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SUMMARY OF MAGNETIC EFFECT OF ELECTRIC

CURRENT : AN ASSIGNMENT FOR THE
GRADUATE (B. SC.) STUDENTS
Research June 2015
DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.1887.5044

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Mohammad Ayaz Ahmad
University of Tabuk
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Retrieved on: 27 September 2016

Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Ministry of Higher Education
University of Tabuk
Phys. 332 (E.D.-2) Home Work

Dr. Mohammad Ayaz Ahmad

Assistant Professor
Email:- mayaz.alig@gmail.com
Phone -0597747600

SUMMARY OF MAGNETIC EFFECT OF ELECTRIC CURRENT

AN ASSIGNMENT FOR THE GRADUATE (B. SC.) STUDENTS
Magnetic effect of current means that a current flowing in a wire produces a magnetic field around it.
The S.I. unit of magnetic field intensity is tesla (T)
A magnet is an object which attracts pieces of iron, steel, nickel and cobalt, etc.
A magnet has two poles:
North pole: The end of a freely suspended magnet which points towards the north direction is called the north pole of the
magnet.
South pole: The end of a freely suspended magnet which point toward the south direction is called the south pole of the
magnet.
Like magnetic poles repel each other and unlike magnetic poles attract each other.
The space surrounding a magnetic in which magnetic force is exerted, is a magnetic field.
The magnetic field has both, magnitude as well as direction.
The direction of magnetic field at a point in the direction of the resultant force acting on a hypothetical north pole placed at
that point.
Declination:

Angle of Dip (Declination): The angle of dip at a place is the angle between the axis of a freely suspended magnetic
needle and the horizontal plane.
0
Angle of Dip at poles is 90 and at magnetic equator is 0
In India angle of Dip is zero at Thumbs (South India)
Magnetic field: The space around a magnet where its influence (attraction and repulsion) can be experienced is called
magnetic field of that magnet.

The magnetic field lines are the lines drawn in a magnetic field along which a north magnetic pole would move.
Magnetic field lines are also known as magnetic lines of force.
The magnetic field lines always being from the N-pole of a magnet and end of the S-pole of the magnet.
Inside the magnet, the direction of magnetic field lines is from the S-pole of to the N-pole of the magnet.

2
The magnetic field lines are closed curves.
Magnetic field lines are imaginary lines drawn in magnetic field.
The density of lines is proportional to the strength of magnetic field.
The magnetic lines of force can penetrate metal at any angle.
Where the field lines are closet together, the magnetic field is the strongest.
The magnetic field lines do not intersect (or cross) one another.
Magnetic field of the earth:
The shape of the earth's magnetic field resembles that of an imaginary bar magnet.
The axis of earth's magnetic field is inclined at an angle of about 15 with the geographical axis.
Magnetic effect of current:
The magnetic effect of current was discovered by Oersted in 1820.
A current flowing in a wire always gives rise to a magnetic field around it
Magnetic field patterns produced by current-carrying conductors having different shapes:
1. Magnetic field due to current carrying straight conductor (or wire): When current passes through a straight conductor, the
magnetic field around it is in the form of concentric circle with the conductor at the centre.
(a) Direction of magnetic field lines:
Right hand thumbs rule: If you imagine to hold a current carrying conductor in your right hand with your thumb straight an d
pointing in the direction of current, the curl fingers represents the direction of magnetic field.

The magnetic field lines around a straight conductor carrying current are concentric circles whose centres lie on the wire
The magnetic field lines are circular in nature.
(b) Magnitude of magnetic fields:
(i) The strength of magnetic field (B) at a point increases with increases of the magnitude of current following through the
wire.
BI
(I)
(ii) The strength of magnetic field (B) decreases on increasing the distance of the point of observation from the wire
1
B
.. (II)
r
Combining equation I and II
I
I
or
B
B 0
r
2
The value of 0 = 4 107 TmA1
C.G.S. unit of magnetic field is Gauss (G)
4
1 Tesla = 10 Gauss
2. Magnetic field due to a current carrying circular wire:
(a) Direction of the magnetic field lines: BY RIGHT HAND THUMBS RULE
(b) Magnitude of magnetic field at the centre of the coil:
(i) The strength of the magnetic field increases if the current flowing in the wire increases.
BI
(I)
(ii) The strength of magnetic field decreases with increases in radius of loop
1
B
.. (II)
r
(iii) If there are N turns in the circular coil, each turn create magnetic field at the centre
BI
(III)
From equation I, II and III
B

