Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Chapter
BAB
Mikroorganisma
dan Kesannya
ke atas Hidupan
Microorganisms and
Their Effects on Living
Things
Konsep
ISTILAH
Algae
Alga
Bakteria Bacteria
Proses pereputan Decaying process
makanan Food digestion
Pencernaan
Fungi
Kulat
Keimunan Immunity
Infection
Jangkitan
Mikroorganisma
Microorganisms
Kurap Ringworm
Panau Tinea
PENTING!
The
UP!
WORD
Algae Alga
Bakteria
Bacteria
Decaying
process Proses pereputan
Food digestion
Pencernaan makanan
Kulat
Fungi
Immunity Keimunan
Infection Jangkitan
Microorganisms Mikroorganisma
Kurap
Ringworm
Tinea Panau
BIG Picture!
F5MR-ch1(1-28).indd 1
Tahun
Kertas 1
2005
S2427
2006
2007
2008
S2327
2009
S2529
Kertas 2
Paper 2
Year
Paper 1
S2
2005
Q2427
Q2
S2428
S3
2006
Q2428
Q3
S2527
S3
2007
Q2527
Q3
2008
Q2327
2009
Q2529
Bhg. A
Bhg. B
Bhg. C
S2
S2
Sec. A
Sec. B
Sec. C
Q2
Q2
7/23/10 11:02:34 AM
Learning Objective
Objektif Pembelajaran
unisel
gelap
filamen
seni
multisel
kristal
pertunasan
mati
Pelbagai
Cara pembiakan
Pelbagai
Membiak mela-
bentuk
saiz
Mikroorganisma
lui
belahan
dedua
unisel
kokus
vibrio
Mikroorganisma
yang paling
bakteriofaj
spora
(d) Protozoa
saprophytes
living cells
electron
photosynthesis
Pelbagai
Mempunyai
pelbagai
bentuk seperti
filamen
dan
sfera
(a) Bacteria
unicellular
dark
filament
smallest
multicellular
crystal
budding
dead
binary fission
chlorophyll
spore formation
sunlight
spora
parasit
mana
Membiak mela-
Pelbagai
bentuk
lui
belahan
dedua
Pelbagai
saiz
Tumbuhan
akuatik
unisel
klamidomonas
Membiak mela-
Pelbagai
bentuk
lui
belahan
dedua
dan
multisel
1.1 HP Menyenaraikan ciri-ciri pelbagai jenis mikroorganisma
anywhere
damp
sphere
fresh water
binary
fission
Hanya dapat
dijumpai di
dalam
Boleh dijumpai
di tempat yang
gelap
(kulat panau)
atau saprofit
(mukor)
The
smallest
(b) Viruses
Reproduce in
living cells by
Various
shapes
microorganisms
Only can be
seen through an
(ameba dan
paramesium)
dan parasit
(Plasmodium)
Hidup sebagai
autotrof
,
iaitu boleh membuat makanan
melalui
fotosintesis
Can be found
anywhere
(Feed on
dead
sporangium
dan
spore
Various
sizes
Plants that do
not have
(d) Protozoa
Reproduce
through
Have
various
shapes such as
filament
and
sphere
budding
(yeast) or
spore
menerima
cahaya
matahari
Various
Various
sizes
Unicellular
multior
Spirogyra
Chlamydomonas
Live as
parasites
(tinea fungi) or
saprophytes
(mucor)
Can be found in
dark
and
damp
places
formation
sizes
Unicellular
animals
(e) Algae
outside the
living things
(mucor)
Reproduce
through
Various
shapes
binary
fission
Amoeba Paramecium
Boleh dijumpai
di tempat
lembap yang
Can only be
found in
living cells
living
cell
hypha
di air tawar
dan tempat
yang lembap
parasites
crystals
chlorophyll
Boleh dijumpai
Live as
virus
Reproduce
through
Various
shapes
binary
fission
cellular
Live as
saprophytes
(Amoeba and
Paramecium)
and parasites
(Plasmodium)
Live as
autotrophs ,
that is, they can
make their own
food through
photosynthesis
Can be found
in fresh water
and damp
places
Can be found in
damp
areas that
receive
sunlight
aquatic plants
1.1 LO List the characteristics of various types of
microorganisms
6 State the type of microorganism that can be cultured and crystallised outside living cells. (Virus)
7 State two examples of protozoa. (Amoeba and Paramecium)
8 State two examples of fungi. (Mucor and yeast)
9 State two examples of algae. (Spirogyra and Chlamydomonas)
10 State the microorganism that can make its own food through photosynthesis. Explain your answer.
(Algae. Algae contains chlorophyll.)
5 State the type of microorganism that can only live in living cells. (Virus)
or
saprophytes
Habitat
Can form
microscope
(c) Fungi
lembap
1 State the tiny living things that can only be seen through a microscope. (Microorganisms)
2 State three types of microorganisms. (Viruses, bacteria and fungi/protozoa/algae)
parasites
duplicating
mucor
(mould)
saprofit
Live as
itself
electron
bacteriophage
yeast
Hidup sebagai
Nutrition
organisms)
Reproduce
through
Various
shapes
vibrio
coccus
(mukor)
Pelbagai
Various
Method of
reproduction
Shape
sizes
Unicellular
microorganisms
tuk kristal
di luar benda
hidup
Hidup sebagai
mana-
sel hidup
virus
paramesium
spirogira
di
Boleh memben-
unisel
Activity
parasites
various
duplicating
autotrophs
Type of microorganism
Boleh dijumpai
atau saprofit
(Memakan
organisma
mati )
dirinya
klorofil
(e) Alga
parasit
Habitat
menggandakan
saiz
Haiwan
ameba
Hidup sebagai
sel
hidup
saiz
Tumbuhan yang
tidak
mempunyai
hifa
mukor
(kulapok)
yis
DISCUSSION
Mastery
MINDRobics
sporangium
Nutrisi
Pelbagai
bentuk
elektron
(c) Kulat
1.1
(a) Bakteria
Rupa bentuk
seni
F5MR-ch1(1-28).indd 2
mana-mana
lembap
sfera
air tawar
1
Saiz dan
penerangan
ringkas
Jenis mikroorganisma
Hanya dapat
dilihat melalui
mikroskop
MINDRobics
belahan dedua
klorofil
pembentukan spora
cahaya matahari
Activity
Complete the table below on the classification of microorganisms based on their common characteristics.
CHAPTER
parasit
pelbagai
menggandakan
autotrof
(b) Virus
1.1
1.1
Masteri
Chapter 1
DISCUSSION
1.1 PERBINCANGAN
BAB
Chapter 1
Aktiviti
7/23/10 11:02:35 AM
Aktiviti
1.2
Masteri
A Study the photographs of the bacteria below and answer the following questions.
Vibrio
Basilus
Spirilum
Kokus
Coccus
Vibrio
Bacillus
Spirillum
1 What is the characteristic of the bacteria that can be used for classification purpose?
shape
of the bacteria.
The
2 Nyatakan rupa bentuk bakteria di dalam foto P, Q, R dan S dengan perkataan yang berikut.
2 State the shape of the bacteria in photographs P, Q, R and S with the following words.
Vibrio
Basilus
Kokus
Spirilum
Vibrio
Bacillus
Coccus
Spirillum
http://www.regentsprep.org/Regents/biology/units/reproduction/asexual.cfm
http://www.regentsprep.org/Regents/biology/units/reproduction/asexual.cfm
Y:
Spore
X:
X: Sporangium
Y: Spora
Sporangium
Z
Z
Mikroorganisma di atas boleh dijumpai di permukaan makanan seperti roti berkulat dan buah reput.
1 Apakah nama mikroorganisma yang ditunjukkan?
Kulapuk/Mukor
Secara saprofit
The above microorganism can be found on stale breads and rotting fruits.
11 State the method of reproduction for algae, protozoa and bacteria. (Binary fission)
12 State the microorganisms that live as saprophytes. (Protozoa, fungi and bacteria)
(b)
(c)
(d)
13 State the microorganisms that live as parasites. (Viruses, protozoa, fungi and bacteria)
1.2
DISCUSSION
Activity
F5MR-ch1(1-28).indd 3
(Vibrio)
(Coccus)
(Bacillus)
(Spirillum)
MINDRobics
MINDRobics
Mastery
Chapter 1
Classification of bacteria
Activity
DISCUSSION
CHAPTER
Pengelasan bakteria
BAB
Chapter 1
1.2 PERBINCANGAN
7/23/10 11:02:35 AM
Objektif Pembelajaran
Learning Objective
TUJUAN
HIPOTESIS
C1P2
VARIABLE
C1P3
Agar-agar nutrien yang steril, kultur bakteria (Bacillus subtilis), air suling, asid hidroklorik
1 mol dm3, larutan natrium hidroksida 1 mol dm3
C1P4
APPARATUS
neutral
C1P1
alkaline
C1P2
C1P3
Sterile nutrient agar, bacteria culture (Bacillus subtilis), distilled water, 1 mol dm3
hydrochloric acid, 1 mol dm3 sodium hydroxide solution
C1P4
Sterile Petri dishes and lids, syringes, dropper, cellophane tape
PROCEDURE
agar-agar nutrien
+
kultur bakteria
C1
P
A
1
2
3
4
5
S
piring
Petri
keadaan berasid
(larutan asid hidroklorik)
nutrient agar
+
bacteria culture
C1
P
piring Petri
keadaan beralkali
(larutan natrium hidroksida)
keadaan neutral
(sebagai kawalan)
(air suling)
Petri dish
acidic condition
(hydrochloric acid)
Petri dish
alkaline condition
(sodium hydroxide solution)
neutral condition
(acts as the control)
(distilled water)
C2P4
C2
P
1
2
3
4
S
CARA KERJA
1 5 cm3 agar-agar nutrien panas dimasukkan ke dalam setiap piring Petri A, B dan C.
