Robinson

DESIGNING PUBLIC TRANSIT

Hailey Robinson

Robinson 2

TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................................ 2
CONTEXT .................................................................................................................................. 3
PROCESS .................................................................................................................................. 6
ANALYSIS .............................................................................................................................. 11
APPLICATION ...................................................................................................................... 21
ACTIVITY ................................................................................................................................ 25
WORKS CITED ..................................................................................................................... 29
APPENDIX 1: TEXTUAL COMPONENTS ................................................................. 35
APPENDIX 2: TERMINOLOGY .................................................................................... 35
APPENDIX 3: ARTIFACTS .............................................................................................. 36
APPENDIX 4: TEN POSSIBLE ARTIFACTS ............................................................. 36
APPENDIX 5: MATERIALS ............................................................................................. 38

Robinson 3

CONTEXT

The topic I will be examining is the future of public transportation design and

its role in the shared economy. Hankook, the studio sponsors, created the initial
prompt: we will connect our design to the connected world, (HankookTire).

For me, this project means looking into current public transit solutions and

determining how to improve them both functionally, taking into account user
experience, and, for the most part, aesthetically. Because I am an industrial designer
and not a transportation engineer, my main focus is on how to make a tram look
beautiful while still being user-friendly.

The audience for this project is the sponsors, my professor, and future

prospective employers, as it will be in my portfolio. The purpose is to examine the

history of public transportation, the importance of public transportation, modern
issues, and the most important items to consider when redesigning the system. The
project is to be completed in a visual layout (final poster) and scale model, both to
be presented at final critique to the sponsor, my professor, and peers.

My reasons for analyzing the text/topic are that its a really difficult and

multilayered topic to tackle, and I hope to be able to understand it better through

this research. Furthermore, through fully understanding the points to be discussed
in this paper, I will most likely be better equipped to present this topic eloquently in
final critique.

My introduction to this text was the Introduction to Transportation Design

studio I enrolled in for this summer semester. Although the course was advertised
as a form development studio, while still being a transportation-based program, it

Robinson 4

quickly became a full-blown transportation project. Because of this change, I had to

quickly regroup and learn as much as I could about transportation. My interest in
public transit stems from my desire to learn more about communal design.

Our professor introduced the topic to us as a broad interpretation of the

Senior class sponsored transportation studio. We were going to loosely follow the
prompt, but if [we] come up with something super cool that will be awesome for
[our] portfolio [our professor] will let [us] do that (Zammit, Lecture Notes).

For our project introduction and midterm critique, Hankook visited our

studios and offered opinions. For my project I was directed to study the rail
interaction, and focus on the mechanics (Robinson, critique). My project does not
follow the exact guidelines, however, so there was not much feedback that could be
offered. I have, however, received a lot of feedback from my professor.

There have been plenty of

examples. See figure 1 (Zavala).

But since my project is less relevant to
the prompt, there are also public transit
design projects I have examined on
Behance - see Figure 2 (Filin).
Figure 1: Zavala, a previous winner of the
Hankook Studio

I am being assessed on my literacy

of the topic in my final critique. I will

have a scale model and a presentation poster that summarizes my work in a concise
and well-designed way. My final grade in the class will reflect how well I was able to
present my work and how much sense it made, so that will be the true test of

Robinson 5

literacy. I will also include it in my portfolio and must be able to eloquently explain
the project both through visuals only and in greater depth during interviews.

I am expected to

learn to develop design

solutions utilizing analysis,
synthesis, and evaluation
skills (Zammit, Industrial
Figure 2: An example of work found on Behance, the R1 Atom tram by
Alexey Filin

Design Studio 3 Syllabus).

Basically I must know

how to follow the design process from ideation to final product and have it be
something technical and well thought out that can go in my portfolio and help me
earn jobs.

This public transportation project will lead to diversity of projects in my

portfolio - most of which are footwear related right now. Having this caliber of a
project in my portfolio will make me more competitive for jobs if it is done well,
which is obviously good.

In my career, knowledge of transportation design in general is incredibly

helpful. Footwear design is basically a form of transportation design; form

development in both fields is very similar. Stylistic elements for vehicles are
referenced in shoes and vice versa quite often. Even if I choose to pursue a different
type of product design, understanding communal design will come in very handy.

