
365
92b
- 1b
..
112 b
- 44b
..
497
441b
..
178
- 18
1 299b
..
25
- 155
74b
-b
..
61b
50b
..
175
442b
..
201
765
11b
158 b
11 b
326
423
6b
..
..
..
179
163
166
738b
..
5
23
5b
3b
..
30b
50b
..
645
115 b
..
360
17
8b
..
..
..
-i
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
1
..
..
..
..
12
137
..
8
23
..
..
..
13
336
1
4
6
..
..
..
4
5
..
..
..
31 113
49 297
29 852
37 087
80 614
36 907
34 225
..
3
..
28 j
2k
2 571
16 960
76
1 068
..
2 446
..
1 656
-i
..
..
..
- 2
181
2 967
6
2 683
479
..
..
3
..
10b
..
2 563
24 407b
113
178
..
4 449
b
..
2 675
..
..
..
..
- 25
136
8 955
5
5 243
584
..
..
3
..
10b
..
2 634
16 985
47
44
..
4 740
b
..
863
..
..
..
..
5
160
380
13
3 836
132
..
..
..
20b
..
1 775
19 358
80
72
..
4 198
b
..
1 422
..
..
..
..
1
- 29
5 397
24
4 420
349
..
..
2
..
- 3
..
916
59 375
336
150
..
4 999
168b
..
2 026
..
..
..
..
11
- 108
6 061
2
6 701
- 22
..
..
21
..
9b
..
6 884
11 345
757
125
..
2 420
3b
16
267
..
..
..
..
31
- 160
9 548
5 480
162
..
..
4
..
8b
..
2 850
17 694
431
116 b
..
2 674
57b
..
1 238 b
..
..
..
..
- 17
85
4 082
11
4 886
106
..
27
6
..
..
..
/...
256
Home region/economy
1991-1996
(Annual average)
The Pacific
60
1997
1998
9
2000
2001
2002
- 56
- 24
69
116
30
- 56
..
..
-b
..
..
..
..
..
- 58
..
..
35b
..
..
..
..
..
69
..
..
- 2b
1
..
..
7
..
..
109b
..
..
..
..
..
- 17
..
..
47b
..
..
..
..
..
Fiji
Kiribati
New Caledonia
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
- 11
-l
..
70
..
-g
-m
..
..
472
4 215
2 484
2 462
3 936
3 505
4 205
12h
..
8h
- 12 h
14a
84 h
14 d
11 h
21
- 26 h
-c
6i
25
3
488a
..
20 h
- 3h
-e
4i
..
10
2
- 2
- 2
186
28
..
137
433
6
27
45
- 9
3 184
..
95
31
1
42
..
1
2
..
98
125
..
6
478
54
4
316
- 9
1 270
..
147
- 5
1
- 4
..
7
..
17
47
90
..
83
252
17
9
31
16
2 208
..
- 371
48
1
7
..
6
..
3
4
43
..
63
532
10
4
17
- 11
3 177
..
21
65
1
..
..
10
155
165
..
200
337
12
7
- 90
- 17
2 533
..
37
133
1
23
..
4b
- 206
..
28
95
281
..
122
264
9
18
173
16
3 284
..
5
117
- 5
..
785
869
74 099
- 362
- 1 028
47 203
395
2 341
71 011
768
2 851
98 136
- 61
4 527
40 498
Albania
Belarus
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bulgaria
Croatia
Czech Republic
Czechoslovakia (former)
Estonia
Hungary
Latvia
Lithuania
Moldova, Republic of
Poland
Romania
Russian Federation
Serbia and Montenegro
Slovakia
Slovenia
TFYR Macedonia
Ukraine
Yugoslavia (former)
- 40
..
..
49 b
..
..
..
..
..
1999
Memorandum
Least developed countries n
Oil-exporting countries o
All developing economies, excluding China
Source:
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
l
m
n
164
2 084
36 867
75
3 358
40 245
ANNEX B
257
Annex table B.3. FDI inward stock, by host region and economy,
1980, 1985, 1990, 1995, 2000, 2001 and 2002 a
(Millions of dollars)
Host region/economy
World
Developed economies
Western Europe
European Union
Austria
Belgium and Luxembourg
Belgium
Luxembourg
Denmark
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Ireland
Italy
Netherlands
Portugal
Spain
Sweden
United Kingdom
Other Western Europe
i
Gibraltar
Iceland
Malta i
Norway
Switzerland
North America
Canada
United States
Other developed economies
Australia
Israel
Japan
New Zealand
Developing economies
Africa
North Africa
i
Algeria
Egypt i
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya i
Morocco i
Sudan i
Tunisia
Other Africa
Angola i
Benin i
Botswana
Burkina Faso i
Burundi i
Cameroon i
Cape Verde m
Central African Republic i
Chad i
Comoros n
Congo i
Congo, Democratic Republic of i
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2001
2002
699 415
977 755
1 954 152
3 002 152
6 146 812
6 606 855
7 122 506 b
391 946
570 901
1 399 880
2 041 408
3 988 075
4 277 195
4 594 850 b
232 717
286 179
796 179
1 213 733
2 361 428
2 544 445
2 779 857 b
217 476
268 253
748 669
1 136 387
2 240 506
2 418 136
2 623 903 b
3 163
7 306
..
..
4 193
540
25 927d
36 630
4 524
32 461 f
8 892
19 167
3 665g
5 141
2 852h
63 014
3 762
18 447
..
..
3 613
1 339
36 701d
36 926
8 309
33 361 f
18 976
24 921
4 599g
8 939
4 333
64 028
9 884
58 388
..
..
9 192
5 132
86 845
119 618
5 667 e
34 208 f
57 985
68 731
10 571
65 916
12 636
203 894
17 532
112 960
..
..
23 801
8 465
191 434
192 898
10 957e
40 406 f
63 456
116 049
18 381
109 200
31 089
199 760
30 431
195 219
..
..
66 467
24 272
259 775
470 938
12 499
118 550
113 047
246 643
28 469
144 803
93 970
435 422
34 328
203 580
..
..
65 830
26 267
289 015
413 556
12 006
138 266
107 921
285 387
32 921
164 754
92 243
552 062
42 539
..
..
..
71 784c
35 509
401 305
451 589c
12 056 c
157 298c
126 481
314 569c
43 962
217 769c
110 482
638 561
15 241
17 926
47 511
77 346
120 923
126 309
155 954
98
71
286
7 412l
10 058
263
147
465
12 391
34 245
432
129
922
18 800
57 063
529
488
2 972
30 130
86 804
550
644
3 266
32 580
89 269
609
864
2 891
33 452 c
118 139
137 209
249 272
507 793
658 843
1 419 383
1 530 527
1 572 561
54 163
83 046
64 657
184 615
112 882
394 911
123 290
535 553
205 129
1 214 254
209 464
1 321 063
221 468
1 351 093 c
22 021
35 450
95 908
168 833
207 263
202 224
242 432
13 173
3 214g
3 270
2 363
25 049
3 619g
4 740
2 043
73 644
4 476
9 850
7 938
104 074
5 677
33 508
25 574
109 263
24 055
50 323
23 623
105 391
25 111
50 319
21 402
128 696
24 762
59 646 c
29 328
33
.. j, k
156
6 577l
8 506
307 469
406 805
551 481
920 400
2 029 412
2 173 769
2 339 632
32 162
33 844
50 775
77 400
144 503
157 823
170 876
4 322
8 242
16 903
26 300
38 082
43 191
48 310
1 320
2 260
.. k
189
28
3 341
1 281
5 703
..k
440
76
4 917
1 355
11 043
..k
917
54
7 615
1 465
14 690
..k
3 032
164
10 967
3 441
19 589
..k
6 758
1 396
11 545
4 637
20 099
..k
9 566
1 970
11 667
5 702
20 746
.. k
9 994
2 651
14 061
33 872
51 101
106 421
114 632
122 566
1 025
159
1 309
39
30
1 044
4
95
289
17
575
546
2 921
381
1 126
74
34
1 062
38
80
370
19
1 022
541
7 977
588
1 821
149
48
1 263
174
95
618
24
1 893
617
10 122
632
1 494
158
48
1 331
183
101
618
24
1 970
618
11 435
673
1 946
166
48
1 417
197
105
1 519
26
2 217
650
27 840
61
32
698g
18
7
330
..
50
150
2
315
709
25 602
675
34
947g
24
24
1 125
..
77
223
2
485
620
/...
258
Annex table B.3. FDI inward stock, by host region and economy,
1980, 1985, 1990, 1995, 2000, 2001 and 2002 a (continued)
(Millions of dollars)
Host region/economy
i
Cte dIvoire
Djibouti o
Equatorial Guinea p
Eritrea q
Ethiopia i
Gabon i
Gambia
Ghana i
Guinea o
Guinea-Bissau r
Kenya i
Lesotho s
Liberia i
Madagascar i
Malawi i
Mali t
Mauritania i
Mauritius i
Mozambique i
Namibia
Niger i
Nigeria i
Rwanda i
So Tom and Principe m
Senegal i
Seychelles i
Sierra Leone i
Somalia i
South Africa
Swaziland
Togo i
Uganda i
United Republic of Tanzania i
Zambia t
Zimbabwe i
Latin America and the Caribbean
South America
Argentina
Bolivia
Brazil
Chile
Colombia
Ecuador
Guyana i
Paraguay
Peru
Suriname i
Uruguay
Venezuela
Other Latin America and the Caribbean
Anguilla z
Antigua and Barbuda s
Aruba aa
Bahamas i
Barbados i
Belize i
Bermuda i
Cayman Islands ab
Costa Rica
Cuba i
Dominica s
Dominican Republic
El Salvador
Grenada s
Guatemala
Haiti i
Honduras i
1980
530
4
..
..
110
512
127g
229
1
386
5
868
40
113
12
.. k
26
15
1 994g
190
2 405
54
..
150
54
79
34
16 519
243u
176
9
47
355
186
1985
699
4
6
..
114
833
127g
272
2
4
476
25
1 260
52
151
33
39
43
17
2 010g
206
4 417
133
..
188
105
68
10
9 024
104
210
7
91
450
187
1990
975
6
25
..
124
1 208
157
315
69
8
668
83
2 454
107
198
38
57
169
42
2 047
286
8 072
213
258
204
..k
..k
9 121
336
268
4
93
1 012
124
1995
1 624
17
175
..
165
441
185
822
131
20
732
179
2 419
173
163
162
92
256
201
1 708
363
14 065
231
374
321
..k
2
15 099
535
307
272
325
1 543
342
2000
3 407
34
1 128
301
941
..k
216
1 462
263
46
996
330
2 516
341
183
453
108
687
1 094
1 230
426
20 184
252
4
827
577
19
4
47 418
432
511
1 255
1 783
2 350
1 085
2001
3 451
37
2 073
301
961
.. k
221
1 551
265
47
1 047
358
2 496
434
163
576
101
719
1 350
797
449
21 289
256
9
859
636
22
4
50 246
479
574
1 484
2 111
2 422
1 088
2002
3 674
40
2 396
322
1 036
.. k
264 c
1 601
295
48
1 097
382
2 431
442
163
678
113
746
1 755
978 c
457
22 570
259
11
952
699
26
4
50 998
656
649
1 759
2 351
2 619
1 114
50 404
80 129
116 963
201 755
608 924
705 746
762 229
29 345
42 238
66 625
112 150
380 061
414 979
441 110
5 344
420
17 480
886
1 061
719
25
212 x
898
.. k
727 y
1 604
6 563
592
25 664
2 321
2 231
982
39
301 x
1 152
52
794 y
1 548
8
1 026
37 143
10 067
3 500
1 626
42
405 x
1 302
..k
1 007 y
2 260
27 991
1 564
42 530
15 547
6 407
3 619
452
705
5 541
..k
1 464 y
6 975
72 935
5 176
196 884w
44 955
12 144
7 081
759
1 311
10 503
..k
2 088
26 944
75 989
5 839
219 342w
44 693
16 008
8 410
815
1 162
10 669
.. k
2 406
30 392
76 992 c
6 392 c
235 908w
46 296 c
19 375
9 686
859
867
12 565
.. k
1 291
31 710
21 059
37 890
50 337
89 605
228 863
290 767
321 119
11
292
132
586
171
73
13 849
1 749
1 447
2
71
572
212
70
1 734
149
383
68
438
204
742
227
153
23 997
2 745
2 733 ac
40
197
1 707 ac
293
168
2 202
153
652
..
23
..
547
102
12
5 131
222
672
239
154
1
701 ad
79
92
..
94
..
543
125
10
8 053
1 479
957
11
265
181
13
1 050 ad
112
172
778 v
227
566
816
1 587
308
269
56 393
24 973
5 206 ac
74
271
5 214 ac
1 973
346
3 420
215
1 489
260
606
497
1 688
326
310
68 977
26 356
5 660ac
78
283
6 293ac
2 223
395
3 876
220
1 684
293
642
738
1 888
338
362
78 070
29 451
6 302ac
82
297
7 254ac
2 431
436
4 155
226
1 826
/...
ANNEX B
259
Annex table B.3. FDI inward stock, by host region and economy,
1980, 1985, 1990, 1995, 2000, 2001 and 2002 a (continued)
(Millions of dollars)
Host region/economy
i
Jamaica
Mexico
Montserrat ae
Netherlands Antilles i
Nicaragua i
Panama
Saint Kitts and Nevis ag
Saint Lucia ah
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines n
Trinidad and Tobago
Virgin Islands ah
Asia and the Pacific
Asia
West Asia
Bahrain
Cyprus i
Iran, Islamic Republic of i
Iraq i
Jordan ai
Kuwait i
Lebanon t
Oman i
Occupied Palestinian Territory aj
Qatar i
Saudi Arabia i
Syrian Arab Republic i
Turkey
United Arab Emirates i
Yemen
Central Asia
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyzstan
Tajikistan ao
Turkmenistan ap
Uzbekistan ao
South, East and South-East Asia
Afghanistan i
Bangladesh
Bhutan z
Brunei Darussalam i
Cambodia
China
Hong Kong, China
India
Indonesia
Korea, Democratic Peoples Republic of m
Korea, Republic of
Lao Peoples Democratic Republic i
Macau, China
Malaysia
Maldives o
Mongolia ae
Myanmar
Nepal
Pakistan
Philippines
Singapore
Sri Lanka
Taiwan Province of China
Thailand
Viet Nam i
1980
1985
564
8 105ad
..
770
109
2 461af
1
94
1
976
1
1990
522
18 802 ad
..
257
109
3 142af
32
197
9
1 719
39
1995
791
22 424
40
408
115
2 198 af
160
319
48
2 093
240
1 568
41 130
68
364
354
3 245
244
517
179
3 601 ac
1 622
2000
3 316
97 170
84
78
1 386
6 744
484
804
489
6 489ac
8 472
2001
3 930
140 376
85
77
1 536
7 257
572
826
510
7 173ac
8 695
2002
4 409
154 003c
86
61
1 710
7 314
653
849
529
7 910ac
8 806
224 904
292 832
383 743
641 245
1 275 985
1 310 200
1 406 527
223 707
291 626
381 481
638 222
1 272 245
1 306 301
1 402 488
7 568
37 657
41 196
51 662
69 979
70 035
72 376
552
1 146
2 039
..k
615
26
53
1 723
..
71
22 500
374
11 194ak
751
180
2 403
1 579
2 297
..k
627
12
138
2 210
..
451
22 423
915
14 977 ak
1 770
1 882
5 906
3 878
2 474
..k
2 258
527
1 116
2 501
155
1 920
25 963
1 699
19 209
1 061
1 336
5 986
4 530
2 524
..k
2 358
380
1 365
2 543
165
2 216
25 983
1 904
17 521
1 318
1 271
6 205 c
4 827
2 561
.. k
2 414
387
1 622
2 583
206
2 541
25 633
2 129
18 558 c
1 413
1 336
16 123
20 856
25 139
580
3 962
533 an
12 871
427
153
1 063
1 267
680 c
5 354
679an
15 354
415 c
162
1 163
1 332
61d
460
2 962
.. k
155
30
20
483
..
83
.. k
8 845 ak
409
195g
399d
789
2 780
..k
493
33
34
1 201
..
93
21 828
37
9 253ak
482
283g
..
..
..
4 018
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
34 al
352am
32
2 895
144
40
415
106
216 139
253 969
340 285
582 542
12
147aq
2
23
38 ar
24 762 al
201 652at
1 668 aq
38 883
572
5 186
13
2 733 av
10 318
25
..k, ax
12 az
1 928
3 268
30 468
681aq
9 735 aq
8 209
260
12
180aq
2
631
356
137 435 al
227 532at
5 652 aq
50 601
716
9 451
205
2 726 av
28 731aw
61
38
649 ax
39 az
5 552
6 086
65 644
1 297 aq
15 736 aq
17 452
5 760
11
11
63
112
..
..
19
28
ar
38
38ar
6 251al
10 499 al
177 755at
183 219at
1 177
1 075
10 274
24 971
..
..
1 327
2 160
2
1
2 725 av
2 733av
5 169
7 388
5
3
..
..
.. k, ax
.. k, ax
az
1
2 az
691
1 079
1 281
2 601
6 203
13 016
231
517
2 405
2 930
981
1 999
9
64
513
3 735
423 an
9 259
439
144
913
697
1 186 143
17
983 aq
3
3 856
1 336
348 346
455 469
18 916 aq
60 638 au
1 046
37 106
550
2 725av
52 747aw
118
182
3 178
97 az
6 912
9 081
113 431
2 389 aq
27 924 aq
24 468
14 624
1 215 410
18
1 062 aq
4
4 383
1 449
395 192as
419 348
22 319 aq
57 359 au
1 022
40 767
574
2 858
53 301aw
130
225
3 266
116
5 536
10 468
116 428
2 471 aq
32 033 aq
29 158
15 924
1 304 973
18
1 107 aq
4
5 418
1 503 c
447 892 as
433 065c
25 768aq
55 836au
1 034
43 689
599
3 008 c
56 505aw
142
302
3 395 c
126 c
6 359 c
11 579 c
124 083c
2 713 aq
33 478aq
30 226 c
17 124
/...
260
Annex table B.3. FDI inward stock, by host region and economy,
1980, 1985, 1990, 1995, 2000, 2001 and 2002 a (concluded)
(Millions of dollars)
Host region/economy
The Pacific
1980
1985
1 196
Fiji
Kiribati bb
New Caledonia ai
Papua New Guinea
Samoa i
Solomon Islands t
Tonga s
Tuvalu bd
Vanuatu t
1 207
1990
2 263
414 ba
1995
3 022
834ba
358
..