2 Agar-agar dibiarkan menjadi pepejal sebelum 1
cm3
1.2
GUIDED
1.3
Experiment PEKA
1,4
Experiment PEKA
1,5
UNGUIDED
UNGUIDED
Experiment PEKA
1 State five factors that affect the growth of microorganisms. (Nutrients, humidity, light, temperature and pH
value)
2 What happens to microorganisms in conditions that are too acidic or too alkaline? (Microorganisms are
killed.)
F5MR-ch1(1-28).indd 4
C2P4
cm3
1 Put 5
of hot nutrient agar into Petri dish A, B and C.
2 Let the agar solidify before adding 1 cm3 of bacteria culture solution on the surface of the
solidified agar.
3 Add 1 cm3 of hydrochloric acid into one Petri dish, 1 cm3 of sodium hydroxide solution
into the second Petri dish, and 1 cm3 of distilled water into the third Petri dish
using syringes.
4 Cover the Petri dishes with lids and seal the lids using some cellophane tape.
5 Place the three Petri dishes A, B and C inverted in a dark cupboard for two to three days.
6 Record your observation on the growth of bacteria at the end of the experiment.
C2
P
1
2
3
4
S
STEPS
1 5 cm3 of hot nutrient agar was put into Petri dish A, B and C.
2 The agar was allowed to solidify before adding 1 cm3 of bacteria culture
solution onto the surface of the solidified agar.
3 What happens to microorganisms at temperatures of below 18 oC? (Microorganisms are still alive but do
not grow or reproduce)
4 Explain why a temperature of 100 C cannot kill off all the bacteria. (Bacterial spores can still live till 120C)
5 State the conditions that are suitable for the growth of bacteria and fungi. (Dark and damp)
6 State the type of ray in sunlight that can kill microorganisms. (Ultraviolet ray)
7 Explain why Mucor cannot grow on dry bread. (Mucor needs water to grow)
MINDRobics
MINDRobics
Bacteria thrive in
acidic
or
MATERIALS
2007 Sec. A, Q3
PROSEDUR
1
2
3
4
5
S
HYPOTHESIS
RADAS
AIM
Kuantiti bakteria
BAHAN
C1P1
Inquiry-discovery
1999 Sec. A, Q2
1
PEMBOLEH
UBAH
Experiment PEKA
2007 Bhg. A, S3
1.3
Inkuiri-penemuan
1.2 Synthesing ideas on the factors that affect the growth of microorganisms
GUIDED
Chapter 1
TERBIMBING
CHAPTER
Eksperimen PEKA
1.3
BAB
Chapter 1
1.2 Mensintesiskan idea tentang kesan faktor yang mempengaruhi pertumbuhan mikroorganisma
7/23/10 11:02:35 AM
3 1 cm3 asid hidroklorik, 1 cm3 larutan natrium hidroksida dan 1 cm3 air suling
3 1 cm3 of hydrochloric acid, 1 cm3 of sodium hydroxide solution, and 1 cm3 of distilled
water were added using syringes, onto the surface of the agar in Petri dishes A, B and
C respectively.
4 The Petri dishes were covered and the lids were sealed using some cellophane tape.
4 Piring Petri ditutup dan penutup dilekat dengan menggunakan pita selofan.
5 All Petri dishes A, B and C were inverted and kept in a dark cupboard for
1
2
3
S
ANALISIS
C3
P
Tiada
Beralkali
1
2
3
S
Tiada
Banyak
Neutral
OBSERVATION
Berasid
6 Observation on the growth of bacteria was recorded at the end of the experiment.
C3P1
C3P2
ANALYSIS
C3P3
1 Daripada pemerhatian, nyatakan keadaan dan nilai pH yang sesuai dan yang tidak sesuai
untuk pertumbuhan bakteria. Kemudian, berikan inferens bagi jawapan anda.
Petri dish
Acidic
None
Alkaline
None
Neutral
Many
Sesuai untuk
pertumbuhan
bakteria
C4
P
1
2
3
S
Tidak sesuai
untuk pertumbuhan bakteria
Neutral
Berasid
Beralkali
Nilai pH
pH
pH kurang daripada 7
pH lebih daripada 7
Inferens
Bakteria
dalam keadaan yang
berasid
terlalu
atau terlalu
beralkali
C4
P
1
2
3
S
2 (a) Ramalkan keadaan nutrien agar jika eksperimen diulang dengan menggunakan
cuka. Berikan satu sebab.
KBSB
Tiada
asid
Meramal
koloni bakteria. Cuka bersifat
.
KESIMPULAN
F5MR-ch1(1-28).indd 5
C4P2
C3P3
pH value
Neutral
pH
Acidic
pH
less than 7
Alkaline
pH
more than 7
Inference
Bacteria are
destroyed
in conditions that are
acidic
too
or too
alkaline
.
C4P1
TSTS
Predicting
(b) Tick in the box for the use of vinegar based on its property.
To strengthen
To add colour
To preserve food
such as fruit
natural rubber
to canned food
C3P2
1 From the observations, state the conditions and pH values that are suitable and not
suitable for bacterial growth. Then, give an inference for your answer.
Suitable for
bacterial growth
terbunuh
C3P1
Condition
Keadaan
C1P5
C3
P
Piring Petri
C1P5
PEMERHATIAN
CHAPTER
BAB
5 Semua piring Petri A, B dan C diterbalikkan dan disimpan dalam almari gelap
TSTS
3 Based on the experiment, state the operational definition of
Defining operationally
(a) neutral condition
has many bacterial colonies
Neutral condition is the condition that
.
CONCLUSION
.
C4P2
7/23/10 11:02:35 AM
APLIKASI IDEA
APPLICATION
oF IDEA
asid lemah
Larutan iodin ialah
yang
bertindak sebagai antiseptik untuk menghalang
pertumbuhan bakteria pada bahagian luka.
2000 Bhg. A, S3
TUJUAN
HIPOTESIS
PEMBOLEH
UBAH
suhu
Mengkaji kesan
mikroorganisma
1.4
yang dimalarkan:
Kuantiti bakteria/Jenis Bakteria
UNGUIDED
VARIABLE
RADAS
Piring Petri dan penutup steril, picagari, pita selofan, peti sejuk, ketuhar
C1P4
temperature
2003 Sec. A, Q4
on the growth
C1P1
room temperature
Bacteria grow and reproduce quickly at
very low or high temperatures.
not at
but
C1P2
C1P3
BAHAN
Inquiry-discovery
2000 Sec. A, Q3
HYPOTHESIS
sugar
Experiment PEKA
AIM
Pertumbuhan dan
pembiakan
mikroorganisma
dipengaruhi oleh suhu.
Makanan yang disimpan
dalam peti sejuk tahan
dengan lebih lama
kerana suhunya rendah.
Lauk-pauk yang
dibiarkan semalaman
tanpa dididihkan lagi
biasanya akan menjadi
basi pada keesokan hari.
2003 Bhg. A, S4
C1P1
C1P2
(c)
Inkuiri-penemuan
REFLECTION
terhadap pertumbuhan
suhu bilik
Bakteria tumbuh dan membiak dengan pesat pada
suhu yang sangat rendah atau sangat tinggi
tetapi tidak pada
(a)
Eksperimen PEKA
CHAPTER
BAB
REFLEKSI
weak acid
Iodine solution is a
that acts
as an antiseptic to prevent the growth of
bacteria in body wounds.
C1P3
MATERIALS
APPARATUS
Sterile Petri dish and lid, syringes, cellophane tape, refrigerator, oven
C1P4
C2P4
C1
P
1
2
3
4
5
S
C1
P
C
D
piring
Petri
5 C
piring
Petri
suhu bilik
(30 C)
37 C
70 C
1
2
3
4
5
S
F5MR-ch1(1-28).indd 6
Petri
dish
5 C
Petri
dish
room
temperature
(30 C)
37 C
70 C
C2P4
C2P4
1.4 HP Mengenal pasti faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi
pertumbuhan mikroorganisma
Mereka cipta satu eksperimen untuk mengkaji kesan
suhu terhadap pertumbuhan mikroorganisma
7/23/10 11:02:35 AM
STEPS
1 Empat piring Petri steril yang mengandungi agar-agar nutrien steril dilabel sebagai
2 Using a syringe, 1 cm3 of bacteria culture solution was added onto the agar surface
3 The Petri dishes were covered with lids and sealed using cellophane tape.
3 Piring Petri ditutup dengan penutup dan penutup dilekatkan kepada piring Petri
4 The Petri dishes were inverted and placed in various places as stated below:
4 Piring Petri diterbalikkan dan diletakkan pada tempat yang berlainan seperti yang
C2
P
dinyatakan di bawah:
1
2
3
4
S
1
2
3
4
S
C3
P
1
2
3
S
ANALISIS
Piring Petri
Suhu (C)
Tiada
30
Banyak
37
Paling banyak
70
1
2
3
S
1 Daripada pemerhatian, nyatakan suhu yang sesuai dan yang tidak sesuai untuk
pertumbuhan bakteria. Kemudian, berikan inferens kepada jawapan anda.