Robinson 6

PROCESS

My audience consists of Raphael Zammit, our professor, and Hankook tires,

the sponsor.

Professor Zammit joined the University of Cincinnati in 2009 after a 13 year

career in automotive design working internationallyand domestically additionally

His teaching, research, and expertise are in vehicle design, conceptual visualization,
aesthetic messaging, and form development (Directory, University of Cincinnati). An
expert in the automotive industry, Professor Zammit has publications including a patent
on an Airport Transportation System (Boeing) and an academic text on digital clay
(Zammit, Has Digital Clay Finally Arrived?). He has been the professor for this
sponsored studio in previous years, and the sponsor, Hankook, have selected competition
winners from his students.
Hankook, the sponsor of the studio is the secondary audience, as I have not fully
followed their prompt, yet they will be examining my final assignment at the end of the
semester. They describe themselves as actively embracing the global stage through
constant technological development and commitment to innovation (HankookTire).
Knowing these things about my audience can help me prove my literacy,
particularly in my final model, which will be done in ZBrush, a digital clay software I
can prove my literacy in this area by producing an impressive final model. Furthermore, I
can prove literacy in innovative thinking by incorporating clever loading systems for
passengers and vehicles (the purpose of my project).

Robinson 7
Some of the most commonly utilized materials in the industry are 3D Modeling

and a rapid-prototyped model, as well as a well laid-out poster detailing the full process
of the project.
These texts function as visual presentations of a final design and the process as
well as the overall mood and aesthetic established by the poster. This makes sense, as
design is such a visually based field. Process and storytelling, however, are also essential
to a presentation, and these items are shown in the final poster.
Professor Zammit has chosen these texts because they are consistent with industry
standards, particularly in transportation design school. Both texts assist in information
retention: the poster is a summary of all the work done throughout the project, so it serves
as a refresher of all the information presented before the presentation. The final model
exhibits retention of 3D modeling skills.
The following five terms refer to important steps in the design process and
transportation industry terminology. They have all been used in the Introduction to
Transportation studio this semester and most of the very industry-specific terms were just
introduced to me this semester. For example, form development and concept
visualization are both phrases used in the product and automotive design process, but
concept development is a term that automotive designers throw around more often. The
shared economy and autonomous vehicles are automotive industry buzzwords and
are both very pivotal concepts in my studio.

Robinson 8

Term

Form development (Directories, University of Cincinnati)

Definition

The act of designing a three dimensional item: an action in my discourse

community
Form development is the process of designing the best possible final
product, this involves the properties of (1) visual elements such as line,
shape, mass, space, time and motion, light, color, and texture and (2) the
appreciation of design principles such as unity and variety, balance,
emphasis and subordination... and is particularly relevant in automotive
design, as it is more integrated with other aspects of design such as
aesthetics, ergonomics, and technical (Hassan, p. 202).

In Context

A main aspect of this project is designing the most attractive solution

visually while still meeting passenger needs for comfort and
convenience, so a lot of time is spent on form development.

Term

Concept visualization (Directories, University of Cincinnati)

Definition

Another action in my discourse community: a major one as its the

transformation of an idea into a visible thing. Visualization is the process
of making a concept into an understandable presentation this includes
easy-to-understand detailed sketches, 3D models, and final posters:
High-end photorealistic visualizations and virtual prototyping enable
better design decisions up front and help speed the best concepts through
the product development process. (Autodesk).

In Context

Another important aspect of this project is final concept visualization, as

it will be presented to the client at the end of semester, and the clients

Robinson 9
first language is not English.

Term

Share economy (Hankooktire)

Definition

The buzz-word of the studio I am in, the sponsors just throw it around a
lot: we are supposedly designing transportation solutions for a climate in
which vehicles are not owned by the individual which isnt the official
definition, apparently.
The sharing economy is defined by Forbes as owners rent[ing] out
something they are not using, such as a car, house, or bicycle to a
stranger using peer-to-peer servicesmany people dont need to buy
when they can rent from others (Forbes).

Context

This project focuses on a share economy, not necessarily in the sense that
peers are renting from peers, but that transportation services are shared.