28
748
1
28
..
33
393
- 1
35
683
2
32
..
62
76
1 582
9
70
1
..
110
1
110
1 667
29
126
8
249
..
49
2 841
40 187
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
49g
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
112bf
..
1 363 bh
..
569
..
..
..
109
..
..
81
607bi
..
..
..
201
50 be
20 bf
446bf
478 bg
7 350
688bg
11 919
615
352
93
7 843
821
5 465
329
810
1 763
33
910
..
2000
3 740
1
017 ba
5
146
2 007 bc
53
126
21
1
366
129 169
568
1 306
376 an
2 716
3 560
21 644
2 645
19 804
2 084
2 334
446
34 227
6 480
17 956
1 319
4 634
2 809
387
3 875
..
2001
3 899
1
106 ba
5
144
2 069bc
55
114
22
1
384
155 734
775
1 374
506an
3 410
5 049
27 092
3 160
23 562
2 332
2 666
600
41 031
7 638
20 142
1 484
6 213as
3 209
829
4 662
..
2002
4 039
1 183 ba
6
144
2 119bc
56
107
25
1
399
187 868
988
1 602 c
828 an
3 889 c
6 029 c
38 450
4 226
24 416 c
2 723
3 981
717
45 150 c
8 786
22 563 c
1 959
10 225 as
5 074 c
907
5 355 c
..
Memorandum
Least developed countries bj
Oil-exporting countries bk
All developing economies, excluding China
Source:
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
l
m
n
o
p
q
r
s
t
u
v
w
x
y
z
aa
ab
ac
ad
ae
3 419
13 281
301 219
5 132
59 568
396 306
8 165
81 047
526 669
16 208
113 781
783 121
35 609
174 176
1 681 222
40 867
182 275
1 778 733
46 099
189 638
1 891 896
Estimates. For details, see Definitions and Sources in annex B. For the countries for which the stock data are estimated by either
cumulating FDI flows or adding or subtracting flows to FDI stock in a particular year, notes are given below.
Value does not include data for Belgium and for Luxembourg. For details, see Definitions and Sources in Annex B, p. 231.
Stock data after 2001 are estimated by adding flows.
Stock data prior to 1989 are estimated by subtracting flows.
Stock data from 1990 to 1998 are estimated by subtracting flows from the stock of 1999.
Stock data prior to 1999 are estimated by subtracting flows.
Stock data prior to 1990 are estimated by subtracting flows.
Stock data prior to 1982 are estimated by subtracting flows.
Stock data are estimated by accumulating flows since 1970.
Stock data prior to 1988 are estimated by subtracting flows.
Negative stock value. However, this value is included in the regional and global total.
Stock data prior to 1987 are estimated by subtracting flows.
Stock data are estimated by accumulating flows since 1987.
Stock data are estimated by accumulating flows since 1978.
Stock data are estimated by accumulating flows since 1973.
Stock data are estimated by accumulating flows since 1982.
Stock data are estimated by accumulating flows since 1997.
Stock data are estimated by accumulating flows since 1975.
Stock data are estimated by accumulating flows since 1977.
Stock data are estimated by accumulating flows since 1971.
Stock data prior to 1981 are estimated by subtracting flows.
Stock data for 1990 is estimated by subtracting flows from the stock of 1991.
Stock data are estimated by adding flows to the stock of 1995.
Stock data up to 1993 are estimated by accumulating flows since 1970.
Stock data up to 1996 are estimated by accumulating flows since 1970.
Stock data are estimated by accumulating flows since 1990.
Stock data are estimated by accumulating flows since 1989.
Stock data are estimated by accumulating flows since 1974.
Stock data after 1990 are estimated by adding flows.
Stock data up to 1989 are estimated by accumulating flows since 1970.
Stock data are estimated by accumulating flows since 1986.
ANNEX B
af
ag
ah
ai
aj
ak
al
am
an
ao
ap
aq
ar
as
at
au
av
aw
ax
az
ba
bb
bc
bd
be
bf
bg
bh
bi
bj
bk
Note:
261
262
Annex table B.4. FDI outward stock, by home region and economy,
1980, 1985, 1990, 1995, 2000, 2001 and 2002 a
(Millions of dollars)
Home region/economy
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2001
2002
563 997
743 267
1 762 963
2 901 059
5 991 756
6 318 861
6 866 362 b
499 391
665 090
1 629 259
2 583 824
5 154 968
5 487 592
5 987 746 b
237 694
330 825
874 369
1 463 467
3 248 357
3 453 487
3 771 452 b
215 582
304 579
797 322
1 298 257
2 980 615
3 171 860
3 434 297 b
530
6 037
..
..
2 065
737
24 281d
43 127
2 923e
..
7 319
42 116
512 f
1 931
3 572g
80 434
1 343
9 551
..
..
1 801
1 829
37 753d
59 909
2 923e
8 852e
16 600
47 898
583 f
4 455
10 768
100 313
4 273
40 636
..
..
7 342
11 227
110 125
148 456
2 948e
11 588e
57 261
106 899
900
15 652
50 720
229 294
11 702
80 690
..
..
24 703
14 993
204 431
258 142
3 004e
13 473e
97 042
172 672
3 173
36 243
73 143
304 847
24 820
179 773
..
..
65 881
52 109
445 091
483 946
5 861
27 925
180 275
307 760
17 170
164 791
123 125
902 087
28 511
181 460
..
..
69 766
56 055
489 441
553 315
6 371
33 748
182 375
329 383
23 491
189 418
122 053
906 474
40 220
..
..
..
74 605c
69 468
652 105
577 849c
7 026 c
36 453 c
194 498
355 652c
31 983
216 051c
145 382
1 033 003
22 112
26 245
77 047
165 210
267 742
281 627
337 156
Gibraltar
Iceland
Malta
Norway
Switzerland
..
59 h
..
561
21 491
..
59h
..
1 093
25 093
..
75
..
10 884
66 087
..
179
32
22 519
142 479
..
663
203
33 505
233 371
..
839
210 i
32 771i
247 807
..
1 068
210i
38 308i
297 570
World
Developed economie
Western Europe
European Union
Austria
Belgium and Luxembourg
Belgium
Luxembourg
Denmark
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Ireland
Italy
Netherlands
Portugal
Spain
Sweden
United Kingdom
North America
239 158
281 512
515 358
817 224
1 528 943
1 626 312
1 775 134
23 783
215 375
43 143
238 369
84 837
430 521
118 209
699 015
235 512
1 293 431
244 638
1 381 674
273 719
1 501 415 c
22 539
52 754
239 533
303 132
377 667
407 792
441 160
Australia
Israel
Japan
New Zealand
2 260
141 f
19 610
529j
6 653
623 f
43 970
1 508j
30 507
1 188
201 440
6 398j
53 009
4 041
238 452
7 630
83 232
9 361
278 445
6 629
91 343
9 607
300 115
6 728
91 249
10 783
331 596c
7 532
Developing economies
64 606
78 176
133 088
310 864
817 450
806 524
849 464
6 871
10 960
20 777
33 004
48 591
43 066
43 574
460
872
1 474
1 528
2 998
3 200
3 471
98
39
162
155
..
6
156
91
287
333
..
6
183
163
624
489
..
15
266
350
279
603
..
30
343
655
1 230
737
..
33
352
668
1 314
834
..
32
452
695
1 424
863
..
37
6 412
10 088
19 303
31 475
45 592
39 866
40 103
..
438 f
3
..
23
..
1
..
..
..
..
2
439 f
3
..
53
..
1
1
..
..
..
..
2
447
4
150
1
17
48
1
..
..
..
2
650
13
1
227
5
40
81
2
..
..
..
55
517
24
2
255
5
42
79
2
..
..
..
58
866
25
2
257
5
42
79
2
..
..
..
58
1 123
26
2
261
5
42
79
2
..
..
Canada
United States
Other developed economies
Africa
North Africa
k
Algeria
Egypt l
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya m
Morocco l
Sudan
Tunisia
Other Africa
Angola
Benin n
Botswana
Burkina Faso o
Burundi p
Cameroon q
Cape Verde r
Central African Republic s
Chad t
Comoros u
Congo
Congo, Democratic Republic of
/...
ANNEX B
263
Annex table B.4. FDI outward stock, by home region and economy,
1980, 1985, 1990, 1995, 2000, 2001 and 2002 a (continued)
(Millions of dollars)
Home region/economy
u
Cte dIvoire
Djibouti
Equatorial Guinea p
Eritrea
Ethiopia w
Gabon o
Gambia
Ghana x
Guinea x
Guinea-Bissau
Kenya s
Lesotho r
Liberia y
Madagascar z
Malawi
Mali s
Mauritania z
Mauritius ab
Mozambique ac
Namibia
Niger o
Nigeria t
Rwanda u
So Tom and Principe
Senegal m
Seychelles ad
Sierra Leone
Somalia
South Africa
Swaziland
Togo af
Uganda ag
United Republic of Tanzania
Zambia
Zimbabwe ah
Latin America and the Caribbean
South America
Argentina
Bolivia
Brazil
Chile
Colombia
Ecuador am
Guyana an
Paraguay
Peru
Suriname
Uruguay
Venezuela
Other Latin America and the Caribbean
Anguilla
Antigua and Barbuda
Aruba an
Bahamas y
Barbados k
Belize ac
Bermuda y
Cayman Islands ar
Costa Rica t
Cuba
Dominica w
Dominican Republic an
El Salvador
Grenada u
Guatemala x
Haiti am
Honduras
1980
..
..
..
..
..
78
..
..
..
..
18
..
48
..
..
22
..
..
..
..
2
9
..
..
7
14
..
..
5 722
19 ae
10
..
..
..
..
1985
..
..
..
..
..
103
..
..
..
..
60
..
361
..
..
22
..
..
..
8
..v
..
..
43
44
..
..
8 963
9
10
..
..
..
10
1990
1995
31
..
..
..
164
22
..
..
..
99
453
1
..
22
3
2
..
80
54
2 586
..
49
61
..
..
14 864
38
16
..
..
..
88
517
..
..
..
257
36
..
..
..
116
1 113
5
..
23
3
94
15
109
3 975
.. v
..
96
94
..
..
23 433
136
44
255
..
..
137
2000
677
..
..v
..
435
271
44
359
8
..
218
1 524
4
15 aa
112
3
133
1
45
145
4 358
3
..
116
136
..
..
35 277
100
125
265
..
..
241
2001
679
..
3
..
504
273
42
412
9
..
268
1 357 i
4
18 aa
129
3
135
1
10
141
4 452
4
..
109
147
..
..
29 155
53
118
259
..
..
245
2002
682
..
3
..
511
273
46c
472
12
..
344
1 307i
4
22 aa
148
3
136
1
5c
141
4 553
5
..
148
161
..
..
28 755
162
118
246
..
..
249
51 529
55 517
63 358
90 861
160 186
167 906
173 187
46 085
47 356
51 476
64 620
95 458
94 459
98 185
9
42 101 ak
178
402
..
..
137ao
122
..
183ap
2 239
10 696
18
45 530 ak
2 425 al
1 027
73
2
179
567
..
186ap
3 918
20 681
29
53 003 ak
11 793
2 989
270
214
505
..
208 aq
5 766
20 473
32
50 745
12 976
3 047
270
220
574
..
209 aq
5 914
19 407 c
34c
53 227 c
13 439 c
3 830
270
217
730
..
224aq
6 807
11 882
26 240
64 728
73 447
75 002
..
..
14
1 385
41
47
14 942
16 247
95
..
122
74
1
31
4
..
..
..
27
1 385 i
42
55
9 535i
19 059
104
..
89
64
1
32
4
..
..
..
32
1 385i
43
64
7 712i
20 026
160
..
89
39
1
36
4
..
5
39
997 ai
1aj
601 ak
42
136
..
..
113ao
3
..
169ap
23
5
40
945 ai
1j
496 ak
102
301
..
..
128ao
38
..
181ap
165
5 444
8 161
..
..
..
285
5
..
727
5
7
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
154
13
..
1 691
85
27
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
106 ai
..
..
..
614
23
..
1 550
694
44
..
..
..
54 ap
..
..
..
..
..
10
1 286
33
12
2 626
1 984
67
..
..
38
53 ap
..
1
..
/...
264
Annex table B.4. FDI outward stock, by home region and economy,
1980, 1985, 1990, 1995, 2000, 2001 and 2002 a (continued)
(Millions of dollars)
Home region/economy
k
Jamaica
Mexico
Montserrat
Netherlands Antilles ad
Nicaragua an
Panama y
Saint Kitts and Nevis u
Saint Lucia u
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines as
Trinidad and Tobago ah
Virgin Islands ah
Asia and the Pacific
1980
1985
5
3 589ak
..
9
..
811
..
..
..
..
..
1990
5
3 957ak
..
10
..
2 204
..
..
..
15
..
1995
42
4 628 ak
..
21
..
4 188
1
22
..
2000
308
6 130 ak
..
24
4 939
1
1
24
8 704
709
11 098ak
..
11
8
4 004
1
1
297
15 598
2001
2002
798
11 944
..
11
13
5 906i
1
447
23 930
872
12 425
..
12
17
7 767i
1
594
23 722
6 206
11 699
48 953
187 000
608 673
595 552
632 702
Asia
6 193
11 662
48 868
186 574
608 232
594 994
632 114
West Asia
1 447
2 143
7 609
7 112
13 318
17 646
19 777
719
9
..
..
28
3 662
49
7
..
..
1 873
..
1 157aw
99
5
1 044
78
..v
..
..v
2 804
94
23
..
30
1 621
..
1 425aw
98
5
Bahrain
Cyprus ab
Iran, Islamic Republic of ag
Iraq
Jordan m
Kuwait s
Lebanon au
Oman ab
Occupied Palestinian Territory
Qatar am
Saudi Arabia av
Syrian Arab Republic
Turkey
United Arab Emirates y
Yemen au
Central Asia
Armenia ax
Azerbaijan ax
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyzstan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
South, East and South-East Asia
Afghanistan
Bangladesh z
Bhutan
Brunei Darussalam ac
Cambodia an
China
Hong Kong, China az
India
Indonesia
Korea, Democratic Peoples Republic of
Korea, Republic of
Lao Peoples Democratic Republic ac
Macau, China
Malaysia
Maldives u
Mongolia am
Myanmar bc
Nepal
Pakistan
Philippines
Singapore
Sri Lanka ab
Taiwan Province of China
Thailand
Viet Nam
600at
599at
..
..
..
35
568
..
..
..
..
239
..
..
5
..
..
..
38
930
42
2
..
..
508
..
..
19
4
1 752
529
1 207
..
..v
1 427
248
23
..
181
2 120
..
3 668
2 253
5
1 968
749
4 019
..
.. v
1 793
340
22
..
293
2 076
..
3 775
2 695i
5
2 146 c
731
5 318
..
.. v
1 638
414
22
..
353
2 126
..
3 950 c
3 136i
5
..
..
..
558
758
1 521
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
33
474
..
18
33
..
..
..
44
632
..
43
39
..
..
..
4 746
9 519
41 259
179 462
594 356
576 590
610 816
..
..
..
..
..
..
148
235j
..
..
127
..
..
197
..
..
..
..
40
171
3 718f
..
97
13
..
..
..
..
..
..
131
2 344
250j
55bb
..
461
..
..
1 374
..
..
..
..
127
171
4 387f
1
204
14
..
..
6
..
..
..
2 489 ay
11 920
281j
77 bb
..
2 301
..
..
2 671
..
..
..
250
155
7 808
8
12 888 bd
404
..
..
29
..
148
2
25 804 ay
388 380
1 311 ba
2 339 aq
..
50 552
169
..
18 688 aa
..
521
1 597
53 104
86
49 187 bd
2 439
..
..
50
..
156
2
32 688 ay
352 602
2 068 ba
2 464 aq
..
40 825
172
137
18 955 aa
..
588
1 273
67 255
86
54 667 bd
2 601 i
..
..
54
..
165
2
35 538 ay
370 296
2 499 ba
2 580 aq
..
43 500 c
229
137 c
20 194 aa
..
571 c
1 358 c
71 336 c
97
59 553 bd
2 707i
..
..
9
..
71
2
15 802 ay
78 833
495ba
1 295
..
7 787
1
..
11 143
..
403
1 220
35 050
35
25 144 bd
2 173
..
55
957
..
464
45 c
..
..
..
/...
ANNEX B
265
Annex table B.4. FDI outward stock, by home region and economy,
1980, 1985, 1990, 1995, 2000, 2001 and 2002 a (concluded)
(Millions of dollars)
Host region/economy
1980
The Pacific
1985
13
ar
1990
37
1995
85
442
2002
558
..v
..v
..
519 ay
..
1
..
..
..
628 ay
..
1
..
..
588
.. v
..
675 ay
..
1
..
..
15
..
..
22
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
616
6 372
19 339
24 746
29 152
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
197
..
..
..
95
66
..
..
..
258
..
..
..
48
13
105 be
703
346
..
70 be
489
231
1
18
539
121
3 015
..
87
490
..
97
..
82
5
40
87
875
738
..
259
2 068
241
29
19
1 025
142
12 394
..
367
794
4
170
..
82
6
40
97
969
1 136
..
442
4 377
47
48
19
1 107
127
14 734
..
404 i
950
5
158
..
86
.. v
40
125 c
1 064 c
1 496
..
670
4 641 c
67
60
19
1 280 c
155
18 018 c
..
409i
1 066 c
5
153 c
..
92
1 782
64 606
456
2 794
78 046
704
12 256
130 600
3 216
23 985
791 646
3 147
28 506
773 837
43
..
383 ay
..
..
..
2001
2
..
..
10
..
..
..
..
..
Fiji
Kiribati bc
New Caledonia
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands u
Tonga z
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
70
..
..
15 ay
..
..
..
426
2000
Memorandum
Least developed countries bf
Oil-exporting countries bg
All developing economies, excluding China
1 843
15 733
295 062
3 223
31 856
813 926
Estimates. For details, see Definitions and Sources in annex B. For the countries for which the stock data are estimated by either
cumulating FDI flows or adding or subtracting flows to FDI stock in a particular year, notes are given below.
Value does not include data for Belgium and for Luxembourg. For details, see Definitions and Sources in Annex B, p. 231.
Stock data after 2001 are estimated by adding flows.
Stock data prior to 1987 are estimated by subtracting flows.
Stock data prior to 1999 are estimated by subtracting flows.
Stock data prior to 1990 are estimated by subtracting flows.
Stock data prior to 1982 are estimated by subtracting flows.
