Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Binomial Theorem
1.
1.1
x y n n Cr x n r y r
r 0
(ii)
The sum of the exponents of x and y in any term of the expansion is equal to n.
(iii)
The binomial coefficients of terms equidistant from the beginning and the end are equal,
since nCr = nCn r .
(iv)
The term nCr xn r yr is the (r + 1)th term from the beginning of the expansion. It is usually
denoted by Tr + 1 and is called the general term of the expansion.
(v)
The rth term from the end is equal to the (n r + 2)th term from the beginning, i.e.,
n
Cn r + 1 xr 1 yn r + 1 .
(vi)
ud
yS
te
ps
(i)
St
1.2
.in
n
If n is even, then the expansion has only one middle term, the 1 th term i.e.,
2
n
Cn / 2 x n / 2 y n / 2 .
n 1
If n is odd, then the expansion has two middle terms, the
th term and the
2
n 1 / 2 y n 1 / 2
n 1 / 2 y n 1 / 2
n
n
term i.e., C n 1 / 2 x
and C n 1 / 2 x
.
Illustration 1 :
10
Solution:
We have
Page 1 of 14
1
Tr + 1 = 10Cr(x)10 r 2
=
2x
To find the coefficient of x8, we have
10 3r = 8
10
Cr ( 1)r 2 r x10 3r
www.StudySteps.in
n 3 th
Binomial Theorem
i.e.,
r = 6.
Thus, the 7th term has x 8 and its coefficient is
10
C6 1 26
6
Illustration 2:
105
.
32
9
1
Find the 3rd term from the end in the expansion of x 3 .
x
Solution:
The 3rd term from the end is equal to (9 3 + 2)th term, i.e., the 8th term from the beginning. Hence,
the required term is
7
3 97
T8 = C7 (x )
9.8 1 36
1
.
2 x
x
x
Illustration 3:
9
Solution:
9 3 th
th
= 6 term.
2
and
94
ud
95
T6 = C5 (ax)
9.8.7.6
b
a 4 b5 x 1 126a 4 b5 x 1
x
1.2.3.4
St
and
9.8.7.6 5 4
b
a b x 126a 5b 4 x
1.2.3.4
x
yS
T5 = C4 (ax)
te
ps
9 1 th
th
viz
= 5 term
2
Hence, the middle terms are
.in
drill exercise - 1
1.
If p and q be positive, then prove that the coefficients of xp and xq in the expansion of (1 + x)p+ q will
be equal.
2.
(a)
(b)
233
87
3.
4.
If coefficient of (2r + 3)th and (r - 1)th terms in the expansion of (1 + x)15 are equal, then find the
value of r.
12
5.
Page 2 of 14
(a)
www.StudySteps.in
Binomial Theorem
9
(b)
2.
x3
.
3
x
. . . (i)
r 0
x y n Cr 1 x n r yr
n
. . . (ii)
r 0
=
(ii)
C0 x n n C1x n 1y n C2 x n 2 y 2 n Cn 1 y n
n
. . . (ii)
2
and substracting equations (ii) from (i) we have,
C0 x n n C 2 x n 2 y 2 n C 4 x n 4 y 4
C1x n 1y n C3 x n 3 y 3 n C5 x n 5 y 5
. . . (iii)
.in
ps
te
. . . (iv)
yS
(iii)
1
n
n
x
C0 n C1 n C2 n Cn 1 n Cn 2n
. . . (v)
(v)
2.1
Page 3 of 14
C0 n C2 n C4 2n 1 n C1 n C3 n C5
St
(iv)
ud
Thus, we see that the sum of the binomial coefficients of (x + y)n is 2n.
. . . (vi)
. . . (vii)
. . . (viii)
Important Formulae :
If C0 , C1, C2 , C3 ,........... represent n C0 , n C1, n C2 , n C3 ........... in the expansion of (1 + x) n . Then
(i)
C0 C1 C2 C3 ........... Cn 2 n
(ii)
C0 C1 C2 C3 .............( 1) n Cn 0
www.StudySteps.in
Binomial Theorem
(iii)
C0 C2 C4 ............. C1 C3 C5 ........... 2 n 1
drill exercise - 2
1.
