Complex Number HSC NSW Extension 2 Maths

NORMANHURST BOYS HIGH SCHOOL
MATHEMATICS (EXTENSION 2)
Notes and exercises:

With references to
Complex numbers
Name: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Initial version by H. Lam, August 2012. Updated April 4, 2016.

Various corrections by students & members of the Department of Mathematics at Normanhurst Boys High School and
Normanhurst Boys High School.
Acknowledgements Pictograms in this document are a derivative of the work originally by Freepik at
http://www.flaticon.com, used under
CC BY 2.0.
Symbols used
!
Beware! Heed warning.
Mathematics content.
Mathematics Extension 1 content.
Literacy: note new word/phrase.
Formulae/facts must be memorised.
R the set of real numbers

C the set of complex numbers
for all
Gentle reminder
For a thorough understanding of the topic, every blank space/example question
in this handout is to be completed!
Additional questions from the selected texts will be completed at the discretion
of your teacher.
Remember to copy the question into your exercise book!
Contents
1 A new number system
1.1 Review of number systems . . . . . . .
1.2 Rotation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.3 The imaginary numbers . . . . . . .
1.4 Basic operations with complex numbers
1.4.1 Addition . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.4.2 Multiplication . . . . . . . . . .
1.4.3 Complex conjugate pairs . . . .
1.5 Properties of complex numbers . . . .
1.5.1 Equality . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.5.2 Solutions to equations . . . . .
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5
5
6
7
9
9
9
10
13
13
13
numbers
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15
15
15
16
16
17
19
19
19
20
22
24
27
3 Locus problems
3.1 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.2 Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
32
32
34
4 Past HSC questions

4.1 2001 Extension 2 HSC
40
40
42
43
44
45
47
47
49
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2 Further arithmetic & algebra of complex

2.1 Vector representation . . . . . . . . . . .
2.1.1 Equivalence . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.1.2 Addition . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.1.3 Subtraction . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.1.4 Scalar multiplication . . . . . . .
2.2 Modulus/argument of a complex number
2.2.1 Natural ordering . . . . . . . . .
2.2.2 Modulus . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2.3 (Principal) Argument . . . . . . .
2.2.4 Triangle inequality . . . . . . . .
2.3 Mod-arg & polar form . . . . . . . . . .
2.3.1 Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Contents
4.9
4.10
4.11
4.12
4.13
4.14
4.15
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
References
Extension
Extension
Extension
Extension
Extension
Extension
Extension
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
HSC
HSC
HSC
HSC
HSC
HSC
HSC
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50
51
51
52
54
56
57
58
Section 1
A new number system
1.1 Review of number systems
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . numbers. N = {1, 2, 3 }
Example 1
Solve x + 1 = 5 and x + 3 = 0 over N.
Answer: x = 4, no solution
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Z = { , 3, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, }
Example 2
Solve x + 3 = 0 and 2x + 4 = 7 over Z.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . numbers. Q =
Example 3
p
: p, q Z, q 6= 0
q
Solve 2x + 4 = 7 and x2 2 = 0 over Q.

Answer: x =
3
,
2
no solution
. . . . . . . . . . numbers. R
Example 4
Solve x 2 = 0 and x2 + 5 = 0 over R.
NZQR
A new number system Rotation
5 4
e7
1.1
5
2
log3 8
4
7
11
23
5.45
8
7
1+ 50.4453
2
9
2
Q
Z
10
sin 1.25
3
5
3 N 6
4
4 5
6
5
1
2
R
2
75
9
2
73
6 16
cosh 7
1.2 Rotation
From x = 1, go to x = 1 by rotating radians in the usual direction.
Multiply 1 by 1 to obtain 1 corresponds to rotating by . . radians.
Stop halfway whilst rotating? Quarter of way whilst rotating?
A new number system The imaginary numbers
1.3 The imaginary numbers