Stock data prior to 1988 are estimated by subtracting flows.
Stock data after 2000 are estimated by adding flows.
Stock data prior to 1992 are estimated by subtracting flows.
Stock data are estimated by accumulating flows since 1970.
Stock data are estimated by accumulating flows since 1977.
Stock data are estimated by accumulating flows since 1972.
Stock data are estimated by accumulating flows since 1979.
Stock data are estimated by accumulating flows since 1974.
Stock data are estimated by accumulating flows since 1989.
Stock data are estimated by accumulating flows since 1973.
Stock data are estimated by accumulating flows since 1988.
Stock data are estimated by accumulating flows since 1975.
Stock data are estimated by accumulating flows since 1978.
Stock data are estimated by accumulating flows since 1990.
Negative stock value. However, this value is included in the regional and global total.
Stock data are estimated by accumulating flows since 1997.
Stock data are estimated by accumulating flows since 1996.
Stock data are estimated by using the inward stock of the United States from 1980 to 2000 as a proxy.
Stock data are estimated by accumulating flows since 1986.
Stock data after 1998 are estimated by adding flows.
Stock data are estimated by accumulating flows since 1985.
Stock data are estimated by accumulating flows since 1991.
Stock data are estimated by accumulating flows since 1976.
Stock data prior to 1981 are estimated by subtracting flows.
266
af
ag
ah
ai
aj
ak
al
am
an
ao
ap
aq
ar
as
at
au
av
aw
ax
ay
az
ba
bb
bc
bd
be
bf
bg
Note: For data on FDI stock which are calculated as an accumulation of flows, price changes are not taken into account.
ANNEX B
Region/economy
267
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
4.4
5.0
7.5
7.4
10.9
11.0
16.5
16.9
20.8
18.3
12.8
11.3
12.2
13.6
Developed countries
inward
outward
3.7
5.7
6.0
8.8
10.4
13.9
17.1
21.1
22.9
22.4
12.7
14.3
12.3
15.6
Western Europe
inward
outward
5.5
8.4
8.3
14.5
14.8
24.5
27.3
42.4
41.6
51.1
24.0
28.0
22.0
23.7
European Union
inward
outward
5.5
8.1
8.0
13.8
14.8
24.6
27.5
42.3
42.2
50.5
24.5
28.4
22.5
23.8
4.0
3.2
5.5
4.1
9.1
5.5
6.0
6.7
19.4
12.6
13.4
7.1
..
..
21.1
14.0
22.3
13.5
40.6
51.6
209.5
214.1
169.7
165.2
171.2
195.4
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
8.4
8.9
8.4
12.6
21.6
12.5
47.0
47.6
93.6
71.6
35.9
40.5
17.7
14.4
4.6
9.6
9.6
24.0
8.5
77.3
18.8
27.2
34.4
96.9
15.0
33.7
35.0
37.8
6.7
8.9
9.2
14.1
11.6
18.2
16.8
45.8
16.5
67.6
20.9
35.1
18.4
22.4
0.9
5.6
2.7
9.2
5.4
19.4
12.4
24.3
50.3
14.1
9.1
11.3
10.4
6.7
5.2
-
4.1
0.6
0.3
1.0
2.1
2.0
4.2
8.2
6.0
2.3
0.2
2.1
14.7
4.2
16.8
6.3
45.4
20.7
81.4
26.9
115.9
20.3
65.7
24.6
70.9
10.1
1.6
3.2
1.7
4.9
1.2
5.6
3.1
3.0
6.3
5.8
6.9
10.0
6.2
7.3
13.0
25.4
15.3
33.6
48.9
48.5
45.9
64.3
72.1
88.0
60.9
57.6
33.2
29.9
7.1
2.2
9.6
7.4
11.3
13.9
4.0
10.2
22.9
25.4
19.1
24.5
13.6
11.2
8.3
3.3
6.3
10.3
8.8
14.1
10.9
29.0
26.4
38.5
19.2
22.7
12.8
11.1
16.8
14.2
28.2
32.6
48.6
59.7
140.3
50.6
54.7
95.5
30.1
16.9
27.0
26.5
9.2
16.1
15.1
28.0
29.7
49.0
33.9
83.3
54.2
103.9
26.2
28.8
10.1
16.1
3.8
14.0
12.9
26.5
14.2
22.7
22.9
43.9
30.2
62.2
14.1
20.9
12.0
21.2
World
inward
outward
Austria
inward
outward
Belgium and Luxembourg
inward
outward
Belgium
inward
outward
Luxembourg
inward
outward
Denmark
inward
outward
Finland
inward
outward
France
inward
outward
Germany
inward
outward
Greece
inward
outward
Ireland
inward
outward
Italy
inward
outward
Netherlands
inward
outward
Portugal
inward
outward
Spain
inward
outward
Sweden
inward
outward
United Kingdom
inward
outward
Other Western Europe
inward
outward
..
..
2865.0
3512.8
/...
268
Annex table B.5. Inward and outward FDI flows as a percentage of gross fixed capital
formation, by region and economy, 1991-2002 (continued)
(Percentage)
Region/economy
1991-1996
(Annual average)
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
0.9
2.0
10.2
3.8
7.5
3.6
3.5
5.7
7.9
18.2
8.2
19.0
..
..
14.0
0.3a
9.6
1.9
31.8
1.7
95.6
5.2
64.7
2.8
34.9
0.8
-41.8
-
Gibraltar
inward
outward
Iceland
inward
outward
Malta
inward
outward
Norway
inward
outward
Switzerland
inward
outward
4.7
7.9
12.7
15.4
10.3
6.1
23.1
17.5
18.1
25.4
6.8
-2.4
2.7
17.1
3.2
17.2
13.2
35.3
17.1
35.8
22.3
63.4
38.2
88.5
18.5
36.0
19.2
24.3
North America
inward
outward
4.7
6.7
7.9
8.2
12.4
10.4
18.0
13.3
20.8
10.3
9.7
7.9
2.9
8.6
6.1
7.6
9.1
18.3
18.6
28.1
19.0
13.2
47.2
33.0
20.6
26.2
14.3
19.9
4.5
6.6
7.8
7.2
11.9
8.9
18.0
13.3
18.6
8.4
8.7
6.3
1.9
7.5
0.7
1.8
1.2
2.5
1.0
2.5
1.6
1.8
2.2
2.7
1.3
4.4
13.1
6.8
8.4
4.8
8.3
7.0
7.1
4.0
3.2
-0.7
15.4
0.7
5.2
14.3
15.0
7.3
3.5
3.2
8.0
2.9
8.2
5.0
13.8
4.2
21.9
15.1
16.9
3.9
9.0
6.7
0.1
1.7
0.3
2.1
0.3
2.3
1.1
1.9
0.7
2.6
0.6
3.6
..
..
24.4
2.8
19.2
-0.3
8.9
3.5
14.4
9.7
36.4
5.9
21.1
12.6
3.3
2.9
6.5
2.9
11.4
4.1
12.0
3.1
14.3
3.7
14.6
6.2
12.7
2.9
10.5
4.6
Africa
inward
outward
5.3
2.2
9.7
3.2
8.0
2.6
11.8
2.3
8.8
0.7
19.4
-2.6
8.9
0.1
North Africa
inward
outward
4.3
0.1
5.9
1.1
5.8
0.8
7.1
0.6
6.0
0.5
11.5
0.4
7.1
0.4
0.5
0.1
2.4
0.1
4.0
-
4.3
0.4
3.8
0.2
8.6
0.1
8.1
0.8
8.3
0.4
5.2
1.0
5.5
0.2
5.2
0.2
5.9
0.2
3.4
0.1
4.6
0.2
-0.2
-0.8
-1.9
6.4
-4.2
8.4
-3.8
6.8
-3.2
2.2
-2.7
2.3
..
..
Canada
inward
outward
United States
inward
outward
Other developed countries
inward
outward
Australia
inward
outward
Israel
inward
outward
Japan
inward
outward
New Zealand
inward
outward
Developing countries
inward
outward
Algeria
inward
outward
Egypt
inward
outward
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
inward
outward
/...
ANNEX B
269
Annex table B.5. Inward and outward FDI flows as a percentage of gross fixed capital
formation, by region and economy, 1991-2002 (continued)
(Percentage)
Region/economy
Morocco
inward
outward
Sudan
inward
outward
Tunisia
inward
outward
Other Africa
inward
outward
Angola
inward
outward
Benin
inward
outward
Botswana
inward
outward
Burkina Faso
inward
outward
Burundi
inward
outward
Cameroon
inward
outward
Cape Verde
inward
outward
Central African Republic
inward
outward
Chad
inward
outward
Comoros
inward
outward
Congo
inward
outward
Congo, Democratic Republic of
inward
outward
Cte dIvoire
inward
outward
Djibouti
inward
outward
Equatorial Guinea
inward
outward
Eritrea
inward
outward
Ethiopia
inward
outward
1991-1996
(Annual average)
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
6.3
0.4
17.2
0.1
5.3
0.3
16.5
0.2
5.3
0.7
37.2
1.3
4.8
0.3
0.9
..
6.8
..
22.6
..
25.6
..
23.8
..
27.7
..
..
..
10.3
0.1
7.8
0.2
13.6
-
7.0
-
15.2
-
9.3
-
15.0
-
6.1
4.0
12.5
4.8
9.8
4.1
16.4
4.0
11.7
1.0
27.0
-5.5
10.7
-0.2
45.3
-
21.1
-
48.6
-
86.8
-
28.0
-
66.7
-
..
..
14.5
1.6b
6.8
3.2
8.5
0.5
13.9
5.3
13.8
0.8
9.6
0.5
..
..
-2.7
1.1
8.6
0.4
7.4
0.2
2.7
0.1
4.2
0.2
2.2
26.9
3.0
0.2
1.7
0.4
1.9
0.2
1.3
0.7
2.0
0.7
3.9
-
1.4
0.1
1.1
0.2
0.5
0.1
0.1
3.7
0.7
0.3
1.3
21.8
-
0.6
0.8
3.1
0.4
3.1
0.1
2.3
0.2
2.1
0.2
4.4
0.2
5.0
0.2
7.0
0.4
10.4
-
8.2
-
43.4
0.3
31.1
-
8.6
-
..
..
2.4
3.5
0.3
0.2
0.3
0.2
2.1
-
0.9
-
3.8
-
..
..
14.6
5.6
23.3
-0.4
8.8
-0.1
10.5
0.8
39.9
-
..
..
0.1
..
10.0
..
1.3
..
5.9
..
0.1
..
..
..
15.1
0.1
15.7
0.7
6.9
-1.7
111.4
0.4
17.9
0.4
8.3
0.6
27.4
0.9
0.4
..
-8.7
..
13.5
..
1.2
..
1.8
..
0.1
..
..
..
14.2
10.0
27.4
2.1
21.6
1.9
20.9
3.1
20.3
-
4.3
0.2
19.8
0.2
5.1
..
4.4
..
8.9
..
4.7
..
5.2
..
..
..
53.4
0.1
15.8
-
69.8
-
52.8
0.3
21.4
-0.7
202.9
0.9
..
..
19.9d
..
15.3
..
46.2
..
26.1
..
11.8
..
0.3
..
..
..
1.1
..
27.5
21.7
23.4
22.8
6.7
-4.4
14.9
-0.1
1.8
6.3
5.8
0.6
1.3
1.1c
7.5b
..
/...
270
Annex table B.5. Inward and outward FDI flows as a percentage of gross fixed capital
formation, by region and economy, 1991-2002 (continued)
(Percentage)
Region/economy
Gabon
inward
outward
Gambia
inward
outward
Ghana
inward
outward
Guinea
inward
outward
Guinea-Bissau
inward
outward
Kenya
inward
outward
Lesotho
inward
outward
Liberia
inward
outward
Madagascar
inward
outward
Malawi
inward
outward
Mali
inward
outward
Mauritania
inward
outward
Mauritius
inward
outward
Mozambique
inward
outward
Namibia
inward
outward
Niger
inward
outward
Nigeria
inward
outward
Rwanda
inward
outward
So Tom and Principe
inward
outward
Senegal
inward
outward
Seychelles
inward
outward
Sierra Leone
inward
outward
1991-1996
(Annual average)
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
-20.9
1.4
-45.1
-1.0
-14.0
-1.0
-51.2
1.1
-3.3
2.0
12.8
0.1
7.4
-
16.2
6.2
29.2
7.7
30.9
7.3
64.4
5.8
59.7
6.5
50.0
7.1
..
..
8.1
10.5 d
5.0
3.1
3.3
1.8
16.1
4.6
9.6
4.4
7.1
4.2
4.0
4.9
2.6
0.1d
2.6
0.2
2.8
0.2
8.7
0.4
1.5
0.3
0.2
0.3
..
..
2.3
..
31.5
..
16.6
..
22.8
..
1.8
-
2.1
-
..
..
0.8
0.4
2.1
0.2
2.2
0.8
2.6
1.9
8.3
1.9
3.2
3.2
2.9
4.4
11.4
0.1e
5.6
..
6.1
..
7.5
..
8.2
..
8.7
..
11.2
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
3.9
0.1
3.3
-0.4
3.3
0.2
10.9
-
11.1
0.2
11.4
-
1.2
-
-1.3
0.9d
-0.4
0.4
-1.4
2.9
20.7
1.3
-14.3
1.4
-10.5
2.1
..
..
4.8
0.1
12.5
0.8
6.9
5.2
10.1
9.8
18.5
0.9
17.6
2.5
16.1
2.9
4.1
..
0.5
..
0.1
..
0.5
..
3.3
..
-2.4
..
..
..
2.1
1.8
5.0
0.3
1.3
1.4
4.2
0.5
25.9
1.2
3.2
0.2
2.7
0.1
8.4
-
10.5
-0.1
27.4
-
30.0
-
10.8
-
23.0
-
24.0
-
18.3
-0.2
11.7
0.1
9.9
-0.2
14.3
-0.1
23.8
0.4
39.9
-1.8
..
..
7.3
5.1
11.1
3.6
3.5
4.0
0.1
0.1
4.5
-0.3
9.7
-1.5
..
..
29.0
6.3
16.4
0.6
11.9
1.2
52.1
4.7
49.4
4.5
31.3
2.6
34.9
2.8
1.2
-0.1
1.0
0.5
2.4
0.1
0.5
0.3
2.6
0.2
1.3
0.2
..
..
-0.5
..
0.6
..
2.7
..
4.2
..
11.0
..
24.8
..
..
..
3.4
1.1
22.3
0.1
7.5
1.1
15.1
0.6
7.3
0.1
3.6
-0.8
9.2
3.8
19.4
5.3
31.7
5.8
26.3
1.4
26.4
4.0
31.3
4.1
28.9
5.4
..
..
-0.2
0.4
22.6
-
-25.9
-0.1
21.0
-
12.2
-
4.4
-
..
..
/...
ANNEX B
271
Annex table B.5. Inward and outward FDI flows as a percentage of gross fixed capital
formation, by region and economy, 1991-2002 (continued)
(Percentage)
Region/economy
1991-1996
(Annual average)
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
2.0
5.5
15.5
9.6
2.5
7.8
7.4
7.8
4.7
1.4
40.5
-19.0
4.8
-2.5
24.5
10.1
-3.5
-2.3
34.6
5.5
20.5
-2.7
10.4
-4.4
34.0
3.7
..
..
6.5
3.9
11.3
2.2
19.3
10.3
34.9
20.5
20.9
0.2
30.5
-3.5
..
..
7.7
5.2
15.5
1.3
18.5
1.8
21.1
-0.8
22.7
-2.5
21.3
-0.5
24.0
-1.2
6.0
-f
14.0
-
12.8
-
38.9
-
29.3
0.1
20.8
-
14.5
-
21.6
..
14.1
..
41.3
..
32.5
..
21.2
..
10.1
..
25.8
..
3.0
1.0
8.0
1.7
44.0
0.9
7.2
1.1
2.6
0.8
0.5
0.6
7.5
0.9
8.1
1.3
16.6
2.8
17.3
3.0
25.8
2.6
20.7
2.2
20.0
0.6
14.6
1.4
South America
inward
outward
6.9
1.3
15.9
2.6
17.6
2.6
32.6
3.1
25.5
3.5
19.7
-0.4
17.3
2.1
10.0
2.2
16.1
6.4
12.2
3.9
46.9
3.4
25.3
2.2
8.4
-0.5
8.2
-8.7
20.8
0.2
58.4
0.1
52.0
0.1
63.7
0.2
49.0
0.2
56.7
0.2
44.7
0.2
3.0
0.5
11.8
0.7
18.6
1.8
28.2
1.7
28.4
2.0
22.7
-2.3
19.6
2.9
16.0
4.7
23.5
6.5
22.3
7.2
56.9
16.6
22.9
25.1
31.4
10.1
11.4
3.3
9.3
1.0
25.8
3.8
15.2
4.3
12.7
1.0
21.1
3.1
21.8
0.1
17.0
6.5
13.0
0.8
19.2
6.8
21.0
-2.0
31.9
-
32.7
-
45.2
-
..
..
35.2
-0.1f
15.9
-0.1
22.5
-0.2
29.7
-1.2
41.6
1.2
36.7
-0.1
..
..
6.4
0.4
10.8
0.3
18.0
0.3
5.5
0.3
6.4
0.4
7.4
0.4
..
..
14.6
-
12.1
0.6
13.8
0.5
20.2
1.1
6.3
0.9
11.6
1.0
14.9
1.6
-2.3
..
-2.9
..
19.7
..
-17.8
..
-104.5
..
-19.1
..
..
..
4.0
-
4.0
0.4
4.8
0.3
7.9
1.3
10.3
-
14.0
-
..
..
Somalia
inward
outward
South Africa
inward
outward
Swaziland
inward
outward
Togo
inward
outward
Uganda
inward
outward
United Republic of Tanzania
inward
outward
Zambia
inward
outward
Zimbabwe
inward
outward
Argentina
inward
outward
Bolivia
inward
outward
Brazil
inward
outward
Chile
inward
outward
Colombia
inward
outward
Ecuador
inward
outward
Guyana
inward
outward
Paraguay
inward
outward
Peru
inward
outward
Suriname
inward
outward
Uruguay
inward
outward
/...