Suhu
Paling sesuai untuk
pertumbuhan bakteria
Sesuai untuk pertumbuhan
bakteria
Tidak sesuai untuk pertumbuhan
bakteria
Petri dish
Temperature (C)
None
30
Many
37
The most
70
None
C3P1
ANALYSIS
Tiada
C3P1
C3P2
1 From the observations, state the temperatures that are suitable and not
suitable for bacterial growth. Then, give inferences for your answer.
C3P2
C3P3
TSTS
Making inference
C3P3
Temperature
KBSB
Inference
Membuat inferens
Inferens
37 C
30 C
37 C
Bakteria menjadi
tidak aktif dalam
30 C
keadaan sejuk.
Bakteria terbunuh
5 C dan 70 C
C1P5
C3
P
C1P5
OBSERVATION
(b) Petri dish B in the laboratory at room temperature which was approximately 30 C.
PEMERHATIAN
1 Four sterile Petri dishes containing sterile nutrient agar were labelled as A, B, C and D
respectively.
A, B, C and D masing-masing.
C2
P
CARA KERJA
CHAPTER
BAB
MENJALANKAN EKSPERIMEN
1 Students in the group are required to check through their planning to determine
whether the experiment can be used to test the hypothesis.
2 Show the plan to your teacher for approval before carrying out the experiment.
5 C and 70 C
Bacteria become
inactive under
cool conditions.
Bacteria are killed
under hot conditions.
C4P1
C4P1
F5MR-ch1(1-28).indd 7
7/23/10 11:02:36 AM
2 (a) Ramalkan suhu optimum bagi bakteria parasitik yang hidup dalam
badan manusia.
37 C
(b) Berikan inferens kepada jawapan anda.
37 C
suhu badan
merupakan
Meramalkan
KBSB
KBSB
Membuat keputusan
KBSB
4 Tandakan bagi suhu yang bakteria masih hidup tetapi tidak membiak.
Di atas 40 C
0 5 C
Meramalkan
1
2
3
S
autoklaf/
Dengan memanaskan agar-agar nutrien dalam
periuk tekanan
pada suhu 120 C selama 20 minit.
CHAPTER
BAB
1
2
3
S
C4
P
Membuat inferens
manusia.
C4
P
2 (a) Predict the optimum temperature for parasitic bacteria that live
inside the human body.
37 C
KBSB
TSTS
an autoclave/
at 120 C for 20 minutes.
Below 18 C
05 C
koloni bakteria yang paling banyak pada 37 C/ paling kurang koloni bakteria
6 State two precautionary steps taken in this experiment.
before
(a) Washing hands
and
KBSB
Mendefinisi secara operasi
selepas
(b) Do not
menjalankan
touch
sentuh
Yes
C4P2
C4P2
CONCLUSION
KESIMPULAN
after
TSTS
Defining operationally
experiment.
eksperimen.
(b) Jangan
Making decision
5 Based on the experiment, state the operational definition for the bacterial growth.
growth of the most bacteria
Bacterial growth is a process which causes the
Making inference
4 Tick the temperature in which the bacteria are still alive but do not reproduce.
Above 40 C
Di bawah 18 C
TSTS
body temperature
TSTS
Predicting
Bakteria tumbuh dan membiak dengan pesat pada suhu bilik tetapi menjadi tidak aktif
APLIKASI IDEA
Makanan
yang
disimpan
di
dalam
bahagian
pendingin beku
peti sejuk tahan lebih lama
APPLICATION
oF IDEA
REFLECTION
F5MR-ch1(1-28).indd 8
in the food.
freezer
compared with food that is taken out from the fridge. This is
microorganisms alive
because there are still
REFLEKSI
120 C
).
7/23/10 11:02:36 AM
Eksperimen PEKA
Mengkaji
kesan cahaya
effect of light
HYPOTHESIS
VARIABLE
C1P3
BAHAN
Kultur bakteria (Bacillus subtilis), kertas label, kapas steril, bubur nutrien steril
RADAS
lampu elektrik
dark
but become
C1P2
Kuantiti bakteria
To study the
Inquiry-discovery
CHAPTER
Experiment PEKA
C1P1
Cahaya mempengaruhi
pertumbuhan dan
pembiakan
mikroorganisma.
Mikroorganisma seperti
bakteria dan kulat
membiak dengan cepat
dalam keadaan malap.
Sinaran ultraungu dalam
cahaya terang dapat
membunuh
mikroorganisma.
BAB
PEMBOLEH
UBAH
UNGUIDED
AIM
C1P1
HIPOTESIS
1.5
Inkuiri-penemuan
C1P3
MATERIALS
Bacteria culture (Bacillus subtilis), label, sterile cotton wool, sterile nutrient broth
APPARATUS
electric lamp
C1P4
C1P4
MERANCANG EKSPERIMEN
C1
P
1
2
3
4
5
S
A
B
di dalam
di dalam makmal
almari gelap
kapas steril
C
di bawah
cahaya matahari
kapas
steril
C2P4
1 Jalankan eksperimen seperti yang dirancang.
2 Catat pemerhatian anda dalam jadual yang disediakan. (Guru hanya memainkan
peranan sebagai fasilitator.)
CARA KERJA
C1
P
1
2
3
4
5
S
C2
P
1
2
3
4
S
1 5 cm3 of sterile nutrient broth and 1 cm3 of bacteria culture solution were added into
2 The mouth of all the test tubes were stuffed with some sterile cotton wool.
3 Each test tube was incubated differently as shown below:
(a) Test tube A was placed inside a closed cupboard.
(b) Test tube B was left in the laboratory.
(c) Test tube C was left under the bright light (outside the laboratory during the daytime
4 The condition of the nutrient broth was observed after two or three days.
F5MR-ch1(1-28).indd 9
C2P4
three sterile test tubes labelled A, B and C respectively as shown in the diagram.
3 Tiga tabung uji itu dieram dalam keadaan yang berlainan seperti yang berikut:
C
under the
sunlight
sterile
cotton
1 5 cm3 bubur nutrien steril dan 1 cm3 larutan kultur bakteria dimasukkan ke dalam
2 Setiap mulut tabung uji disumbat dengan kapas steril.
1
2
3
4
S
A
B
inside a closed
in the laboratory
cupboard
sterile cotton
STEPS
tiga tabung uji steril yang berlabel A, B, dan C seperti yang ditunjukkan pada rajah.
C2
P
C1P5
1.5 LO Identify factors that affect the growth of
microorganisms
Design an experiment to study how light affects the
growth of microorganisms
7/23/10 11:02:36 AM
PEMERHATIAN
Keadaan
Tabung uji
C3
P
Gelap
Sangat keruh
Sedikit cahaya
Keruh sedikit
Terang
Tidak keruh
C3P1
BAB
ANALISIS
C3P2
C3P3
1
2
3
S
ANALYSIS
KBSB
Sinar ultraungu
C4
P
1
2
3
S
(b)
C4
P
KBSB
Mendefinisi secara operasi
KBSB
Kelembapan
1
2
3
S
Menjanakan idea
Membuat inferens
Ya
REFLEKSI
10
F5MR-ch1(1-28).indd 10
Bright light
Clear
Ultraviolet ray
Humidity
C3P2
C3P3
C4P1
bright
TSTS
Generating idea
X-ray
humid
Nutrients
water
TSTS
Defining operationally
TSTS
and live
Generating idea
Making inference
conditions.
nutrients
. The lack of
C4P2
C4P2
light.
C4P3
APLIKASI IDEA
Selimut kadangkala dijemur di bawah cahaya
matahari yang terik untuk membunuh
mikroorganisma
padanya.
5 What are the other factors that influence the activities of microorganisms besides pH
value, temperature and light? Explain briefly.
(b)
Slightly cloudy
in
CONCLUSION
KESIMPULAN
Dim light
4 Based on the experiment, state the operational definition for the bacterial growth.
nutrient broth to become
Bacterial growth is a process which causes the
(a)
menyebabkan
pertumbuhan mikroorganisma terganggu manakala nutrien yang berlebihan
memesatkan pertumbuhan
mikroorganisma.
Infrared ray
5 Apakah faktor-faktor lain yang mempengaruhi aktiviti mikroorganisma selain nilai pH,
suhu dan cahaya? Terangkan secara ringkas.
(a)
Very cloudy
Sinar X
Dark
3 Tick the type of ray in sunlight that causes the bacteria to become inactive and may
even die.
3 Tandakan bagi jenis sinar dalam cahaya matahari yang menyebabkan bakteria menjadi
tidak aktif dan mungkin terbunuh.
Sinar inframerah
Menjanakan idea
C3P1
C4P1
1 Berikan inferens kepada pemerhatian anda dalam eksperimen ini.
gelap
Bakteria gemar hidup di dalam keadaan
dan menjadi tidak aktif dalam
cahaya
terang
keadaan
.