Definition 1
The imaginary number i to be the quantity to multiply with
a real number when rotating anti-clockwise by 2 about x = 0.
Imaginary number
Jump off the real number line.
Definition 2
The imaginary number i has property such that
i i = i2 = 1
Why?
Definition 3
The set of all imaginary numbers, called the complex numbers, is defined to be
C = {z : z = x + iy; x, y R}
Example 5
Find the values of i2 , i3 , i4 and i5 .
i2 = . . . . . . . . . .
i3 = . . . . . . . . . .
i4 = . . . . . . . . . .
i5 = . . . . . . . . . .
A new number system The imaginary numbers
Definition 4
Complex number A complex number z has real and imaginary parts and is defined
by z = x + iy.
The real part of z: Re(z) = x.
The imaginary part of z: Im(z) = y.
Treat real and imaginary parts as . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . of a complex number.

z = x + iy is known as . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . form.
Plot on A . . . . . . . . . . . . . d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , similar to plotting points coordinate geometry.
Example 6
On the following diagram, plot the location of:
z1 = 3 + 4i.
z2 = 2 i.
z4 = 21 + 32 i.
z3 = 1 3i.
Im
4
3
2
1
Re
4
1
1
2
3
4
A new number system Basic operations with complex numbers
1.4 Basic operations with complex numbers

Example 7
Find the value of

1.
2+ 3 54 3
1.4.1
2.
2+

3 54 3
Addition
Operations similar to surds (group rational parts with rational parts, irrational parts
with irrational parts).
Group . . . . . . . . parts with . . . . . . . . parts
Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . parts with . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . parts.
1.4.2
Multiplication
Use distributive law.

Beware that i2 = . . . . , which becomes . . . . . . . .
Example 8
If z1 = 2 + 3i and z2 = 1 + 5i, find the value of
(a)
z1 + z2
(b)
z1 z2
(c)
3z1
(d)
Example 9
Find z C such that Re(z) = 2 and z 2 is imaginary.
3iz1
(e)
z1 z2
10
1.4.3
Complex conjugate pairs

Definition 5
If z = x + iy, then its complex conjugate is denoted z such that

z = x iy
Analogous to conjugate surds, where the conjugate of a + b c is . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Geometrically,
Im
b
z = x + iy
Re
Example 10
If z1 = 2 + i and z2 = 1 3i, evaluate in Cartesian form:
(a)
z1 + z2
(c)
z2
(e)
(b)
z2 z1
(d)
z1
(f)
z1 z2
1
z2
Example 11
Find the square roots of 3 + 4i in Cartesian form.
11
12
History
Gerolamo Cardano (1501-1576), Mathematician (gambler and
chess player!), published solutions to the cubic ax3 + bx + c = 0
in Ars Magna. Cardano was one of the first to acknowledge the
existence of imaginary numbers. Given during the Renaissance,
negative numbers were treated suspiciously, imaginary numbers
would have been almost heretical.
Cardano did not avoid (as most contemporaries did) nor did he immediately provide
solutions to these imaginary numbers (possibly 200 years away). With the equations
containing complex conjugate pairs, Cardano multiplied them together and obtained
real numbers:
Putting
aside
the
mental
tortures
involved,
multiply
5
+
15 with
5 15, making 25 (15), which is 15. Hence the product is 40.
Cardano, remarked in another work, that 9 is neither +3 or 3, but some obscure

sort of thing.
Source:
Wikipedia
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerolamo Cardano)
Complex and unpredictable Cardano, Artur Ekert, Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford,
United Kingdom
(http://www.arturekert.org/Site/Varia files/NewCardano.pdf)
Further exercises
Lee (2006, Ex 2.3)
Sadler and Ward (2014, Ex 1A)

A new number system Properties of complex numbers
13
1.5 Properties of complex numbers