Term

Autonomous Vehicle (Robinson, Introduction to Transportation Studio

Notes)

Definition

Another buzzword in the transportation design community, it is assumed

by our professor that our vehicles will be designed to be fully self-driving
unless otherwise stated, as that is the direction transportation design
concepts are taking.
An autonomous vehicle is defined by Gartners IT Gossary as one that
can drive itself from a starting point to a predetermined destination in
autopilot mode using various in-vehicle technologies and sensors,
including adaptive cruise control, active steering (steer by wire), antilock braking systems (brake by wire), GPS navigation technology, lasers

Robinson 10
and radar. (Gartner).

Context

We will assume that the vehicles are autonomous, unless otherwise

stated, as that is the direction Professor Zammit has presented as being
the most relevant to industry trends.

Term

Human Factors (Robinson, Introduction to Transportation Studio

Notes)

Definition

Human factors are generally important to industrial design In the case

of this project, this is focusing on the passenger interaction, but to
product design in general, human factors (and aesthetics) are what
separate designers from engineers.
Human factors is described by the University of Minnesota as the study
of how to make technological systems safe, effective, and easy and
enjoyable to use

Context

In order to design a functional and improved take on public transit, I need

to consider human factors to make the vehicle passenger-friendly and
safe.

Robinson 11

ANALYSIS

The following artifacts are demonstrations of the phases of the design process
they represent my entire semester in studio in chronological order. I think it is
particularly important to exhibit these, as they show that although industrial design has
various applications, the approach to problem solving in generally the same, whether it is
transportation design, backpack design, or medical equipment.

Image boards for research building (see fig. 3)

Figure 3: An example of research through imagery - this board explores mainly aesthetic goals

A compilation of images referencing aesthetic choices and details as well as

mechanics, these boards are presented in PDF form. This was made for a grade; the
intended audience is my professor, the sponsor, and most importantly, myself. The main
purpose of the image board is to convey what look and feel I want for my final design by
comparing it to existing, relatable imagery. It is rare for image boards to be a point of

Robinson 12

discussion with a professor, but when it is brought up, it is generally because a student
did either a really great or a really terrible job of connecting their concept to the imagery
presented.
These image boards prove literacy in understanding aesthetic and trends as well as
literacy in image researching, which is important because ID is such a visual field. This is
shown in the unity of image board presentation as well as layout. Image choice clearly
exemplifies how conscious a student is of their reference choices.
Overall, I am pretty competent at finding images that convey what it is Im trying
to do image boards are the reason that I have landed interviews and jobs, because they
are a very trend-based way of thinking and Im a very trend-based designer. Building
relatable and overall beautiful image boards also proves my understanding of visual unity
emotional imagery.

Robinson 13

Sketch pages showing the ideation process (see fig. 4)

Figure 4: this is one of my sketch pages from midterm critique. It shows developmental sketches for
form as well as master copies of forms in nature that I found relevant to the function and design of the
vehicle. Mater copies are not my own designs.

Sketch pages are edited pages of compiled sketches from throughout the semester.
Presented as a visual layout, with an interesting composition showing growth of ideas.
The audience is anyone who is examining the project. This proves expertise, sketching
skill, and quality of ideas through the composition, line quality, and thoroughness of part
examination.
I have a lot of growth to do in the sketching area, but this semester in particular I
have improved tremendously. My sketch pages prove my ability to create a dynamic
layout on the page and my ability to direct the user to the most important concepts
through hierarchy and organization. Furthermore, the page above exhibits my ability to
control line quality to create a clean sketch with the illusion of being three dimensional.

Robinson 14

Wireframe screenshots of ZBrush (3D modeling software) (see figs. 5 and 6)

Figure 5: A wireframe screenshot of a design from earlier in the semester; this image clearly shows
breaks in geometry.

Figure 6: A wieframe screenshot of my final design, which is more refined with hundreds more polygons.
This image also shows the software interface.

