Activity Book

ENGL 102 Oral and Written Expression
Handbook
Fall 2016
Prof. Alisa Pejic
ENGL 102_Week1_ The Paragraph, Handout 1.pdf

ENGL 102_Week1_Parts of speech, handout.pdf
ENGL 102_Week1_TENSES CHART.pdf
ENGL 102_Week 2_Capitalization and Punctuation_Handout.pdf
ENGL 102_Week 3_CASE STUDY 1 - Social games, handout.pdf
ENGL 102_Week 3_Format of an Essay.pdf
ENGL 102_Week 4_Writing Activity.pdf
ENGL 102_Week 5_Writing Activities.pdf
ENGL 102_Week 6_Body Paragraphs_Practice.pdf
ENGL 102_Week 6_Essay Checklist.pdf
ENGL 102_Week 6_Speaking Activity_Taboos - Bribery and Corruption.pdf
ENGL 102_Week 7_Mid-Term Grammar Revision.pdf
ENGL 102_Week 7_Mid-Term Writing Revision.pdf
ENGL 102_Week 12_Documentation and Style_MLA - Handout.pdf
ENGL 102_Week 12_Oral Presentations - revision tasks 2.pdf
ENGL 102_Week 12_Oral Presentations - revision tasks.pdf
ENGL 102_Week 12_Practice - Citing.pdf
ENGL 102_Week 13_COMMONLY CONFUSED WORDS.pdf
ENGL 102_Week 13_Reading - Reality TV programmes.pdf
ENGL 102_Week 13_Reality TV Shows, Argumentative Speech.pdf
What is a paragraph?
Handout 1
Work with your partner and have a look at the following groups of sentences. Can you determine which
paragraphs are strong paragraphs and which are weak paragraphs? Say why. Choose one or more of these
reasons:
The sentences are not all about the same topic.
There are not enough sentences.
There is no topic sentence.
Some sentences say the same thing.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
What is a paragraph?
Handout 1
Write a paragraph starting with a given topic sentence. Use the suggested format.
TOPIC SENTENCE
REASON 1 major supporting sentence
minor supporting sentence
REASON 2 major supporting sentence
minor supporting sentence
CONCLUDING SENTENCE
There are two reasons why I love big cities. _________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
1
SUBJECT AND VERB
In each of the following sentences determine the subject and the verb. Underline the subject with one line and the
verb with the double line.
1. I ate an entire pizza by myself.
2. Barracuda swim in that lake.
3. Sally failed the test.
4. The television movie ended suddenly.
5. An old newspaper tumbled down the dirty street.
6. My part-time job limits my study time.
Identify each of the following words as a noun, as a verb, or as both. Then create sentences of your own, using
each word in each possible function.
Example:
fly
Noun and verb.
The fly sat on the meat loaf. [noun]
The planes fly low. [verb]
1. wish
2. tie
3. swing
4. spend
5. company
6. door
2
SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT
There are eight mistakes in subject-verb agreement in the following passage. Cross out each incorrect verb and
write the correct form above it. In addition, underline the subject of each of the verbs that must be changed.
What are the factors that makes a third-grade child aggressive and destructive? On the other hand, what experiences help
a third-grader make friends easily and earn good grades in school? Years of research on a group of children from infancy
through elementary school has provided an answer, or at least a new theory. A psychologist from one of our leading
universities claim that success in the early grades are the direct result of a close relationship with the mother.
Babies who have this relationship with a mother seems to gain the strength and self-esteem they need for future success
in the classroom and in life. A strong, secure bond between a mother and child are formed when mothers respond quickly
and consistently to their babies needs. Both the speed and the attention is
important in earning a babys trust. The
researcher points out that there are no evidence of a link between day care arrangements and weaker mother-baby
attachments. It is the quality of the relationship, not the actual hours spent, that causes a child to feel secure.
VERB TENSES
In each item, one verb must be changed so that it agrees in tense with the other verbs. Cross out the inconsistent
verb and write the correct form in the space provided.
________________
1. Before the toothbrush was invented, people wipe their teeth with a rag that had chalk on
it.
________________
2. When I drive to my 8:30 A.M. class, I always stopped at Bens Bagel Bakery and get an
onion bagel with cream cheese.
________________
3. I stepped on a horseshoe crab at the beach and discover it had sky-blue blood.
________________
4. Sally washes her permanent-press curtains and hung them on the rods while they were still
wet.
________________
5. While Miguel is dieting, he avoids submarine sandwiches, turned down Danish pastry, and
passes up chocolate milk shakes.
________________
6. Leo enjoyed his first airplane flight, although the trip frightens him so much at first that he
held onto the armrests.
________________
7. Whenever I smoked more than ten cigarettes a day, my eyes burn and my hands start to shake.
________________
8. Lidia reached for the economy brand of ketchup but finds that it cost as much as the national
brand.
Tenses Chart
TENSES CHART
TENSE
FORM
USE
Simple Present
A:He goes.
N:He doesnt go
Q:Does he go?
Present
Continuous
A: He is learning.
N: He is not learning.
Q:Is he learning?
Simple Past
A: He went.
N: He did not go.
Q: Did he go?
Past Continuous
A: He was singing.
N: He was not
singing.
Q: Was he singing?
Habits and routines: I sometimes sing in the

shower.
Facts: We like ice-cream.
Facts which are always true: Asturias is in the
north of Spain.
Planned future action set by a timetable or
schedule: We leave London at eight next Tuesday.
With stative verbs: like, love, hate, hear,
believe
For an action happening now: I am learning
English.
Temporary actions: taking place only for a limited
period of time. Im living with my sister until I find
a flat.
Actions happening around the time of speaking: I
am reading a book by Isabel Allende.
action arranged for the near future: Im meeting
my sister tonight.
Actions completed in the past at a definite time,
even when the time is not given. Pasteur died in
1895.
Past habit: He always wore a black suit.
Actions taking place one after another. He
climbed the stairs and then followed me.
Action taking place in the middle of another
action. I was having a shower when the phone
rang.
action going on for some time at a certain time in
the past. At 9 oclock , I was waiting for my son.
actions taking place at the same time joined by
while or as: While I was cooking, my husband was
laying the table.
action in the past that is interrupted by another
action joined by when: I was having a shower when
the phone rang.
Present Perfect
Simple
A: He has written.
N: He hasnt written.
Q: Has he written?
When we put the emphasis on the result. The lift

has broken down (we have to use the stairs).
An action that started in the past (we dont say
when) and it has not finished or has just finished. I
have just seen Mary. I have written three letters
this morning.
finished action that has an influence on the
present
action that has taken place once, never or several
times before the moment of speaking.. I have been
to London three times in my life.
TIME
EXPRESSIONS
always, usually often,
sometimes, hardly
ever, never, every
day
at the moment, just,

just now, Listen!,
Look!, now,
right now,
this year, at present,
today, tomorrow,
these days
next Friday/
week/year
yesterday, 3 days
ago, in 1967, in the
1980s, in the
17th century, when,
then, last Friday.
when, while, as
How long? For+ a