272
Annex table B.5. Inward and outward FDI flows as a percentage of gross fixed capital
formation, by region and economy, 1991-2002 (continued)
(Percentage)
Region/economy
Venezuela
inward
outward
Other Latin America and the Caribbean
inward
outward
Anguilla
inward
outward
Antigua and Barbuda
inward
outward
Aruba
inward
outward
Bahamas
inward
outward
Barbados
inward
outward
Belize
inward
outward
Bermuda
inward
outward
Cayman Islands
inward
outward
Costa Rica
inward
outward
Cuba
inward
outward
Dominica
inward
outward
Dominican Republic
inward
outward
El Salvador
inward
outward
Grenada
inward
outward
Guatemala
inward
outward
Haiti
inward
outward
Honduras
inward
outward
Jamaica
inward
outward
Mexico
inward
outward
Montserrat
inward
outward
1991-1996
(Annual average)
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
10.5
3.2
33.3
3.0
24.6
1.3
20.2
3.1
25.9
0.6
16.7
0.7
..
..
11.6
1.3
18.6
3.3
16.6
4.3
14.1
1.8
13.5
0.2
20.4
2.0
11.8
0.8
93.9g
..
95.3
4.5
101.6
3.6
109.3
2.9
113.5
2.9
100.7
3.1
..
..
16.8
0.8f
10.1
-1.3
8.5
-0.4
10.4
-0.3
10.4
0.3
21.8
-0.2
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
6.4
-
32.7
0.1
22.6
0.2
23.5
-
38.9
-
15.7
-
..
..
5.3
0.9
4.4
0.4
3.6
0.2
3.6
0.3
4.1
0.2
4.0
0.2
..
..
11.7
2.1
8.2
2.7
12.4
3.6
24.4
4.8
7.7
3.9
16.2
3.4
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
15.1
0.3
17.6
0.2
21.3
0.2
21.8
0.2
14.4
0.3
15.3
0.3
20.0
1.8
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
39.3
..
27.5
..
9.2
..
24.3
..
12.9
..
15.6
..
..
..
10.0
0.4f
14.3
0.1
19.1
0.1
32.2
0.1
20.5
1.3
22.1
-0.7
19.7
-
1.3
-
3.3
-
55.2
0.1
10.8
2.7
7.8
-0.2
11.0
-0.4
9.0
-1.1
22.1
-
29.1
0.4
38.2
0.2
27.5
0.3
22.3
-0.2
38.4
0.1
..
..
5.4
-0.2
3.1
0.3
20.8
0.2
4.7
-0.1
7.4
0.5
14.0
-
..
..
-0.3
-2.5
0.5
0.1
1.1
0.1
2.6
-0.1
1.3
0.1
0.5
-
0.7
-
7.0
-
10.6
-
6.7
-
14.7
-
17.9
-
12.9
-
9.8
-
12.4
4.3
9.4
2.6
18.6
4.1
27.8
5.0
22.1
3.5
26.4
3.8
..
..
11.9
0.3
18.1
1.4
13.8
1.5
12.6
1.4
12.6
0.8
20.7
0.7
11.3
0.8
13.6g
..
12.8
..
10.4
..
37.7
..
19.9
..
4.7
..
..
..
/...
ANNEX B
273
Annex table B.5. Inward and outward FDI flows as a percentage of gross fixed capital
formation, by region and economy, 1991-2002 (continued)
(Percentage)
Region/economy
1991-1996
(Annual average)
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
13.5
-0.8a
28.3
0.2
28.2
1.0
31.5
0.3
32.0
0.5
17.9
0.6
19.4
0.5
14.5
44.0
56.6
90.1
49.4
125.3
22.4
12.2
22.9
-31.8
18.8
69.9
..
..
22.8
-0.1
16.3
0.3
25.9
0.1
53.1
0.2
63.3
-0.1
44.9
-
..
..
28.1
0.1
30.9
0.1
52.0
-0.2
44.7
-
31.2
-
13.5
-0.1
..
..
41.6
..
106.2
..
88.4
..
52.4
..
33.1
..
20.5
..
..
..
38.1
0.1
60.2
-1.2
46.9
0.1
25.5
18.4
32.1
1.7
46.0
10.1
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
6.2
3.5
9.7
4.6
10.2
3.2
10.7
4.2
13.0
8.2
9.8
4.1
7.2
8.9
Asia
inward
outward
6.1
3.5
9.7
4.6
10.2
3.2
10.7
4.2
13.1
8.2
9.8
4.1
7.2
8.9
West Asia
inward
outward
1.1
0.2
3.9
-0.1
4.5
-0.9
0.6
1.6
1.1
2.8
4.0
4.2
0.2
-4.8
77.0
11.8
43.3
6.3
20.7
20.8
50.5
18.2
33.8
0.9
7.7
20.4
..
..
5.1
1.1
32.0
1.7
16.9
3.6
46.1
11.2
52.6
10.9
42.7
14.4
..
..
0.3
-
0.2
0.3
0.1
-
0.2
3.8
0.2
1.9
0.2
12.1
..
..
-h
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
0.2
-1.1
19.3
0.1
18.5
0.1
10.3
0.3
46.5
0.3
5.2
0.4
..
..
1.2
2.4
0.5
-23.7
1.2
-39.3
1.6
0.5
0.6
-10.7
-4.9
12.3
0.2
-4.8
0.9
0.4
3.8
0.5
4.2
-
7.0
0.1
10.0
4.2
8.0
2.9
..
..
4.6
0.1
2.3
-
3.0
-0.1
0.9
0.1
1.9
-0.1
1.7
-
..
..
0.7d
..
0.4
..
3.9
..
1.1
..
4.3
..
0.7
..
..
..
5.6
1.2b
12.1
0.6
11.5
0.7
3.5
0.9
7.8
1.3
9.4
3.5
..
..
Netherlands Antilles
inward
outward
Nicaragua
inward
outward
Panama
inward
outward
Saint Kitts and Nevis
inward
outward
Saint Lucia
inward
outward
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
inward
outward
Trinidad and Tobago
inward
outward
Virgin Islands (OECD data UK)
inward
outward
Asia and the Pacific
inward
outward
Bahrain
inward
outward
Cyprus
inward
outward
Iran, Islamic Republic of
inward
outward
Iraq
inward
outward
Jordan
inward
outward
Kuwait
inward
outward
Lebanon
inward
outward
Oman
inward
outward
Occupied Palestinian Territory
inward
outward
Qatar
inward
outward
/...
274
Annex table B.5. Inward and outward FDI flows as a percentage of gross fixed capital
formation, by region and economy, 1991-2002 (continued)
(Percentage)
Region/economy
Saudi Arabia
inward
outward
Syrian Arab Republic
inward
outward
Turkey
inward
outward
United Arab Emirates
inward
outward
Yemen
inward
outward
Central Asia
inward
outward
Armenia
inward
outward
Azerbaijan
inward
outward
Georgia
inward
outward
Kazakhstan
inward
outward
Kyrgyzstan
inward
outward
Tajikistan
inward
outward
Turkmenistan
inward
outward
Uzbekistan
inward
outward
South, East and South-East Asia
inward
outward
Afghanistan
inward
outward
Bangladesh
inward
outward
Bhutan
nward
outward
Brunei Darussalam
inward
outward
Cambodia
inward
outward
China
inward
outward
1991-1996
(Annual average)
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
-0.7
0.4
10.4
0.7
14.2
0.2
-2.5
0.2
-5.7
0.5
0.1
-0.1
..
..
1.0
..
0.6
..
0.6
..
1.9
..
1.9
..
1.5
..
..
..
1.9
0.2
1.6
0.5
1.9
0.7
1.9
1.6
2.2
2.0
12.4
1.9
..
..
2.2
0.2
1.8
1.6
1.9
-0.2
-7.8
0.9
-3.9
16.0
2.0
3.4
..
..
8.9
..
-12.0
..
-13.8
..
-24.3
..
0.4
..
8.7
..
..
..
10.3
-g
30.2
-
30.1
3.2
25.3
7.1
20.5
0.3
37.1
2.6
..
..
4.7
..
19.6
..
72.0
3.8
40.3
4.3
30.8
2.4
18.6
2.9
..
..
56.9
..
76.1
..
64.8
8.7
39.1
25.7
12.9
0.1
14.6
10.2
..
..
13.1
..
67.0
..
65.8
..
16.2
0.2
27.4
-0.1
19.9
-
..
..
19.3
-g
36.7
-
33.1
0.2
53.9
0.1
41.2
0.1
55.6
0.5
..
..
21.4a
..
38.3
..
51.7
10.7
22.6
3.1
-1.0
1.8
2.3
2.8
..
..
4.5
..
11.0
..
14.4
..
11.3
..
12.3
..
5.3
..
..
..
..
..
10.7
..
4.9
..
5.9
..
7.7
..
10.1
..
..
..
1.0f
..
5.2
..
5.6
..
4.0
..
3.5
..
45.7
..
..
..
7.4
4.2
10.4
5.4
11.0
3.9
12.2
4.6
14.8
9.1
10.3
4.1
7.3
9.1
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
0.1
-
1.6
-
2.1
-
1.8
-
2.7
-
0.8
0.2
0.4
-
0.6
..
-0.5
..
0.2
..
0.2
..
..
0.2
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
22.2
0.7i
28.6
..
56.4
..
48.2
..
31.1
..
32.1
..
..
..
11.6
1.3
14.6
0.8
13.1
0.8
11.3
0.5
10.3
0.2
10.5
1.5
..
..
/...
ANNEX B
275
Annex table B.5. Inward and outward FDI flows as a percentage of gross fixed capital
formation, by region and economy, 1991-2002 (continued)
(Percentage)
Region/economy
Hong Kong, China
inward
outward
India
inward
outward
Indonesia
inward
outward
Korea, Democratic Peoples Republic of
inward
outward
Korea, Republic of
inward
outward
Lao Peoples Democratic Republic
inward
outward
Macau, China
inward
outward
Malaysia
inward
outward
Maldives
inward
outward
Mongolia
inward
outward
Myanmar
inward
outward
Nepal
inward
outward
Pakistan
inward
outward
Philippines
inward
outward
Singapore
inward
outward
Sri Lanka
inward
outward
Taiwan Province of China
inward
outward
Thailand
inward
outward
Viet Nam
inward
outward
The Pacific
inward
outward
1991-1996
(Annual average)
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
15.9
43.8
19.5
41.8
29.4
33.8
58.6
46.2
138.9
133.2
54.2
25.9
35.2
45.4
1.3
0.1
4.0
0.1
2.9
0.1
2.2
0.1
2.3
0.3
3.2
0.7
..
..
5.8
2.2
7.7
0.3
-1.5
0.2
-9.7
0.3
-14.3
0.5
-10.8
0.4
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
0.8
1.6
1.7
2.7
5.7
5.0
8.3
3.7
7.1
3.8
3.1
2.1
1.5
2.1
21.4b
-b
18.2
-
14.4
-
15.7
-
9.8
48.2
7.2
0.9
..
..
0.1
..
0.2
..
-1.5
..
0.9
..
-0.1
..
20.8
2.6
21.5
..
19.3
4.8
14.7
6.2
14.0
4.4
22.2
8.1
16.5
8.8
2.5
1.2
..
..
8.5
..
6.5
..
6.6
..
5.8
..
8.9
..
6.5
..
..
..
4.8a
..
10.3
..
7.3
..
12.0
..
18.7
..
13.9
..
..
..
2.8
..
3.7
..
2.1
..
0.8
..
0.7
..
0.6
..
..
..
0.9
..
2.2
..
1.2
..
0.5
..
..
2.0
..
0.9
..
5.3
-
7.4
-0.3
5.7
0.1
6.4
-
3.7
0.1
4.9
0.4
10.7
-0.2
8.5
1.3
6.3
0.7
12.5
1.2
11.9
-0.2
9.7
-0.8
8.0
-1.3
8.6
0.7
28.8
11.6
37.0
24.5
24.7
1.2
47.6
19.4
45.6
22.2
43.8
38.2
..
..
4.6
0.2
11.8
0.1
3.8
0.3
4.7
0.6
3.8
-
2.4
-
6.6
0.3
2.4
4.8
3.4
7.9
0.4
6.1
4.4
6.7
6.8
9.2
7.8
10.4
2.9
9.8
3.7
0.8
7.6
1.1
29.9
0.5
23.8
1.4
12.4
-0.1
14.4
0.6
3.7
0.4
34.9
..
37.3
..
23.9
..
20.1
..
15.0
..
13.7
..
..
..
31.0
4.9
14.1
1.0
35.1
-7.2
35.0
-3.9
10.3
7.9
17.9
16.1
..
..
33.0
-5.0
13.6
-18.6
80.2
-22.9
-10.2
-29.4
-11.5
31.6
40.6
3.3
..
..
1.2
0.1j
4.8
..
2.4
..
2.4
..
3.2
..
2.6
..
..
..
Fiji
inward
outward
Kiribati
inward
outward
/...
276
Annex table B.5. Inward and outward FDI flows as a percentage of gross fixed capital
formation, by region and economy, 1991-2002 (continued)
(Percentage)
Region/economy
New Caledonia
inward
outward
Papua New Guinea
inward
outward
Samoa
inward
outward
Solomon Islands
inward
outward
Tonga
inward
outward
Tuvalu
inward
outward
Vanuatu
inward
outward
Central and Eastern Europe
inward
outward
Albania
inward
outward
Belarus
inward
outward
Bosnia and Herzegovina
inward
outward
Bulgaria
inward
outward
Croatia
inward
outward
Czech Republic
inward
outward
Czechoslovakia (former)
inward
outward
Estonia
inward
outward
Hungary
inward
outward
Latvia
inward
outward
Lithuania
inward
outward
Moldova, Republic of
inward
outward
Poland
inward
outward
1991-1996
(Annual average)
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
32.2
7.4
11.7
6.5
20.9
0.1
71.7
8.4
17.0
-0.4
12.5
21.8
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
15.8
0.2k
14.0
..
2.8
..
-28.5
..
2.1
0.3
-18.5
..
..
..
6.8
0.1c
14.0
..
9.3
..
9.3
..
21.8
5.3
4.7
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
51.5
..
48.0
..
31.3
..
21.4
..
31.9
..
28.2
..
..
..
5.8
0.3
9.7
2.2
13.6
1.5
18.5
1.8
17.9
2.7
14.6
2.1
17.2
2.7
28.5f
13.2 f
12.9
2.7
9.2
0.2
6.7
1.1
20.5
0.9
26.0
-
..
..
0.9f
..
9.9
0.1
5.1
0.1
13.9
-
4.5
-
3.4
-
5.8
-5.3
-0.1b
3.3b
0.1
-0.2
4.2
..
16.5
..
16.4
..
12.3
..
33.3
..
5.1
-0.8f
46.1
-0.2
33.2
-
41.4
0.9
51.7
0.2
32.8
0.4
17.0
1.0
7.3a
0.6a
10.9
3.8
18.1
1.9
31.6
1.0
27.2
0.1
35.0
3.5
..
..
9.6
0.6f
7.9
0.2
22.3
0.8
41.3
0.6
34.3
0.3
35.6
1.0
59.1
1.8
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
23.9f
1.2f
20.6
10.6
37.6
0.4
23.5
6.4
32.9
5.4
37.8
13.9
16.8
6.7
26.8
0.3
21.3
4.3
18.3
4.3
17.2
2.2
14.6
4.7
20.1
2.8
..
..
23.5f
-4.3f
49.3
0.6
21.5
3.3
20.7
1.0
21.6
0.5
7.9
0.6
18.0
0.4
3.7f
-b
15.2
1.2
35.4
0.2
20.7
0.4
18.0
0.2
18.2
0.3
24.7
0.6
5.7f
1.2g
20.5
0.1
20.2
-0.2
17.5
-
64.9
-
77.9
-
..
..
14.5
0.1
15.9
0.8
18.4
0.1
23.4
-
14.9
-0.2
11.4
0.5
10.1
0.1
/...
ANNEX B
277
Annex table B.5. Inward and outward FDI flows as a percentage of gross fixed capital
formation, by region and economy, 1991-2002 (continued)
(Percentage)
Region/economy
1991-1996
(Annual average)
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
3.2
0.1
16.3
-0.1
26.5
-0.1
16.5
0.3
14.7
-0.2
14.1
-0.2
..
..
1.8f
0.6a
5.9
3.9
5.7
2.6
11.9
8.0
6.7
7.8
4.3
4.4
3.9
5.3
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
1.9
..
9.8
..
..
..
4.4
0.4f
3.0
1.3
8.6
1.8
6.4
-6.1
33.1
0.4
24.7
0.6
56.9
0.1
4.0
-0.1 f
7.9
0.7
4.5
-0.1
1.9
0.9
2.8
1.4
10.8
2.8
37.1
2.3
2.5g
0.1d
2.4
0.2
18.9
0.2
5.2
0.2
26.7
-
96.4
0.2
..
..
2.8f
0.1g
6.2
0.4
9.0
-
8.1
0.1
9.9
-
10.7
0.3
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
5.2
0.6
6.0
1.4
7.0
1.6
8.1
0.3
5.9
0.6
8.2
0.4
6.6
0.3
3.4
1.1
8.7
0.5
7.9
-0.7
2.9
1.6
1.2
1.9
4.3
2.8
12.1
0.2
5.5
3.2
10.6
4.8
11.7
3.8
15.3
4.8
16.0
8.4
13.6
3.4
..
..
Romania
inward
outward
Russian Federation
inward
outward
Serbia and Montenegro
inward
outward
Slovakia
inward
outward
Slovenia
inward
outward
TFYR Macedonia
inward
outward
Ukraine
inward
outward
Yugoslavia (former)
inward
outward
Memoraudum
Least developed countries l
inward
outward
Oil-exporting countries m
inward
outward
All developing countries minus China
inward
outward
Source:
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
l
278
Annex table B.6. Inward and outward FDI stocks as a percentage of gross domestic
product, by region and economy, 1980, 1985, 1990, 1995, 2000, 2001 and 2002
(Percentage)
Region/economy
1980
1985
1990
1995
inward
outward
6.7
5.8
8.4
6.6
9.3
8.6
10.3
10.0
Developed countries
inward
outward
4.9
6.2
6.2
7.3
8.2
9.6
Western Europe
inward
outward
6.2
6.4
9.4
10.8
European Union
inward
outward
6.1
6.1
2000
2001
2002
19.6
19.3
21.2
20.4
22.3
21.6
8.9
11.3
16.5
21.4
17.9
23.0
18.7
24.4
11.0
12.1
13.4
16.1
28.5
39.3
30.4
41.3
31.4
42.7
9.3
10.5
10.9
11.6
13.2
15.1
28.5
37.9
30.5
40.0
31.4
41.0
4.0
0.7
5.6
2.0
6.1
2.6
7.5
5.0
16.1
13.2
18.1
15.0
20.6
19.5
5.8
4.8
21.2
11.0
27.8
19.4
38.3
27.4
79.1
72.8
81.8
72.9
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
6.1
3.0
6.0
3.0
6.9
5.5
13.2
13.7
42.0
41.6
41.3
43.8
41.7
43.4
1.0
1.4
2.5
3.4
3.8
8.2
6.5
11.6
20.2
43.4
21.6
46.1
27.0
52.8
3.8
3.6
6.9
7.1
7.1
9.1
12.3
13.2
19.9
34.1
22.0
37.3
28.2
45.8
3.9
4.6
5.1
8.4
7.1
8.8
7.8
10.5
25.2
25.9
22.3
29.8
22.7
29.0
9.3
6.0
20.2
7.1
6.7
3.5
9.3
2.6
11.2
5.2
10.2
5.4
9.0
5.3
155.6
..