Condition
Test tube
C3
P
CHAPTER
1
2
3
S
OBSERVATION
CABARAN SPS!
Rancang eksperimen
untuk mengkaji kesan
kelembapan dan nutrien
terhadap pertumbuhan
mikroorganisma.
Sediakan satu laporan
yang lengkap untuk
eksperimen yang
dijalankan.
APPLICATION
oF IDEA
REFLECTION
Mushrooms thrive on dead woods
that are not too exposed to
sunlight
.
SPS CHALLENGE!
Plan an experiment to
study the effect of
humidity and nutrients
on the activities of
microorganisms. Prepare
a complete report for
the experiment.
10
7/23/10 11:02:36 AM
Objektif Pembelajaran
Learning Objective
Dapatkan maklumat daripada pusat sumber atau layar laman web tentang jenis, kegunaan dan peranan
mikroorganisma dalam bidang-bidang di bawah dan lengkapkan pernyataan berdasarkan maklumat yang diberi.
1 Pencernaan makanan
selulosa
selulase
herbivor
selulase
1 Food digestion
selulosa
cellulose
protozoa
Sama seperti bakteria,
, iaitu
sejenis mikroorganisma yang hidup dalam sistem pencernaan
anai-anai membantu anai-anai untuk mencernakan selulosa kayu.
STS
cellulase
bacteria
haiwan
protozoa
Get information on the types, uses and roles of microorganisms in these fields from the resource centre or
by accessing relevant websites, and complete the statements based on the given information.
Bakteria
bakteria
Activity LIBRARY
CHAPTER
1.6
STM
protozoa
Bacteria
protozoa
Similar to the bacteria,
, a type of
microorganism that lives in the digestive system of termites
helps to digest wood cellulose.
Chapter 1
PENYELIDIKAN
RESEARCH
1.6
Aktiviti PUSTAKA
BAB
Chapter 1
2 Proses pereputan
2 Decaying process
bacteria
Organisma mati seperti tumbuhan dan haiwan mengalami proses
penguraian
yang dipanggil
. Proses ini disebabkan
fertilises
eliminates
decomposition
bakteria
kulat
oleh mikroorganisma seperti
dan
.
Proses ini penting kerana ia:
menyuburkan
(a)
tanah dengan menambah nutrien
kepada tanah.
menyingkirkan
(b)
bahan organik yang tidak
eliminates
3 Perubatan
penyakit
protein
virus
kanser
bakteria
vaksin
Mikroorganisma seperti
penisillin
vitamin B
bakteria
3 Medicine
beta-karotin
asid lemak
dan
diseases
protein
virus
vaksin .
viruses
cancer
bacteria
vaccines
Microorganisms such as
penicillin
vitamin B
bacteria
beta-carotene
fatty acids
1.3
1.6
RESEARCH
Activity LIBRARY
11
dalam badan.
1 State the enzyme secreted by bacteria in the digestive tract of herbivores that helps to digest cellulose.
(Cellulase)
2 State two microorganisms that decompose dead organic substances to simpler substances that can be
absorbed by plants for growth. (Bacteria and fungi)
3 State two microorganisms that are used to prepare vaccines. (Bacteria and viruses)
4 State one microorganism that is used to produce antibiotics such as penicillin. (Fungi)
5 State the microorganism that contains chemicals such as beta-carotene and fatty acid. (Algae)
11
F5MR-ch1(1-28).indd 11
asid lemak
viruses
and
penyakit
vaccines
diseases
beta-carotene
11
to prevent
fatty acids
cancer
and help
6 State one microorganism that lives in the root nodules of leguminous plants and in soil, fixes nitrogen gas
in the atmosphere and converts it into nitrate. (Nitrogen-fixing bacteria)
7 State the microorganism that is used to make bread and cake dough rise. (Fungi/Yeast)
8 State the gas released when yeast reacts with carbohydrate; that causes bread dough to rise. (Carbon
dioxide)
9 State the microorganism that is used to make alcoholic drinks. (Fungi/Yeast)
10 State the microorganism that is used to make food such as vinegar, yogurt and cheese. (Bacteria)
MINDRobics
MINDRobics
fungi
11
7/23/10 11:02:36 AM
4 Pertanian
4 Agriculture
nitrogen
humus
bacteria
in the soil.
Yeast (Fungi)
Bakteria
Bacteria
Yis (Kulat)
Yeast (Fungi)
Objektif Pembelajaran
Learning Objective
PENYELIDIKAN
1.7
Konstruktivisme
parasit
patogen
1.4
1.7
1.8
RESEARCH
Activity LIBRARY
DISCUSSION
Activity
2 State four diseases caused by bacteria. (Tuberculosis, cholera, syphilis and gonorrhoea)
4 State two diseases caused by fungi. (Tinea and ringworm)
Vector
3 Pathogens live as
pathogens
Constructivism
parasites
RESEARCH
Activity LIBRARY
diarrhoea
parasites
vomiting
vector
food poisoning
stomach ache
pathogens
1.9
12
3 State five diseases caused by viruses. (Common cold, dengue fever, hepatitis B, AIDS and measles)
12
6 State the disease where a patient suffers from itchy red spots that spread on the body. (Ringworm)
7 State the disease where a patient suffers from high fever, yellowish white eye, jaundice and severe pain
below the rib cage. (Hepatitis B)
8 State the disease where a patient suffers from fever, headache, sore throat and runny nose. (Common cold)
9 State the disease where a patient suffers from diarrhoea, dehydration and vomiting without nausea.
(Cholera)
12
F5MR-ch1(1-28).indd 12
cirit-birit
parasit
muntah
vektor
keracunan makanan
sakit perut
patogen
Activity LIBRARY
Discuss the harmful effects of microorganisms. Use the following points as your discussion guidelines.
Based on your discussion, proceed to fill in the blanks.
Bincangkan tentang kesan berbahaya mikroorganisma. Gunakan kata kunci berikut sebagai garis panduan
perbincangan anda. Berdasarkan pada perbincangan, isikan tempat kosong.
1 Mikroorganisma yang berbahaya kepada manusia dipanggil
Vektor
2
ialah agen yang membawa penyakit.
RESEARCH
MINDRobics
fermentation
Type of
microorganism used
Food/Drink
Yis (Kulat)
yeast (fungi)
dioxide. This gas causes breads and cakes to rise. Through the
yeast (fungi)
same process,
acts on glucose solution to
fermentation
produce alcohol. This process is called
.
Jenis mikroorganisma
yang digunakan
Makanan/Minuman
skins
skins
Leather wallets and belts are made from the
of
Bacteria
animals.
are used to treat these skins to
eliminate tissues and fat.
Yeast (Fungi)
1.7
nitrogen-fixing
5 Industry
Aktiviti PUSTAKA
saprophitic
of plants.
Saprophitic
into
MINDRobics
roots
5 Industri
humus
Nitrogen-fixing
bacteria are microorganisms that
live in the nodules of legumes. These bacteria help to bind
nitrogen
from the atmosphere and convert it to
nitrate
in the soil, which is then absorbed by
the
nitrate
Chapter 1
akar
roots
nitrat
CHAPTER
pengikat nitrogen
pengikat nitrogen
Bakteria
ialah mikroorganisma
yang hidup di dalam nodul akar tumbuhan kekacang. Bakteria
nitrogen
ini membantu untuk mengikat
dari atmosfera
BAB
Chapter 1
12
7/23/10 11:02:36 AM
Aktiviti
1.8
Masteri
Kulat
Kurap, panau
Protozoa
Aktiviti PUSTAKA
PENYELIDIKAN
Malaria, disenteri
Kontekstual
Bakteria
Protozoa
1.9
RESEARCH
Activity LIBRARY
Ringworm, tinea
Malaria, dysentery
Contextual
Gather information on the types and symptoms of diseases caused by pathogens from the resource centre. Then,
state the relevant diseases.
Bacteria
Symptoms of disease
Disease
(a) Diarrhoea, vomiting without feeling nauseous, muscle cramp and dehydration
Cholera
Tibi
Tuberculosis
Sifilis
Syphilis
Protozoa
Gonorrhoea
Protozoa
Penyakit
Symptoms of disease
Disease
(a) Demam panas berulang, sakit kepala, sakit otot dan menggigil
Malaria
Malaria
(b) Demam, rasa letih, muntah, rasa loya, cirit-birit dan najis berdarah
Disenteri
(b) Fever, feeling tired, vomiting, nauseous, diarrhoea and blood in faeces
Dysentery
Kulat
Fungi
Penyakit
Symptoms of disease
Disease
Kurap
Ringworm
Panau
Tinea
13
13
15 State two diseases that can spread through contaminated food. (Cholera and dysentery/hepatitis A)
11 State two diseases that can spread through air (water droplets). (Common cold and tuberculosis/mumps/
measles)
16 State two diseases that can spread through sexual contact or blood transfusion. (AIDS and hepatitis B)
12 State two diseases that can spread through mosquitoes. (Malaria and dengue fever)
18 State two diseases that can spread through contact such as sharing of clothes and towels. (Tinea and
ringworm)
13 State two diseases that can spread through houseflies. (Cholera and dysentery)
14 State two diseases that can spread through contaminated water. (Cholera and dysentery/hepatitis A/
poliomyelitis)
13
17 State two diseases that can spread through sharing of contaminated needles. (AIDS and hepatitis B)
MINDRobics
Taun
Gejala penyakit
Activity
Fungi
Penyakit
Gejala penyakit
DISCUSSION
Peringkat akhir:
Viruses
(a) Cirit-birit, muntah tanpa rasa meloyakan, otot kejang dan penyahhidratan
Type of
pathogens
1
Gejala penyakit
Cholera
Common cold
Dysentery
Tuberculosis
Poliomyelitis
Hepatitis A and B
Measles
Dengue fever
Tinea
Mumps
Malaria
Ringworm
Gonorrhoea
Syphilis
AIDS
Virus
Bacteria
Jenis
patogen
Diseases caused
Chapter 1
Bakteria
Taun
Selesema
Disenteri
Tibi
Poliomielitis
Hepatitis A dan B
Demam campak
Demam denggi
Panau
Beguk
Malaria
Kurap
Gonorea
Sifilis
AIDS
CHAPTER
Menyebabkan penyakit
Mastery
Bincang dan kenal pasti penyakit yang disebabkan oleh setiap jenis patogen.