I
r

or

0 NI
2 r

3
3. Magnetic field due to solenoid: A long, tightly wound helical coil of insulated metallic wire is called a solenoid.
B = 0nl where, n

N
l

A circular solenoid is called toroid (endless solenoid)

Electromagnet: A long tightly wound helical coil of insulated metallic wire on a soft core is called an electromagnet.
An electromagnet is a solenoid having a soft iron core
An electromagnet can be made by wounding an insulated copper wire on a soft iron core.
The magnetic field of an electromagnet depends on the magnitude of current, number of turns per unit length and
length of air gap between its poles.
An electromagnet is a temporary magnet. It behaves as a magnet only when current flowing through it
The soft iron also loses its magnetism as soon as the current is switched off.

Force on a charged particle moving in a magnetic field(i) More the velocity of charged particle, more is the force acting on the charged particle.
F v ..(I)
(ii) More the magnitude of the magnetic field more is the force acting on the particle
F B ..(II)
(iii) More the charged on the particle, more is the force acting on it
F q ..(III)
(iv) The force acting on the charged particle also depends on the angle between the direction of velocity and the
direction of magnetic field
F sin ..(IV)
From equation I, II, III and IV
F = q v B sin

This force is called Lorentz force

When 0 is 90 the force will be maximum

When 0 is 0 the force will be zero.

The direction of the force can be given by Fleming's left hand rule

Fleming's left hand rule: When we stretch the thumb, the forefingers and the central fingers perpendicular to each other
and orient the forefinger along the direction of magnetic field, the central finger along the direction of current then the
thumb points towards the direction of magnetic field. Then, orient the central finger in the direction of current such that the
forefinger remains is the direction of magnetic field.

Lorentz Force Law is F = Q{E+(vB)}, in presence of magnetic(B) and electric field E, q is chage moving with velocity v.
When a charged particle q moves in electric field E its path always trajectory/parabolic.
When a charged particle q moves in magnetic field B its path always circular, the radius of its path is radius (r) = mv/qB
and its liner momentum will be p = qBr.

Magnetic force do not work it can change the direction of motion of charged particle, then the condition
is: (vB) is perpendicular to velocity v so that (vB) = 0 and Fmag = 0
Force acting on a current-carrying conductor in magnetic field:
(a) Direction of force: BY FLEMING'S LEFT HAND RULE
(b) Magnitude of force:
(i) Magnitude of force increases with the increase in current flowing in the conductor.
F I ..(I)
(ii) Magnitude of force also increases with the increases in the magnetic field

4
F B ..(II)
(iii) Magnitude of force also increases with the length of the conductor
F l ..(III)
From equation I, II and III
F = BIl
This force is always perpendicular to I and B

Different between a bar magnet and an electromagnet:

S. No.
1.

Bar Magnet
The bar magnet is a permanent magnet

2.

A permanent magnet produces a comparatively

week force of attraction
The strength of a permanent magnet cannot be
changed.

3.

4.

The (South-North) polarity of a permanent

magnet is fixed and cannot be changed.

Electromagnet (Solenoid)
An electromagnet is a temporary magnet. It magnetism is only
for the duration of current passing through it. S o , t h at
m ag n e t i s m o f an e l e ct r o m ag n e t c an b e switched on or
switched of as desired.
An electromagnet can produces very strong magnetic field.
The strength of an electromagnet can be changed by changing the
number of turns in its coil or by changing the current passing
through it.
The polarity of an electromagnet can be changed by changing the
direction of current in its coil.

Magnetism in human beings:

Extremely week electric currents are produced in the human body by the movement of charged particles called ions.
The two main organs of the human body where the magnetic field produced is quite significant are the heart and the
brain.
The electric motor:
A motor is a device-which converts electrical energy into mechanical energy.
A common electric motor works on direct current so, it is called D.C. motor.
A motor works on the principle that when a rectangular coil is placed through it, a force acts on the coil which rotates
it continuously.
The function of commutator rings is to reverse the direction of the current flowing through the coil every time the
coil just passes the vertical position during a revolution.
The function of carbon brushes is to make contact with the rotating rings of the commutator and through them to
supply current to the coil.
Electromagnetic induction (Electricity from magnetism): Whenever there is a change in the number of magnetic lines of
force passing through a coil, an induced emf and an induced current flows in the coil. This phenomenon is called
electromagnetic induction.
The production of electricity from magnetism is called electromagnetic induction.
A galvanometer is an instrument which can detect the presence of electric current in a circuit.
When a wire is moved between the poles of a fixed magnet, then an electric current is produced in the wire.
Electromagnetic induction is the phenomenon in which an induced emf and induced current is produced in a coil by
changing magnetic field (change in the number of magnetic-field lines) through it.
Fleming's Right-hand rule for the direction of induced current: Stretch the thumb, the forefinger and the cena-&, finger of
your right hand so that these are perpendicular to each other. First, orient your hand such that the finger remains pointing
towards the magnetic field but the thumb points in the direction of motion of the conductor, then the central finger gives the
direction of the induced current