2.
(a)
e2 1j e2 1j
6
(b)
3.
10
(a)
r 0
Cr
.
n
Cr n Cr 1
(b)
r Cm , n m .
r m
4.
1 3r
7 r 15r
r n
(
1
)
C
4 r . . . to
r r
Find the sum of the series
2r
3r
2
2
r 0
2 2
5.
If the 4th term in the expansion of ax is 5/2, then find the values of a and n.
x
2.2
te
ps
.in
yS
Illustration 4 :
St
ud
2.
If n is a natural number, show that the integral part of (5 + 2 6 )n is odd natural number..
3.
Show that the integer just greater than ( 3 + 1)2m contains 2m+1 as a factor..
4.
If (6 6 + 14)2n + 1 = R and F = R [R], where [R] denotes the greatest integer less than or equal to
R, prove that RG = 20 2n+1.
Page 4 of 14
www.StudySteps.in
Binomial Theorem
5.
If (5 + 6 )n = I + f, where I and n are positive integers and f is a positive fraction less than one, show
that (I + f) (1 f) = 1.
3.
Greatest coefficient
n
C n/2
n
Odd
C n 1
2
and
C n 1
2
Tr
Cr
Cr 1
x
n r 1 x
a
r
a
ps
n r 1 x
1 , for given a, x and n, then r n 1
r
a
a
1
x
te
If
.in
4.
ud
yS
n 1
Note : If
St
Illustration 5 .
10
3x
Solution:
According to the question, |t4| |t3|, |t4| |t5|.
Page 5 of 14
Now tr
10
+1
10 r
= Cr. 2
3x
8
3x
3x
3x
t4 = C3. 2 . , t3 = 10C2. 28. and t5 = 10C4. 26.
8
8
8
10
www.StudySteps.in
Binomial Theorem
3
C3. 2 . . | x |3 10C2. 28.
8
and |t4| |t5|
10
3
. | x |2
8
. . . (i)
3
3
C3. 2 . . |x|3 10C4. 26. . | x |4
8
8
10
. . . (ii)
from (i)
10.9.8 3
10.9
. . | x |3
.2 | x |2
6 8
2
3
or
45| x | 90 | x |2
or
| x |3 2|x|2 0
or
| x | 2 ,as x can not be zero.
or
21
| x |3 1 | x | 0
64
64
|x|
21
21
| x | 0
64
yS
| x |3
ps
7 3
. | x |4
8 8
or
.in
10.9.8
10.9.8.7 3
.2 | x |3
. . | x |4
6
24
8
te
from (ii)
ud
64
1
64
64
3 . So x , 2 2,
21
21
21
21
St
drill exercise 4
1.
Prove that the greatest coefficient in the expansion of (1 + x)2n is double the greatest coefficient in the
expansion (1 + x)2n 1.
2.
Find numerically the greatest term in the expansion of (3 5x)15 when x = 1/5.
3.
4.
Page 6 of 14
1
3 x
If the expansion of when x = , it is known that 6th term is the greatest term, then find the
2
2 3
possible positive integral values of n.
www.StudySteps.in
Binomial Theorem
5.
Show that if the greatest term in the expansion of (1 + x)2n has also the greatest coefficient, then x lies
between
5.
5
n
n 1
and
.
n 1
n
Important Formulae :
(i)
C1 2C 2 3C 3 ............. nC n n.2 n 1
(ii)
ps
Illustration 6:
Find the sum of the series
C0 3C1 + 5C2 + . . . + ( 1)n (2n + 1)Cn.