MINDRobics
Dapatkan maklumat tentang jenis dan gejala penyakit yang disebabkan oleh patogen dari pusat sumber.
Kemudian, nyatakan penyakit yang berkaitan.
F5MR-ch1(1-28).indd 13
Activity
1.9
1.10
DISCUSSION
BAB
Chapter 1
1.8 PERBINCANGAN
13
7/23/10 11:02:36 AM
Virus
Gejala penyakit
Viruses
Penyakit
Symptoms of disease
Disease
Common cold
(b) Bintik merah pada kulit, sakit di belakang mata, sakit otot dan sendi yang teruk
Demam denggi
(b) Red spots on skin, pain at the back of the eyes, intense muscle and joint pain
Dengue fever
(c) Letih, bahagian putih mata kelihatan kuning, hati bengkak, sakit teruk
di bawah sangkar rusuk
Hepatitis B
(c) Feeling tired, the white tissue of the eye turns yellowish, swollen liver,
intense pain below the ribcage
Hepatitis B
Demam campak
Measles
(e) Deman panas, sakit kepala, sakit kerongkong dan anggota menjadi lumpuh
Poliomielitis
Poliomyelitis
Beguk
Mumps
(g) Lumpuh sistem keimunan badan tanpa sebab, kehilangan berat secara
mendadak, cirit-birit kronik dan demam
AIDS
(g) Failing of the immue system without reason, drastic weight loss,
serious diarrhoea and fever
AIDS
Aktiviti
1.10 PERBINCANGAN
Selesema
STM
CHAPTER
BAB
1.10
DISCUSSION
Activity
STS
FAIL TUGASAN
T
CE
N
HA
BA CAI R
U
T
DAN
SEN
(b) Disenteri
(c) Hepatitis A
(d) Poliomielitis
Types of diseases:
(a) Tuberculosis
(b) Common cold
(c) Measles
VEC
Types of diseases:
(a) Cholera
TORS
Ways of
disease
infection
BO
FL DY
UID
TOU
(b) Dysentery
(c) Hepatitis A
(d) Poliomyelitis
CH
Jenis penyakit:
(a) AIDS
Jenis penyakit:
(a) Panau
Types of diseases:
(a) AIDS
Types of diseases:
(a) Tinea
(b) Hepatitis B
(b) Kurap
(b) Hepatitis B
(b) Ringworm
F5MR-ch1(1-28).indd 14
Types of diseases:
(a) Malaria
FOOD OR
WAT E R
Cara-cara
jangkitan
penyakit
K A N AN ATA
MA INU MA N U
M
(b) Selesema
(c) Demam campak
Bincangkan bagaimana
penyakit boleh merebak
melalui pelbagai cara.
Kenal pasti penyakit yang
boleh merebak melalui
cara-cara yang telah anda
bincangkan tadi.
Jenis penyakit:
(a) Taun
VEKTOR
TASK FILE
/ WAT
A IR L ER
O P E TS
DR
Jenis penyakit:
(a) Malaria
14
14
7/23/10 11:02:36 AM
Learning Objective
Objektif Pembelajaran
1.5 Menganalisis cara-cara mencegah jangkitan penyakit yang disebabkan oleh mikroorganisma
tiruk
bertakung
Aedes
pupa
ikan
minyak
dewasa
patogen
Aedes
pupa
fish
oil
Anopheles
stagnant
adult
pathogens
Stage P
Peringkat P
(a) Menyembur
S
R
Peringkat R dan S
Telur
(a) Memelihara
kolam
Pupa
S:
ikan
di dalam
badan
mencemarkan
taun
tong sampah
kaki
tutup
Masteri
kebersihan
1996 Bhg. B, S3
(c)
Lalat rumah
dewasa
dan
Pupa
Telur
Larva
1.5
DISCUSSION
Activity
DISCUSSION
Activity
15
oil
(c) Spray
on the surface of
water in drains or ponds (to prevent the
larva and pupa from rising to the surface
of the water to breathe)
Aedes
in ponds
Pupa
to humans
1.12
DISCUSSION
Activity
body
contaminate
garbage bin
bertutup
Mastery
legs
cover
clean
1996 Sec. B, Q3
body
Adult
housefly
and
contaminate
the
Pupa
Larva
Eggs
kebersihan
S:
Larva
Eggs
Q:
fish
(a) Rear
Study the life cycle of a housefly and answer the following questions.
1 Name one type of disease spread by houseflies.
Cholera
Kaji kitar hidup lalat rumah dan kemudian jawab soalan-soalan yang berikut.
1 Namakan satu jenis penyakit yang disebarkan oleh lalat rumah.
Taun
kaki
Stage R and S
RESEARCH
clean
garbage bin
15
.
.
4 Name the process used to kill microorganisms including their spores. (Sterilisation)
1 State two methods to control mosquito larvae or pupae. (Spray oil on the surface of water in drains and
rear fish such as guppies in ponds to eat the larvae or pupae)
5 State a device that can be used to sterilise materials using steam under high pressure. (Autoclave)
2 State two methods to control adult mosquitoes. (Spray insecticide and use mosquito coils/Fix door and
window netting)
3 State two methods to control houseflies. (Cover food and keep the house and its surroundings clean/
Throw food residue in a covered garbage bin)
15
MINDRobics
1.12 PERBINCANGAN
at doors or
through bites.
Aktiviti
fine nettings
(b) Install
windows
bertakung
(b) Hapuskan air
dengan
menanam bekas-bekas kosong untuk
mencegah pembiakan nyamuk
(c) Menyembur minyak di permukaan
Aedes
insecticide
(a) Spray
racun serangga
MINDRobics
larva
eggs
F5MR-ch1(1-28).indd 15
fine nettings
insecticide
Control method
Q:
1.12
Kaedah kawalan
1.11
Mastery
CHAPTER
larva
telur
Activity
Chapter 1
jaring halus
racun serangga
1.11
Masteri
DISCUSSION
1.11 PERBINCANGAN
BAB
Chapter 1
Aktiviti
15
7/23/10 11:02:36 AM
Aktiviti PUSTAKA
alat pembedahan
tisu badan
tekanan tinggi
Penggunaan haba
(a) Pendidihan
sudu
Mensteril
MINDRobics
Contoh: Larutan
kita.
iodin
luka
Mensteril
(a) Sinaran
gama
Mensteril
dan
alat pembedahan
barangan plastik
RESEARCH
Using heat
Sterilises
spoon
their
and
Sterilises
and
Using chemicals
(a) Antiseptic
(a) Gamma
rays
floor
(b) Ultraviolet
rays
viruses
Can destroy all
and
bacteria including their spores.
9 What is the biochemical reaction that enables the body to build immunity against diseases? (Immunisation)
10 State the most common practice used in the process of immunisation. (Vaccination)
11 Name the substance that contains weakened or dead pathogens. (Vaccine)
12 What is produced by white blood cells to kill the pathogens that invade the body? (Antibody/Antitoxin)
Sterilises
and
1.13 LO Explain with examples the various methods of
sterilisation
nutrient agar
microorganisms
Can kill
but
also destroys our body tissue
Formalin
Example:
and lysol
bed sheet
Sterilises
and
without
body
tissue
destroying our
.