Motional emf (electromotive force): Induced emf and induced current is also produced in a conductor when magnetic
lines of force perpendicular to its length are cut by the movement of the conductor.
Direct current: If current flows always in the same direction, the current is called direct current.
The source of direct current is generally a cell or a battery or a d.c. generator.

Alternating current: If current changes its direction after regular intervals of times, the current is said to be alternating current

The source of an alternating current is an ax generator.

Generator: A generator is a device which converts mechanical energy into electrical energy
(a) Alternating current generator:
The principle of working of an ax generator is based on electromagnetic induction
One of the biggest advantage of ax over d.c for electric power distribution is that the voltage can be changed easily
A.0 can be converted into d.c by device called rectifier.
A.0 can be used at different voltages because conversion of voltage is easy in a.c.
In ax generator, the armature is connected with slip-rings
In INDIA, the frequency of an ax is 50 Hz at 220V
In USA, the frequency of ax used is 60 Hz at I I OV
(b) Direct current generator:
The d.c generator is based on the principle of electromagnetic induction
In a d.c generator the armature is connected with split-rings
If we replace the slip rings of an A.0 generator by a commutator, then it will becomes D.0 generator
Electric fuse: Electric fuse is a safety device which protects the circuit and electrical appliances from damage
An electric fuse is a made up of an alloy of tin and lead (63% tin and 37% lead)
A fuse wire should always be connected in the live wire and not neutral wire
Electric fuse have low melting point
A pure copper wire can not be used as a fuse wire
A fuse wire is connected in series in the electric circuits
There are two separate circuit in a house, the lighting circuit with a 5A fuse and power circuit with 15A fuse An electric
fuse work on the principle of heating effect of current
Overloading: If a number of large current-drawing appliances are switched on at the same time, high current is
drawn. This condition is called overloading
Short circuiting: When live wire comes in contact with a neutral wire directly, high current passes through the circuit.
This condition is called short circuiting.
Domestic electric circuit (or domestic wire):
The red-coloured insulation on copper wire is live wire, the black coloured insulation on copper wire is neutral wire
and the green coloured insulation on wire is earthing wire
All appliances are connected in parallel
For high current, thick connecting wire are used and for low current, thin connecting wire are used
To avoid the risk of electricity shocks, the metal body of an electric appliance is earthed
The potential difference between the live wire and the neutral wire in INDIA is 220 Volts

6
Classification of magnetic substance: On the basis of magnetic properties, different materials have been classified into three
categories
(a) Diamagnetic substances: These substances when placed in an external magnetic field acquire feeble magnetism opposite to
the direction of the magnetic field. e.g., Bi, Zn, NaCI, H2O ete.
(b) Paramagnetic substances: These substances when placed in a external magnetic field acquired feeble magnetism in the
direction of magnetic field. e.g., Al, Na, Pt, Mn, CuCl2,O2 etc.
(c) Ferromagnetic substances: These substances when placed in an external magnetic field are strongly magnetized in the
direction of the magnetic filed. e.g, Fe, Ni, CO, Fe2O3 etc.
Faraday's law of electromagnetic Induction:
1st law: Whenever the magnetic flux linked with a dosed circuit changes, an induced emf produced in the circuit.

2nd law: Induced emff is equal to the negative rate of change of magnetic flux. E
t
If circuit has a coil n turns, then
(N)
E
t
N
Induced current (i)
R t
N
Induced charge (q) , Where R = Resistance of the circuit. R
R
Transformer: It is a device which is used to change alternating voltage. It has two coils one is primary and other is secondary.
Transformer are of two types:
(i) Step-up transformer.
(ii) Step-down transformer.

Questions (Home work)

1.

2.

3.

4.
5.

6.

7.

8.

9.
10.

11.

12.

13.