1.5.1
Equality
Definition 6
Two complex numbers z1 and z2 are equal iff the real and imaginary parts are equal.
Proof
Let z1 = a + ib, z2 = c + id
If z1 = z2 , then . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , or
....................................................
1.5.2
Solutions to equations
Example 12
Solve z 2 + 1 = 0 for z C.
Answer: z = i
Example 13
Solve z 2 + 2z + 10 = 0 for z C.
Answer: z = 1 3i
14
A new number system Properties of complex numbers
Example 14
Solve 2z 2 + (1 i)z + (1 i) = 0 for z C.
Answer: z = i, z = 21 12 i
Observations
Equations with . . . . . . . . coefficients will have . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

roots.
Equations with . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . coefficients do not necessarily have . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . roots.
Further exercises
Sadler and Ward (2014, Ex 1B)
Fitzpatrick (1991, Ex 31(a), (b), (c))
Lee (2006, Ex 2.1, 2.2)
Arnold and Arnold (2000, Ex 2.1)
Section 2
Further arithmetic & algebra of complex
numbers
2.1 Vector representation
2.1.1
Equivalence
Definition 7
Two vectors p and q on the Argand diagram are equal iff both
Modulus ( . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ), and
Argument ( . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . )
are equal.
The starting point ( . . . . . . . ) is irrelevant for a vector.
15
16
Further arithmetic & algebra of complex numbers Vector representation
2.1.2
Addition
Place vectors, head-to-tail.

Im
p
q
p+q
Re
O
q
Parallelogram of vectors when adding two vectors.

Example 15
If z = 3 + 2i and w = 2 + 4i, draw z + w on the Argand diagram.
Im
Im
6
2
Re
3 2 1
2
2.1.3
Re
3 2 1
2
Subtraction
For z1 z2 , add z2 to z1 .
Im
q
p + (q)
pq
Re
p+q
O
q
17
Alternatively, what vector get you to z1 from z2 ?

Quick & easy parallelogram of vectors:
1.
z1 + z2 starts from tails of z1 & z2 ,
2.
z2 z1 starts from head of z1 , goes to head of z2 .
Example 16
If z = 3 2i and w = 2 5i, draw z w on the Argand diagram
Im
Im
3
2
1
3
2
1
Re
11
2
3
4
5
2.1.4
Re
11
2
3
4
5
Scalar multiplication
For kz1 where k R, stretch z1 by factor of k.

If k < 0, direction of new vector is opposite to original vector.
Example 17
If z = 1 + 2i, draw 3z and 2z on separate Argand diagrams.
Im
Im
6
5
4
3
2
1
3 2 1
2
3
4
6
5
4
3
2
1
z
Re
1 2 3 4
3 2 1
2
3
4
z
Re
1 2 3 4
18
Example 18

On the Argand diagram, the complex numbers 0, 1 + i 3, 3 + i,
and z form a rhombus.
Im
z
[2011 HSC Q2]
1+i 3
b
3+i
Re
(i)
Find z in the form a + ib, where a and b are real numbers.
(ii)
An interior angle, , of the rhombus is marked on the diagram. Find the value
of .
Answer: z = ( 3 + 1) + i( 3 + 1), =
5
6
Further exercises
Sadler and Ward (2014, Ex 1C, 1E)
Further arithmetic & algebra of complex numbers Modulus/argument of a complex number
2.2 Modulus/argument of a complex number

2.2.1
Natural ordering
N, Z, Q, R are well ordered :

6 ... 1
22
7
...
5
4
...
5
7
However:
6 + 4i . . . . . . 3 + 2i
3 3i . . . . . . 2 + i
Natural ordering does not exist with complex numbers.

2.2.2
Modulus
Definition 8
The modulus of a complex number, denoted |z| (where z = x + iy) is the magnitude
( . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ) of the vector from O to z on the Argand diagram.
Im
z = x + iy
|z
Re
x
i.e.
|z| =
x2 + y 2
19
20
2.2.3
(Principal) Argument
Definition 9
The argument of a complex number, measured in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , is denoted

arg(z)
(where z = x + iy) is the . . . . . . . . . . . . that the vector from O to z makes with the
positive real axis on the Argand diagram, with angles increasing in the anticlockwise
direction.
Im
z = x + iy
b
arg(z)
i.e.
arg(z) = tan1
Re
y
x
Duplicate argument(s)?
Example 19
Evaluate arg(z), where z = 1 + i.
Definition 10
The principal argument of a complex number, denoted
Arg(z)
lies within the domain < Arg(z) .
Important note
The principal argument is generally quoted henceforth.
Be aware of the quadrant which z lies. Inputting tan1
give an erroneous result.
y
x
on the calculator may
The complex number z = 0 + 0i has no argument defined.