Iodine
Example:
solution
wounds
Sterilises
Using radiation
spores
surgical tools
(b) Disinfectant
tetapi boleh
merosakkan tisu badan kita
Formalin
Contoh:
dan lisol
cadar
lantai
Mensteril
dan
spoon
iodine
air
(b) Autoclave
milk bottle
alat pembedahan
16
16
(a) Boiling
agar nutrien
udara
Mensteril
bilik pembedahan
nutrient agar
bed sheet
formalin
Brief explanation
spores
Dapat memusnahkan
mikroorganisma
surgical tools
body tissue
high pressure
sporanya
termasuk
(b) Sinaran
ultraungu
steam
floor
bacteria
microorganisms
air
Sterilises the
operating theatres
surgical tools
in
plastic items
16
14 State the type of immunity obtained when someone has been cured from chickenpox. (Natural active
immunity)
15 State the type of immunity obtained when the body produces antibodies after vaccination. (Artificial active
immunity)
16 State the type of immunity obtained by a baby through mothers milk. (Natural passive immunity)
17 State the type of immunity obtained when somebody receives an antiserum that contains antibodies.
(Artificial passive immunity)
MINDRobics
memusnahkan
tanpa
tisu badan
microorganisms
milk bottle
plastic items
Method of
sterilisation
(b) Disinfektan
Mencegah pertumbuhan
mikroorganisma
spores
wounds
viruses
Mensteril
dan
(a) Antiseptik
Gather information on sterilisation methods from the resource centre. Then, fill in the following spaces using
suitable words.
stim
Mensteril bahan dengan
di bawah tekanan tinggi (suhu
dan
botol susu
Penggunaan
sinaran
sudu
iodin
udara
(b) Autoklaf
sporanya
Penggunaan
bahan kimia
agar nutrien
cadar
formalin
Penerangan ringkas
Kaedah pensterilan
STS
Chapter 1
stim
lantai
bakteria
mikroorganisma
botol susu
barangan plastik
CHAPTER
sporanya
luka
virus
Sterilisation methods
Activity LIBRARY
Kumpulkan maklumat tentang kaedah pensterilan daripada pusat sumber. Isi maklumat ke dalam ruang
dengan perkataan yang sesuai.
F5MR-ch1(1-28).indd 16
RESEARCH
1.13
STM
Kaedah pensterilan
Chapter 1
1.13 PENYELIDIKAN
16
7/23/10 11:02:37 AM
Aktiviti PUSTAKA
Keimunan
Immunity
Mastery
2000 Sec. B, Q3
A Graf di bawah menunjukkan perubahan kepekatan antibodi dalam badan seorang pelajar selepas
diberikan suntikan vaksin untuk memperoleh keimunan aktif buatan.
A The graph below shows the changes to the antibody concentration in the body of a student after a
vaccine injection to obtain artificial active immunity.
CHAPTER
kepekatan antibodi
dalam badan
antibody concentration
in the body
aras keimunan
immunity level
suntikan
pertama
first
injection
suntikan kedua
second injection
masa/ hari
10
20
30
40
50
time/day
10
20
30
40
50
Chapter 1
2000 Bhg. B, S3
RESEARCH
Activity LIBRARY
1.14
Masteri
BAB
Chapter 1
1.14 PENYELIDIKAN
melawan
Vaksin
Antibodi
badan
atau
untuk melawan
patogen
lemah
patogen
Antibody
Keimunan aktif
Aktif semula jadi
pasif buatan
tibi
artificial active
chicken pox
Bayi memperoleh
keimunan melalui
susu ibu
weakened
or
body
pathogens
pathogens
to fight the
in the blood.
natural passive
tetanus
natural active
rabies
artificial passive
tuberculosis
Types of immunity
Keimunan pasif
Aktif buatan
dead
Jenis keimunan
Active immunity
Pasif buatan
Natural active
18 State one example of a disease that requires more than one injection to obtain immunity. (Hepatitis B)
19 Explain why more than one injection is needed to obtain immunity for certain diseases. (To increase the
concentration of antibodies in the blood)
1.15
DISCUSSION
Activity
Passive immunity
Artificial active
Natural passive
17
A baby obtains
immunity through
its mothers milk
Artificial passive
A person is injected with
antiserum to cure diseases
such as tetanus
and rabies
17
20 Between active immunity and passive immunity, which one lasts longer? (Active immunity)
21 Between active immunity and passive immunity, which one is given to people who are suffering from a
disease? (Passive immunity)
22 State two methods to prevent cholera. (Drink boiled water and control the population of houseflies/
Consume cooked or clean food)
17
F5MR-ch1(1-28).indd 17
pathogens
diseases caused by
3 Give one example of a disease that requires more than one injection to obtain immunity.
Hepatitis B/Typhoid
Vaccine
resist
3 Berikan satu contoh penyakit yang memerlukan lebih daripada satu suntikan untuk
memperolehi keimunan.
Hepatitis B/Tifoid
B
MINDRobics
MINDRobics
Immunity
17
7/23/10 11:02:37 AM
Aktiviti
Activity
dijangkiti
belum dijangkiti
merawat
Keimunan pasif
buatan (dengan
antiserum)
Persamaan
Menentang
Tetanus
Hepatitis B
panjang
patogen
Keimunan aktif
buatan (dengan
vaksin)
haiwan
serum
antibodi
bacteria
viruses
antigens
antibody
longer
prevent
pathogens
does not
immediate
animal
serum
antibodies
Similarity
Artificial active
immunity (with
vaccine)
Fight
Tetanus
Hepatitis B
longer
Artificial passive
immunity (with
antiserum)
pathogens
Difference
Perbezaan
Bakteria
atau
yang
mati atau dilemahkan
Antibodi
Fungsi bahan
dalam badan
that are
killed or weakened
Masa yang
panjang
lebih lama
Ketahanan keimunan
Seseorang yang
dijangkiti penyakit
(rawatan)
by
the disease (prevention)
Tidak
has been
One who
infected
by
the disease (treatment)
Immediate
Longer
lasting
Duration of immunity
Hepatitis B
Tetanus
Does not
last long
Tetanus
Learning Objective
Konstruktivisme
Kumpulkan maklumat dari pusat sumber atau internet tentang cara mencegah atau merawat penyakit yang
disebabkan oleh mikroorganisma. Kemudian, isi tempat kosong dengan perkataan yang sesuai
18
1 Name the substance produced by fungi that can be consumed to kill bacteria but not viruses. (Antibiotic)
1.16
DISCUSSION
Activity
Constructivism
Collect information from the resource centre or the internet on ways to prevent or treat diseases caused by
microorganisms. Then, fill in the blanks with suitable words.
1.15 LO Compare and contrast the various types of immunity
18
4 State two diseases that do not have specific treatments yet. (Dengue fever and hepatitis B/other diseases
caused by viruses)
5 State the treatment that uses herbs to treat diseases. (Traditional treatment)
2 Name the substance extracted from animal blood and injected into the patients body to treat diseases like
tetanus. (Antiserum)
3 State the method in which gamma ray is used to kill cancerous cells. (Radiotherapy)
18
diseases
tahan lama
Activity
Treat
DISCUSSION
Antibodies
Objective of immunity
time
Objektif Pembelajaran
antibody
pathogens
fights the
in the body
Type of substance
received by the body
Longer
Serta-merta
Hepatitis B
1.6
Function of substance in
the body
diseases
has not
One who
been infected
a specific
that is extracted from an
animal
MINDRobics
Prevent
penyakit
containing
antibody
The animals
Antibodi
Merawat
Tujuan keimunan
penyakit (pencegahan)
1.16 PERBINCANGAN
Contents of substance
injected
viruses
Antigens
penyakit
Aktiviti
Serum
or
badan
Seseorang yang
belum dijangkiti
Tahan
yang
antibodi
mengandungi
khusus yang diekstrak
daripada haiwan
Kandungan bahan
yang disuntik
virus
Mencegah
Bacteria
Serum
Chapter 1
patogen
tidak
serta-merta
Antigen
F5MR-ch1(1-28).indd 18
Constructivism
antibodi
lebih lama
mencegah
CHAPTER
bakteria
virus
antigen
untuk melawan
patogen
1.16
Bandingkan dan bezakan keimunan buatan aktif dengan keimunan pasif buatan.
Merangsang badan
menghasilkan antibodi
MINDRobics
DISCUSSION
1.15
Konstruktivisme
Compare and contrast artificial active immunity with artificial passive immunity.
BAB
Chapter 1
1.15 PERBINCANGAN
18
7/23/10 11:02:37 AM
BCG
virus
dikeluarkan
antibodi
merawat
streptomisin
merangsang
darah
digantikan
bawang putih
kunyit hidup
Penicillium notatum
patogen
penisilin
herba
BCG
viruses
removed
bakteria
tibi
kulapuk
antibody
treat
streptomycin
pathogen
penicillin
herbs
bacteria
tuberculosis
mould
BCG
antibodi
BAB
merangsang
(a) Vaksin
badan menghasilkan
untuk menentang penyakit tertentu.
stimulates
(a) Vaccine
the body to produce
fight against a certain disease
(b) As an example,
tuberculosis
BCG
antibody
to
mencegah penyakit
Use of vaccine
garlic
raw turmeric
Penicillium notatum
CHAPTER
Penggunaan vaksin
stimulates
blood
replaced
vaccine prevents
1 Penggunaan antiserum
2 Use of antibiotics
1 Use of antiserums
antibodi
dapat membunuh
sifilis dan
streptomisin
.
mengubati
mengubati tibi.
kulapuk
yang
19
antibody
kunyit hidup
but not
(b) As examples,
syphilis and
tuberculosis.
.
penicillin
streptomycin
cures
cures
4 Traditional treatment
viruses
mould
(c) Penicillin is produced by a
called Penicillium notatum .
bawang putih
merawat kurap dan
merawat tekanan darah tinggi.