period of time, since
+ a point in time.
In recent years ,
already, ever, just,
never, yet, not
yet, so far, till now,
up to now, recently
Tenses Chart
2
We put the emphasis on the duration (not the
result). He has been waiting for an hour and she
still hasnt turned up.
With certain verbs the action can be expressed by
either the present perfect simple or the continuous
with no difference in meaning: learn, lie,
live, look, rain, sleep, sit, study, teach, work,
waitetc.
To talk about an action taking place before
another action in the past. By the time the police
arrived he had already left.
The emphasis is put on the result
Same as above
A: He had been
talking.
N: He hadnt been
talking.
Q: Had he been
talking?
It is the continuous form of the Past perfect and

sometimes interchangeable with it
putting emphasis on the duration or course of an
action. Compare: He had tried five times to get her
on the phone. / He had been trying to get her on the
phone.
for, since, the whole

day, all day
Future Simple
A: He will come.
N: He wont come.
Q: Will he come?
in an hour, next
month, soon,
tomorrow, in the
future
probably, perhaps,
possibly, surely
Future Simple
Be going to
A: He is going to run.
N: He is not going to
run.
Q: Is he going to
run?
For an spontaneous decision. The phone is

ringing ~ Ill answer it!
To predict based on what you think will happen in
the future. I think Real Madrid will win the league.
A planned schedule: The tour of the Old City will
begin at 8.00.
Promises, threats,..etc
A planned action for the near or remote future, an
intention to do something in the future. When I
grow up I am going to be a doctor.
A prediction based on present evidence. Be
careful! Youre going to fall!
Future
Continuous
A: He will be
speaking.
N: He wont be
speaking.
Q: Will he be
speaking?
A: He will have
spoken.
N: He will not have
spoken.
Q: Will he have
spoken?
To express an action that is going on at a certain

time in the future: Well be visiting London next
week.
At this time
tomorrow, in one
year, next week,
tomorrow
To express an action that will be finished at a

certain time in the future. It is normally used with a
time expression beginning with by: By the end of
next week we will have finished all his exams.
by Monday, by then,
by that time, in a
week
Present Perfect
Continuous
A: He has been
teaching.
N: He hasnt been
teaching.
Q: Has he been
teaching?
Past Perfect
Simple
A: He had spoken.
N: He hadnt spoken.
Q: Had he spoken?
Past Perfect
Continuous
Future Perfect
already, by the time,

after, before, just,
never, not
yet, until that day
in one year, next

week, tomorrow, in a
few weeks, on the 7th
of June
CAPITALIZATION
Capitalize the first word of a sentence.
Every writer should own a good dictionary.
Capitalize the first word of a direct quotation that is a
complete sentence.
John F. Kennedy said, Ask not what your country
can do for you; ask what you can do for your
country.
Do not capitalize the first word of a quotation that cannot
stand as a complete sentence.
The reporter characterized the scene as one of
complete, absolute chaos.
Capitalize the first word of a complete sentence that
stands by itself in brackets. Do not capitalize a sentence
in brackets if it is within another sentence.
(The experiment should take five minutes.)
Set out your lab equipment (the experiment should
take five minutes) and work with your partner.
Capitalization of proper nouns
Capitalize most words in titles and subtitles of works. Do
not capitalize: articles (a, an, the), to infinitives, and
connecting words (prepositions and conjunctions) unless
they are the first or last word of a title or come after a
colon or semicolon.
- The Sound and the Fury
- Management: A New Theory
- Courtship Through the Ages
- Once More to the Lake
- The Truth About AIDS
- Only when I Laugh
Always capitalize the prefix or first word in a hyphenated
word within a title. Capitalize the second word only if it
is a noun or an adjective or is as important as the first
word.
- Applying Stage Make-up
- Through the Looking-Glass
Always capitalize the pronoun I and the interjection O.
I love to stay up at night.
- He who thinks himself wise, O heavens, is a great
fool.
Capitalize proper nouns, proper adjectives, and words
used as essential parts of proper nouns.
A proper noun names a specific person, place, or thing:

Shakespeare, California, World War I.
A proper adjective is formed from some proper nouns:
Shakespearean, Californian.
Capitalize all proper nouns and proper adjectives but not
the articles (a, an, the) that precede them.
Stephen King
the Leaning Tower of Pisa
New York City
the Rocky Mountains
Monday
May
Christmas
the Vietnam War
the Middle Ages
the Bill of rights
the Romantic Movement
Northeast High School House of Representatives
Boston Celtics
Democratic Party, Democrats
Sierra Club
League of Women Voters
Native American
Italian
Islam, Muslims
Christianity, Christians
God
Buddha
The Bible
the Quran
Capitalize common nouns used as essential parts of
proper nouns such as streets, avenues, parks, rivers,
oceans, lakes, companies, colleges, counties and
memorials.
Main Street
Lake Superior
Central Park
Ford Motor Company
Mississippi River
Madison College
Capitalize trade names (brands).
Scotch tape
Xerox
Chevrolet
Bunsen burner
Capitalize most titles with proper names.
- Professor Otto Osborne
- Otto Osborne, a professor of English
- Doctor Jane Covington
- Jane Covington, a medical doctor
Capitalize compass directions only when they name a
specific geographical area instead of a general direction:
- Students from the West often melt in eastern
humidity.
Capitalize the names of relationships only when they
precede or replace proper names:
- Our aunt scolded us for disrespecting Dad and Uncle
Jake.
Capitalization Practice
Practice 1
Revise the following paragraph to correct errors in capitalization.
1. San Antonio, texas, is a thriving city in the southwest.

2. The city has always offered much to tourists interested in the roots of spanish settlement in the new world.
3. The alamo, one of five Catholic Missions built by Priests to convert native americans and to maintain spain's claims
in the area.
4. But the alamo is more famous for being the site of an 1836 battle that helped to create the republic of Texas.
5. Many of the nearby Streets, such as Crockett street, are named for men who gave their lives in that Battle.
6. The Hemisfair plaza and the San Antonio river link new tourist and convention facilities developed during major
Cisneross terms.
7. Restaurants, Hotels, and shops line the River. the haunting melodies of "Una paloma blanca" and "malagueria" lure
passing tourists into Casa rio and other mexican restaurants.
8. The university of Texas at San Antonio has expanded, and a Medical Center lies in the Northwest part of the city.
9. Sea World, on the west side of San Antonio, entertains grandparents, fathers and mothers, and children with the
antics of dolphins and seals.
Punctuation
Apostrophe
The two main uses of the apostrophe are
1. To show the omission of one or more letters in a
contraction
2. To show ownership or possession (in singular s and in
plural s)
Because of the dogs constant barking, I couldnt sleep all
night.
Quotation marks
The two main uses of quotation marks are
1. To set off the exact words of a speaker or writer
Ben Franklin once wrote, To lengthen thy life, lessen thy
meals.
1. To set off the titles of short works, while titles of long
works are underlined (if writing longhand) or italicized (if
writing on a computer).
the article The Problem of Acid Rain
in the magazine Newsweek
in the magazine Newsweek
Period
Use a period after most abbreviations.
Dr.
A.D.
Jr.
OZ.
etc.
A.M.
Periods do not usually follow acronyms, abbreviations of
well-known organizations and governmental agencies, and
certain other abbreviations, including two-letter state
abbreviations when ZIP Codes are included.
UFO
NATO
TV UN
IL
UCLA
If an abbreviation comes at the end of a statement, do not
use an additional period as an end mark.
The Smithsonian Institution is in Washington, D.C.
Comma
Commas are used mainly as follows:
1. To separate items in a series
The street vendor sold watches, necklaces, and earrings.
1. To set off introductory material
Just in time, Sherry applied the brakes and avoided a car
accident.
1. On both sides of words that interrupt the flow of thought
in a sentence
The hallway, dingy and dark, was illuminated by a bare bulb
hanging from a wire.
1. Between two complete thoughts connected by and, but,
for, or, nor, so, yet
Sam closed all the windows, but the predicted thunderstorm
never arrived.
1. To set off a direct quotation from the rest of a sentence
Im sorry, said the restaurant hostess.
1. For certain everyday material
Use a comma when addressing someone directly.
Fred, I think were on the wrong road.
Use a comma when opening and closing letters