21
Example 20
Find the modulus and principal argument of the following:
(a)
2 + 2i
Answer: modulus: 2 2, argument
(b)
1 i 3
Answer: modulus: 2, argument 2

3
Example 21
[2011 HSC Q2]
Let w = 2 3i and z = 3 + 4i.
(a)
Find w + z.
(b)
Find |w|.
w
in the form a + ib, where a, b R.
Express
z
(c)
Answer: 5 + i
Answer:
6
Answer: 25
13
17
i
25
22
2.2.4
Triangle inequality
Theorem 1
For every complex number z1 and z2 ,

|z1 + z2 | |z1 | + |z2 |
Proof
Steps
1.
Let p and q (with P and Q being the head of the arrow) represent the complex
numbers z1 and z2 respectively, p + q with R being the head of the arrow.
2.
On the Argand diagram:

Im
Re
3.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iff O, P and Q are collinear (which

implies OP k OQ k OR)
Conclusion: z1 = kz2 , where k R as vectors are parallel.
4.
Otherwise, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.
Hence, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Never attempt to prove this algebraically!
Example 22
If z1 = 3 + 4i and |z2 | = 13, find the greatest value of |z1 + z2 |. If |z1 + z2 | is at its
greatest value, find the value of z2 in Cartesian form.
Answer: |z1 + z2 | = 18 at its greatest; z2 =
39
5
52
i
5
Further exercises
Lee (2006, Ex 2.6 Q1-7)
Patel (2004, Ex 4K)
Arnold and Arnold (2000, Ex 2.3)
23
24
Further arithmetic & algebra of complex numbers Mod-arg & polar form
2.3 Modulus-argument & polar form

Definition 11
The modulus-argument form of a complex number z is
Im
z = x + iy
|z
z = x + iy
(Cartesian form)
= |z| cos + i |z| sin (Mod-arg form)
= |z| (cos + i sin )
= r (cos + i sin )
where Arg(z) = .
y = |z| sin
Re
x = |z| cos
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . often abbreviated2 to z = r cis .

Better to abbreviate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . to z = rei (for reasons that
will be made obvious later)
Definition 12
Polar form: Eulers formula
ei = cos + i sin
where e 2.71828
(Leonhard Euler, 1707-1783.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonhard Euler)
(All index laws in R also apply to the complex exponential).
cis does very little to assist your understanding of the rules for multiplying complex numbers!
Example 23

Write z = 2 cos 3
+ i sin 3
in Cartesian form.
4
4
25
Answer: z = 1 + i
Example 24
Write z = 2 2i in polar form.
3
Answer: z = 2 2ei 4
Example 25
10
in polar form, and hence write in simplest Cartesian form.
Write z =
3+i
Answer: z = 5e
i
6
5 3
2
52 i
Example 26
Write z = 6e
2i
3
in Cartesian form.
Answer: 3 3i 3
26
Example 27

Evaluate the product (1 + i) 1 i 3 in Cartesian form and polar form, to show
1+ 3
that cos
= .
12
2 2
Further exercises
Patel (2004, Ex 4C, Q1-10)
Arnold and Arnold (2000, Ex 2.2, Q1-4)
Lee (2006, Ex 2.6 Q8 onwards)
2.3.1
Properties
Multiplication of z1 and z2 : moduli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , arguments . . . . . . . . , i.e.

z1 z2 = r1 r2 (cos (1 + 2 ) + i sin (1 + 2 )) = r1 r2 ei(1 +2 )
Proof
Let z1 = r1 (cos 1 + i sin 1 ) and z2 = r2 (cos 2 + i sin 2 )

z1 z2 =
Proof
(via index laws and complex exponential) Let z1 = r1 ei1 and z2 = r2 ei2 .
z1 z2 =
Conjugates: if z = r (cos + i sin ), then

z = r (cos i sin ) = rei
Proof
Let z = r (cos + i sin ).
Further exercises
Sadler and Ward (2014, Ex 1D)
Patel (2004, Ex 4C, Q11 onwards)
Lee (2006, Ex 2.5)
27
28
Powers:
Theorem 2
De Moivres Theorem
(cos + i sin )n = cos(n) + i sin(n)
(Abraham De Moivre, 16671754.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham de Moivre)
Proof
(via complex exponential)
Proof
(by induction for later in the course)
29
Example 28
Simplify the following, expressing the answer in polar form:
3
(a)
cos 3 + i sin 3 .