.in
te
Solution :
We have
(1 x)n = C0 C1x + C2x2 . . . + Cn ( 1)nxn
Replacing x by x2 in equation (i), we have
(1 x2)n = C0 C1x2 + C2x4 . . . + Cn ( 1)n x2n
Multiplying throughout by x, we have
x(1 x2)n = C0 x C1 x3 + C2x5 . . . + Cn ( 1)n x2n + 1
Differentiating equation (iii) w.r.t. x, we have
yS
. . . (i)
St
ud
. . . (ii)
. . . (iii)
2n 1 Cn x 2n
Page 7 of 14
www.StudySteps.in
. . . (i)
. . . (ii)
. . . (iii)
. . . (iv)
Binomial Theorem
5.2
. . . (iv)
Generally we use integration for the series having terms of the form r m
rm
Ck
or of the form
m 1
Ck
.
m 1 m 2 . . . m j
Illustration 8:
Find the sum of the series
C1
C
C
a 3 2 . . . a n 1 n
2
3
n 1
dx C0 C1x C2 x 2 . . . Cn x n dx
. . . (ii)
te
1 x
. . . (i)
yS
ps
Solution :
We have (1 + x)n = C0 + C1x + C2x2 + . . . + Cnxn
Integrating equation (i) w.r.t. x, we have
.in
aC0 + a2
ud
n 1
1 x n 1
1 a 1
Now, L.H.S. = n 1 n 1
0
a
St
C
C
x2
x3
C
C
. . . aC0 a 2 1 a 3 2 . . .
and R.H.S = 0
1
2
2
3
2
3
0
Hence, we have
n 1
1 a 1
C1 3 C2
a
. . .
aC0 + a2
2
3
n 1
Illustration 9:
C C
C
n 1 C n
Find the sum of the series C1 2 3 4 . . . 1
.
2
3
4
n
Solution :
We have (1 x)n = C0 C1x + C2x2 . . . + Cn ( 1)n xn
Page 8 of 14
i.e.
i.e.
1 1 x C1x C2 x 2 C3x 3 . . . Cn 1
n
1 1 x
C1 C 2 x C3 x 2 . . . C n 1
n 1 n
n 1
x
Integrating equation (i) w.r.t. x from 0 to 1, we have
www.StudySteps.in
x n 1
. . . (i)
Binomial Theorem
1
1 1 x
dx C1 C 2 x C3 x 2 . . . dx
1 x
Now, L.H.S. = 1 x dx =
0
1 1
1
= 1 + . . .
2 3
n
n
1 x x
. . . x
n1
x 2 x3
xn
dx x . . .
2 3
n
C
C
x2
x3
C
C3
. . . C1 2 3 . . . + ( 1) n 1 n
and R.H.S.= C1x C2
2
3
2
3
n 1
0
Hence, we have
C1
C 2 C3
1 1
1
n 1 C n
. . . 1
1 . . . .
2
3
n
2 3
n
drill exercise 5
If C0, C1, C2, . . . Cn denote the coefficient in the binomial expansion of (1 + x)n, then prove that :
C0 C1 + C2 C3 + . . . + (1)n Cn = 0
2.
If C0, C1, C2, . . . Cn denote the coefficient in the binomial expansion of (1 + x)n, then prove that :
C0 + 3C1 + 5C2 + . . . (2n + 1) Cn = (n + 1).2n
3.
If C0, C1, C2, . . . Cn denote the coefficient in the binomial expansion of (1 + x)n, then prove that :
(1.2) C2 + (2.3) C3 + . . . + ((n 1).n) Cn = n (n 1)2n2
yS
te
ps
.in
1.
4.
C3
C5
C1
2n 1
If Cr = Cr then prove that
+
+
+...=
.
2
4
6
n 1
5.
If C0, C1, C2, . . . Cn denote the coefficient in the binomial expansion of (1 + x)n, then prove that :
St
ud
33
32
34
3n 1
4 n 1 1
3C0 +
C +
C +
C +...+
C =
.
3 2
2 1
4 3
n 1 n
n 1
n
6.
If (1 + x) =
Cn
3n 2 2 n 5
C0 2 C1 3 C 2 4
.2 +
.2 +
.2 + . . . +
2n+2 =
(n 1)(n 2)
(n 1)(n 2)
1.2
2 .3
3 .4
5.3
Page 9 of 14
n( n 1) 2 n( n 1)( n 2) 3
x
x where n R , -1 < x < 1.