Robinson 15
A quick way of creating a visual to showcase work in progress, the ZBrush

wireframe screenshots show the 3D modeling process, and can also show the final model.
The audience is exclusively for readers of this paper really wireframes and screenshots
are not shared with the professor or critique participants at any point in the process, so
really this is an inside look into the work process. The purpose of these screenshots is
exclusively to show the iterative design and modeling process.
These screenshots prove literacy in the software as well as in form development.
The wireframes in the screenshot show polygroups (groupings of polygons that make up
the model) that are able to show whether there are holes in the model or not. If the
wireframe does not have random red spots, then the model is complete and there are no
holes this shows expertise. Also the quality and complexity of the final models proves
my literacy in these areas.
These wireframes are a great way for me to show my thought process and the
form development. They show completeness in form and no mistakes or holes in the
model. This proves my attention to detail and competency in the new modeling program.
And because the program is something I have just started to learn this semester, this is a
testament to my ability to catch on quickly and retain new information.

Robinson 16

Final scenario board showing environment and final Photoshop rendering

(see fig. 7 & 8)

Figure 7: the final render

The scenario page is a full-bleed image showcasing the final design, its function,
and the environment it belongs in. The main audience for this part of the project is my
professor and those involved in the critique it shows the most clarity of concept. This
proves expertise in mechanics, aesthetics, and Photoshop rendering skills through visuals
and page layout. The final scenario page is also used in the final poster (see fig. 9) which
showcases the entire design process in a concise format.
This is a particularly important way to show my ability to design aesthetically,
since the exterior of the vehicle is the main focus of my project. The quality of the
concept, or as my professor called it in final critique, my conceptual win proves my

Robinson 17

design thinking skills (Robinson, Final Critique Notes). The purpose of the render is to
covey the concept, so this shows that I am skilled in Photoshop rendering.

Robinson 18

Figure 8: the Photoshop render in the context of the poster for final critique

Robinson 19

Photographs of final 3D model (see fig.9)

Figure 9: This is my final print, but not actually the final model; we had to submit the file weeks in
advance

The photographs arent the important part, the model is. This model is a threedimensional example of the work done throughout the entire semester, the primary
audience being critique participants, the secondary audience being viewers of the project.
An important thing to note about this model isnt actually the final design. When I began
writing this paper, I was under the impression that the design would end with this model,
but that was not the case. This exhibits the design process at its best: even though there is
a clear process laid out, much like the scientific method there is often a lot of stepping
back and revising.

Robinson 20
This model exhibits literacy in design and 3D modeling skills its an impressive

3D visual. This physical model is proof that I modeled correctly in the program for the
printing software to read it. Furthermore, feedback from my Design Technology
professor shows that not only am I able to use the software correctly, but I am also able to
utilize the tools in the program to generate a quality outcome (Tackett).

Robinson 21

APPLICATION

The focus of this project is public transit and its role in the shared economy:

how these public transit vehicles interact with individuals/pedestrians as well as

autonomous individual or family vehicles. I chose to focus on a vehicle more
grounded in community because even in a shared economy, individual vehicles are a
financial impossibility to many. But the main point this project conveys is not only
the importance of public transit in society, but also how it may be modified to reach
a broader audience and decrease vehicular environmental impact and increase
travel convenience.

Theres the pre-existing fact that public transit equals less individual vehicles

on the road that is a good stat to decreasing environmental impact. The SkyGlide
goes a step beyond by collecting individual vehicles mid travel to both decrease the
emissions of those vehicles on the road and decrease travel time (also reducing
congestion on the roads).

The SkyGlide and pods communicate through the same system that

autonomously drives them. The pods proceed to move forward while mounting the
glass embankment, and then connect to the belly of the tram magnetically. Pods are
arranged in 2 rows flanking either edge of the tram length-wise. This belly portion
of the tram slides horizontally like sliding doors to split down the middle to pick up
passenger cartridges without stopping. These cartridges lift like an elevator at
designated stops and are simply scooped from the front of the tram, pushing out
the unloading cartridge. This is not the main point of this concept, but is how
pedestrians can load the tram.

Robinson 22
More on the glass embankment: this embankment is more vital to the

design of Vinces pod, as the wheels are designed specifically to climb the hill,
however we developed the slope to double a pedestrian space, below the glass
canopy. This is also the housing for all the pedestrian tram stops, which then rise
above the embankment. Intersections are open areas on the sides of the
embankments so pedestrians may cross the road. This is a side story to the design,
just to offer environmental context.

The major source of inspiration for this vehicle was the Schwebebahn in

Wuppertal, Germany; mainly in the way the tram is suspended from a rail above
ground traffic. I examined the way the track and wheels interact and borrowed the
general mechanism from this system, redesigning, rather, the arm system which
hugs the track and the design of the body of the tram - particularly how the form
and function of making turns might interact.