3 3
(b)
2 cos 3
+
i
sin
.
4
4
8

(c)
2 cos 6 i sin 6 .
1
4 1
5
(d)
cos 3
+ i sin 3
3 cos 8 i sin 8
2
5
5
Answer: 1
Answer: 8ei 4
Answer: 16ei
Answer:
2
3
243 i 39
e 40
16
30
Example 29
If |z1 | = 3, Arg(z1 ) = 2, |z2 | = 2 and Arg(z2 ) = 3, find the modulus and
2z1 2
9
argument of
, Arg(z) = 2 5
.
Answer: |z| = 20
5z2 3
Example 30
[1988 4U HSC Q4(a)]
(a) Express z = 2 i 2 in modulus-argument form.

Answer: z = 2 cos
(b)
Hence write z 22 in the form a + ib, a, b R.
i sin
Answer: z 22 = 222 i
Example 31
(a)
(b)
If z1 = 1 + i and z2 = 3 i, find the moduli and principal arguments of z1 ,

z1

z1

z2 and .
Answer: z1 = 2 exp i
, z2 = 2 exp i
, z = 1 exp 5i
.
4
6
12
2
2
z2
1+i
, find the smallest positive integer n such that z n is real, and
If z =
3i
1
evaluate z n for this integer n.
Answer: n = 12, z 12 = 64
Further exercises
Sadler and Ward (2014, Ex 7A)
Patel (2004, Ex 4D)
Lee (2006, Ex 2.9)
Arnold and Arnold (2000, Ex 2.2, Q6 onwards)
31
Section 3
Locus problems
3.1 Summary
Equation
Diagram
|z| = r
Derivation of Cartesian equation:
Description: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
|z | = r
Derivation of Cartesian equation:
Description: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
32
Locus problems Summary
|z z1 | = |z z2 |
Description: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.....................................................
Arg(z z1 ) = , R
Description: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.....................................................
Arg(z z1 ) Arg(z z2 ) = , 0 < <
Origin: circle geometry theorem Angle at the
circumference subtended by the same arc/chord
Description: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.....................................................
|z z1 | + |z z2 | = k, k R.
Description: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Will return after Conic Sections topic is completed.
33
34
Locus problems Examples
3.2 Examples
Example 32
For the following:
i. Describe the locus of z.
ii. Draw a sketch.
iii. Give the Cartesian equation of the locus.
(a)
|z| = 2
(c)
|z + 2| = 1
(b)
zz = 16
(d)
|z + 2 + 3i| = 2
Answer: (a) x2 + y 2 = 4 (b) x2 + y 2 = 16 (c) (x + 2)2 + y 2 = 1 (d) (x + 2)2 + (y + 3)2 = 4
35
Example 33
Draw a sketch of locus of z if
(a)
Arg(z) =
(b)
0 Arg(z)
2
3
(c)
Arg(z 2 + 3i) =
36
Example 34
! Draw a sketch of the locus of z if |z 3| + |z + 3| = 12, and find its Cartesian
equation.
Answer:
x2
36
y2
27
=1
37
Example 35
Sketch the region in the Argand diagram defined simultaneously by
6 Re [(2 3i)z] < 12
and
Re(z) Im(z) > 0
Example 36
z is a complex number which simultaneously satisfies
2 |z + 3| 3
and
0 Arg(z + 3)
Find the area and perimeter of the region in the Argand diagram determined by these
restrictions on z.
Answer: A = 5
units2 , P = 2 + 5
units
6
3
38
Example 37
Sketch the curve in the Argand diagram determined by Arg(z 1) = Arg(z + 1) + 4 .
Find its Cartesian equation.
Answer: x2 + (y 1)2 = 2, y > 0
Example 38
z satisfies |z i| = Im(z) + 1. Sketch the locus of the point P representing z in the
Argand diagram and write down its Cartesian equation.
Answer: x2 = 4y
39
Example 39
Find the locus of z, given w is purely imaginary and w =
z2
.
z+1
Answer: Circle C
Further exercises
Sadler and Ward (2014, Ex 1F)
Patel (1990, Self Testing Ex 4.9, p.127)
Arnold and Arnold (2000, Ex. 2.5)
Fitzpatrick (1991, Ex 31(f))
Lee (2006, Ex 2.7, 2.8)
1
,0
2