2!
3!
Deduction :
(1 - x)-1 = 1 + x + x2 + x3 +.....................+ xr ................ x 1
b g
www.StudySteps.in
Binomial Theorem
(r + 1)(r + 2)x r
.............. x 1
(1 - x) = 1 + 3x + 6x + 10 x +.................+
2
-3
5.4
Multinomial Expansion ( n N ) :
is
n!
a
a
a
ak
.x1 1 .x2 2 .x3 3 ........xk where
a1! a2! a3!.........a k !
a1 a2 a3 .......... a k n, 0 ai n, i 1, 2, 3,....... k and the number of terms in the expansion are
n k 1
C k 1 .
.in
5.5
Important Formulae :
ps
(ii)
C 0C r C1C r 1 C 2 C r 2 ............. C n r C n 2 n C n r or
2n
C n r
yS
te
(i)
ud
Illustration 10:
Find the sum of the series
m
Cr + mCr 1nC1 + mCr 2 nC2 + . . . + nCr
where r < m, n and m, n, r N.
St
Solution :
We have
(1 + x)n = nC0 + nC1 x + nC2x2 + . . . + nCrxr + . . . + nCn xn
and
(1 + x)m = mC0 + mC1x + . . . + mCr 2 xr 2 + mCr 1 x r 1
+ mCr xr + . . . + mCmxm
Hence, the given series
= coefficient of xr in (1 + x)n (1 + x)m
= coefficient of xr in (1 + x)m + n =
Illustration 11:
m n
. . . (ii)
. . . (ii)
Cr .
Page 10 of 14
. . . (i)
1
1
1
1
and
1 C0 C1 C 2 2 . . . C n n
x
x
x
x
Differentiating equation (i) w.r.t. x, we have
www.StudySteps.in
. . . (ii)
Binomial Theorem
. . . (iii)
1
Hence, the given series = coefficient of x in 1 . n (1 + x)n 1
x
= n coefficient of xn 1 in (1 + x)2n 1
1
= n.2n 1 C n 1 .
5.6
Sum of the series by equating the real and imaginary parts :
Illustration 12:
n
Prove that C1 C3 + C5 . . . = 2n/2 sin
4
Solution :
Consider the expansion
(1 + x)n = C0 + C1x + C2x2 + . . . + Cnxn
Putting x = i in equation (i) we have
(1 i)n = C0 C1i C2+ C3i + C4 + . . . ( 1)n Cn in
n
.in
. . . (ii)
yS
te
ps
equating the imaginary part in (i), we get
n
C1 C3 + C5 . . . = 2n/2 sin
4
Illustration 13:
If (3 + 4x)n = p0 + p1x + p2x2 + p3x3 + . . . + pnxn, then prove that
(p0 p2 + p4 . . . )2 + (p1 p3 + p5 . . .)2 = 25n
. . . (i)
St
ud
Solution :
Consider the expansion (3 + 4x)n = p0 + p1x + p2x2 + p3x3 + . . . + pnxn
Putting x = i in the above expansion we get,
(3 + 4i)n = (p0 p2+ p4 . . .) + i (p1 p3 + p5 . . .)
Equating the square of the modulus, we get,
(p0 p2 + p4 . . . )2 + (p1 p3 + p5 . . .)2 = 25n
drill exercise 6
1.
If C0, C1, C2, C3, . . ., Cn1, Cn denote the binomial coefficients in the expansion of (1 + x)n, then
prove that :
(2n )!
1.3.5. . . (2n 1)
C0C1 + C1C2 + C2C3 + . . . + Cn1 .Cn =
=
.n.2n
(n 1)!(n 1)!
(n 1)!
2.
If C0, C1, C2, C3, . . ., Cn1, Cn denote the binomial coefficients in the expansion of (1 + x)n, then
prove that :
(2n )!
C0Cr + C1Cr+1 + C2Cr+2 + . . . + Cnr Cn =
(n r )!(n r )!
3.