I began the process by examining not only the Schwebebahn, but other types

of trains, trams, and buses as well. I sifted through connecting mechanisms for the
autonomous pod interactions and organization systems as well as aesthetic
elements (overall forms and colors). Initially, I had planned on designing the public
transit interior, and really wanted to focus on how the interior layout of a train or
tram could promote communal existence. Through multiple ideation rounds,
however, this concept transformed into an exterior as well, and slowly the interior
became less important. During these three consecutive ideation periods, the concept
underwent a lot of visual change and actually became two vehicles: a city tram and a
rural train. After the midterm critique with the sponsors, the idea was greatly

Robinson 23

simplified no longer were there two vehicles, and the interior was forgotten. The
complex connection system was abandoned for a more visually elegant magnetic
system to connect with the roof of embankment-climbing pods.

Upon refining the concept a bit further, I stopped sketching with pen and

paper and took to a 3D sketching phase, which was extensive (and agonizing). But
with a final design selected, I was able to refine graphics and produce renders with
greater clarity.

In this paper I have proven my attention to detail, creative thinking and

ideation skills, understanding of the design process, and ability to use various
softwares. However, I still have a lot of improvement and further skills to gain. In
the future I will need to prove decision-making skills, which will speed up the design
process and will help me better refine my final presentation. Additionally, I will
need improved trend research skills. Even though trend research is probably my
strongest point as a designer, I still have many more years of experience in the
industry before I can claim to be truly a genius.

As a designer of products, the ability to stick to a strict timeline is crucial, and

the indecision of a young design student can often get in the way. Really honing in
on decision making by a certain point will make me a much more efficient designer,
and will help the quality of my school projects as well as my professional projects
improve. The trend research strength is particularly important as well because that
is a large part of what separates designers from engineers. Understanding trends in
consumer culture makes for a more desirable product.

Robinson 24
In writing this paper and analyzing this entire semester, I have realized that

the Transportation Studio - or the studio from hell, as many of my peers have come
to call it - is actually really manageable when I dont view it as a foreign topic.
Ultimately, the design process is the same, and taking this structured approach
makes it possible to design any product.

By the time I graduate Ill be very well prepared for my field, with five

internships and countless portfolio projects under my belt. Going through a product
design process at multiple companies and with multiple mentors solidifies the
important aspects of the process but also allows for flexible thinking. I will have
experienced a lot of trend forecasting, and sketched so many products. I will be
confident with 3D softwares, which will make me a valuable asset at many
companies, since that is the direction the industry is taking. I, unlike a surprising
number of my peers at other schools, will have had years of sketching and heavy
ideating experience as well. Overall, I am very excited about my future career.
Industrial design is an incredibly challenging major and this past semester in
transportation design was incredibly frustrating to say the least, but ultimately I still
love what I do.

Robinson 25

ACTIVITY
The audience for this presentation will have varying interests. Luckily, there
are quite a few students of my major participating in this class this semester, so they
will have deeper understanding of and context for what I am referring to but to a
computer science major, for example, public transit design might not make any
sense. Therefore I will keep this presentation simple and very visual. The
presentation I will be giving will be on the overall design process of this project. We
are asked to compile a poster of the entire process and there really arent any words
except for project title, and student name, and maybe a few detail or function
callouts.

The layout of the poster will flow smoothly from preliminary research to

ideation to final design and I will be there to explain each step. What my major is
teaching me is the aspect of storytelling through a purely visual medium (like
portfolios). Because of this I am able to compile a clear layout that essentially does
not require me to verbally explain how I got from point a to point b.

I plan to wow the audience with a stunning presentation. I am not sure yet

how to get the audience involved but I am considering simulating a critique (not
sure if I can really handle it at that point in the semester, though). Or perhaps I will
inspire audience participation through a quick ideation session. Below are some
ideas for activities.

Design Process Poster: Probably the most realistic and easy-to-understand

option, this is a poster that must be designed for critique and is laid out with an
uninformed viewer in mind. This is a visual presentation with (enthusiastic) verbal

Robinson 26

accompaniment, and will help me prepare my presentation for critique the

following day.