Dear Roberto,
Sincerely yours,
Use commas in numbers of four digits or more, except for
years and street numbers.
The insurance agent sold me a $50,000 term life insurance
policy.
Other punctuation marks
Colon (:): punctuation mark used at the end of a complete
statement to introduce a list, a long quotation, or an
explanation.
1. List:
The store will close at noon on the following dates:
November 26, December 24, and December 31.
1. Quotation:
In his book Life Lines, Forrest Church maintains that people
should cry more: Life is difficult. Some people pretend that
it is not, that we should be able to breeze through. Yet hardly
a week passes in which most of us dont have something
worth crying about.
3. Explanation:
Heres a temporary solution to a dripping faucet: Tie a string
to it, and let the drops slide down the string to the sink.
Semicolon (;): punctuation mark used to mark a break
between two complete thoughts or to mark off items in a
series when the items themselves contain internal punctuation
(such as commas).
Mayas children are named Melantha, which means black
flower; Yonina, which means dove; and Cynthia, which
means moon goddess.
Dash (): punctuation mark used to signal a pause longer
than that of a comma but not as long as that of a period.
I was so exhausted that I fell asleep within secondsstanding
up.
He had many good qualitiessincerity, honesty, and
thoughtfulnessyet he had few friends.
TIP: A dash can be formed using a keyboard by striking the
hyphen twice (--). In handwriting, a dash is as long as two
letters would be.
Hyphen (-): punctuation mark used with two or more
words that act as a single unit or to divide a word at the end of
a line.
While being interviewed on the late-night talk show, the
quarterback announced his intention to retire.
With a needle, Rich punctured the fluid-filled blister on his
toe.
Parentheses ( ): punctuation marks used to set off extra or
incidental information from the rest of a sentence.
In 1913, the tax on an annual income of four thousand
dollars (a comfortable wage at that time) was one penny.
Arthur C. Clarke, author of science fiction books
(including 2001: A Space Odyssey), was inspired as a young
man by the magazine Astounding Stories.
Punctuation Practice
One punctuation mark, a capital letter, or italic type is omitted in each of the following sentences. Insert them as
needed. Pairs of quotation marks, parentheses, or dashes are considered one unit.
1. Odyssey is a famous epic poem of Greek mythology.

2. The professor said, The poem tells of the wanderings and sufferings of Odysseus, who is also known as
Ulysses.
3. This poem is a great classic of literature; its famous for its beautiful poetry as well as its exciting tales of
adventure.
4. The author was Homer, who wrote this poem and the equally well-known iliad in the ninth century BC.
5. The story begins at the end of the Trojan war as Odysseus and his band of Greeks prepare to sail back to
their home in Ithaca.
6. It would take Odysseus if you can believe it ten years to get back.
7. He and his companions encounter many obstacles people, creatures, and gods who seek to kill them.
8. A one-eyed giant called the Cyclops eats several of Odysseus men and imprisons the rest in his cave.
9. Odysseus blinds the giant, and his men must sneak out of the cave by tying themselves under the bellies of
the Cyclops sheep.
10. The sea-god Neptune the Cyclops father tries to sink the Greek ships in a storm.
11. Many of Odysseus sailors are eaten by cannibals called lestrigonians.
12. For a year, Odysseus and his men remain captives of the beautiful sorceress Circe on her enchanted island.
13. Circe turns Odysseus twenty two companions into pigs but finally lets them go.
14. The Sirens half women and half birds enticed sailors to their doom with their sweet songs.
15. Odysseus evades their charms by putting wax in his mens ears and lashing himself to the mast of the ship,
where he can enjoy the songs but resist temptation.
16. Next, he manages to get past two more monsters Scylla and Charybdis.
17. Scylla is a six headed female monster, with six mouths containing three rows of sharp teeth.
18. Did you know that Charybdis is a dangerous whirlpool.
19. This is a great story! exclaimed the students.
20. Its amazing that a poem so old can be so action packed.
Social games
1. In pairs, discuss these questions.

1. Do you play games?
2. What are your favourite games?
2. Label the pictures (a-f) with the types of game in the box.
PC games
Console games
Arcade games
a
Handheld games
Mobile phone games
Social network games
e
3. Games are played on a variety of electronic devices or platforms. Complete these sentences with game platforms
from the box and types of game from Task 2.
Personal computer
Video game consoles
Portable gaming devices
3G mobile phones
Social media
1. are played on , such as the Sony PS3 or Microsoft

Xbox 360. In the past, these electronic devices were just connected to a standard TV or video monitor; now they can
be connected to the Net, via cables or wirelessly.
2. are played on , such as Sony PSP and the Nintendo
DS. You can also play games on some graphing calculators and watches.
3. Dont worry if you dont have a game console. You can still play on a
. The graphics are even more impressive if you have a high-resolution monitor. You
can buy games on CDs and DVDs, or download them from the Internet.
4. are played on . They allow you to play with other
users in other parts of the world using the Internet. You can buy virtual goods and earn virtual money there.
5. Some are programmed to run natively on the chip of
. For instance, Snake is installed on many Nokia phones. Many Java-based games are
also available via download.
6. are played on coin-operated machines, typically installed in restaurants, bars and
amusement arcades. For example, you can fly an aircraft or a spaceship using a joystick.
4. In pairs, discuss these questions. Give reasons for your answers.
1. Which is your favourite game platform? What advantages and disadvantages does it have over other game platforms?
2. Do you play games on social networks? What is your experience like?
Social games
RockYou team recently released the results of the

study they commissioned on social gaming behavior,
conducted by leading market research firm Interpret.
Their goal was to provide actionable insights for
advertisers, marketers, and developers in the social game
space. By exploring the attitudes, behaviors,
motivations, psychographics, and purchase intent among
social gamers in the US, we are able to glean valuable
information about the audience in this rapidly evolving
space. They found many of the results surprising, and
they think we will too.
First, they found that social gamers are highly receptive
to in-game ads, especially when offered real-world
rewards or virtual currency in exchange. 42% of social
gamers say they would be more motivated to play a
social game that offered real world rewards (eg: a
coupon or gift card); 55% of players would rather earn
virtual currency than purchase it with real money; and
24% of players report they have clicked on an ad in a
social game and made an online purchase. Ads placed
within games are indeed very effective, particularly
when they are paired with incentives that players
appreciate, like real world rewards.
Second, the study found that social gamers are avid
consumers and are valuable customers in the real world.
Many spend frequently on clothing, consumer packaged
goods, entertainment, and more. In the past 3 months:
75% purchased clothing, apparel or jewelry; 77%
purchased household products; and 72% purchased
health or beauty products. Social gamers also enjoy
entertainment -- having watched an average of 3.6
movies in a theater and 11.4 films total in the past three
months. On top of this, many gamers are already in
spending mode while playingthey are pulling out their
wallets to purchase over a billion dollars a year of ingame digital goods.
Another notable finding was that social gamers are the

