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2.1 Scenarios
Detailedthe anticipated scenarios for 5G systems can be
classified as follows [16]:
Communications in Crowded Places
Communications in crowded places such as shopping
malls, stadiums, open air festivals, crowded public transportation or other public events that attract a lot of
people. It is expected from 5G systems to provide good
service even in very crowded places and without traffic
jams. 5G might also permit authorities such as police, fire
taskforces, and ambulances to use the public communication networks in these crowded locations. Services that
can be provided in crowded places include Machine-toMachine (M2M) communication, Device-to-Device (D2D)
communication, Ultra Dense Networks (UDN) and Extreme Mobile BroadBand communications (xMBB). The
technical challenge is to provide such services with high
traffic density at relatively small blocking and dropping
probabilities for a large number of user equipments (UEs)
[17].
On Move Communications
This scenario includes communications by fast mobile
devices in cars or trains, Vehicle-to Vehicle/Infrastructure
(V2X) applications, sensors or actuators monitoring
transported goods or moving components in industries,
plants or vehicles. The technical challenge is to provide
such services with similar user experience as for static
users at home or in the office! Robust and reliable connectivity solutions are needed to combat the effects of fast
fading caused by Doppler spread with high velocity moving. This is of course equally true for communicating ma-
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2.2 Services
ForServices are classified according to the required minimum data rates, latency, reliability, data packet size, coverage, battery life, air interface, etc. Although, some kinds
of air interfaces will more suitable for specific services,
different services would still dynamically share the same
time frequency resources, achieving efficient spectrum
utilization. However, in 5G systems, when hosting a new
service an operator would not have to buy a new spectrum band nor to deploy a specific radio access technology for this purpose. Instead, in the 5G concept a new service could be accommodated sharing existing resources.
The expected services for 5G systems based on the aforementioned scenarios can be classified as follows [1]:
mMTCrefers to services where a typically large number of cost and energy-constrained devices (sensors)
monitor certain events in a wide-area for surveillance
and measurements. Possible mMTC functions could
be in a smart agriculture, a smart city monitoring and
operation, or asset tracking and logistics. The main
technical challenge is the ability to connect massive
number of devices with simple, scalable and energy
efficient communication. Delay and reliability are not
critical issues as the case with uMTC. Moreover, the
required data rates decrease as the number of devices
grows significantly [20].
xMBB
While 4G systems mainly focus on the Mobile BroadBand (MBB) services, 5G will offer, among other services,
extreme Mobile Broad-Band. xMBB provides increased
data rates, in the order of Gbps with improved QoE. On
the one hand, increased data rates are demanded by applications, such as augmented reality or remote presence.
On the other hand, improved QoE is requested by reliability and latency critical applications, normally function
with moderate rates in the order of tens of Mbps [21].
V2X: Vehicle-to- Device/Infrastructure/Vehicle
V2X is an intelligent transport system connecting vehicles, devices and infrastructure with each other. V2X
enjoys a highly dynamic network topology as the communicating nodes can move quickly in and out of radio
coverage. It allows cars to wirelessly exchange data with
other cars, traffic signals and infrastructures or core networks and get more precise knowledge of the traffic situation across the entire road network. V2X comprises the
following connectivity options:
Vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V): When all cars have V2V
technology, they have a 360-degree situational
awareness for each vehicles surroundings. It allows
cars to calculate the current and future positions of
each nearby vehicles by manipulating the exchanged
information with embedded computing device on
each car. This can help forecast risky situations and
aware drivers of precautions to avoid crashes.
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networks have different requirements compared to ordinary networks. Since emergency networks deal with the
serious information, reliable communication should be
assured with minimum latency. CR networks can sense
and use the existing spectrum without the need for an
infrastructure. Furthermore, the wireless-equipped
healthcare systems (e-health) can remotely and continuously monitor the patients' health status in emergency
situations at home and outdoor. Early detection of patients' emergency situations via wireless communications
makes it possible to provide timely first-aid and access to
patients' health information in a pervasive manner, thereby improving both system reliability and efficiency [22].