Ideation experience: This will be a more hands-on approach, but may also

include the poster in reference to the design process. The concept behind this
activity is to get peers involved and thinking the same way as a designer

Sketch modeling tutorial: by plugging in my computer to the screen I can

show how to quickly ideate forms in the same way my design technology professor
would. The important thing to remember here is to make sure the audience knows
what Im talking about.

In the case of each of these activities, the majority of the audience will

require more definitions and explanations of what things are. Explaining design
thinking as a main focus is important to involving the audience to simulate the
mindset of a designer, which I think will be incredibly interesting in a room of pre-
med and computer science majors.

The topic is the process of designing public transportation from the

perspective of a stranger to automotive design, which I am approaching as a

process: examining a topic, the entire design process, and how I have improved as a
designer in general.

The presentation will be in the form of a poster discussing the design process

and is a relevant artifact to present because its a first hand experience of the design
process. The poster will prove my literacy in design thinking, modeling, ideation,
form development, communal design, aesthetics.

Robinson 27
I will appeal to my audience through telling a story through design. It is a

relatable story, because its about me learning through experience. The audience
will most likely be lacking design knowledge (such as principles, processes, and
terms). Most importantly, this should be an appealing topic because the design of
products and vehicles is something most people dont discuss, but that pretty much
applies to everybodys lives, whether they recognize it or not. In order to adapt to
my audiences needs, I will definitely have to define more industry specific terms, be
patient and explain whats going on in my head. I will have to explain the studio, give
them all the background and foundation to understand this niche topic.

My overall purpose is to inform and make people think about design and the

design process. Product design is so integrated into everyones daily lives that
people rarely stop to consider who is behind it. Talking about designing public
transit offers a (most likely) interesting insight into that realization. I hope that my
classmates will glean from this presentation that design has an important role in
peoples lives and theres a lot of thought behind design, even if it seems less
relevant than science to some. Hopefully people will be interested enough to want to
ask questions- maybe even offer minor critique (extra emphasis on the minor I
dont want to get roasted). Im approaching the presentation almost a practice
before my critique the next day.

Five elements I could incorporate into best utilize my genre: image boards,

images, sketches, 3D models, and the final presentation poster. I selected a visual
genre because design is so visually-based. This semester was a particular challenge
to me and presenting it visually is the best way to work through it. This shows that I

Robinson 28

am visually literate that I can prove my worth in modeling softwares as well as

graphic softwares, and that I fully understand the assignment to which I have
devoted my entire semester, and that I understand the importance of details in final
product.

Robinson 29

WORKS CITED
Autodesk. Visualization in automotive product development workflow. 2013. Web. July
14, 2016. http://www.pivr.de/fileadmin/Neue_Seite/Autodesk_VRED/autodesk_automotive_white_paper
_en_us_v2.pdf
Brown, Hillary. Next Generation Infrastructure: Principles for Post-Industrial Public
Works. Washington, DC: Island Press, 2014. eBook Collection (EBSCOhost).
Web. 23 June 2016.
http://web.b.ebscohost.com.proxy.libraries.uc.edu/ehost/detail/detail?vid=16&sid
=1e5d86c3-95a4-4b8a-94b1553d72d9ee80%40sessionmgr104&hid=107&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2
ZQ%3d%3d#AN=770656&db=nlebk
This is an academic text in the form of an eBook geared towards students of
architecture and urban planning, particularly those focused on the improving the
national infrastructure. The primary purpose of the text is to discuss improving
the infrastructure in terms to reduce environmental impact and increase
efficiency.
ChinaTBS. Incredible way of future transportation-Straddling Bus(3D bus). Video.
YouTube. YouTube, LLC, Feb 17, 2012. Web. July 01, 2016..
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t1gTzc7-IbQ
This is a three and a half minute video outlining the design of a public
transportation concept: a bus that travels above traffic. The audience is anyone

Robinson 30
who is interested in public transit design as it is shared on YouTube, although it
may have originally been a pitch to a client or transportation design competition.