163.5
43.4
72.3
24.5
60.7
20.2
124.4
29.3
133.9
32.7
129.1
29.9
2.0
1.6
4.5
3.9
5.3
5.2
5.8
8.8
10.5
16.8
9.9
16.7
10.6
16.4
10.8
23.7
18.8
36.1
23.3
36.3
28.0
41.6
66.7
83.3
74.2
85.7
74.9
84.7
12.3
1.7
18.7
2.4
14.8
1.3
17.1
3.0
26.9
16.2
29.9
21.3
36.0
26.2
2.3
0.9
5.2
2.6
12.8
3.0
18.7
6.2
25.8
29.4
28.2
32.5
33.2
33.0
2.2
2.8
4.2
10.4
5.3
21.3
12.9
30.5
41.0
53.8
42.0
55.6
46.0
60.5
11.8
15.0
14.1
22.0
20.6
23.2
17.6
26.9
30.5
63.1
38.6
63.4
40.8
66.1
8.7
12.7
10.9
16.1
13.4
22.0
16.6
35.6
29.1
64.8
29.4
65.8
32.9
71.5
World
Austria
inward
outward
Belgium and Luxembourg
inward
outward
Belgium
inward
outward
Luxembourg
inward
outward
Denmark
inward
outward
Finland
inward
outward
France
inward
outward
Germany
inward
outward
Greece
inward
outward
Ireland
inward
outward
Italy
inward
outward
Netherlands
inward
outward
Portugal
inward
outward
Spain
inward
outward
Sweden
inward
outward
United Kingdom
inward
outward
Other Western Europe
inward
outward
/...
ANNEX B
279
Annex table B.6. Inward and outward FDI stocks as a percentage of gross domestic
product, by region and economy, 1980, 1985, 1990, 1995, 2000, 2001 and 2002 (continued)
(Percentage)
Region/economy
Gibraltar
inward
outward
Iceland
inward
outward
Malta
inward
outward
Norway
inward
outward
Switzerland
inward
outward
North America
inward
outward
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2001
2002
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.. a
1.7
2.4
2.0
2.3
1.2
1.8
2.6
5.8
7.9
8.4
11.0
10.0
12.3
13.8
..
28.1
..
20.1
..
28.4
1.0
83.4
5.7
90.0
5.8
73.8
5.4
10.4
0.9
11.7
1.7
10.7
9.4
12.8
15.4
18.6
20.7
19.2
19.3
17.4
20.0
7.9
20.0
10.4
26.0
15.0
28.9
18.6
46.4
36.3
97.5
36.1
100.3
44.2
111.3
4.5
7.9
5.5
6.2
8.0
8.1
8.3
10.3
13.5
14.5
14.2
15.1
14.1
15.9
20.4
8.9
18.4
12.3
19.6
14.7
21.1
20.3
29.0
33.3
29.7
34.7
30.4
37.6
3.0
7.8
4.4
5.7
6.9
7.5
7.3
9.5
12.4
13.2
13.1
13.7
12.9
14.4
1.7
1.8
2.2
3.3
2.8
6.9
2.9
5.2
3.9
7.1
4.3
8.7
5.3
9.7
7.9
1.4
14.5
3.8
23.7
9.8
27.9
14.2
28.9
22.0
29.5
25.5
32.2
22.9
14.8
0.6
15.0
2.6
8.5
2.3
6.4
4.6
21.8
8.5
22.5
8.6
24.1
10.5
0.3
1.8
0.3
3.2
0.3
6.6
0.6
4.5
1.1
5.8
1.2
7.2
1.5
8.3
10.3
2.3
8.9
6.6
18.2
14.7
42.1
12.5
47.0
13.2
42.3
13.3
50.3
12.9
12.6
3.8
16.4
3.8
14.8
3.9
16.6
5.8
31.1
12.9
33.4
12.8
36.0
13.5
Africa
inward
outward
8.2
2.2
9.9
4.1
10.8
5.2
15.6
7.3
25.9
9.4
28.5
8.5
30.6
8.6
North Africa
inward
outward
3.2
0.4
5.3
0.6
9.1
0.9
13.9
0.8
15.3
1.3
17.4
1.4
20.9
1.6
3.1
0.2
2.2
0.3
2.2
0.3
3.5
0.6
6.4
0.6
8.5
0.6
10.5
0.8
9.9
0.2
16.4
0.3
25.6
0.4
24.4
0.6
20.1
0.7
20.4
0.7
24.3
0.8
.. a
0.4
..a
1.0
.. a
2.2
.. a
0.9
.. a
3.6
.. a
4.6
.. a
7.2
1.0
0.8
3.4
2.6
3.5
1.9
9.2
1.8
20.3
2.2
28.0
2.4
26.9
2.3
Canada
inward
outward
United States
nward
outward
Other developed countries
inward
outward
Australia
inward
outward
Israel
inward
outward
Japan
inward
outward
New Zealand
inward
outward
Developing countries
inward
outward
Algeria
inward
outward
Egypt
inward
outward
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
inward
outward
Morocco
inward
outward
/...
280
Annex table B.6. Inward and outward FDI stocks as a percentage of gross domestic
product, by region and economy, 1980, 1985, 1990, 1995, 2000, 2001 and 2002 (continued)
(Percentage)
Region/economy
Sudan
inward
outward
Tunisia
inward
outward
Other Africa
inward
outward
Angola
inward
outward
Benin
inward
outward
Botswana
inward
outward
Burkina Faso
inward
outward
Burundi
inward
outward
Cameroon
inward
outward
Cape Verde
inward
outward
Central African Republic
inward
outward
Chad
inward
outward
Comoros
inward
outward
Congo
inward
outward
Congo, Democratic Republic of
inward
outward
Cte dIvoire
inward
outward
Djibouti
inward
outward
Equatorial Guinea
inward
outward
Eritrea
inward
outward
Ethiopia
inward
outward
Gabon
inward
outward
Gambia
inward
outward
1980
1985
1990
1995
0.4
..
0.6
..
0.4
..
2.3
..
38.2
0.1
58.5
0.1
62.0
0.1
10.9
3.6
13.5
8.2
1.8
..
2000
2001
2002
12.4
..
15.7
..
19.4
..
61.0
0.2
59.3
0.2
58.4
0.2
66.2
0.2
11.9
8.5
16.6
11.8
34.5
16.5
37.5
14.7
37.5
13.8
9.9
..
10.0
..
58.0
..
90.0
..
106.9
..
98.3
..
2.2
-
3.2
0.2
8.6
0.1
18.9
0.1
26.1
2.5
26.5
2.4
25.0
2.1
61.8
38.7
79.5
36.8
34.8
11.9
23.0
13.3
37.2
10.6
28.5
16.5
38.6
22.3
1.0
0.2
1.7
0.2
1.4
0.1
3.4
0.6
6.7
1.1
6.3
1.0
5.9
0.9
0.7
..
2.1
..
2.7
-
3.4
0.1
7.0
0.3
6.9
0.3
6.8
0.3
4.9
0.3
13.8
0.6
9.4
1.3
13.3
2.9
14.3
2.9
15.7
3.0
15.7
2.9
..
..
..
..
1.1
0.4
7.7
0.9
31.1
1.0
31.1
0.9
30.4
0.8
6.2
.. a
8.9
0.1
6.4
1.2
7.1
3.6
10.0
4.5
10.4
4.4
9.9
4.0
14.6
0.1
21.6
0.1
16.6
2.7
25.7
5.6
47.4
6.0
38.6
4.9
78.4
4.1
1.6
..
1.8
..
6.8
0.4
8.4
0.7
11.9
0.8
11.1
0.7
10.5
0.7
18.5
..
22.4
..
20.6
..
40.7
..
58.8
..
65.9
..
69.5
..
4.9
..
8.6
..
5.8
..
9.6
..
14.3
..
11.6
..
11.8
..
5.2
..
10.0
..
9.0
0.3
16.2
5.2
36.4
7.2
32.1
6.3
31.3
5.8
1.2
..
1.1
..
1.5
..
3.4
..
6.1
..
6.4
..
6.8
..
..
..
7.0
..
19.2
0.2
106.9
0.2
90.0
.. a
115.0
0.2
92.8
0.1
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
48.0
..
42.3
..
49.1
..
2.7
..
1.7
..
1.8
..
2.9
..
14.8
6.8
15.4
8.1
17.3
8.5
12.0
1.8
24.9
3.1
20.3
2.7
8.9
5.2
.. a
6.7
.. a
5.8
.. a
5.5
52.7
..
56.3
..
49.4
6.9
48.4
9.4
51.2
10.4
54.0
10.2
74.9
13.2
/...
ANNEX B
281
Annex table B.6. Inward and outward FDI stocks as a percentage of gross domestic
product, by region and economy, 1980, 1985, 1990, 1995, 2000, 2001 and 2002 (continued)
(Percentage)
Region/economy
Ghana
inward
outward
Guinea
inward
outward
Guinea-Bissau
inward
outward
Kenya
inward
outward
Lesotho
inward
outward
Liberia
inward
outward
Madagascar
inward
outward
Malawi
inward
outward
Mali
inward
outward
Mauritania
inward
outward
Mauritius
inward
outward
Mozambique
inward
outward
Namibia
inward
outward
Niger
inward
outward
Nigeria
inward
outward
Rwanda
inward
outward
So Tom and Principe
inward
outward
Senegal
inward
outward
Seychelles
inward
outward
Sierra Leone
inward
outward
Somalia
inward
outward
South Africa
inward
outward
Swaziland
inward
outward
1980
1985
1990
1995
5.2
..
6.0
..
5.4
..
12.7
..
0.1
..
0.1
..
2.4
..
0.1
..
2.7
..
5.3
0.2
2000
2001
2002
29.4
7.2
29.3
7.8
26.4
7.8
3.5
..
8.6
0.2
8.9
0.3
9.4
0.4
3.3
..
7.8
..
21.3
..
23.3
..
22.0
..
7.8
1.0
7.8
1.2
8.1
1.3
9.5
2.1
9.2
2.4
9.3
2.9
1.2
..
8.5
..
5.3
-
35.9
-
58.3
-
64.5
-
75.3
0.1
77.7
4.3
115.1
33.0
194.9
36.0
379.3
174.5
478.7
290.0
477.4
259.5
455.8
245.1
1.0
..
1.8
..
3.5
-
5.5
0.1
8.8
0.1
9.4
0.1
9.9
0.1
9.2
..
13.3
..
10.5
..
11.4
..
11.2
0.9
9.3
1.1
8.4
1.1
0.7
1.2
2.5
1.7
1.6
0.9
6.6
0.9
18.5
4.6
20.3
4.6
21.9
4.8
.. a
..
5.7
..
5.6
0.3
8.6
0.3
11.3
0.3
10.2
0.3
11.3
0.3
2.3
..
4.0
-
6.4
0.1
6.5
2.4
15.6
3.0
15.9
3.0
15.6
2.8
0.4
..
0.4
..
1.7
..
8.7
-
29.1
-
37.4
-
44.8
-
86.4
..
134.2
..
80.9
3.1
48.7
0.4
36.7
1.3
25.2
0.3
34.1
0.2
7.6
0.1
14.3
0.6
11.5
2.2
19.3
5.8
23.7
8.1
23.0
7.2
21.0
6.5
3.7
-
15.5
.. a
28.3
9.1
50.0
14.1
49.1
10.6
51.5
10.8
42.4
8.5
4.6
..
7.8
..
8.2
-
17.9
.. a
14.4
0.2
15.0
0.2
14.6
0.3
..
..
..
..
0.7
..
.. a
..
8.1
..
19.0
..
20.2
..
5.0
0.2
7.3
1.7
4.5
0.9
8.3
2.1
18.9
2.6
18.5
2.3
18.6
2.9
36.8
9.4
62.1
25.9
55.4
16.6
63.3
18.5
97.0
22.9
111.7
25.8
115.0
26.5
6.8
..
5.7
..
.. a
..
.. a
..
2.9
..
2.9
..
3.3
..
5.6
..
1.1
..
.. a
..
0.2
..
0.2
..
0.2
..
0.2
..
20.5
7.1
15.8
15.7
8.1
13.3
10.0
15.5
37.1
27.6
44.0
25.5
48.7
27.4
41.8
3.3
29.1
2.4
39.9
4.5
41.1
10.4
31.1
7.2
37.1
4.1
54.6
13.5
/...
282
Annex table B.6. Inward and outward FDI stocks as a percentage of gross domestic
product, by region and economy, 1980, 1985, 1990, 1995, 2000, 2001 and 2002 (continued)
(Percentage)
Region/economy
Togo
inward
outward
Uganda
inward
outward
United Republic of Tanzania
inward
outward
Zambia
inward
outward
Zimbabwe
inward
outward
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2001
2002
15.5
0.9
27.5
1.3
16.5
1.0
23.4
3.4
42.1
10.3
45.6
9.4
47.0
8.6
0.7
..
0.2
..
0.1
..
4.7
4.4
21.3
4.5
26.1
4.6
30.0
4.2
0.9
..
1.4
..
2.2
..
6.2
..
19.6
..
22.6
..
25.0
..
9.1
..
20.0
..
30.8
..
44.5
..
72.6
..
66.5
..
70.0
..
2.8
..
3.3
0.2
1.4
1.0
4.8
1.9
15.5
3.4
11.8
2.7
5.8
1.3
6.5
7.2
11.0
8.4
10.4
5.9
11.8
5.5
30.6
8.2
36.2
8.8
44.7
10.4
5.9
9.6
9.0
10.4
8.5
6.7
8.6
5.0
30.2
7.6
35.6
8.1
48.7
10.9
6.9
7.8
7.4
6.7
6.2
4.3
10.8
4.1
25.7
7.3
28.3
7.6
74.7
18.8
15.1
-
19.0
-
21.1
0.2
23.4
0.3
62.2
0.4
72.8
0.4
79.2
0.4
7.4
16.8
11.5
18.2
8.0
9.1
6.0
6.5
33.2
8.9
43.1
10.0
52.1
11.8
3.2
0.2
14.1
0.6
33.2
0.6
23.8
3.7
60.0
15.7
67.3
19.5
69.7
20.2
3.2
0.4
6.4
0.9
8.7
1.0
6.9
1.1
15.6
3.8
19.4
3.7
24.0
4.7
6.1
..
6.2
..
15.2
..
20.2
0.4
50.8
1.9
40.0
1.3
39.5
1.1
4.2
..
8.6
..
10.6
..
72.7
0.3
106.6
-
116.8
-
120.0
-
4.6
2.5
9.5
4.0
7.7
2.6
7.8
2.0
17.0
2.8
16.1
3.0
12.1
3.0
4.3
-
6.1
0.2
5.0
0.5
10.3
1.1
19.9
1.0
19.7
1.1
22.1
1.3
.. a
..
5.3
..
.. a
..
.. a
..
.. a
..
.. a
..
.. a
..
7.2
1.7
16.8
3.8
10.8
2.0
8.0
1.0
10.4
1.0
12.9
1.1
13.1
2.3
2.3
-
2.5
0.3
4.7
4.6
9.0
5.1
22.2
4.8
24.1
4.7
33.6
7.2
14.7
3.9
14.7
4.0
22.5
7.3
31.3
9.2
37.1
9.8
40.1
9.8
..
..
19.8
..
90.0
..
227.4
..
254.9
..
281.8
..
Anguilla
inward
outward
..
..
/...
ANNEX B
283
Annex table B.6. Inward and outward FDI stocks as a percentage of gross domestic
product, by region and economy, 1980, 1985, 1990, 1995, 2000, 2001 and 2002 (continued)
(Percentage)
Region/economy
Antigua and Barbuda
inward
outward
Aruba
inward
outward
Bahamas
inward
outward
Barbados
inward
outward
Belize
inward
outward
Bermuda
inward
outward
Cayman Islands
inward
outward
Costa Rica
inward
outward
Cuba
inward
outward
Dominica
inward
outward
Dominican Republic
inward
outward
El Salvador
inward
outward
Grenada
inward
outward
Guatemala
inward
outward
Haiti
inward
outward
Honduras
inward
outward
Jamaica
inward
outward
Mexico
inward
outward
Montserrat
inward
outward
Netherlands Antilles
inward
outward
Nicaragua
inward
outward
Panama
inward
outward
Saint Kitts and Nevis
inward
outward
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2001
2002
21.3
..
46.5
..
74.5
..
88.6
..
85.9
..
88.8
..
99.7
..
..
..
..
..
15.2
..
15.8
0.8
44.0
0.7
26.3
1.4
38.3
1.6
41.0
21.3
23.4
6.6
18.9
19.8
21.5
37.2
32.9
28.7
34.0
27.9
37.6
27.6
11.8
0.6
10.5
1.1
10.0
1.4
12.2
1.8
11.7
1.5
11.8
1.5
13.8
1.8
6.4
..
5.0
..
18.2
..
25.8
2.0
34.8
6.0
38.4
6.8
43.2
7.7
836.7
118.5
774.7
162.7
869.7
97.3
1181.7
129.3
2265.8
600.4
2717.1
375.6
3015.0
297.8
242.8
5.6
680.1
39.0
353.3
140.3
357.5
258.4
2398.5
1560.5
2481.7
1794.6
2718.8
1848.7
13.9
0.1
24.4
0.7
25.3
0.8
23.3
0.6
32.7
0.6
34.5
0.6
37.2
0.9
.. a
..
..
..
0.2
..
0.3
..
0.3
..
0.3
..
0.1
..
10.7
..
42.9
..
87.9
..
100.5
-
107.5
-
117.1
-
3.6
..
5.2
..
8.1
..
14.3
0.3
26.6
0.6
29.4
0.4
33.2
0.4
4.3
..
4.8
..