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5G
Scenarios &
Services
On Move
Communications
-Monitoring
Transported Goods
-Monitoring Moving
Components or Vehicles
- Public Transportations
-V2X
Communications
Massive
Deployments
Real Time/Reliable CommunicaService in Crowd
of sensors
tions
andActuators
-E-Health
-Shopping Malls
-Smart Elect. Grids
-Traffic Safety
-Stadiums
-Industrial Devices
-Efficient
Industry
-Open Air Festivals
-Medical Devices
Communications.
-Crowded
Public
-Machine Type Devic-Smart Elect. Grids
Transportations
-M2M
Communica-M2M Communicaes
tions
tions
-D2D
Communica-uMTC
tions
-UDN
-xMBB
Mixed Services
Crowded
Public
Transportation (Service in Crowd) and
(On Move)
Equipped with (Real
Time Comm. Devices) E-health and
M2M
Unrestricted
FBMC
H-OFDM
GFDM
F-OFDM
CPOFDM
UFMC
MC-FTN
TABLE 1
MULTI-CARRIER WAVEFORMS: MAIN FEATURES AND USAGE
Waveform
Main Filters
Features
Orthogonality
Numerology
Favorite Scenarios
Favorite Services
CP-OFDM
Granularity:
whole band
Length: up to CP
length
Orthogonal in
time and frequency
Unied
Services in Crowd
4G LTE, WLAN
(802.11.a/g/n),
MBB
UDN
F-OFDM
Non-orthogonal
in time and
Quasiorthogonal
in
frequency
/
According
to
the waveform
and service in
accommodated
sub-bands
Scalable
-Services in Crowd
-Mixed services
Different types of
services are accommodated
in
different sub-bands
H-OFDM
Granularity: per
sub-band
Length:
1/2 Symbol
duration
/
-Services in Crowd
-On Move Communications
MBB, UDN,
V2V
FBMC
Granularity:per
Orthogonal
Non-unified
-moving networks;
in
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sub-carrier
Length: up to 5
times
symbol
duration,
Granularity: per
subbandLength:
equals
CP
length
real domain in
both time and
frequency
orthogonal
in
time and Quasi-orthogonal in
frequency
GFDM
Granularity:block
of subcarriers
Length:
much
longer
than
Symbol duration
Non-orthogonal
MC-FTN
Compresses the
signal to be
transmitted faster than Nyquist
Non-orthogonal
UFMC
cations
According to
the link characteristics
-Massive
Deployments of sensors and
Actuators
-Real Time/Reliable
Communications
Non-unified
-Massive
Deployments of sensors and
Actuators
-MTC
devices
(Sporadic, contention based access)
-IoT
-Short burst transmissions
-broadband
and
real-time services
-IoT and wireless
networks.
-opportunistic use
of spectrum (CR)
-M2M
Unrestricted
-Unrestricted
/
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TABLE 2
MULTI-CARRIER WAVEFORMS, ADVANTAGES AND DRAWBACKS
Waveform
Advantages
Drawbacks
CP-OFDM
F-OFDM
H-OFDM
FBMC
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of single subcarriers.
GFDM
UFMC
25
MC-FTN
26
Start
Yes
No
Speed>Ts
FBMC
F-OFDM
Delay
No
Yes
Latency>Td
T1
Delay
UFMC
T2
Figure 2: Switching between different waveforms according to the existing scenario and service requirements
A direct comparison between different 5G candidate multicarrier waveforms with respect to their performance in
mixed service scenarios was presented. The survey illustrated the main characteristics and features of the waveforms focusing on their advantages and drawbacks. It linked
each waveform with its favorite 5G scenario(s) and service(s) and discussed switching process between different
schemes according to the existing scenario and service requirements.
Switching process depends on specific factors related to
services and scenarios such as minimum data rates, latency,
reliability, data packet size, coverage, battery life, moving
speed, etc. Hence, switching mechanism could be based on a
cost function comprising all those factors with correspond-
ing weight for each. However, combining the different proposed schemes to form fully harmonized and configurable
(adaptive) multi-carrier waveform, fulfilling the various requirements of 5G system is still left for future research.
Moreover, the development of efficient metrics and algorithms needed to select the best configuration, guaranteeing
targeted radio coverage, data rate and QoS is another challenge for future research.
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