F5MR-ch1(1-28).indd 19
body to produce an
4 Rawatan tradisional
penisilin
3 Pembedahan
virus
(b) As examples,
raw turmeric
ringworm and
high blood pressure.
garlic
treats
treats
19
7/23/10 11:02:37 AM
Eksperimen PEKA
1.17 TERBIMBING
GUIDED
TUJUAN
PEMBOLEH
UBAH
menghasilkan
RADAS
PROSEDUR
C1
P
1
2
3
4
5
S
CARA KERJA
C2
P
1
2
3
4
S
HYPOTHESIS
VARIABLE
Kehadiran antibiotik
BAHAN
AIM
Inquiry-discovery
2004 Sec. A, Q2
C1P1
kawasan jernih
2005 Bhg. A, S2
CHAPTER
BAB
HIPOTESIS
Inkuiri-penemuan
C1P3
Agar-agar nutrien steril, ceper penisilin, pita selofan, kertas label, larutan kultur bakteria
(Bacillus subtilis)
Piring Petri dan penutup steril, forsep steril, picagari steril
C1P4
MATERIALS
APPARATUS
PROCEDURE
C1
P
1
2
3
4
5
S
STEPS
C2
P
1
2
3
4
S
2005 Sec. A, Q2
C1P1
clear area
produces a
C1P2
C1P3
Sterile nutrient agar, penicillin discs, cellophane tape, label, bacteria culture solution
(Bacillus subtilis)
Sterile Petri dish and cover, sterile forceps, sterile syringe
C1P4
C1P5
C1P5
1.17 HP Menyatakan kesan antibiotik terhadap
mikroorganisma
F5MR-ch1(1-28).indd 20
20
20
7/23/10 11:02:37 AM
KEPUTUSAN
RESULTS
Pemerhatian
Piring Petri
(Tiada antibiotik)
(Without antibiotic)
C3P2
C4P1
C3P3
C3P1
ANALYSIS
KBSB
di permukaan agar-agar
Membuat inferens
Mendefinisi
secara operasi
KBSB
Meramal
4 Ramalkan hubungan antara kepekatan antibiotik dan kawasan jernih yang terbentuk.
pekat
besar
KBSB
Semakin
antibiotik, semakin
kawasan jernih yang terbentuk.
C4
P
1
2
3
S
Meramal
AIDS
Taun
21
F5MR-ch1(1-28).indd 21
TSTS
C4P1
Making inference
TSTS
Defining operationally
TSTS
Predicting
TSTS
4 Predict the relationship between the concentration of the antibiotic and
Predicting
the clear area formed.
higher
bigger
The
the concentration of the antibiotic, the
Tuberculosis
Hepatitis B
AIDS
CONCLUSION
Apakah kesimpulan yang dapat dibuat daripada eksperimen ini?
Antibiotik dapat membunuh bakteria.
C3P3
5 Tick in the boxes for the type of diseases that can be treated with antibiotics.
Give one reason.
KESIMPULAN
C3P2
5 Tandakan dalam petak bagi jenis penyakit yang dapat dirawat dengan antibiotik.
Berikan satu sebab.
Hepatitis B
KBSB
Tibi
clear
areas
1
2
3
S
C3P1
1
2
3
S
bacterial
spots
C3
P
kawasan
jernih
CHAPTER
B
(With antibiotic)
C4
P
tompok
bakteria
C3
P
1
2
3
S
bacterial
spots
Observation
BAB
tompok
bakteria
ANALISIS
Petri dish
Accepted
Cholera
bacteria
and not
C4P2
C4P3
C4P3
21
7/23/10 11:02:37 AM
APLIKASI IDEA
REFLEKSI
BAB
Aktiviti ICT
STM
1.18 PENYELIDIKAN
REFLECTION
1.18
CHAPTER
APPLICATION
oF IDEA
RESEARCH
Activity ICT
STS
doktor
penisilin
dibunuh
patogen
antibiotik
alergi
maut
hati
ubat sintetik
ginjal
dadah
doctor
penicillin
killed
pathogen
antibiotic
allergies
death
liver
synthetic medicine
kidneys
drugs
Layari laman web atau kumpulkan maklumat daripada pusat sumber untuk melengkapkan rencana pendek
tentang bahaya rawatan tanpa pengawasan dan preskripsi doktor.
1 Pengambilan antibiotik
penisilin
Antibiotik seperti
Seseorang
yang mempunyai
maut
Visit relevant websites or gather information from the resource centre to complete the short article below,
on the dangers of unsupervised treatment and unauthorised prescriptions.
doktor
hanya boleh diambil atas pengawasan dan preskripsi
.
alergi
kepada antibiotik tertentu mungkin membawa
antibiotik
yang sama tidak dapat menyembuhkan penyakit yang sama pada masa akan datang.
1 Use of antibiotics
Antibiotics such as
boleh memudaratkan kesihatan badan jika diambil dalam kuantiti berlebihan. Sebagai contohnya,
ginjal
pengambilan aspirin yang terlalu banyak dalam tempoh yang lama akan merosakkan
dan
hati
F5MR-ch1(1-28).indd 22
22
doctors
that could
penicillin
22
7/23/10 11:02:37 AM
SPM
Kunci Kejayaan
SPM
Key To Success
1 Namakan mikroorganisma berikut dan labelkan struktur pada mikroorganisma jika diperlukan.
Kulat
Fungi
sporangium
sporangium
hifa
Bakteria
Yis
Virus
hypha
Bacteria
Mukor
Protozoa
Virus
Ameba
(c)
Kelembapan
(b)
Suhu
(d)
Cahaya
Nutrien
(e)
Amoeba
Spirogyra
Nilai pH
Algae
Paramecium
Spirogira
(a)
(b)
Temperature
Light
(d)
Bakteria
Kulat (yis)
Bakteria
(b) Raising the dough when making bread or baking a cake Fungus (yeast)
(c) Binding nitrogen in the nodules of leguminous plants Bacteria
Bakteria/Virus
Virus
(d) Selesema
(h) Kurap
Tibi
(b)
Kulat
Kurus
Kahak berdarah
Selesema
(e)
Taun
Muntah
Cirit-birit
(f)
Sakit kerongkong
Hidung berhingus
Hepatitis B
(c)
Panau
Kurap
(g)
Tompok putih
yang gatal
Demam denggi
(d)
Hati bengkak
Letih
Demam campak
(h)
Demam
Ruam badan
Makanan tercemar
(d) Panau
Sentuhan
(b) Hepatitis B
Pemindahan darah
(e) Tibi
Udara
(c) Selesema
Udara
F5MR-ch1(1-28).indd 23
Virus
Bacteria
(f) Hepatitis B Virus
(g) Tinea
Fungus
(h) Ringworm Fungus
(e) Cholera
Sakit sendi
Tompok merah pada kulit
Tompok merah
yang gatal
23
Protozoa
Virus
(b) Malaria
Bacteria/Virus
(e) Taun
Bakteria
(f) Hepatitis B Virus
(g) Panau
Kulat
Nutrients
(e)
Bakteria
Protozoa
Mucor
Protozoa
Alga
Paramesium
Yeast
Tuberculosis
(b)
Weight loss
Phlegm with blood
(e)
Common cold
Sore throat
Runny nose
Cholera
(c)
Vomiting
Diarrhoea
(g)
Dengue fever
Joint pain
Red spots on skin
Ringworm
Itchy red spots
(d)
Swollen liver
Feeling tired
Tinea
(f)
Hepatitis B
(h)
Measles
Fever
Body rash
Touch
(e) Tuberculosis Air
(d) Tinea
Blood transfusion
Air
(f) Measles
Air
23
7/23/10 11:02:37 AM
Nyamuk tiruk
(c) Malaria
8 State two methods to control the population of houseflies (to prevent cholera).
8 Nyatakan dua kaedah untuk mengawal populasi lalat rumah (untuk mencegah penyakit taun).
9 State two methods to control the population of mosquitoes (to prevent dengue fever).
9 Nyatakan dua kaedah untuk mengawal populasi nyamuk (untuk mencegah demam denggi).
pengimunan
vaksin
Anopheles mosquito
tibi
untuk mencegah
antibodi
vaccine
BCG is a
used to prevent
vaccination
tuberculosis
antibodies
Healthy person
Orang sihat
(b)
(b)
(c)
Antiserum
(c)
air
yang
mengandungi
antibodi
Antiserum
Pesakit perlu
mengambil
Tuberculosis patient
Pensterilan
Vektor
Patient needs to
consume antibiotics
untuk memulihkan
kesihatannya.
contains
is derived from
animals such as horses.
antibiotik
Pesakit tibi
Pernyataan
water
that
antibodies
Vector
Sterilisation
Vaccination
Pathogen
Statement
Vaccine
Antigen
Antiserum
Antibiotic
Term
Sterilisation
Vector
Patogen
Vaksin
Vaccine
Antigen
Antigen
Pemvaksinan
Pathogen
Vaccination
Antibiotik
Antibiotic
Antiserum
Antiserum
24
F5MR-ch1(1-28).indd 24
24
7/23/10 11:02:37 AM
SPM
KERTAS
SPM
Sudut Pengukuhan
PAPER
Tiap-tiap soalan yang berikut diikuti oleh empat pilihan jawapan, A, B, C dan D. Pilih jawapan yang terbaik.
1 Apakah suhu optimum
pertumbuhan
patogen
menyebabkan penyakit?