4.4
1.1
3.1
0.6
15.0
0.6
16.2
0.5
16.8
0.3
1.5
..
9.8
..
31.7
0.1
60.6
-
85.0
0.2
90.9
0.2
100.2
0.2
8.9
..
10.8
..
22.7
..
15.0
..
18.1
0.2
18.5
0.2
21.1
0.2
5.4
..
5.6
..
5.0
..
5.8
-
5.9
0.1
5.9
0.1
6.3
0.1
3.6
..
4.7
..
12.6
..
16.5
..
25.1
..
26.4
..
27.8
..
21.3
0.2
25.0
0.2
18.7
1.0
32.3
6.3
45.0
9.6
50.5
10.3
56.7
11.2
3.6
1.6
10.2
2.1
8.5
1.8
14.4
2.1
16.8
1.9
22.5
1.9
24.0
1.9
..
..
..
..
55.7
..
105.2
..
359.6
..
356.7
..
353.8
..
88.9
1.1
24.1
0.9
22.4
1.2
14.5
0.9
3.1
0.4
3.1
0.5
2.4
0.5
5.1
..
4.1
..
11.4
..
19.2
-
57.0
0.3
60.1
0.5
66.5
0.7
64.6
21.3
58.2
40.8
41.4
78.8
41.0
62.5
61.5
36.5
65.7
53.5
65.1
69.1
2.1
..
40.5
..
100.6
0.1
105.7
.. a
147.5
.. a
166.6
.. a
192.1
-
/...
284
Annex table B.6. Inward and outward FDI stocks as a percentage of gross domestic
product, by region and economy, 1980, 1985, 1990, 1995, 2000, 2001 and 2002 (continued)
(Percentage)
Region/economy
Saint Lucia
inward
outward
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
inward
outward
Trinidad and Tobago
inward
outward
Virgin Islands (OECD data UK)
inward
outward
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2001
2002
70.1
..
104.2
..
80.2
0.1
92.1
0.2
117.0
0.1
114.1
0.1
119.4
0.1
2.0
..
7.5
..
24.3
0.3
67.9
0.2
144.9
0.2
144.3
0.2
146.4
0.2
15.7
..
23.3
0.2
41.3
0.4
67.6
0.5
84.2
3.9
80.1
5.0
87.6
6.6
0.2
..
3.9
..
15.3
..
87.2
468.0
454.5
836.7
457.3
1258.6
454.0
1223.2
17.9
0.9
20.9
1.0
17.9
2.6
19.1
5.8
32.1
15.8
32.7
15.3
33.3
15.4
Asia
inward
outward
17.9
0.9
20.9
1.0
17.9
2.6
19.1
5.8
32.1
15.8
32.7
15.3
33.3
15.4
West Asia
inward
outward
1.6
0.7
10.0
1.3
8.2
2.2
9.5
1.4
9.9
2.0
10.4
2.8
10.1
2.9
2.0
19.5
10.9
16.4
13.0
17.0
41.1
17.8
74.1
22.0
75.4
24.8
72.9
25.2
21.4
..
32.6
-
20.5
0.2
17.8
0.9
44.2
6.0
49.5
8.2
47.7
7.2
3.2
..
3.7
..
2.2
..
2.6
.. a
2.6
1.3
2.2
3.6
2.4
5.0
.. a
..
.. a
..
.. a
..
.. a
..
.. a
..
.. a
..
.. a
..
3.9
0.9
9.6
0.7
15.3
0.7
9.2
.. a
26.7
.. a
26.7
.. a
26.0
.. a
0.1
2.0
0.2
4.3
0.1
19.9
10.6
1.5
4.0
1.1
5.2
1.1
4.6
0.5
..
1.5
2.0
1.9
1.7
1.2
0.8
6.8
1.5
8.2
2.0
9.4
2.4
8.1
..
12.0
-
16.4
0.1
18.3
0.2
13.2
0.1
12.7
0.1
12.6
0.1
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
4.6
..
4.2
..
5.3
..
1.1
..
1.5
..
1.0
..
5.5
0.4
11.7
1.1
13.4
1.8
14.7
2.0
.. a
0.2
25.2
0.6
21.5
1.8
17.5
1.3
13.8
1.1
13.9
1.1
13.4
1.1
..
0.2
..
3.0
..
8.0
..
9.5
..
9.8
..
9.6
..
12.9
..
13.8
..
7.4
0.8
8.8
0.8
9.6
1.8
11.9
2.6
10.2
2.2
1.4
-
1.8
0.1
2.2
0.3
4.1
0.2
1.5
3.2
1.9
3.9
2.0
4.4
Bahrain
inward
outward
Cyprus
inward
outward
Iran, Islamic Republic of
inward
outward
Iraq
inward
outward
Jordan
inward
outward
Kuwait
inward
outward
Lebanon
inward
outward
Oman
inward
outward
Occupied Palestinian Territory
inward
outward
Qatar
inward
outward
Saudi Arabia
inward
outward
Syrian Arab Republic
inward
outward
Turkey
inward
outward
United Arab Emirates
inward
outward
/...
ANNEX B
285
Annex table B.6. Inward and outward FDI stocks as a percentage of gross domestic
product, by region and economy, 1980, 1985, 1990, 1995, 2000, 2001 and 2002 (continued)
(Percentage)
Region/economy
Yemen
inward
outward
Central Asia
inward
outward
Armenia
inward
outward
Azerbaijan
inward
outward
Georgia
inward
outward
Kazakhstan
inward
outward
Kyrgyzstan
inward
outward
Tajikistan
inward
outward
Turkmenistan
inward
outward
Uzbekistan
inward
outward
South, East and South-East Asia
inward
outward
1980
1985
1990
1995
3.7
..
4.5
0.1
3.7
0.1
44.8
0.1
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
2001
2002
14.6
0.1
13.7
0.1
13.3
-
8.8
-
32.9
2.1
38.9
2.4
45.8
4.4
..
..
1.2
..
26.8
1.7
26.4
2.0
28.7
2.3
..
..
..
..
12.2
..
70.8
9.0
69.4
11.1
86.4
15.4
..
..
..
..
..
..
1.7
..
14.0
..
16.7
..
19.9
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
14.5
-
50.6
0.1
57.5
0.2
62.9
1.9
..
..
..
..
..
..
9.7
..
32.1
2.4
28.0
2.6
25.9
2.8
..
..
..
..
..
..
7.0
..
14.5
..
14.5
..
14.8
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
7.1
..
20.7
..
17.8
..
19.1
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
1.0
..
5.1
..
10.9
..
13.8
..
27.9
1.1
24.9
1.0
20.9
2.6
21.1
6.7
37.0
18.9
37.2
18.0
37.9
18.1
0.2
..
0.1
..
0.1
..
0.1
..
0.2
..
0.2
..
0.5
..
0.5
-
0.5
-
2.2
0.1
2.3
0.1
2.4
0.1
..
..
0.6
..
0.7
..
0.8
..
0.7
..
0.7
..
0.8
..
0.7
..
12.1
1.4
76.4
2.9
85.1
3.0
103.2
3.1
2.0
..
3.4
..
12.1
0.1
39.9
0.1
42.6
0.1
41.0
0.1
3.4
-
7.0
0.7
19.6
2.3
32.3
2.4
33.2
2.7
36.2
2.9
525.5
6.7
269.6
15.9
163.4
56.6
280.2
238.9
255.7
215.0
265.7
227.2
0.5
0.1
0.5
0.1
1.6
0.1
4.1
0.3
4.6
0.4
5.1
0.5
28.2
0.1
34.0
0.1
25.0
0.6
40.4
1.6
39.5
1.7
32.2
1.5
..
..
3.4
..
13.7
..
10.0
..
9.6
..
9.5
..
Afghanistan
inward
0.3
outward
..
Bangladesh
inward
0.4
outward
..
Bhutan
inward
..
outward
..
Brunei Darussalam
inward
0.4
outward
..
Cambodia
inward
2.4
outward
..
China
inward
3.1
outward
..
Hong Kong, China
inward
623.8
outward
0.5
India
inward
0.6
outward
0.1
Indonesia
inward
13.2
outward
..
Korea, Democratic Peoples Republic of
inward
..
outward
..
2000
/...
286
Annex table B.6. Inward and outward FDI stocks as a percentage of gross domestic
product, by region and economy, 1980, 1985, 1990, 1995, 2000, 2001 and 2002 (continued)
(Percentage)
Region/economy
1980
2001
2002
8.0
11.0
9.5
9.6
9.2
9.1
11.6
-
32.1
9.9
32.6
9.8
33.4
12.8
84.1
..
39.3
..
44.0
..
46.0
2.2
44.7
2.0
23.3
4.3
23.4
6.1
32.3
12.5
58.6
20.8
60.5
21.5
59.4
21.2
2.8
..
12.6
-
16.7
-
19.8
-
20.8
-
22.6
-
..
..
..
4.2
-
19.2
-
21.4
-
27.8
-
.. a
..
.. a
..
6.1
-
30.1
-
39.4
-
37.2
-
0.1
..
0.3
..
0.9
..
1.8
..
2.0
..
2.1
..
3.5
0.4
4.8
0.6
9.1
0.7
11.8
0.9
9.2
1.0
9.8
0.9
8.5
0.6
7.4
0.3
8.2
1.6
12.2
2.1
14.7
1.8
15.0
1.8
73.6
24.8
83.1
21.3
78.7
42.0
124.0
58.1
132.2
76.4
137.5
79.1
8.6
-
8.5
0.1
10.0
0.3
14.7
0.5
15.5
0.5
16.5
0.6
4.7
0.3
6.1
8.0
5.9
9.5
9.0
15.9
11.4
19.4
11.9
21.2
5.1
-
9.6
0.5
10.4
1.3
20.3
2.0
25.3
2.3
23.9
2.1
1.1
..
4.0
..
28.5
..
48.2
..
48.4
..
50.2
..
22.5
0.3
24.8
1.0
29.2
1.7
27.1
6.0
41.2
8.0
44.5
10.8
44.5
10.9
29.7
0.2
34.4
1.3
30.0
5.1
42.7
2.2
61.7
.. a
65.7
.. a
64.7
.. a
..
..
.. a
..
1.2
..
2.6
0.1
10.6
0.1
11.9
0.1
12.5
0.1
2.4
..
4.1
..
3.0
..
3.0
..
4.8
..
4.6
..
4.5
..
29.4
0.4
28.2
0.9
49.1
0.5
36.1
8.3
58.8
15.2
69.9
21.2
70.0
22.3
1.1
..
2.2
..
8.1
..
14.9
..
22.5
..
21.4
..
21.7
..
Korea, Republic of
inward
2.1
outward
0.2
Lao Peoples Democratic Republic
inward
0.3
outward
..
Macau, China
inward
..
outward
..
Malaysia
inward
20.7
outward
0.8
Maldives
inward
11.4
outward
..
Mongolia
inward
..
outward
..
Myanmar
inward
.. a
outward
..
Nepal
inward
0.1
outward
..
Pakistan
inward
2.9
outward
0.2
Philippines
inward
3.9
outward
0.5
Singapore
inward
52.9
outward
31.7
Sri Lanka
inward
5.7
outward
..
Taiwan Province of China
inward
5.8
outward
0.2
Thailand
inward
3.0
outward
Viet Nam
inward
0.2
outward
..
The Pacific
inward
outward
1985
1990
1995
2.3
0.5
2.1
0.9
1.9
1.6
..
1.5
..
198.2
..
2000
Fiji
inward
outward
Kiribati
inward
outward
New Caledonia
inward
outward
Papua New Guinea
inward
outward
Samoa
inward
outward
/...
ANNEX B
287
Annex table B.6. Inward and outward FDI stocks as a percentage of gross domestic
product, by region and economy, 1980, 1985, 1990, 1995, 2000, 2001 and 2002 (continued)
(Percentage)
Region/economy
Solomon Islands
inward
outward
Tonga
inward
outward
Tuvalu
inward
outward
Vanuatu
inward
outward
Central and Eastern Europe
inward
outward
Albania
inward
outward
Belarus
inward
outward
Bosnia and Herzegovina
inward
outward
Bulgaria
inward
outward
Croatia
inward
outward
Czech Republic
inward
outward
Czechoslovakia (former)
inward
outward
Estonia
inward
outward
Hungary
inward
outward
Latvia
inward
outward
Lithuania
inward
outward
Moldova, Republic of
inward
outward
Poland
inward
outward
Romania
inward
outward
Russian Federation
inward
outward
Serbia and Montenegro
inward
outward
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2001
2002
24.2
..
20.3
..
33.0
.. a
38.5
.. a
45.3
-
37.0
-
32.0
-
0.2
..
0.4
..
0.8
0.1
4.9
0.1
13.3
0.8
14.5
0.8
16.6
0.8
..
..
..
..
..
..
2.7
..
4.4
..
4.4
..
5.0
..
29.0
..
52.3
..
71.8
..
114.4
..
161.9
..
174.3
..
170.3
..
..
..
0.2
..
1.3
0.4
5.3
0.9
18.3
2.8
19.1
3.1
20.8
3.3
..
..
..
..
..
..
8.3
2.0
15.2
2.2
18.8
2.0
21.0
1.8
..
..
..
..
..
..
0.5
-
12.5
0.1
11.1
-
11.2
.. a
..
..
..
..
..
..
1.1
0.7
8.6
0.9
10.4
0.8
15.8
0.8
..
..
..
..
0.5
..
3.4
0.8
21.6
0.7
25.2
0.7
24.0
0.8
..
..
..
..
..
..
2.5
3.7
19.3
4.7
24.9
4.8
28.4
5.0
..
..
..
..
3.9
..
14.1
0.7
42.1
1.4
47.4
2.0
54.8
2.1
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
14.4
1.5
51.5
5.0
57.2
8.0
65.9
10.5
..
..
0.2
..
1.7
0.6
26.7
1.1
42.5
4.4
45.4
8.4
38.2
7.3
..
..
..
..
..
..
12.5
4.7
29.1
3.4
30.4
0.6
32.4
0.8
..
..
..
..
..
..
5.8
-
20.9
0.3
22.2
0.4
31.4
0.5
..
..
..
..
..
..
6.5
1.3
34.6
1.5
40.5
1.3
45.0
1.2
..
..
..
..
0.2
0.2
6.2
0.4
21.7
0.7
22.4
0.6
23.9
0.7
..
..
..
..
0.2
2.3
0.3
17.5
0.4
19.0
0.3
20.5
0.4
..
..
..
..
..
..
1.6
0.9
6.9
4.8
6.5
4.8
6.5
5.2
..
..
..
..
..
..
2.7
..
16.3
..
13.7
..
20.4
..
/...
288
Annex table B.6. Inward and outward FDI stocks as a percentage of gross domestic
product, by region and economy, 1980, 1985, 1990, 1995, 2000, 2001 and 2002 (concluded)
(Percentage)
Region/economy
Slovakia
inward
outward
Slovenia
inward
outward
TFYR Macedonia
inward
outward
Ukraine
inward
outward
Yugoslavia (former)
inward
outward
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2001
2002
..
..
..
..
0.5
..
4.4
0.5
23.6
1.9
30.4
2.0
43.2
1.7
..
..
..
..
3.5
1.5
9.4
2.6
15.5
4.4
16.4
4.9
23.1
4.8
..
..
..
..
..
..
0.8
..
10.8
0.1
23.6
0.1
23.9
0.1
..
..
..
..
..
..
2.5
0.3
12.4
0.5
12.3
0.4
12.9
0.4
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
4.1
2.6
4.9
1.1
9.9
1.9
19.6
2.6
21.8
2.5
23.4
2.5
10.0
0.7
12.4
2.6
14.9
2.2
19.2
2.8
19.6
3.2
20.2
3.6
18.3
4.4
15.6
4.3
16.1
6.3
30.9
15.1
33.4
15.1
36.0
16.1
Memoraudum
Least developed countries b
inward
3.1
outward
0.6
Oil-exporting countries c
inward
1.9
outward
0.4
All developing countries minus China
inward
13.5
outward
#VALUE
Negative stock value. Stock data are estimated by accumulation or subtraction of flows. However, this value is included in the regional
and global total.
Least developed countries include: Afghanistan, Angola, Bangladesh, Benin, Bhutan, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cambodia, Cape Verde,
Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Democratic Republic of Congo, Djibouti, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gambia, Guinea,
Guinea-Bissau, Haiti, Kiribati, Lao Peoples Democratic Republic, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Maldives, Mali, Mauritania,
Mozambique, Myanmar, Nepal, Niger, Rwanda, Samoa, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Solomon Islands, Somalia, Sudan,
Togo, Tuvalu, Uganda, United Republic of Tanzania, Vanuatu, Yemen and Zambia.
Oil-exporting countries include: Cameroon, Algeria, Angola, Bahrain, Brunei Darussalam, Congo, Ecuador, Gabon, Indonesia, Islamic
Republic of Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Nigeria, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syrian Arab Republic, Trinidad and Tobago,
United Arab Emirates and Venezuela.