Daganzo, Carlos F. Public Transportation Systems: Basic Principles of System Design,

Operations Planning and Real-Time Control. Berkeley, CA, UC Berkeley,
October 2010.
http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.298.2924&rep=rep1&t
ype=pdf
An article composed of collected lecture notes, the intended audience for this text
is graduate students of UC Berkeleys Public Transportation Systems course. It
discusses the planning, management, and operation of public transit, and exists as
a guide to a more idea-based class on these topics.
Directory, University of Cincinnati. Raphael A. Zammit. 2016. Web. July 11, 2016.
http://daap.uc.edu/academics/design/sod_directory.html?eid=zammitra&thecomp
=uceprof_3
Farahani, Reza Zanjirani. A Review of Urban Transportation Network Design Problems.
European Journal of Operational research, Jan 01, 2013.
This is an article from an academic journal, discussing both road network and
public transportation design problems. The article is intended for researchers of
both the road network design and public transportation design, as it encourages
collaboration and cross research.
Fields, Billy, and John L. Renne. Transport Beyond Oil: Policy Choices for a Multimodal
Future. Washington, DC: Island Press, 2013. eBook Collection
Web. 23 June 2016.

(EBSCOhost).

Robinson 31
http://web.b.ebscohost.com.proxy.libraries.uc.edu/ehost/detail/detail?vid=14&sid
=1e5d86c3-95a4-4b8a-94b1553d72d9ee80%40sessionmgr104&hid=107&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2
ZQ%3d%3d#AN=551933&db=nlebk
Written as a reaction to environmental oil crises and the continued oil addiction,
this academic eBook addresses how developments in transit can solve these
problems. The intended audience is civil and transportation engineers.

Filin, Alexey & others. R1 Atom City Tram Behance, June 22, 2016. Web. June 30,
2016. https://www.behance.net/gallery/36351189/R1-Atom-City-Tram
Designed for Uraltransmash (Ural transportation engineering plant), this project,
shared on Behance is now shared as a portfolio piece to be viewed by both future
employers and fellow designers. Its purpose is to present a low to ground tram,
apparently the only existing tram of its kind in Russia. The genre is a visual
portfolio assembly. This source is presenting a viable solution to a common
public transit problem while implementing a beautiful design.
Forbes. 2016. Airbnb, SnapGoods and 12 More Examples of the Share Economy.
2016. Web. July 12, 2016. http://www.forbes.com/pictures/eeji45emgkh/airbnbsnapgoods-and-12-more-pioneers-of-the-share-economy/#75eb425f7226
Gartner. IT Glossary. Autonomous Vehicle. 2016. Web. July 12, 2016.
http://www.gartner.com/it-glossary/autonomous-vehicles/
Google Scholar. Raphael Zammit. Web. July 11, 2016.
Hankooktire. Design Innovation 16. Studio Introduction Presentation. 2016.

Robinson 32

Hassan, Oskar Hasdinor. (2014). International Colloquium of Art and Design Education
Research (i-CADER 2014). eBook.
McCurry, Justin. Japan's Maglev Train Breaks World Speed Record With 600km/h Test
Run. The Guardian News and Media Limited, 21 April, 2015. Web. July 01, 2016.

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/apr/21/japans-maglev-train-notches-upnew-world-speed-record-in-test-run.
This news article in the Guardian, directed toward readers of the news particularly
those who search innovations in transportation, documents the high speed records
broken by the most recent Maglev (or Magnetic Levitation) train in Japan. It also
discusses just how Maglev works with a helpful diagram.

Owczarzak, Lukasz & Jacek Zak. Design of Passenger Public Transportation Solutions
Based on Autonomous Vehicles and Their Multiple Criteria Comparison with
Traditional Forms of Passenger Transportation. Delft, the Netherlands, 18th
Euro Working Group on Transportation, July 2015.
This academic text is a document discussing the theory, research, and design of an
autonomous vehicle-based transit system. The intended audience is the Working
Group on Transportation of Delft, in the Netherlands. This text is saying there is a
multi-vehicular solution to a society of autonomous vehicles, from an individual
to a mass transit level.
Robinson, Hailey. Automotive Sketch Pages. Industrial Design Studio 3. 2016.
---. Final Critique Notes. Industrial Design Studio 3. 2016.
---. Final Model. Industrial Design Studio 3. 2016.
---. Final Poster. Industrial Design Studio 3. 2016.