A 5 C
2006
B 30 C
C 37 C
D 60 C
untuk
yang
A
B
C
D
2008
Mikroorganisma
X
Gas Y
Yis
Karbon dioksida
Bakteria
Karbon monoksida
Yis
Oksigen
Mukor
Karbon dioksida
2002
2007
2008
2006
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Rajah 2
Antara yang berikut, yang manakah
suhu optima bagi pertumbuhan
bakteria?
A 10 C
B 37 C
2007
C 40 C
D 75 C
B
C
4 Antara berikut yang manakah
menerangkan sebab buah-buahan
disimpan dalam peti sejuk?
A Untuk memusnahkan enzim
B Untuk membunuh mikroorganisma
C Untuk meneutralkan asid dalam
buah
D Untuk melambatkan kadar
pertumbuhan mikroorganisma
D
2008
13 Mikroorganisma yang
adalah protozoa?
A
C
manakah
25
F5MR-ch1(1-28).indd 25
dark cupboard
A
B
C
D
Microorganism
X
Gas Y
Yeast
Carbon dioxide
Bacteria
Carbon monoxide
Yeast
Oxygen
Mucor
Carbon dioxide
2002
2007
2008
2009
cotton
wool
nutrient broth
+
bacteria culture
Diagram 1
What factor is being studied in
this experiment?
2003
A Temperature C pH
B Light
D nutrient
B
2009
Each question is followed by four options A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer.
suhu
2009
8
3 Antara mikroorganisma yang berikut,
yang manakah hanya tumbuh dan
membiak di dalam sel hidup?
2008
A Kulat
C Virus
B Bakteria
D Alga
C
Rajah 1
temperature
kapas
bubur
nutrien
+
kultur bakteria
Enhancement Corner
2006
2008
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Diagram 2
Which of the following is the
optimum temperature for the
growth of the bacteria?
A 10 C
B 37 C
2007
C 40 C
D 75 C
B
2009
B
10 Which of the following diseases is
spread by the mosquito?
A Cholera
2009
B Malaria
C Tinea
B
D AIDS
2009
25
7/23/10 11:02:37 AM
KERTAS
PAPER
Bahagian A
Jawab semua soalan dalam bahagian ini.
1
Section A
Answer all the questions in this section.
Rajah 1.1 menunjukkan dua piring Petri, X dan Y, yang mengandungi agar-agar
nutrien dan bakteria dibiarkan selama tiga hari di dalam makmal.
BAB
tompok
bakteria
cakera antibiotik
KLON
2004
KLON
2005
Bhg. A, S2
1
Bhg. A, S2
(iii) responds:
Virus:
P
Rajah 2 menunjukkan eksperimen untuk mengkaji kesan suhu ke atas proses penapaian. Isi padu karbon dioksida yang
terhasil selepas 10 minit pada suhu yang berbeza dicatat dalam Jadual 2.
KLON
KLON
2008
Bhg. A, S4
2009
R and S
Rajah 1.2
2008
Bhg. A, S2
Suhu
(C)
30
35
15
40
25
45
35
Jadual 2
Q
Diagram 1.2
Diagram 2 shows an experiment to study the effect of temperature on the fermentation process. The volume of carbon
dioxide produced after 10 minutes for different temperatures are recorded in Table 2. CLONE
CLONE
burette
conical
flask
glucose
solution
+
yeast
water
Sec. A, Q4
2009
Sec. A, Q2
Temperature
(C)
Volume of gas
(cm3)
30
35
15
40
25
45
35
Table 2
Diagram 2
Rajah 2
(a) Berdasarkan keputusan dalam Jadual 2, nyatakan satu inferens.
26
F5MR-ch1(1-28).indd 26
air
nutrient
agar
+
bacteria
kelalang
kon
clear area
containing
penicillin
antibiotic
disc
Diagram 1.1
buret
Sec. A, Q2
laurutan
glukosa
+
yis
CLONE
2005
Sec. A, Q2
Petri dish
Rajah 1.1
R dan S
bacteria
spot
antibiotic discs.
cakera
antibiotik
agar-agar
nutrien
+
bakteria
CLONE
2004
Diagram 1.1 shows two Petri dishes, X and Y, containing nutrient agar and
bacteria that are left for three days in the laboratory.
(a) State one observation from this experiment.
There are clear areas surrounding the
kawasan
jernih
piring Petri
Virus:
26
7/23/10 11:02:38 AM
(b) Based on the results in Table 2, draw a graph of the volume of gas
against temperature.
40
30
20
BAB
(c) Apakah hubungan antara isi padu karbon dioksida yang terhasil dengan
suhu (hipotesis)?
10
30
35
40
Suhu (C)
45
50
30
20
10
0
30
35
40
45
Temperature (C)
50
Volume of gas
Bahagian B
Jawab semua soalan dalam bahagian ini.
3
40
(b) Berdasarkan keputusan dalam Jadual 2, lukis satu graf isi padu gas
melawan suhu.
Bhg. A, S3
Suatu eksperimen dijalankan untuk mengkaji kesan suhu terhadap pertumbuhan bakteria. Jadual 3 menunjukkan
keputusan eksperimen.
(a) Dengan menggunakan data dalam Jadual 3, lukiskan graf diameter koloni bakteria melawan suhu dalam kertas graf di
bawah.
Suhu/C
Diameter koloni
bakteria/mm
10
diameter 18
koloni
16
bakteria/mm
14
Diameter of bacterial
colonies/mm
diameter 18
of
16
bacterial
colonies/mm 14
12
10
10
20
30
12
40
16
30
12
16
2
0
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 suhu/C
Sec. A, Q3
An experiment is carried out to study the effect of temperature on bacterial growth. Table 3 shows the results
of the experiment.
(a) Using the data given in Table 3, draw a graph to show the diameter of the bacterial colonies against temperature using
the graph paper below.
20
Jadual 3
CLONE
2006
10
8
40
Temperature/C
12
Section B
Answer all the questions in this section.
8
6
Table 3
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 temperature/C
(b) State the relationship between the number of bacterial colonies and temperature.
As the temperature increases, the number of bacterial colonies increases.
(c) Diameter koloni bakteria adalah paling besar pada 40 C. Berikan satu inferens.
40 C adalah suhu optimum bagi pertumbuhan bakteria
(c) The diameter of bacterial colonies is the biggest at 40 C. Give one inference.
40 C is the optimum temperature for bacterial growth.
27
F5MR-ch1(1-28).indd 27
27
7/23/10 11:02:38 AM
(v)
Bahagian C
Jawab soalan yang berikut.
4
Penjadualan data:
Tabung uji
Cahaya
Kekeruhan campuran
BAB
Jawapan:
4 (a) Hipotesis: Mikroorganisma
seperti
bakteria
tumbuh dengan pesat dalam keadaan
gelap tetapi menjadi tidak aktif dalam
keadaan cahaya terang.
(b) (i) Tujuan: Mengkaji kesan faktor cahaya
terhadap pertumbuhan bakteria
(ii) Pemboleh ubah
yang dimalarkan: Isi padu bubur
nutrien/Kuantiti bakteria
yang dimanipulasikan: Cahaya
yang
bergerak
balas:
Pertumbuhan
bakteria/Kekeruhan campuran
(iii) Senarai radas dan bahan: Tabung uji steril,
lampu elektrik, silinder penyukat 10 ml,
bubur nutrien, larutan kultur bakteria
(iv) Kaedah:
Y
X
5 cm3 bubur
nutrien
+
1 cm3 kultur
bakteria
kapas
steril
(vi)
KLON
2008
Bhg. C, S11
cm3
bubur
nutrien +
1 cm3 kultur
bakteria
28
F5MR-ch1(1-28).indd 28
kapas
steril
5
Jawapan:
5 (a)
X
sterile
cotton
5 cm3 nutrient
broth
+
1 cm3 bacteria
culture
Cloudiness of mixture
Y
Z
(vi) Conclusion: Bacteria grow and reproduce quickly
in the dark but become inactive under bright light.
5
Answer:
5 (a)
Sec. C, Q11
Artificial active
immunity
Artificial passive
immunity
To prevent hepatitis B/
Poliomyelitis/tTuberculosis
To treat tetanus/rabies
sterile
cotton
5 cm3 nutrient
broth +
1 cm3 bacteria
culture
cm3
Light
Z
Anda diberi dua bahan, iaitu bubur nutrien dan larutan
kultur bakteria.
(a) Cadangkan satu hipotesis yang sesuai untuk
menyiasat pernyataan itu.
[1 markah]
(b) Huraikan satu eksperimen untuk menguji hipotesis
anda di 4(a) berdasarkan kriteria berikut:
(i) Tujuan eksperimen
[1 markah]
(ii) Pengenalpastian pemboleh ubah
[2 markah]
(iii) Senarai radas dan bahan
[1 markah]
(iv) Prosedur atau kaedah
[3 markah]
(v) Penjadualan data
[1 markah]
(vi) Kesimpulan
[1 markah]
Test tube
4
Section C
Answer the following questions.
cm3
5
of sterile nutrient broth and 1
of
bacteria culture solution are added into all
three sterile test tubes X, Y and Z.
The mouth of each test tube is stuffed with
sterile cotton wool.
Test tube X is kept in a dark cupboard.
Test tube Y is left in the laboratory.
Test tube Z is left under bright light.
The condition of the nutrient broth is recorded
after three days.
28
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