115 623
112 749
34 274
31 012
253
793
218
80
3 018
1 300
22
205
3 095
5
1 182
11
723
192
19 917
3 262
669
239
2 353
72 641
8 737
63 904
5 834
4 380
106
29
1 320
2 875
-
Developed economies
Western Europe
European Union
Austria
Belgium
Denmark
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Ireland
Italy
Luxembourg
Netherlands
Portugal
Spain
Sweden
United Kingdom
Other Western Europe
Andorra
Gibraltar
Guernsey
Iceland
Jersey
Liechtenstein
Malta
Man Island
Monaco
Norway
Switzerland
North America
Canada
United States
Other developed economies
Australia
Israel
Japan
New Zealand
Developing economies
Africa
North Africa
Algeria
Egypt
Morocco
Sudan
Tunisia
Other Africa
Angola
1988
TOTAL WORLD
Region/economy
135 305
48 949
47 358
32
805
225
229
3 338
4 301
735
3 003
3 965
768
1 593
1 849
26 515
1 591
21
601
969
79 233
10 412
68 821
7 123
4 704
134
1 612
674
5 057
1 039
24
24
1 015
-
140 389
1989
1990
134 239
67 370
62 133
189
4 469
496
51
8 183
6 220
115
595
2 165
531
1 484
213
3 832
4 489
29 102
5 237
668
4 569
60 427
5 731
54 697
6 442
2 545
44
148
3 704
16 052
485
485
-
74 048
38 520
36 676
244
814
272
463
2 623
3 407
70
282
3 865
82
3 490
194
5 373
2 478
13 020
1 844
4
1
843
997
31 884
3 658
28 226
3 644
2 592
58
178
815
5 786
47
1
1
46
-
80 713
1991
68 349
45 831
44 761
107
493
99
209
9 150
5 521
413
81
3 672
9 362
668
4 668
2 455
7 863
1 070
487
582
18 393
2 554
15 839
4 125
2 446
293
230
1 157
8 198
388
139
131
8
249
-
79 280
1992
67 622
40 598
38 537
417
2 201
590
391
8 497
2 285
52
1 453
3 754
254
4 779
356
1 967
1 844
9 699
2 061
1 887
174
22 291
2 313
19 978
4 732
3 191
18
93
1 430
14 265
1 806
242
177
64
1 565
-
83 064
1993
110 632
57 262
55 280
540
1 026
570
550
16 290
4 468
15
242
6 909
380
2 789
63
3 615
6 016
11 807
1 982
397
1 585
49 093
4 364
44 730
4 277
2 975
235
750
317
15 030
342
100
17
83
241
-
127 110
1994
163 950
79 114
75 143
609
1 710
199
1 726
7 533
7 496
50
587
4 102
280
3 607
144
1 257
9 451
36 392
3 971
8
271
3 692
64 804
11 567
53 237
20 032
17 360
303
541
1 828
16 493
840
10
10
830
-
186 593
1995
187 616
88 512
81 895
856
8 469
459
1 199
13 575
11 924
493
724
2 764
506
3 538
793
1 463
3 863
31 271
6 617
9
4
2 198
4 407
78 907
10 839
68 069
20 197
13 099
541
1 719
4 839
35 727
1 805
211
171
40
1 595
-
227 023
1996
232 085
121 548
114 591
2 259
5 945
566
735
17 751
11 856
99
2 282
3 362
3 492
19 052
86
4 074
3 327
39 706
6 958
752
2 660
3 545
90 217
8 510
81 707
20 320
14 794
1 097
3 083
1 346
66 999
4 346
680
102
578
3 666
-
304 848
1997
443 200
194 391
187 853
3 551
6 865
3 802
4 780
16 885
19 047
21
729
4 480
35
19 359
427
5 700
11 093
91 081
6 538
9
3
1 182
5 344
225 980
16 432
209 548
22 829
14 737
1 754
4 022
2 316
82 668
2 607
456
48
5
402
2 151
-
531 648
1998
2000
1999
150 576
159
995
960
175
897
461
490
14 424
48 641
1 854
6 151
9 104
2 681
27 628
409
8 713
5 774
68 558
16 035
2
157
181
85
22
3 080
12 508
226 798
41 918
184 880
40 365
16 879
4 452
15 183
3 851
85 813
15 524
2 916
660
2 211
45
12 608
19
496
228
212
9
6
2
593 960
2001
307 793
200 745
193 942
38
5 449
2 014
8 206
30 122
46 605
65
5 241
11 608
2 952
11 037
1 132
8 903
7 614
52 958
6 802
136
229
225
134
52
8
2 162
3 856
89 549
16 317
73 233
17 499
10 653
466
5 689
692
44 532
4 684
598
335
47
25
191
4 086
-
369 789
2002
/...
ANNEX B
289
Botswana
Cameroon
Cape Verde
Central African Republic
Chad
Congo
Cte dIvoire
Dem. Rep. of the Congo
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Gabon
Ghana
Guinea
Kenya
Madagascar
Malawi
Mali
Mauritania
Mauritius
Mozambique
Namibia
Nigeria
Rwanda
Senegal
Sierra Leone
South Africa
Swaziland
Uganda
United Rep. of Tanzania
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Latin America and the Caribbean
South America
Argentina
Bolivia
Brazil
Chile
Colombia
Ecuador
Guyana
Paraguay
Peru
Suriname
Uruguay
Venezuela
Other Latin America and Caribbean
Antigua and Barbuda
Aruba
Bahamas
Region/economy
1 305
1 148
60
287
38
764
157
83
1988
15
1 000
1 929
322
27
15
2
260
18
1 607
27
448
37
11 494
7 319
6 274
26
217
434
341
17
11
4 176
120
1990
36
10
3 529
2 901
302
158
338
49
7
15
2 032
628
210
1991
211
38
4 196
2 109
1 164
174
517
31
49
174
2 088
3
915
1992
4
34
1 506
21
5 110
2 840
1 803
624
276
8
62
5
62
2 270
79
1993
1
40
187
12
1
9 950
7 324
1 315
367
891
1 248
44
3 082
40
337
2 627
214
1994
11
0
1
14
15
89
48
50
25
58
60
1
11
1 106
55
17
27
7
20 508
16 910
3 611
273
6 536
2 044
2 399
105
27
844
1 072
3 598
104
1996
1
15
12
2
2
41
25
4
4
194
39
52
10
3
107
664
387
29
1
173
2
103
439
635
911
064
427
516
27
1
2
911
946
663
23
32
1997
3
17
29
1
1
63
46
10
10
13
12
932
11
23
150
923
834
396
180
376
595
780
79
11
162
36
220
089
24
28
1998
9
8
41
39
19
83
1
27
36
38
4
1
18
2
66
902
1
24
964
033
407
232
357
361
302
214
23
861
276
931
-
1999
2
9
23
2
1
45
35
5
21
8
22
4
18
132
261
15
6
171
32
415
133
5
224
584
273
19
013
929
589
153
65
107
27
409
640
5
25
2000
70
1
300
14
48
30
10
8
1
2
13
11 916
4
120
53
35 837
16 174
5 431
7 003
2 830
170
6
67
555
3
36
73
19 663
13
198
2001
10
5
3
22
12
1
/...
78
993
50
6
2
933
20
1
4
433
395
207
80
897
783
830
70
461
56
10
038
28
2002
8
6
1
4
4
2
61
23
4
39
18
14
640
2
18
1
636
509
869
821
761
717
67
35
945
19
278
127
2
1995
1989
290
FDI Policies for Development: National and International Perspectives
Barbados
Belize
Bermuda
British Virgin Islands
Cayman Islands
Costa Rica
Cuba
Dominican Republic
El Salvador
Grenada
Guatemala
Haiti
Honduras
Jamaica
Mexico
Netherlands Antilles
Nicaragua
Panama
Saint Kitts and Nevis
Puerto Rico
Trinidad and Tobago
West Indies
Asia
West Asia
Abu Dhabi
Bahrain
Cyprus
Jordan
Kuwait
Lebanon
Oman
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
Syrian Arab Republic
Turkey
United Arab Emirates
Yemen
Central Asia
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Uzbekistan
South, East and South-East Asia
Bangladesh
Brunei Darussalam
Cambodia
China
Region/economy
5
54
15
1 569
59
59
1 510
-
1988
214
374
64
395
533
2 089
60
2
58
2 029
-
1 296
143
170
3
3
108
2 326
8
4 073
113
113
3 960
8
1990
189
50
6
138
3
5
10
17
2 182
131
78
43
9
2 051
125
1991
4
41
961
142
22
3 614
203
58
24
116
5
3 411
221
1992
52
1
29
62
1 864
6
177
7 347
71
4
6
15
12
35
9
9
7 267
2
561
1993
4
50
89
17
1
262
1 913
2
73
2
4 701
49
49
4 652
715
1994
6
251
412
96
299
40
719
291
9
6 950
222
26
8
188
450
450
6 278
403
1995
64
1 277
254
245
27
46
26
12
1 428
23
14
78
13 368
403
7
26
370
3 221
1
3 216
4
9 745
1 906
1996
5 601
19
28
300
41
5
30
7 927
42
652
205
760
21 293
368
168
144
56
2 340
3
2 337
18 586
1
1 856
1997
62
11 635
4
2
38
28
978
582
2
367
34
3 001
86
216
16 097
82
11
71
174
173
1
15 842
33
798
1998
924
13
122
71
673
101
859
11
151
6
28 839
335
36
28
3
68
200
73
29
40
4
28 431
2 395
1999
2000
3
3 596
284
54
21
477
464
13
314
3 965
115
130
174
22 182
970
161
567
54
2
182
4
107
36
1
70
21 105
2 247
1989
1
62
683
34
8
8
168
121
537
525
17 017
89
83
8
108
34 452
1 323
2
43
20
163
1 019
76
15
13
2
33 114
2 325
2001
814
241
230
229
214
7 137
301
53
499
250
40
17 387
458
4
427
9
122
52
52
1
11
16 807
2 072
/...
2002
ANNEX B
291
Note:
2 620
5
86
1
15
1 143
1
11
70
285
226
59
-
568
149
673
29
128
63
237
79
28
28
880
477
267
74
62
-
1991
1 674
35
233
46
22
404
276
3
498
2 733
43
780
392
1 396
33
88
-
1992
5 308
96
169
2
10
518
10
2
5
136
362
30
16
42
2
2
1 178
20
23
226
382
197
309
21
-
1993
1 602
385
206
1
443
1
828
355
10
16
89
2
37
36
1
1 419
90
45
408
139
3
9
357
181
63
83
41
30
1994
The data cover the deals involving the acquisition of an equity stake of more than 10 per cent.
826
150
68
701
161
114
9
27
24
4
-
1990
1 703
276
809
192
98
9
13
1 208
1 238
126
42
161
1
67
16
51
6 050
1
32
94
2 366
28
2 106
23
983
229
100
4
18
66
100
1995
3 267
206
530
564
768
1 124
462
593
35
50
234
6
46
5
2
39
3 679
71
48
507
23
1 594
57
993
94
95
138
30
30
-
1996
7 330
1 520
332
836
351
260
80
4 157
294
275
601
633
63
257
257
5 764
497
61
671
64
298
63
12
2
808
391
2 681
45
38
133
1
-
1997
938
361
683
3 973
1 096
2 259
1 905
468
96
24
3 209
41
41
5 116
61
16
362
149
612
11
632
1 789
1 284
147
54
665
1998
4 181
1 044
1 164
2
10 062
1 166
1
6
1 523
2 958
22
1 837
2 011
59
110
4
106
10 371
4
1 133
1 164
2 402
114
537
20
427
45
3 707
447
180
41
14
136
2 162
1999
4 793
1 219
819
6 448
441
6
366
1 532
2
644
2 569
19
5
1
4
17 147
16
45
582
146
1 924
131
1 117
342
173
34
27
9 316
536
758
1 849
151
-
2000
10 362
1 037
3 529
3 648
269
1 449
107
2 063
4 871
2 493
957
4
11 988
25
11
676
1 968
88
1 370
39
193
328
3 493
66
2 039
2
1 194
381
116
-
2001
1 865
1 698
2 790
90
5 375
266
109
485
222
544
556
3
480
247
6
28
28
17 463
19
138
875
5 204
15
1 278
4
225
5
3 131
124
1 252
268
3 350
1 502
74
-
2002
Source:
1989
1988
Region/economy
292
FDI Policies for Development: National and International Perspectives
TOTAL WORLD
Developed economies
Western Europe
European Union
Austria
Belgium
Denmark
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Ireland
Italy
Luxembourg
Netherlands
Portugal
Spain
Sweden
United Kingdom
Other Western Europe
Gibraltar
Iceland
Jersey
Liechtenstein
Malta
Man Island
Monaco
Norway
Switzerland
North America
Canada
United States
Other developed economies
Australia
Israel
Japan
New Zealand
Developing economies
Africa
North Africa
Egypt
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
Morocco
Tunisia
Other Africa
Botswana
Central African Republic
Gabon
Ghana
Kenya
Region/economy
13
2
2
9
38
14
24
25
9
3
24
9
5
1
115
113
49
40
623
389
690
141
188
63
172
486
857
548
373
80
350
582
104
339
549
19
530
577
397
181
122
355
514
253
204
24
24
-
1988
2
47
9
38
13
5
1
2
38
2
1
1
17
3
140
135
74
71
389
781
265
365
21
309
261
979
594
468
100
174
961
292
14
318
645
229
900
126
774
862
002
860
655
561
525
569
995
5
5
-
1989
14
1
7
1
4
30
3
27
19
3
4
12
25
6
1
21
6
150
143
92
86
576
070
567
525
236
813
767
136
828
795
3
730
314
734
619
17
087
572
873
043
160
380
503
766
139
627
736
806
28
048
854
181
146
146
-
1990
11
1
1
20
4
16
14
1
2
2
8
2
1
4
10
6
80
77
42
39
713
435
473
676
208
222
573
568
380
894
16
390
816
023
251
181
773
882
501
797
3
35
301
458
702
106
596
260
472
28
877
883
258
430
430
229
-
1991
6
1
4
17
2
15
6
1
12
5
12
4
79
72
49
44
280
995
753
391
62
625
258
8
389
409
19
358
167
415
304
502
983
813
080
362
7
113
270
973
190
155
035
052
676
61
392
923
264
746
309
309
436
-
1992
064
153
016
531
169
181
372
98
6 596
4 412
127
457
816
1 555
2 848
14
1 053
1 923
19 911
2 485
7
143
2 336
25 534
4 129
21 405
3 603
1 852
393
1 106
252
10 784
406
54
18
36
352
-
83
72
43
40
1993
127 110
112 401
75 943
63 857
23
3 107
172
417
6 717
7 608
21
1 447
1 622
244
8 714
144
3 828
3 118
26 675
12 086
62
4
643
11 378
33 610
5 079
28 531
2 848
1 602
143
1 058
44
14 360
4 221
9
5
4
4 212
-
1994
593
139
539
417
157
4 611
152
471
8 939
18 509
1 166
4 689
51
6 811
329
460
5 432
29 641
11 122
10
1 276
9 836
69 833
12 491
57 343
10 767
6 145
106
3 943
573
13 372
645
11
11
634
4
35
-
186
173
92
81
1995
227 023
196 735
110 628
96 674
4
3 029
638
1 464
14 755
17 984
2
2 265
1 627
1 037
12 148
96
3 458
2 058
36 109
13 954
3 956
9 998
69 501
8 757
60 744
16 606
9 283
484
5 660
1 180
29 646
2 148
8
8
2 140
63
506
-
1996
848
275
035
108
242
2 053
1 492
1 847
21 153
13 190
2 018
1 826
4 196
973
18 472
612
8 038
7 625
58 371
11 928
142
1 212
10 574
99 709
18 840
80 869
15 531
11 745
254
2 747
785
35 210
2 800
2 800
-
304
269
154
142
1997
648
916
658
373
302
2 225
1 250
7 333
30 926
66 728
1 439
3 196
15 200
891
24 280
4 522
15 031
15 952
95 099
40 285
1 170
39 115
173 039
35 618
137 421
11 219
8 147
791
1 284
997
21 717
2 678
3
3
2 675
137
-
531
508
324
284
1998
2000
1999
593 960
534 151
348 738
327 252
1 171
16 951
4 163
7 573
59 169
57 011
1 267
2 063
11 135
4 537
31 160
668
11 253
7 365
111 764
21 486
160
730
43
50
102
1 510
18 892
135 019
38 980
96 039
50 395
32 506
781
16 131
976
55 719
3 041
117
45
72
2 924
9
2001
/...
369 789
341 116
230 852
213 860
1 848
5 474
2 012
5 304
33 865
45 110
139
4 027
8 242
3 683
14 947
1 481
6 276
12 231
69 220
16 992
358
236
6 823
9 575
91 419
12 990
78 429
18 845
8 799
544
8 661
840
27 585
1 999
5
5
1 994
-
2002
ANNEX B
293
Liberia
Mauritius
Namibia
Nigeria
South Africa
United Republic of Tanzania
Uganda
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Latin America and the Caribbean
South America
Argentina
Bolivia
Brazil
Chile
Colombia
Ecuador
Peru
Suriname
Uruguay
Venezuela
Other Latin America and Caribbean
Bahamas
Barbados
Belize
Bermuda
Cayman Islands
Costa Rica
Cuba
Dominican Republic
El Salvador
Guatemala
Jamaica
Mexico
Netherlands Antilles
Panama
Puerto Rico
Trinidad and Tobago
Virgin Islands (United Kingdom)
Asia
West Asia
Abu Dhabi
Bahrain
Cyprus
Iran, Islamic Republic of
Jordan
Kuwait
Lebanon
Oman
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
Region/economy
24
100
10
2
7
91
83
8
2 080
124
-
1988
5
992
91
2
89
901
24
837
16
24
2 998
253
168
83
-
1989
146
1 597
130
10
120
1 467
1
483
16
680
288
5 438
2 112
528
1 537
-
1990
201
387
269
181
45
2
41
118
115
3
2 441
113
112
-
1991
7
1
2
1
352
507
795
71
439
828
11
446
712
55
112
24
309
33
175
4
843
013
811
21
182
1993
6
1
196
16
653
682
62
158
293
10
22
7
120
10
971
9
1
189
530
8
190
44
486
199
300
630
1994
8
1
3
3
1
2
593
951
405
984
379
794
91
50
62
3
42
546
142
25
17
2
4
196
99
62
755
697
4
3
671
1995
19
1
1
3
8
5
15
4
11
522
15
4
354
939
321
0
167
827
272
45
237
71
415
344
703
207
7
867
7
17
260
136
589
41
648
0
42
350
1996
1
1
21
3
2
1
10
6
1
34
766
720
038
170
357
497
157
44
813
682
23
15
189
99
3
48
154
7
89
56
690
797
472
881
58
8
334
1997
1
3
12
9
3
7
514
16
640
510
545
517
591
436
47
25
348
130
51
2
63
139
99
673
100
5
399
399
45
55
217
1998
12
1
35
40
44
3
1
7
715
767
874
313
908
322
102
220
9
893
459
318
151
77
109
216
308
215
40
873
538
563
73
119
3
1999
22
1
11
16
18
2
393
3
43
614
191
675
429
507
203
62
1
314
423
49
492
24
1
231
2
5
125
5
489
895
750
79
15
22
32
2
550
2000
4
8
6
2 594
304
27 380
3 411
343
2 774
133
19
28
115
23 969
748
13
20 792
1 539
8
363
33
473
25 298
454
274
32
105
39
2001
13
3
1
1
11
3
40
947
7
701
643
4
4
302
744
530
59
059
44
671
750
83
664
249
133
464
852
074
201
646
36
114
9
020
2002
/...