most social of all social media users. They spend 13
hours per week on social networks and they average 16.5
friends who play the same social game as them. Many
play with friends but also meet new people and build
new friendships through social gaming. Social gamers
make up a valuable network for advertisers since they
share information and communicate often with peers.
The survey also found that social gamers are motivated
by in-game achievements. They increasingly prefer more
in-depth gameplay and do not view social games as
merely time killers. 22% of social gamers say that the
fact that their online friends can see their score drives
them to play more and perform better in-game. 56% love
the sense of accomplishment that comes from finishing a
task or meeting a goal. This also presents the opportunity
for advertisers to sponsor free points or in-game items
for players, which can give brands valuable exposure
while enhancing players experience.
Lastly, the study segmented social gamers into four
distinct archetypes in order to better understand the
market. Premium Paul spends money on in-game
currency to get ahead. Pauls typically stay up to date on
new trends, are career-focused, social and have busy
lifestyles but still find the time to play and spend on
games. Competitive Charlie plays to win and
broadcasts his achievements. Interpret found that
Charlies are the biggest purchasers of consumer
packaged goods and clothing48% of them agree with
the statement shopping makes me happy. Newbie
Nancy social gamers are less tech-savvy than the other
player types and prefer free content. Nancys may be
budget conscious but they spend frequently on health
and beauty products. The fourth archetype is Devoted
Danielle, a power user. Danielles spend the majority of
their online hours gaming and are especially willing to
click on ads to earn virtual currency because they prefer
free play. Advertisers can utilize this audience
segmentation information and create customized ingame advertisement experiences that cater towards
specific player types.
5. Words and phrases which mean the same. Match the underlined words with their
synonyms below.
devoted -
experienced -
interested -
custom-make -
collect -
motivation -
FUN FACT
Social games
6. Match the four social gamer archetypes with their descriptions. What type of a social gamer are you?
Power user, spends

a
majority of her online
hours gaming
Avid TV-watcher,
spends on CPG products
Novice who doesnt

b
want to pay for content,
not tech-savvy
Budget conscious but
spends frequently on
health & beauty products
Plays to win &

broadcasts
accomplishments to
friends
Top CPG and clothing
purchasers
Spends the most

d
type on in-game items
Busy lifestyle focused
on career, passionate
about new trends
7. Read the article again and discuss these statements with your partner.
1. Social gamers are highly receptive to in-game ads.
2. Social gamers are avid consumers and are valuable customers in the real world. What does this have to do with
gaming?
3. Social gamers are the most social of all social media users. Why?
4. Social gamers are motivated by in-game achievements. Why?
8. Your turn. Use one of the statements from the previous task as topic sentence and write a paragraph
containing all the features of a good/strong paragraph.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
Page Format for Handwritten Work.
Page Format for Work Done on a Computer
REMEMBER to write this information at the top of your paper:
Writing activity
Oral and Written Expression
Choose one of the following topics and write a five-paragraph expository essay.
If you had three wishes, what would they be?
How to Manage the Stress in Your Life
Life lessons
Simple rules you should follow:
1. Give your essay a proper title
2. Indent the first word in all paragraphs
3. Do not over use pronouns- it, they, she,
he
4. Use periods and capitalization
5. Use transition words
6. Do not begin a sentence withso, because,
and, but, to
7. Each paragraph should have a topic

sentence and a conclusion sentence
8. Each paragraph should be at least five
sentences long
9. Write out numbers if it is under the number
10
10. Do not use first or second person- I and you
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Week 5 Writing activity

Write a paragraph. Make sure you use all the elements of a good paragraph. Include the following
things:
-
Topic sentence
At least three reasons to support your topic
Supporting details for each reason
Concluding sentence
Video Games and Violence
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Week 5 Writing activity

Imagine that you work for a travel agency. Write a paragraph recommending your hometown as a
place to go on vacation. Give at least three reasons why a visitor would enjoy vacationing there. Give
specific example for your reasons. Before you start writing read the model paragraph about Costa
Rica.
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Writing an essay
Read the essay guidelines. Write a basic outline include the thesis
statement and your three main points. When you have completed your
outline (try to use no more than 5 minutes), write two more paragraphs.
________________________
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Essay Guidelines
Remember to give your essay a title.
Double-space your writing.
Write as legibly as possible.
Include a short introduction, three body paragraphs, and a conclusion.
___________________________________
According to a recent survey, approximately forty-one percent of Americans fear speaking

in public. That statistic places public speaking as the number one phobia in the United States.
More than a fear of spiders, death, and the Internal Revenue Service, public speaking is something
that often causes people to break out into a cold sweat, start shaking uncontrollably, and even feel as
though they are about to die. Fear of public speaking can come from a number of sources, including
childhood events and continuous media attention to the problem. Perhaps, more important than the causes
of this phobia are the strategies for overcoming fear of public speaking. Many people are unaware that
the fear of speaking in front of others can be overcome by visualization exercises, deep breathing, and
preparedness.
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Mid-Term Grammar Revision
I.
Edit the paragraph below, checking it for sentence fragments, run-on sentences, and comma
splices. Additionally, check the paragraph for subject-verb agreement, spelling, punctuation,
and capitalisation. Correct any errors. Do not change the tense.
Plans for a spectacular pop concert in falmer park just outside Portsmouth have been submited to hampshire county
council, the open air event, featuring the singer Neil Silver and their backing group the Raiders, are planned for
Wednesday 6th July and Friday 8th July, to coincide with Portsmouth arts festival as well as the tour de France. The
organizers, gigs unlimited, says the show will have a French theme to fit in with the cycle race, the proposal will be
considered at a special meeting on Thursday 12th May. Local people is divided on the issue, while some welcome. The
influx of visitors and the increse in trade that the concert will bring to Portsmouth, others are predicting an invasion
off New Age travelers Hampshires Chief Constable Edward Lang-Jones is, however, confident that he have adequate
manpower to deal with any disturbeance that might ocur.
Total: 27
II.
Fill in the blank with the verb that agrees with the subject. Take care to use tenses correctly.
1. The assignment, which they submitted to their professor, ___________________ incomplete. (to be, Past Simple
Tense)
2. There ___________________ in many cities a desire to reduce traffic and pollution. . (to be, Present Simple
Tense)
3. Five dollars ___________________ too much for her to pay. . (to be, Past Simple Tense)
4. Some of the pie ___________________. (to be, Present Perfect Passive)
5. She is the only one of the students who ___________________ the test. (to fail, Present Perfect Simple)
6. Nobody ___________________ to challenge the teacher when she is wrong. (to dare, Present Simple Tense)
7. The players or their coach ___________________ holding a press conference. (to be, Present Simple Tense)
8. The class ___________________ a movie every Friday night. (to watch, Present Simple Tense)
9. According to the newspaper, there ___________________ three main suspects questioned. (to be, Past Simple
Tense)
10. Neither Christine nor Heather ___________________ their stories in major journals. (to publish, Present Perfect
Simple)
11. The professor or one of her research assistants ________________ at every meeting. (to be, Present Simple Tense)
12. The new system of taking messages ___________________ our response time tremendously. (to help, Present
Perfect Simple)
13. The committee ___________________ the issues among themselves after each open session. (to debate, Present
Simple Tense)
14. Each of the employees ___________________ a half-hour evaluation meeting with his or her supervisor. (to have,
Present Perfect Simple)
15. The chief executive officer and the chairman of the board ___________________ that the new benefit package
should include a dental health plan as well as eye care. (to agree, Present Simple Tense)
16. The staff at the university library ___________________ recognition for helping to locate the many sources
needed for the successful completion of my doctoral dissertation. (to deserve, Present Simple Tense)
17. All employees with two years experience ___________________ to full benefits, including health insurance, life
insurance, a retirement plan, and stock options. (to entitle, Present Simple Passive)
III.
Some of the following contain major sentence faults. Label the fault and then write a corrected version.
__________________ 1. Since the last time we saw you.