If C0, C1, C2, C3, . . ., Cn1, Cn denote the binomial coefficients in the expansion of (1 + x)n, then find
Page 11 of 14
1 2 2 1 2 3 2
1 2 3 . . . n 2
C2 +
C3 + . . . +
Cn .
2
3
n
www.StudySteps.in
Binomial Theorem
4.
5.
5.7
Prove that :
n1
Cn1.nC1 +
n1
Cn2.nC2 +
Prove that :
n1
C0.nC2 + n1C1.nC3 +
n1
Cn3.nC3 + . . . +
n1
C2.nC4 + . . . +
n1
C0.nCn =
n1
Cn2.nCn =
2n1
Cn1
2n1
Cn2
Approximations :
n (n 1) 2 n (n 1)(n 2) 3
x
x .....
1 .2
1 .2 .3
If x < 1, the terms of the above expansion go on decreasing and if x be very small, a stage may be
reached when we may neglect the terms containing higher powers of x in the expansion. Thus, if
x be so small that its squares and higher powers may be neglected then (1 + x) n = 1 + nx,
approximately . This is an approximate value of (1 + x)n .
(1 + x)n = 1 nx
Exponential Series :
3
n
x x
x
(ii)
ax = 1
x
x2
x3
na n 2 a n 3a .......
1!
2!
3!
ps
yS
te
1 1 1
e = 1 .......
1! 2! 3!
e is an irrational number lying between 2.7 and 2.8. Its value correct upto 10 place of
decimal is 2.7182818284.
(c)
e + e-1 = 21
(d)
e - e-1 = 21
(e)
where a > 0
1 1 1
........
2! 4! 6!
ud
(b)
.in
ex = 1
Note : (a)
5.9
(i)
1 1 1
........
3! 5! 7!
St
5.8
Logarithms to the base e are known as the Napierian system, so named after Napier,
their inventor. They are also called Natural Logarithm.
Logarithmic Series :
x2 x3 x4
........ where 1 x 1
2
3
4
(i)
n (1 x ) x
(ii)
n (1 x ) x
(iii)
x2 x3 x4
.......... where 1 x 1
2
3
4
3
5
(1 x )
x
x
2 x ....... | x | 1
(1 x )
3
5
Remember :
Page 12 of 14
www.StudySteps.in
Binomial Theorem
1 1 1
.......... n 2
2 3 4
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
e n x x
n 2 0.693
n10 2.303
drill exercise - 7
a bx (a bx ) 2 (a bx ) 3
.......
1!
2!
3!
1.
2.
If x is so small that is square and higher powers may be neglected, then prove that :
A0 =1
1
(b) An An1 = n !
te
(a)
ps
ex
If
= A0 + A1x + A2x2 + . . . + Anxn + . . . , then prove that
1 x
yS
3.
.in
(1 3x )1/ 2 (1 x ) 5 / 3
41
1 x .
1/ 2
(4 x )
24
Prove that :
1
1
1
1
1
+
log 2
3 +
5 +
7 +...=
5. 3
7. 3
3 3. 3
2
5.
Prove that :
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1
1 + . + . 2 + . 3 + . . . = log 12
2 3 4 4 5 4
6 7 4
Page 13 of 14
St
ud
4.
www.StudySteps.in
Binomial Theorem
Answer
Key
drill exercise - 1
2.
(a) 84
5.
(a)
924a6b6
(b)
171
3.
15
(b)
T5 =
189 17
21
x , T6 = x19
8
16
4.
drill exercise - 2
1.
(a)
140 2
(b)
219
3.
(a)
n
2
(b)
n+1
5.
1/2, 6
1
2
20
C10
213 - 14
4.
1
2 1
n
ps
.in
Cm + 1
2.
197
yS
1.
te
drill exercise - 3
ud
drill exercise - 4
12
T4 = 455 3
and
4.
T5 = 455 3
3.
St
2.
12
drill exercise - 6
3.
1 n 2 n
1 2 C n 1
2
drill exercise - 7
1.
Page 14 of 14
e a .b n
n!
www.StudySteps.in
2
210
3