Robinson 33

---. Introduction to Transportation Studio Critique Notes. University of Cincinnati,

DAAP. 2016.
---. Introduction to Transportation Studio Notes. University of Cincinnati, DAAP.
2016.
---. Research Image Boards. Industrial Design Studio 3. 2016.
---. Scenario Board. Industrial Design Studio 3. 2016.
---. ZBrush Wireframes. Industrial Design Studio 3. 2016.
Technology. Schwebebahn, 2014. http://www.schwebebahn.de/2/historytechnology/suspension/. Web. July 01, 2016.
Intended for anyone interested in the Schwebebahn of Wuppertal, Germany particularly tourists or transportation enthusiasts - this webpage exists to inform
readers of the technology used by the Schwebebahn hanging rail system. The text
explains that there is an innovative design and precise calculation that has caused
this to be a workable transit system for over 100 years.
Tackett, Chris. Re: Graded Assignments due 6-18,6-29, 7-6 & 7-13. Message to the
author. 20 July, 2016. Email.
Teodorovi, D. Routledge Handbook Of Transportation. New York: Routledge,

2016.

eBook Collection (EBSCOhost). Web. 23 June 2016.

Intended for transportation engineers as well as transportation business and
economics-focused people, this academic eBook exists as a research review of
transportation engineering and planning. Its intent is to inform readers of
transportation engineering concepts.

Robinson 34

University of Minnesota, College of Design. Human Factors and Ergonomics. October

22, 2015. Web. July 12, 2016.
Zammit, Raphael. Industrial Design Studio 3 Syllabus. Syllabus. 2016.
Zammit, Raphael and Juan Antonio Islas Munoz. Has Digital Clay Finally Arrived?
PACE Conference Supplement. 18 July 2014. Web. July 12, 2016.
http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16864360.2014.914402
Zavala, Ben. TiltTread Dynamic Tires. HankookTire Sponsored Studio, DAAP. 2012.

Robinson 35

APPENDIX 1: TEXTUAL COMPONENTS

Ten Textual Components:
Concept board
Hankook video 1
Hankook video 2
Video that derailed Isaacs whole project
Raphaels pinterest
Posters
Portfolios
Other senior portfolios
Behance profiles

APPENDIX 2: TERMINOLOGY
Other terms in my discourse community:
System Design (Daganzo)
Schwebebahn (Schwebebahn)
MagLev (McCurry)
Tram (R1 Atom)
Passenger Transit (Owczarzak): Pretty much self-explanatory, I am calling out this term
because it is the purpose of my project: a vehicle for many riders at once.
Sponsored Studio (Lecture Notes)



APPENDIX 3: ARTIFACTS
Artifacts I could use:
Sketches
Powder Prints
Final Model
Screen Shots of ZBrush
Wireframes
Final Posters
Process Books with small blubs per page
Image boards
Iterative sketching
Midterm presentations
Scenario boards
Final Photoshop Renders
Keyshot Renders
V-Ray Renders
V-Red renders
Final Scenario Boards

APPENDIX 4: TEN POSSIBLE ARTIFACTS

10 possible artifacts:
Emails from studio professor
Portfolios from previous students, transportation designer

Robinson 36



Process books from previous competition winners
Hankook presentation brief
Concept videos for mass transit
Diagrams for communal design
Mass transit reviews for different cities
Books on history of mass transit (?)
Magazines on transportation design
Sources with specific terminology
Peer critiques
Hankook midterm critique
PACE convention
Winners Projects
Hankook Website
Raphaels Description on UC Website

APPENDIX 4: PROFESSIONAL SKILLS & ACTION WORDS

Professional skills
3D modeling
attention to detail
ideation/creative thinking
sketching
finding relevant reference imagery
understanding and follow-through of the design process

Robinson 37

Robinson 38

knowledge of Photoshop rendering

Poster design with Adobe InDesign
Graphics

Action Words
Developing
Ideating
Visualizing concepts
Modeling
Rendering
Researching
Prioritizing
Concepting
Colaborative design thinking
Synthesizing

APPENDIX 5: MATERIALS
A poster and thus, all my artifacts (Images, Screen Grabs, Sketches)
(Maybe a go pro if I decide to run around studio and interview all my pals about the
design process)
Zbrush software
Adobe Photoshop, Illustrator, and InDesign
3D Printed Model