436
895
594
63
443
8
80
300
17
130
10
888
11
245
624
105
100
1992
Annex table B.8. Cross-border M&A purchases, by region/economy of purchaser, 1988-2008 (continued)
(Millions of dollars)
294
FDI Policies for Development: National and International Perspectives
Note:
2
2 745
202
773
11
235
27
764
464
269
6
6
606
-
1989
124
1 956
17
1 649
22
260
8
30
-
1988
48
3 325
60
1 198
49
33
144
438
1 385
18
325
-
1990
1
2 329
3
1 342
1
3
187
149
14
570
59
14
14
4
3
1991
5
2 518
13
573
1 263
3
16
72
148
294
131
1
6
22
4
18
-
1992
6 830
202
485
4 113
219
50
74
774
25
849
38
28
28
113
19
62
18
8
6
14
1993
11
257
5 287
307
2 267
109
32
500
812
42
1 174
2
30
12
1
329
51
22
11
245
1
10
10
1994
1
1
19
450
450
608
12
31
249
299
29
163
392
122
153
892
122
144
22
13
9
59
48
2
8
2
23
1995
The data cover the deals involving the acquisition of an equity stake of more than 10 per cent.
Source:
Turkey
United Arab Emirates
Yemen
Central Asia
Kazakhstan
South, East and South-East Asia
Afghanistan
Bangladesh
Brunei Darussalam
China
Hong Kong, China
India
Indonesia
Korea, Dem. Peoples Republic of
Korea, Republic of
Malaysia
Macao, China
Philippines
Pakistan
Singapore
Sri Lanka
Taiwan Province of China
Thailand
Viet Nam
The Pacific
Fiji
Nauru
Papua New Guinea
Vanuatu
Central and Eastern Europe
Bulgaria
Croatia
Czech Republic
Former Czechoslovakia
Estonia
Hungary
Latvia
Lithuania
Macedonia, TFYR of
Poland
Romania
Russian Federation
Slovakia
Slovenia
Ukraine
Unspecified
Multinational a
Region/economy
1
9
17
356
153
547
189
451
912
80
218
659
635
190
018
4
180
11
8
8
504
3
1
176
15
2
23
242
42
139
1996
8
1
17
43
2
893
799
402
287
676
379
894
54
888
433
55
27
275
60
100
60
1
6
45
0
2
1
4
83
1997
1
2
4
77
001
276
201
11
39
187
059
1
530
26
628
43
008
1
142
12
64
465
301
23
8
1998
1
1
11
88
655
37
335
101
321
126
243
097
377
450
330
720
8
408
154
4
4
549
797
3
13
5
118
1
132
52
424
4
281
1999
21
48
2
6
6
139
470
768
910
445
2
712
761
75
6
847
138
5
328
328
694
8
22
775
2
379
118
225
24
10
130
7
982
2000
Annex table B.8. Cross-border M&A purchases, by region/economy of purchaser, 1988-2008 (concluded)
(Millions of dollars)
4
24 844
452
3 012
2 195
175
1 375
254
4
16 516
161
699
2 225
43
41
1331
324
10
371
91
14
1
1 864
2001
1
5
10
38
10
778
047
062
270
197
98
930
2
63
946
3
74
87
33
28
087
8
42
30
242
16
58
19
606
4
63
-
2002
ANNEX B
295
Note:
7 363
30
984
3
495
676
281
765
3 858
66
69 911
609
533
9 095
7 263
14 460
21 722
11 831
5
469
7 390
666
2 305
6 480
12 275
2 745
5 630
4 426
1 750
6 114
3 992
75
12
1
7
5 170
221
4 949
150 576
1990
76
9 554
33
43 297
1 072
279
7 904
1 293
3 757
14 188
5 100
33
84
995
261
353
5 676
5 773
574
1 113
2 246
1 140
8 361
1 112
36 176
5 127
731
2 714
1 164
548
617
80 713
1991
37
2 474
44
32 384
1 847
651
5 703
1 408
3 035
13 178
3 808
237
2 211
360
5 192
1 596
5 581
228
5 410
2 534
1 087
6 198
1 080
43 222
9 398
760
1 588
3 637
301
3 336
79 280
1992
1994
10
1 404
110
35 649
1 783
331
7 537
1 412
6 559
12 168
3 664
421
261
2 743
680
1 183
1 479
11 393
265
2 204
2 252
1 661
3 895
4 495
43 204
7 751
1 173
2 031
4 201
406
3 795
2 319
520
52 270
2 510
838
8 753
2 335
13 540
10 568
8 406
18
2 463
4 988
522
2 747
4 216
20 061
997
5 201
2 743
3 312
3 432
1 882
69 321
13 528
1 431
4 262
5 517
950
4 568
1993
341
644
984
313
726
515
103
581
023
12 110
3 588
93 632
12 240
1 738
10 159
3 247
8 225
31 059
9 715
605
946
2 657
575
1
5
26
4
2
2
5
5
2
84 462
18 108
2 039
4 855
8 499
1 019
7 480
186 593
1995
853
965
430
943
840
728
301
573
300
334
6 494
-
130 232
21 274
4 410
27 928
2 416
17 523
36 693
13 154
4
336
4 150
308
10
13
15
3
2
8
4
7
3
88 522
6 558
849
5 725
7 935
498
7 437
227 023
1996
The data cover the deals involving the acquisition of an equity stake of more than 10 per cent.
Source:
Unknown a
48 851
1 028
813
12 377
3 316
3 578
14 616
5 264
7
460
37 986
116
295
10 013
6 829
2 182
14 471
3 009
86
889
4
544
151
368
387
887
399
078
771
626
596
719
720
176
5 215
1 556
6
9
18
1
3
6
2
12
2
11
17
5
3
2
1
2
6
3
741
868
008
620
452
606
878
998
596
89
8
1
9
1 941
225
1 717
140 389
1989
73 727
14 462
812
1 793
3 911
1 809
2 102
115 623
1988
607
315
395
306
153
853
546
897
322
19 656
19
174 744
29 620
602
21 664
4 445
17 736
50 836
26 480
111
179
3 396
4 189
158
2
11
35
2
6
9
7
7
3
121 379
22 053
1 732
6 854
8 725
2 098
6 628
304 848
1997
798
280
806
264
100
376
918
819
251
7 976
69
257 843
32 249
1 434
27 332
10 332
51 445
83 432
42 497
395
42
641
50 767
1 958
12
67
31
2
8
8
8
35
9
263 206
17 001
1 632
7 237
10 599
6 673
3 926
531 648
1998
1999
2000
248
637
389
786
129
825
850
770
269
101
13 724
42
467 853
40 843
3 205
55 463
4 836
167 723
126 710
52 748
1 769
66
724
18 517
696
10
22
86
3
12
10
20
51
7
288 090
28 242
5 276
9 456
10 000
656
9 344
875
015
446
723
663
782
980
859
518
64 855
73
842 342
46 711
5 170
34 918
2 883
365 673
183 665
137 416
8
219
751
25 272
186
4
45
30
4
11
16
8
53
13
291 654
50 247
2 526
23 562
9 815
1 110
8 705
1988-2002
767
167
462
406
359
890
073
732
375
174
628
510
878
10 862
136
506
047
167
668
169
490
005
319
329
438
1 875
368
21
2
27
6
121
122
54
5 662
1 266
16
31
26
2
8
12
4
25
10
197
34
3
13
28 280
316
27 964
593 960
2001
986
018
370
257
183
034
564
556
064
623
572
465
813
758
824
903
248
76
7
781
15 169
7
219
61
1
17
2
30
41
47
8 590
479
2
33
20
2
3
10
2
8
5
137 414
32 072
915
7 325
12 751
265
12 486
369 789
2002
Tertiary
Electricity, gas, and water
Construction
Trade
Hotels and restaurants
Transport, storage and communications
Finance
Business services
Public administration and defence
Education
Health and social services
Community, social and personal
service activities
Other services
Manufacturing
Food, beverages and tobacco
Textiles, clothing and leather
Wood and wood products
Publishing, printing, and reproduction
of recorded media
Coke, petroleum and nuclear fuel
Chemicals and chemical products
Rubber and plastic products
Non-metallic mineral products
Metal and metal products
Machinery and equipment
Electrical and electronic equipment
Precision instruments
Motor vehicles and other transport
equipment
Other manufacturing
Primary
Agriculture, hunting, forestry and fishing
Mining, quarrying and petroleum
Total
Sector/industry
296
FDI Policies for Development: National and International Perspectives
908
523
363
717
114
2 469
66
68 423
332
257
6 205
3 066
4 785
43 671
6 377
667
530
8 369
143
2 363
7 051
15 260
1 904
6 183
3 076
1 906
7 190
2 861
79
13
3
6
2 131
47
2 084
150 576
1990
985
212
401
244
187
1 206
27
33 985
1 072
695
3 739
340
1 367
22 395
3 100
4
41
928
113
689
6 199
4 043
411
911
1 874
1 171
19 346
445
44
5
1
2
1 556
471
1 085
80 713
1991
50
835
88
40 965
1 012
316
2 870
323
1 596
30 406
3 298
221
1 633
214
5 022
1 442
5 142
710
3 939
2 308
671
5 057
619
35 287
6 383
406
1 743
2 978
204
2 775
79 280
1992
1994
837
668
767
933
45
906
69
42 028
1 250
177
6 186
569
4 048
24 589
3 532
81
420
203
1 437
88
1 998
2 243
4 605
387
2 404
2 046
1 239
4 608
1 415
36
7
3
2
4 155
65
4 090
10
1 332
500
49 519
830
1 350
5 636
997
10 480
24 268
3 972
154
5 271
497
4 866
3 499
31 473
176
5 232
2 475
2 416
4 822
1 135
72 549
7 872
332
2 483
5 032
154
4 878
1993
332
679
186
852
740
472
760
576
809
34
3 366
986
84 824
10 466
1 160
8 854
3 402
6 085
45 368
4 843
31
263
2 267
528
2
6
28
4
2
1
3
7
2
93 784
22 546
1 569
6 466
7 951
182
7 769
186 593
1995
Note: The data cover the deals involving the acquisition of an equity stake of more than 10 per cent.
678
5
1 640
3
258
42 264
771
1 181
4 356
1 534
5 004
23 402
4 949
13
216
155
221
034
740
109
561
062
218
888
952
14
4 357
74
1 470
3
39
1
2
4
3
1
13
9
1
6 518
9 384
19 335
2 609
2 983
5 992
2 567
17 062
1 511
951
360
332
528
865
729
288
474
251
8
15
4
3
1
2
2
6
1
149
484
636
637
95
15
1
5
2 976
1 466
1 511
140 389
1989
71 747
19 774
608
3 115
4 398
2 078
2 320
115 623
1988
Unknown a
Tertiary
Electricity, gas, and water
Construction
Trade
Hotels and restaurants
Transport, storage and communications
Finance
Business services
Public administration and defence
Education
Health and social services
Community, social and personal
service activities
Other services
Manufacturing
Food, beverages and tobacco
Textiles, clothing and leather
Wood and wood products
Publishing, printing, and reproduction
of recorded media
Coke, petroleum and nuclear fuel
Chemicals and chemical products
Rubber and plastic products
Non-metallic mineral products
Metal and metal products
Machinery and equipment
Electrical and electronic equipment
Precision instruments
Motor vehicles and other transport
equipment
Other manufacturing
Primary
Agriculture, hunting, forestry and fishing
Mining, quarrying and petroleum
Total
Sector/industry
104
1 857
20
132 414
16 616
6 955
15 176
1 713
11 424
61 304
17 084
1
265
4 411
633
7 829
12 994
18 555
659
4 585
13 395
2 463
6 660
3 033
88 821
9 684
778
3 143
5 684
962
4 723
227 023
1996
774
860
664
363
965
512
767
093
757
38
11 000
534
164 457
18 787
2 546
16 515
2 482
14 735
82 616
14 721
102
98
321
5 072
5 527
6
11
38
2
6
8
4
9
4
133 202
21 439
1 254
6 157
7 150
1 541
5 609
304 848
1997
050
665
822
790
823
947
553
062
209
220
922
062
131
488
19 887
1 426
268 486
27 527
1 336
19 624
2 799
30 165
142 066
22 889
30
738
48 904
280
12
67
34
2
8
7
4
29
7
257
16
3
13
5 455
1 497
3 958
531 648
1998
2000
245
939
865
105
494
974
325
893
302
126
014
122
138
24
7 214
8
471 497
55 111
1 787
29 524
3 593
163 928
174 238
35 695
310
54
35
17 038
672
13
36
80
1
12
10
26
40
4
287
33
2
7
7 397
241
7 156
365
701
085
214
881
713
938
284
195
507
189
741
342
38
29 784
7
832 303
84 409
2 921
19 399
2 120
368 954
241 282
82 790
17
107
513
30 852
1 007
9
40
24
1
12
12
12
68
6
302
60
3
18
8 968
1 472
7 496
1999
Annex table B.10. Cross-border M&As, by sector and industry of purchaser, 1988-2002
(Millions of dollars)
616
971
935
535
392
081
130
097
875
887
238
129
498
110
16 467
37
387 425
17 953
1 397
20 238
2 895
112 498
181 234
33 111
13
110
1 472
5 127
263
18
30
22
1
8
20
20
29
5
199
23
1
12
6 537
784
5 753
593 960
2001
1 248
1 809
-
243 771
57 866
1 041
23 189
1 130
37 115
90 787
29 805
318
710
6 516
432
5 731
28 201
20 958
819
2 186
9 015
3 432
8 678
2 689
115 460
20 996
549
5 258
9 309
37
9 272
369 789
2002
ANNEX B
297
A.
Serial publications
300
International Investment Instruments: A Compendium. Vol. VII. 339 p. Sales No. E.02.II.D.14.
$60. http://www.unctad.org/en/docs/psdited3v7.en.pdf.
International Investment Instruments: A Compendium. Vol. VI. 568 p. Sales No. E.01.II.D.34.
$60. http://www.unctad.org/en/docs/ps1dited2v6_p1.
en.pdf (part one).
International Investment Instruments: A Compendium. Vol. IV. 319 p. Sales No. E.00.II.D.13.
$55.
Issues in International
Investment Agreements
(Executive summaries are available from
http://www.unctad.org/iia.)
Dispute settlement: State-State. (Sales No.
E.03.II.D.6). $15.
Dispute settlement: Investor-State. (Sales No.
E.03.II.D.5). $15.
Transfer of Technology. 138p. Sales No.
E.01.II.D.33. $18.
Illicit Payments. 108 p. Sales No.
E.01.II.D.20. $13.
Home Country Measures. 96 p. Sales
No.E.01.II.D.19. $12.
Host Country Operational Measures. 109 p.
Sales No E.01.II.D.18. $15.
Social Responsibility. 91 p. Sales No.
E.01.II.D.4. $15.
Environment. 105 p. Sales No. E.01.II.D.3.
$15.
Transfer of Funds. 68 p. Sales No.
E.00.II.D.27. $12.
Employment. 69 p. Sales No. E.00.II.D.15.
$12.
Taxation. 111 p. Sales No. E.00.II.D.5. $12.
301
64 p. Sales
64 p.
Most-Favoured-Nation Treatment. 72 p.
Sales No. E.99.II.D.11. $12.
Admission and Establishment. 72 p. Sales
No. E.99.II.D.10. $12.
Scope and Definition. 96 p. Sales No.
E.99.II.D.9. $12.
Transfer Pricing. 72 p. Sales No.
E.99.II.D.8. $12.
Foreign Direct Investment and Development.
88 p. Sales No. E.98.II.D.15. $12.
B. Current Studies
Series A
No. 30. Incentives and Foreign Direct Investment.
98 p. Sales No. E.96.II.A.6. $30. [Out of print.]
No. 29. Foreign Direct Investment, Trade, Aid
and Migration. 100 p. Sales No. E.96.II.A.8. $25.
(Joint publication with the International Organization
for Migration.)
No. 28. Foreign Direct Investment in Africa.
119 p. Sales No. E.95.II.A.6. $20.
ASIT Advisory Studies
(Formerly Current Studies, Series B)
No. 17. The World of Investment Promotion at
a Glance: A survey of investment promotion
practices. UNCTAD/ITE/IPC/3. Free of charge.
No. 16. Tax Incentives and Foreign Direct
Investment: A Global Survey. 180 p. Sales No.
E.01.II.D.5. $23. Summary available from http:/
/www.unctad.org/asit/resum.htm.
No. 15. Investment Regimes in the Arab World:
Issues and Policies. 232 p. Sales No. E/F.00.II.D.32.
No. 14. Handbook on Outward Investment Promotion Agencies and Institutions. 50 p. Sales
No. E.99.II.D.22. $ 15.
302
C. Individual Studies
FDI in Least developed countries at a Glance:
2002. UNCTAD/ITE/IIA/6, February 2003.
The World of Investment Promotion at a Glance.
Advisory Studies, No. 17. UNCTAD/ITE/IPC/3,
March 2002 (2000-01 PB).
International Investment Instruments: A Compendium, Volume X. UNCTAD/DITE/3(Vol. X),
September 2002.
The Tradability of Consulting Services. 189 p.
UNCTAD/ITE/IPC/Misc.8. http://www.unctad.org/
en/docs/poiteipcm8.en.pdf.
Compendium of International Arrangements on
Transfer of Technology: Selected Instruments.
308 p. Sales No. E.01.II.D.28. $45.
FDI in Least Developed Countries at a Glance.
150 p. UNCTAD/ITE/IIA/3. Free of charge. Also
available from http://www.unctad.org/en/pub/
poiteiiad3.en.htm.
Foreign Direct Investment in Africa: Performance
and Potential. 89 p. UNCTAD/ITE/IIT/Misc.15.
Free of charge. Also available from http://
www.unctad.org/en/docs/poiteiitm15.pdf.
TNC-SME Linkages for Development: Issues
ExperiencesBest Practices. Proceedings of the
Special Round Table on TNCs, SMEs and Development, UNCTAD X, 15 February 2000, Bangkok,
Thailand.113 p. UNCTAD/ITE/TEB1. Free of charge.
Handbook on Foreign Direct Investment by Small
and Medium-sized Enterprises: Lessons from Asia.
200 p. Sales No. E.98.II.D.4. $48.
Handbook on Foreign Direct Investment by Small
and Medium-sized Enterprises: Lessons from Asia.
Executive Summary and Report of the Kunming
Conference. 74 p. Free of charge.
Small and Medium-sized Transnational Corporations. Executive Summary and Report of the
Osaka Conference. 60 p. Free of charge.
Small and Medium-sized Transnational Corporations: Role, Impact and Policy Implications.
242 p. Sales No. E.93.II.A.15. $35.
Measures of the Transnationalization of Economic
Activity. 93 p. Sales No. E.01.II.D.2. $20.
303
D. Journals
Transnational Corporations Journal (formerly
The CTC Reporter). Published three times a year.
Annual subscription price: $45; individual issues
$20. http://www.unctad.org/en/subsites/dite/1_itncs/
1_tncs.htm
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