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__________________ 2. His voice sounded nervous his hands were sweaty.
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__________________ 3. Long after the tournament, they were still discussing the referees bad calls.
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__________________ 4. Donna was reading the catalogue it arrived yesterday.
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__________________ 5. Something had gone wrong, they didnt know what it was.
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__________________ 6. Sometime after midnight when the snow storm was at its worst.
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__________________ 7. Because he was a kind and gentle person who liked children.
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__________________ 8. We are going to Montreal next week we will call you.
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__________________ 9. The man in the green raincoat who sat on the corner.
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__________________ 10. The medicine was working, she went to the office yesterday.
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IV.
Write the correct pronoun to complete the following sentences.
1. Either the juniors or the seniors are singing ___________________ class song.
2. Everybody on the committee had ___________________ own agenda.
3. Every student wants to impress ___________________ professors.
4. Both Suzi and Beth will try to see ___________________ parents over the weekend.
5. Every presidential candidate must appeal to a wide variety of ethnic and social groups if
___________________ wants to win the election.
6. The Department of Education issued new guidelines for school security. ___________________ tried to
anticipate problems and prevent disaster.
7. Seven qualified Hispanic agents applied, all hoping for a career move that would let
___________________ use ___________________ language and cultural training on more than just
translations.
8. A small amount of water in an outboard motor's ignition system can prevent ___________________ from
starting.
9. Either the cat or its kittens left ___________________ toy mouse in the middle of the living room.
10. No one could believe ___________________ eyes when they saw the pile of money!
11. Each college student brings experience to ___________________ classes.
12. The jury went ___________________ separate ways for lunch.
13. Everything in the rooms was in ___________________ proper place.
From the following list of transitions, choose the most appropriate for each sentence, and write your choice in
the space provided.
for example
still
a.
in other words
therefore
meanwhile
furthermore
in the second place
on the contrary
in that case
on the other hand
Ms. Siegel worked for you in a similar capacity during the past two years; ____________________ we are
interested in getting your candid comments on her professional abilities.
b.
We have experienced difficulties with your shipments of candy before; ____________________ just last
December, 5 of the 22 boxes you shipped arrived empty.
c.
The enclosed information sheet contains names and telephone numbers of prospective clients;
____________________ it includes mailing addresses and ZIP codes.
d.
Because you are a valued customer of Carrillo Images, we are rechecking the figures we used to prepare your
invoice; ____________________ we are discounting the new price.
e.
Your acceptance of these conditions, signaled by your signing the enclosed check, will begin the process.
____________________ your signature on this check will release you to begin construction.
Mid-Term Writing Revision

I.
Mark the errors in the format of this paragraph.

Jane Doe
23.11.2015
Synonyms
Synonyms, words that have the same basic meaning, do not always have the same emotional
meaning. For example, the words stingy and frugal both mean careful with money.
However, to call a person stingy is an insult, while the word frugal has a much more positive
connotation. Similarly, a person wants to be slender but not skinny, and aggressive, but not
pushy. Therefore, you should be careful in choosing words because many so-called synonyms are
not really synonymous at all.
II.
For each of the following paragraphs, choose the topic sentence that best fits the rest of the
paragraph.
1. ________. Residents have been directed to use the new plastic bins as their primary recycling
containers. These new containers will make picking up recyclables faster and easier.
a. The city has distributed standardized recycling containers to all households.
b. Recycling has become a way of life for most people.
c. While most Americans recycle, they also use more resources than residents of other countries.
d. Even small cities have begun recycling to pick up used glass, plastic, and paper.
2. ________. Telecommuters produce, on average, 20% more than if they were to work in an office.
Their flexible schedule allows them to balance both their family and work responsibilities.
a. People who work in offices make up a large part of the U.S. workforce.
b. Office workers who telecommute from their own homes are more productive and have greater
flexibility.
c. Many companies now offer their employees benefits that were not available just a few years ago.
d. One of the biggest problems in corporate America is the lack of skilled office workers
3. ________. No search of a persons home or personal effects may be conducted without a written
search warrant. This means that a judge must justify a search before it can be conducted.
a. There is an old saying that a persons home is his or her castle.
b. Much of the U.S. legal system was based on the old British system.
c. The Fourth Amendment to the Constitution protects citizens against unreasonable searches.
d. Personal effects is a term that refers to the belongings of a person.
Mid-Term Writing Revision
III.
Select one of the following theses (altering it a bit to suit your own ideas, if you like)
and write the introductory paragraph for it. Write at least five sentences.
1. The spirit of sports has been corrupted by money.

2. Sexual harassment at work often goes unreported for practical reasons.
3. Several steps must be taken to reduce the serious dangers car accidents pose to children.
IV.
Study the following abbreviated essay outline. Only the introductory paragraph and topic
sentences for body paragraphs are given. Then write the concluding paragraph.
Advertising
Unless you live on an uninhabited island in the middle of a big ocean, you cannot escape
advertising. People in the modern world are continually exposed to ads and commercials on the radio, on
television, on billboards, in their mailboxes, and on their computers. However, advertising is not a
modern phenomenon. Advertising has been around for a long time, as a review of its history shows.
A. As early as 3000 B.C., merchants carved signs in wood, clay, and stone to put above their shops.
B. In ancient Egypt, merchants hired people called criers to walk through the streets announcing the
arrival of ships and their cargo.
C. In medieval Europe, shop owners hired criers to direct customers to their shops.
D. The invention of the printing press was the start of the advertising industry as we know it today.
Documentation and Style: MLA
Complete the following citations.

