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References
Paul
Practical activities
According
laboratory 1 hour/week
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of laboratory activity:
Final exam evaluation:
TOTAL:
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30 pts.
70 pts.
100 pts.
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Introduction
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What is optoelectronics?
Optoelectronics
is a branch of electronics
that overlaps with physics of light
It deals with the theory, design and
manufacturing technologies of hardware
devices capable of generating, detecting and
controlling light
Electromagnetic spectrum
f =
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c0
Visible spectrum
100nm
1mm
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10
11
is usually considered to be
just a sub-field of photonics
However, throughout these course notes we
will also address devices that are not
explicitly E/O or O/E transducers, such as:
optical waveguides (both planar and cylindrical)
optical modulators (both temporal or spatial)
photonic sensors
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Applications of optoelectronics
3.
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Applications of optoelectronics
4.
Medicine
5.
Industrial manufacturing
6.
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Applications of optoelectronics
7.
Consumer equipment
8.
Sensing
16
of radiometry
Coherence of light
Photonic generators
Optical waveguides. Optical fibers
Light modulation techniques
Photodetectors
Photonic sensors
Optical communication systems: an outline
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Elements of radiometry
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Elements of radiometry
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Radiometric systems
21
Configurations of radiometric
systems
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Configurations of radiometric
systems
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Electromagnetic opacity of
atmosphere
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31
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lc =
=
35
If
l < lc interference
l > lc no interference
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38
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<< D no diffraction
D diffraction
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43
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Applications of radiometry
category measurements of the
visible radiant energy that would be detected
by the human visual system
First
Another
47
Applications of radiometry
Military
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radiometric quantities
photometric quantities
photon quantities
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Radiometric quantities
Qe [J]
we = dQe/dV [Jm-3]
e = dQe/dt [W]
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Radiometric quantities
Me = de/dA [Wm-2]
Ie = de/d [Wsr-1]
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Radiometric quantities
53
Radiometric quantities
54
Radiometric quantities
Ee = de/dA [Wm-2]
He = dQe/dA [Jm-2]
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Spectral quantities
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Spectral quantities
Spectral power:
Spectral intensity:
Spectral radiance:
Spectral irradiance:
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X e = X e, ( )d
or
X e,range = X e, ( )d
1
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Photometric quantities
wv = dQv/dV [Jm-3]
v = dQv/dt [lm]
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Photometric quantities
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Photometric quantities
61
Photometric quantities
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Photometric quantities
K = v/e [lmW-1]
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Luminous efficiency
Scotopic vision
darkness-adapted
(max. @ 507 nm)
Photopic vision
daytime-adapted
(max. @ 555 nm)
Wavelength [nm]
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Photon quantities
dNp=
Q f df
hf
Q d
=
hc
f
1 2 Qf
1 2
N p = dN p =
df =
Q d
h f1 f
hc 1
p = dNp/dt [s-1]
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Photon quantities
Mp = dp/dA [s-1m-2]
Ip = dp/d [s-1sr-1]
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Photon quantities
dI p
(dA cos )
d 2 p
[s-1m-2sr-1]
d (dA cos )
where is the angle between the given direction and the
normal to the surface element
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Photon quantities
Ep = dp/dA [s-1m-2]
Hp = dQp/dA [m-2]
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69
70
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72
73
74
75
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78
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81
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1
U
U = 2 2
v t
(1.1)
84
[n
(S ) 2 U 0 +
j
1 2
2
2 U 0 + U 0 S + 2(U 0 )(S ) = 0
k
k
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(1.3)
85
86
The surfaces:
S(r) = const.
(1.5)
are the geometrical wave fronts or surfaces of
constant optical phase
The ray is then simply defined as the normal to the
geometrical wave front.
On this basis we can say that the ray concept of
geometrical optics defines the direction of energy
flow
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88
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and
cos 2 dA2
d 2 =
D2
(1.6a)
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(1.6c)
92
(1.7)
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94
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d 12 = L1dA1dA2
2
r
12
(1.9)
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r
A1 A2
12
(1.10)
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dA1dA2
12 =
2
r12
A1 A2
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(1.11)
99
cos 1 cos 2
dA1dA2
2
r12
A1 A2
(1.11b)
100
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r12
surf 2
surf 2
(1.13)
102
103
104
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n
2
n
(1.17)
107
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2
R
aper
(1.18)
109
110
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+ ...
R=l+
2l
2l
l
(1.20)
where l = |z z'|
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U ( x, y , z ) =
C
ik
1 ater
2
2
ik
x
+
y
ikl
C = ie exp
2l
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116
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118
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(1.24)
2l
2l
By using (1.24) and assuming that the wave amplitude Um in
the aperture is uniform, (1.18) takes the form commonlyknown as Fresnel diffraction for small angles:
jk
jU m
2
2
U ( x, y , z ) =
exp( jkl ) exp (x' x ) + ( y ' y )
l
aper
2l
dx' dy '
(1.25)
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Coherence
The level of radiant energy at a detector is determined
by source elements which are, in general, distributed
over a range of positions and/or directions in space
Due to the wave nature of the electromagnetic field, the
radiant energy beams coming from these source
elements can interfere to each other
The interference can greatly increase or decrease the
detected radiant energy in comparison with what would
be expected from a simple summation of the energy
contribution from each source elements
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Coherence
122
Coherence
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Coherence
124
Coherence
The degree of coherence between the electromagnetic
fields at two points in space is a measure of their ability
to interfere
In order to define the degree of coherence, let us
suppose we have a source of electromagnetic radiant
energy and an opaque screen with two pinholes in it
(see the following figure)
By allowing the fields from the two points P1 and P2 to
propagate to an observation plane and observing the
interference effects there, we can measure the degree of
coherence between the fields at P1 and P2
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Coherence
P1
r1
P0
r2
P2
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Coherence
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Coherence
r
r
U 0 = U1 exp j0 t 1 + U 2 exp j0 t 2 (1.26)
v
v
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Coherence
c
c
*
E0 =
U 0U 0 = E1 + E2 + 2 Re U1 (t + )U 2* (t )
2n
2n
} (1.27)
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Coherence
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Coherence
12 ( )
1
2
(1.29)
(1.30)
131
Coherence
(1.31)
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Coherence
133
Coherence
12 ( ) = 0 12 ( f )e j 2f df
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(1.33)
134
Coherence
(
f
)
e
df
0 12
0
j 2f 0
e
(
0 12
2f 0
f )df = 12 (0) e1j2
3
123
(1.34)
temporal
spatial
coherence coherence
135
Temporal Coherence
136
Temporal Coherence
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Spatial Coherence
138
Spatial Coherence
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Spatial Coherence
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Polarization
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Polarization
142
Polarization
linear
circular
elliptical (no polarization)
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Polarization
Possible types
of polarization
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Polarization
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Polarization
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Polarization
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150
151
152
153
154
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rt rt
P (n ) =
1
s
s
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sn
s!
n!( s n)!
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157
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n = r t
159