The fundamental particle behaves as a magnet

(a) Proton
(b) Neutron
(c) An electron
(d) All of these
Which is based upon electromagnetic induction?
(a) Galvanometer
(b) Ammeter
(c) Transformer
(d) Voltmeter
The device used to increase the voltage is
(a) Step-down transformer (b) Step-up transformer
(c) AC dynamo
(d) Electric, generator
Modern permanent magnet are made of alloys
(a) Bronze
(b)Alnico
(c) Ticonal
(d) Both `b' and 'c'
Magnetic field is due to
(a) A permanent magnet
(b) Straight wire carrying current
(c) Solenoid
(d) All of these
You have facing a coil through which a current I is
passing in the clockwise direction. The magnetic field of
the coil towards you is
(a) North pole
(b) Monopole
(c) Dipole
(d) South pole
Magnetic field due to a long straight conductor carrying
current is independent of
(a) The current
(b) Distance of conductor from the point
(c) Length of conductor
(d) None of these
Which of the is/are attracts by magnet.
(a) Iron
(b)Nickel
(c) Cobalt
(d) Al I of them
In Greek magnet is known as
(a) Lode Stone
(b) Kissing Stone
(c) Red Stone
(d) Marble
The main difference between an AC generator and DC
generator is that
(a) AC generator has slip rings while DC generator has a
commutator
(b) AC generator generates higher voltage than DC
generator
(c) DC generate generates higher voltage than AC
generator
(d) None of these
A charged particle experiences minimum force when it
travels
(a) Parallel to the magnetic field
(b) Normal to the magnetic field
(c) At 450 to the field
(d) At 750 to the field
Which of the following statement is/are correct
(a) Like magnetic pole repel each other
(b) Unlike magnetic pole attract each other
(c) Both 'a' and `b'
(d) None of these
A wire is placed parallel to the lines of force in a magnetic
field and current flows in the wire, then the wire will
(a) Not experience any force
(b) Experience a perpendicular force
(c) Experience a torque
(d) Experience a force along magnetic field

14. The direction of force on a current carrying conductor in a

magnetic field is given by
(a) Fleming's left-hand rule (b) fleming's right hand rule
(c) Right hand thumb rule (d) Left hand thumb rule
15. A long current carrying wire PQ is free to move when
placed in a magnetic field B at right angles to the wire, as
shown (the figure being drawn in the horizontal plane).
Then

(a) It will move along the magnetic field to the right

(b) It will move upwards, towards the observer
(c) It will move downwards, away from the observer
(d) It will not move at all
16. A charged particles moving at right angle to a uniform
magnetic field follows
(a) Parabolic path
(b) Hyperbolic path
(c) Circular path,
(d) Linear path
17. Which of is/are the properties of magnetic line of force
(a) The magnetic lines of force originate from the north
pole of a magnet and end at its south pole
(b) The magnetic lines of force come close to one other
near the poles of a magnet but they are widely separated at other place.
(c) The magnetic lines of force do not intersect one
another
(d) All of these
21. The axis of earth's magnetic field is inclined at an angle of
about
(a) 150 with the geographical axis
(b) 160 with the geographical axis
(c) 23 with the geographical axis
(d) 240 with the geographical axis
22. When soft iron is present in the core of a current carrying
solenoid, the magnetic field (as compared to the case
when soft iron is not present)
(a) Increases
(b) Decreases
(c) Is zero
(d) None of these
23. The angle of dip at the magnetic pole of the earth is
(a) 150
(b) 450
(c) 900
(d) 180
24. Two parallel wires carrying current in the same direction
attracts each other due to
(a) Electric force between them
(b) Magnetic force between them
(c) Potential applied between them
(d) None of these
25. The vertical component of earth's magnetic field is
(a) At 900 latitude
(b) Magnetic poles
(c) Geographic poles
(d) Magnetic equator

26. The angle of Dip is Zero in India at

(a) Thumbs
(b) Kanyakumari
(c) Pondicheri
(d) Sri Nagar
27. Magnetic field lines in a region A are closer together w
compared to a region B. This means that
(a) Magnetic field is stronger at A
(b) Magnetic field is stronger at B
(c) Magnetic field at A = Magnetic field at B
(d) No conclusion can be drawn about the strength of
magnetic fields
28. The magnetic field inside a solenoid is
(a) Zero
(b) Non-uniform
(c) Uniform
(d) None
29. Angle between the magnetic meridian and the
geographical meridian at a place is called
(a) Angle of Dip
(b) Declination at that place
(c) Critical angle
(d) None of these
30. A charged particle having charge 'q' is moving at right
angles to a magnetic field. Which of the following
changes
(a) Path of motion
(b) Kinetic energy
(c) Infinite
(d) Uniform