1) create a correct in-text citation in the sentence
2) write out the complete works cited entry for each question
Book (One Author)
According to Eric Schlosser, fast food chains are now gaining access to the last advertising-free outposts
of American life: public schools ( __________________________ ).
Taken from Fast Food Nation by Eric Schlosser, page 51, published in New York by Perennial in 2002.
Works Cited Entry:
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Book (Four or More Authors)
The authors assert that Most multicultural readers approach diversity in one of two ways ( __________
_________________ ).
Taken from Rereading Culture by Gary Columbo, Robert Cullen, Linda Laslow, and Bonnie Lisle, page
5. The book was published in 2007 by Bedford/St. Martins in Boston.
Works Cited Entry:
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Article in a Scholarly Journal
The author states that suicide is a theme in Toni Morrisons novels ( ___________________________ ).
This idea was taken from the article Revolutionary Suicide in Toni Morrisons Fiction, which was
published in the journal titled African American Review in 2000 in volume number 34, issue 4. The
whole article was on pages 389-412. This idea was found on page 401. The author of the article is Nancy
Snyder.
Works Cited Entry:
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Source 1
Source type: Book
Author: Robert Zimmerman
Title: Ethics in the School System
Place of Publication: New York
Publisher: Hoffman-Brown
Publication Year: 1986
Medium of Publication: Print
Source 2
Source type: Book
Authors: Renee Black, Alex Green
Title: Effective School Administration
Place of Publication: Boston
Publisher: Scholastics
Publication Year: 2011
Source 3
Source type: Magazine Article
Author: Clara Bright
Article Title: Principal Changes Policies
Title of Periodical: Time
Date of Publication: 31 Jan. 2011
Pages: 113-115
Source 4
Source type: Newspaper Article
Author: Jim Smalley
Article Title: School District Meets
Goals for Improvement
Title of Periodical: The Spokesman
Review
Date of Publication: 31 Jan. 2011
Page: A5
Source 5
Source type: Web Article
Author: Owen Anderson
Article Title: Effective Principals Take
Charge
Website: Education Matters
Sponsor: Education Matters
Publication Date: 6 Dec. 2010
Your Access Date: 31 Jan. 2011
URL: http://educationmatters.org/
Documentation and Style: MLA
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Oral Presentations Learning Activities
Script of a Presentation on Internet Addiction

Good morning everyone. Im here today to talk about Internet addiction. (1)_______________ by asking
you a question. Have your parents and teachers ever told you that youre addicted to the Internet? Yes,
right? So, what is Internet addiction really?
Internet addiction is defined as excessive use of the Internet and its features such as online games and
chat programs. This is a worldwide phenomenon and is particularly common in developed countries.
(2)________________, in mainland China, an estimated 3.2% of teenagers are addicted to Internet use
and in Hong Kong 15.4% are addicted.
(3)___________________ why so many people are addicted to the Internet. Hong Kong is a place with
a large population and very little space. Using the Internet can help young people to establish their own
identities online, without interference from their family or others. Another reason that encourages Internet
use is that the Internet is becoming cheaper and more easily accessible every day.
(4)_________________, free Internet connection is provided in almost all government buildings and
public areas. Teenagers are therefore quick to take advantage of the Internet for fun, collecting
information and staying in touch with friends. (5)___________________, this healthy activity can lead
to addiction when the Internet is used as a way of escaping problems in the family or at school, or
relieving feelings of helplessness, guilt, or anxiety.
(6)__________________ how Internet addiction affects the addicts and their families. Like alcoholics or
drug abusers, Internet addicts tend to be depressed and have low self-esteem. Since they usually spend
many hours behind the computer screen, this can affect their job, friendships, romantic relationships and
educational opportunities. (7)__________________ the impact on the addicts, ____________________
how their families are affected as a result too. The parents of young Internet addicts are unlikely to
understand the attraction of cyberspace, so they may ask their addicted children to reduce the time they
spend online. When their children refuse, they are likely to feel irritated, angry and sometimes even
helpless, which can create tension and conflict within the family.
(8)___________________ how the problem of Internet addiction can be solved.
(9)___________________, at school, extra-curricular activities should be provided to encourage Internet
addicts to develop other hobbies. Also, family counselling sessions can help in combating addiction and
allow parents to understand youth culture and why the Internet is so important to their children.
(10)________________ that social welfare organisations have a role to play in addressing the problem
too. Lastly, courses should be provided to allow Internet addicts to build their self-confidence and ability
to communicate, along with other skills needed in human interaction.
Now, (11)________________________________. I have discussed the definition of Internet addiction
and the global spread of this phenomenon. I have also talked about the factors that contribute* to the
growth of Internet addiction and how Internet addiction affects the addicts and their families. And (12)
______________, I have suggested a few solutions to combat this problem.
I hope you found this presentation useful and I am happy to answer any questions you have about this
issue.
Task 2. To make your presentations audience-friendly, you should use some

phrases to signpost different parts of your presentations.
Task 1. Four important elements that make an effective presentation are listed
on the left. Match them with the descriptions on the right. Write the number of
the corresponding element in the given space.
Look at the cards, choose the expressions and write them in the right place in
the table.
What makes an effective presentation?

1.
Organisation
e.g. __3__ A suitably loud and clear voice
Useful phrases for presentations

To sequence points
_____ Strong conclusion to summarise main points

and leave the audience still thinking about
what you said after the presentation
e.g. First of all
_____ Interesting and original ideas

2. Content
To indicate movement
to a new point
_____ Clear signposting words like firstly, secondly, to

conclude, to link different parts / ideas
_____ Looking at everyone in the audience
_____ Proper use of colours, pictures, sound effects
and animations for emphasis
To provide an example
To show a contrast
3. Delivery
(voice, eye
contact and
body
language)
_____ Strong introduction to explain content and

arouse interest
_____ Elaboration of points
_____ Appropriate timing
4. Visual aids
To sum up and
conclude
_____ Correct use of pausing for emphasis and stress

on the right words
_____ Relevant points and examples
_____ Appropriate use of gestures for emphasis
1. Can you think of more useful signposts in presentations? Add them

to the list above.
2. The following is the script of a presentation on Internet addiction. On
your own, complete it with signposts you find appropriate.
_____ Clear and simple messages or diagrams which

help to make the presentation more effective
Week 13 - COMMONLY CONFUSED WORDS

its
its
belonging to it
contraction of it is or it has
The kitchen floor has lost its shine because its been used as a roller-skating rink by the children.
Fill in the blanks: Our living-room carpet has lost .. vivid color since .. been exposed
to so much sunlight.
Write sentences using its and its.
..................
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principal
principle
main; a person in charge of a school; amount of money borrowed

law or standard
My principal goal in child rearing is to give my daughter strong principles to live by.
Fill in the blanks: My reason for turning down the part-time job is that its against my
s to work on weekends.
Write sentences using principal and principle.
..................
..................
than
then
used in comparisons
at that time
I glared angrily at my boss, and then I told him our problems were more serious than he suspected.
Fill in the blanks: Felix hiked seven miles and chopped firewood; he was soon more
tired hed been in years.
Write sentences using than and then.
..................
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their
there
theyre
belonging to them
at that place; a neutral word used with verbs such as is, are, was, were, have, and had
contraction of they are
The customers there are satisfied because theyre being given a discount on their purchases.
Fill in the blanks: I told the owner of the video store that Im going .. right after work so
that I can return .. DVDs, and fortunately .. not going to charge me a
late fee.
Write sentences using their, there, and theyre.
..................
..................
Week 13 - COMMONLY CONFUSED WORDS

accept
except
receive; agree to
exclude; but
If I accept your advice, Ill lose all my friends except you.

Fill in the blanks: Everyone .. my parents was delighted when I decided to
.. the out-of-town job offer.
Write sentences using accept and except
..................
..................
affect
effect
verb meaning to influence

verb meaning to bring about something; noun meaning result
My sister Sarah cries for effect, but her act no longer affects my parents.
Fill in the blanks: Some school officials think suspension will .. students positively, but
many students think its main .. is time off from school.
Write sentences using affect and effect.
..................
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among
between
implies three or more

implies only two
At the end of the meal, my sister and I split the cost between the two of us rather than among all the
people in our party.
Fill in the blanks: I told my assistant to look .. my files for the report that I placed
.. two folders.
Write sentences using among and between.
..................
..................
beside
besides
along the side of

in addition to
Jared sat beside Jen. Besides them, there were ten other people at the Tupperware party.
Fill in the blanks: Elena refused to sit .. Carlos in class because he always fidgeted,
and, .. , he couldnt keep his mouth shut.
Write sentences using beside and besides.
..................
..................

Reality TV programmes in one season
There are at least 2 of these programmes on every day
Interactive programmes
I'm a Celebrity Get Me Out Of Here: A group of 10 minor celebrities live in the Australian jungle and
their adventures and daily tests are broadcast live. Viewers can vote to remove a celebrity and can text
their comments during the live show. The person who stays in the jungle longest wins a lot of money.
This programme is shown 7 days a week for up to 3 hours.
Fame Academy: A group of wannabe singers are put in a large house in North London for 10 weeks
and they prepare songs and sing every week. Viewers at home can vote for the best singers until there is a
final programme with 2 finalists. The winner gets a recording contract and wins a year as a pop star. Over
8 million viewers watched the last final.
Shattered: A group of young people live in a house for a week and must stay awake. Each day there are
tests to see how well they can function. They must leave the house if they fall asleep. Viewers vote and
text their comments every day.
Makeover programmes
Changing Rooms: 2 couples exchange houses and redecorate a complete room. The programme shows
the reaction of each couple when they see their home transformed.
Faking it: A member of the public is chosen to learn a new job and then they must convince a panel of
judges that it really is their job. Previous challenges involve someone who cannot cook becoming a top
chef in 4 weeks and a motorcycle courier learns the skill of playing polo to pretend he is a professional
polo player.
Celebrity Fit Club: A group of overweight celebrities go on a diet together and are filmed every week
doing fitness challenges and talking about what they eat.
A Place in the Sun: This show follows people as they buy their holiday home in a hotter climate. There
are lots more programmes like this with people starting a new life in another European country.
Relocation Relocation: This show follows people deciding on a new place to live in the UK. They are
filmed during the process of changing town and house.
Fly-on-the-wall-documentaries
Boss swap: Two Managers change jobs and try to run a different company. The camera follows them as
they try to make good working relationships with their new employees.
Club Reps: This series follows the lives and work of holiday representatives working abroad. You see
every detail of their private and working lives. It is sometimes very shocking.
Airport: The television cameras film all day and night in an airport for many weeks. Different airport
workers are filmed doing their jobs and talking to passengers.
The Salon: The television cameras film all day in a hairdressing salon over a long period of time.
Learner Drivers: This show follows people as they learn to drive. People are filmed while they fight
with their driving instructors, test the patience of other motorists and pass or fail their driving exam.
Reality shows have improved the quality of television programming, or reality shows are the lowest form of entertainment 1
http://patch.com/connecticut/ledyard/believe-it-or-not-reality-tv-shows-can-be-educational
Believe It or Not, Reality TV Shows Can Be

Educational
Some, including 'The Biggest Loser,' contain positive messages for kids.
Ledyard, CT
By Susan Schaefer (Open Post) August 6, 2012
No doubt there are a whole slew of reality TV shows with no redeeming value to society. Just Google popular
reality TV shows and you will get pages and pages of gems such as Swamp People, Bad Girls Club,
Duck Dynasty, and Pawn Stars.
I would give a quick synopsis of these shows, but I didnt care enough to read them. Today I was on the
treadmill watching Entertainment Weekly and there were four ex-wives of various celebrities who are going to
be starring together in a show called, Hollywood Exes. Ill wait while you go throw up.
However, there are also reality shows out there that I love and believe are great educational tools and contain
positive messages for kids. My personal fave is "The Biggest Loser." I find this show very inspirational
because it shows the obstacles real people face in a quest to get healthy. There are no quick fixes, just hard
work and determination. I have to say there are days when I dont want to get up and go to the gym, but I
think, If that 400-pound woman with diabetes can get herself out of bed for spin class, so can I.
My family actually watches "The Amazing Race" together. This is an awesome show from an education
standpoint. The most obvious positive is that it teaches about world cultures and geography, a subject that is
barely addressed in most American schools.
To succeed, contestants have to work together with a partner, be tenacious, and think outside the box. Along
the same lines, "The Apprentice" gives kids an interesting take on the world of business. In this show, the
contestants also need to be creative, competitive, and work together with a group to accomplish tasks. In
addition, it showcases the importance of good leadership skills, public speaking and attention to details. Is
there some excessive drama? Sure, there is always drama when you throw a bunch of people together to
complete tasks, which is a reality in both classroom and work environments.
The talent shows like "American Idol" and "Americas Got Talent" create certain teachable moments. I love
when they show the stadiums full of people waiting all day to audition. It doesnt send the anyone can be a
star so drop out of school, quit your job and got for it! message many may think. It shows the very high level
of talent necessary to make it and, even then, most of those people dont have a shot given the intense
competition. It all depends on how you approach the subject with your kids. It is a good time to talk about
risks vs. benefits with your child, so basically economics.
Even some shows that seem to have no redeeming value can be life lessons and open the door for discussion.
For example, those bachelor/ette and various housewives shows, which I find repulsive, open the door to
discuss relationships, self-esteem, and common human decency. Viewing how these nutjobs treat each other
can very effectively bring home the dont be like this message. Its really all about watching the shows with
your child and using them to open the lines of communication.
2016 Patch Media. All Rights Reserved.
https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the-power-prime/201101/popular-culture-reality-tv-is-not-reality
Jim Taylor Ph.D. The Power of Prime
Popular Culture: Reality TV Is NOT Reality

Does reality TV even remotely resemble reality?
Posted Jan 31, 2011
What attracts millions of Americans each week to this cultural phenomenon known as "reality TV?"
Where did the purveyors of shows such as Survivor, Jersey Shore, and Wife Swap, get the idea (I know,
from Europe!), and why do so many of us buy into the idea that reality TV resembles reality in any way,
shape, or form? Only in George Orwell's 1984 reality can people be watched every moment of the day
like on Big Brother. Only in William Gerald Golding's Lord of the Flies reality can people "eliminate"
one another on a desert island like on Survivor. Only in Ira Levin's The Stepford Wives reality are all of
the women attractive, shapely, and predominantly white like on the Real Housewives franchise. Only in
Andy Warhol's "fifteen minutes" reality do people whose only claim is that they won a reality TV show
make them worthy of the fame and fortune of talk show appearances, book contracts, and speaking tours.
Yet this is the "reality" of reality TV to which we are exposed and it is the reality that some of us may
come to believe can be our reality.
Reality TV promotes the worst values and qualities in people--and disguises them all as entertainment.
Reality TV has made the Seven Deadly Sins--pride, avarice, envy, wrath, lust, gluttony, and slothattributes to be admired. Throw in selfishness, deceit, spite, and vengeance--all qualities seen routinely on
reality TV--and you have the personification of the worst kind of person on Earth. Reality TV makes
heroic decidedly unheroic values, characters, and behavior.
Why would popular culture want to communicate such destructive values, you may ask. The answer is,
because popular culture has no values; it's amoral. It doesn't care about us and it has no sense of social
responsibility. Popular culture is concerned with only one thing, money, and it will do everything and
sacrifice anything to achieve that end, including hurting the society it is meant to serve.
Some argue that reality TV is just giving us what we want. But I don't recall any demonstrations or picket
lines outside of the television studios clamoring for reality TV shows. Admittedly, if viewers didn't want
these shows they would "vote them off the island" by not watching them, thus ensuring cancellation. But
doing so would be like driving by a horrendous car wreck and having the strength not to look at the
carnage.
The messages that popular culture sends us about success and failure--as communicated through the
unreality of "reality" TV--are particularly destructive. Success, as defined by our culture and conveyed
through reality TV--wealth and fame, most notably--is so revered, yet, in the reality in which most of us
live, so utterly unattainable. We get the message from reality TV that we must become successful at any
cost, even if success can be achieved only by dishonesty and subterfuge. The unfortunate results of these
messages can be found throughout our culture. We see increased cheating in schools, the use of
performance-enhancing drugs in sports, and criminal behavior in our youth and, among our adult
population, lying on resumes, frivolous law suits, and corporate greed. Anything to become a success!
Reality TV obviously doesn't cause such behavior, rather that it is just another symptoms of the decline of
values that used to limit this behavior. And reality TV is now an omnipresent conduit through which these
truly atrocious messages are communicated to America. And if you think these message are
fundamentally benign, think again. The more people are exposed to any message, even terrible ones, the
more likely they will be accepted as the norm.
There is no worse fate in our culture than to be labeled a failure, yet, so narrowly defined by our culture
(not being wealthy, famous, powerful, or beautiful), it is almost a certainty for most of us. Failure alone
though is not punishment enough for the "losers" in reality TV. They must also be demeaned,
dehumanized, and publicly humiliated. These losers must suffer the indignity of banishment from reality
TV shows by hosts, such as the cold, yet venerated, Donald Trump--"You're fired!"--and judges such as
the mean-spirited Simon Cowell on American Idol (I realize that these shows differ from other unscripted
shows, but no greater authority than realitytvworld.com lumps them all together). Despite this despicable
behavior, we are encouraged to feel excitement and glee in seeing others suffer. As we cringe outwardly
at the barbs that are thrown at the well-meaning contestants, we inwardly giggle in guilty pleasure at
seeing the failing contestants in pain. Most of the joy of reality TV is not in seeing contestants succeed,
but rather in seeing them not only fail, but fail in the most humiliating ways. We celebrate every luscious
moment of this depravity!
Why do so many of people not only watch reality TV (I understand that everyone has a right to be
entertained as they choose), but become so consumed by it that there are Web sites, blogs, magazine and
newspaper articles, and constant talk around the water cooler? One answer is vicarious stimulation.
Reality TV is exciting when life is often mundane. It is interesting when life can be dull. Reality TV is
dangerous when life can be all too secure. It is emotionally powerful--excitement, joy, embarrassment,
shame--when life can be emotionally void. And many of us want it that way because we are loath to take
risks and feel so deeply in our own lives.
Reality TV has become the public executions of our times. We sit on the edge of our seats waiting eagerly
for the guillotine to fall, yet don't want the end to come too quickly. We want to savor the lingering death
of humiliation and rejection. And when the "execution" finally occurs, we feel conflicted in enjoying
others' "deaths," yet relief in our continued existences, guilty for the exhilaration we feel, yet giddy in
knowing that we are "survivors" of our own reality show called Life. In these times of economic and
global uncertainty, thanks to the contestants' symbolic deaths on reality TV, we can return to our lives
feeling somehow better, safer...that we are going to be okay.
Or maybe I'm just overthinking the reality TV thing and the shows are just fun to watch. Just sayin'.
Psychology Today 1991-2016 Sussex Publishers, LLC | HealthProfs.com 2002-2016

Sussex Directories, Inc.
Reality Series - The Good, the Bad and the Ugly

CAROL DWANKOWSKI
It goes without saying that nature and documentary series found on National Geographic, David
Attenboroughs nature programs, Animal Planet and Discovery Channel, and the History Channel are all
excellent. They all depict real reality.
The Amazing Race that takes teams around the world under different forms of transportation, extreme
conditions and stress, and quiz shows such as Are You Smarter than a Fifth Grader? give us both knowledge
of the world and encourage us to explore. Some programs teach us practical things, like The Colony produced
by The Discovery Channel where cast members must apply skills and technology to survive in an environment
depicting the aftermath of a global catastrophe. And who can avoid being charmed by the Jamie Oliver
cooking series? Even series such as X-Factor, American Idol and So You Think You Can Dance require
training and certain performance skills. But no one with a TV guide or remote control can avoid such series as
The Bachelor/Bachelorette, Paradise Hotel, Jersey Shore, Top Model or Survivor. Teens looking for role
models and excitement are those who are going to watch these series. Both the negative and positive impact
will depend on the essence of the show.
Reality Show Formats

Formats vary from series to series, but the basic structure is the same. The main idea is based on some form of
competition between the good guys and the bad guys where body beautiful and physically fit boys/men and
girls/women, anywhere from 15 30 years of age, are put into high stress real situations for huge money
prizes. To start with, producers choose non-celebrities or volunteers from auditions. This is commercially
beneficial because non-celebrities are cheaper than well-known stars demanding star salaries. Some stars have
even refused to appear in certain reality series because of fear for their reputations. Although the reality of the
situation is supposedly unrehearsed and unscripted, the producers of these series are all-time tricksters.
Segments are structured to extract the maximum emotional impact from a situation. Some even go so far as to
cut, alter and edit dialogue or actions to make one character play the role they want him or her to play. Their
reactions and how they face given situations are essential. And what bring most emotional feedback to a
sequence are situations which include sensational feuds, aggression, promiscuous sexual behavior, excessive
drinking and partying, power struggles, outlandish dares, survival of the fittest tactics, humiliation, intrigues,
hate and revenge.
What Critics Say

Some critics claim that reality shows distort our views on reality. In many series, privacy is totally non-existent
and audiences become voyeurs. Young audiences easily become involved in situations and dubious
relationships, disagreements and brawls. They empathize with participants because they feel that real and
normal people represent them. Reality and fantasy are blurred. The consequences of bad behavior and poor
choices are never questioned. On the contrary, bad behavior is welcomed because sensationalism attracts more
viewers. The danger lies in that they lose sight of their own sense of self-worth and critical thinking. In real
life, actions do have consequences. Other critics have pointed out the danger of stereotyping by gender or race
in these reality series. One sees the swaggering, aggressive, competitive male, the loud party girl, the
manipulating bitch, the trashy white girl or the black girl with an attitude.
Most of the reality series mentioned have originated in English-speaking countries where democracy rests on
the belief that all men are created equal and should be treated with respect. Schools try to teach ethics and
tolerance. Many schools and communities have established organizations set up to fight bullying. In reality
series where harassment and humiliation are essential ingredients, bullying is part of the basic concept. In the
real world where media plays such an important role, perhaps it is time to question the value of these
programs. Is it really worth giving up ones integrity for the sake of entertainment?
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