,r=
3
.
2
Section 4
Past HSC questions
HSC problems that can be attempted without theory from other parts of the Extension 2
course.

Question 2
(a)
(b)
(c)
Let z = 2 + 3i and w = 1 + i. Find zw and

i. Express 1 +
1
in the form x + iy.
w
3i in modulus-argument form.
10
in the form x + iy.
ii. Hence evaluate 1 + 3i
2
2
Sketch the region in the complex plane where the inequalities

|z + 1 2i| 3
and
arg z
3
4
both hold.
(d)
Find all solutions of the equation z 4 = 1.

Give your answers in modulus-argument form.
(e)
In the diagram the vertices of a triangle ABC are represented by the complex numbers
z1 , z2 and z3 , respectively. The triangle is isosceles and right-angled at B.
y
D
A
b
B
O
C
x
i. Explain why (z1 z2 )2 = (z3 z2 )2 .
ii. Suppose D is the point such that ABCD is a square. Find the complex
number, expressed in terms of z1 , z2 and z3 , that represents D.
40
Past HSC questions 2001 Extension 2 HSC
41
Question 7
(a)
Suppose that z =
1
(cos + i sin ) where is real.
2
i. Find |z|.
ii. Show that the imaginary part of the geometric series
1 + z + z2 + z3 + =
is
1
1z
2 sin
.
5 4 cos
iii. Find an expression for

1+
1
1
1
cos + 2 cos 2 + 3 cos 3 +
2
2
2
in terms of cos .
(b)
Consider the equation x3 3x 1 = 0.

p
i. Let x = where p and q are integers having no common divisors other
q
than +1 and 1. Suppose that x is a root of ax3 3x + b = 0, where
a and b are integers.
Explain why p divides b and why q divides a. Deduce that x3 3x1 = 0
does not have a rational root.
ii. Suppose that r, s and

d
are
rational
numbers
and
that
d is irrational.
Assume that r + s d is a root of x3 3x 1 = 0.
Show that 3r 2 s + s3 d 3s = 0 and show that r s d must also be a

root of x3 3x 1 = 0.
3
Deduce from this result and part (i),
that no root of x 3x 1 = 0
can be expressed in the form r + s d with r, s and d rational.
iii. Show that one root of x3 3x 1 = 0 is 2 cos .

9
You may assume the identity cos 3 = 4 cos3 3 cos .
42

Question 2
(a)
(b)
Let z = 1 + 2i and w = 1 + i. Find, in the form x + iy,

i. zw.
1
ii.
.
w
1
1
On an Argand diagram, shade in the region where the inequalities

0 Re(z) 2
and
|z 1 + i| 2
both hold.
(c)
It is given that 2 + i is a root of

P (z) = z 3 + rz 2 + sz + 20
(d)
where r and s are real numbers.

i. State why 2 i is also a root of P (z).
ii. Factorise P (z) over the real numbers.
Prove by induction that, for all integers n 1,
(cos i sin )n = cos (n) i sin (n)

(e)
Let z = 2 (cos + i sin ).

i. Find 1 z.
ii. Show that the real part of
1
1 2 cos
is
1z
5 4 cos
1
iii. Express the imaginary part of
in terms of .
1z
43

Question 2
(a)
(b)
(c)
Let z = 2 + i and w = 1 i. Find, in the form x + iy,

i. zw.
4
ii.
.
z
1
1
Let = 1 + i.
i. Express in modulus-argument form.
ii. Show that is a root of the equation z 4 + 4 = 0.
iii. Hence, or otherwise, find a real quadratic factor of the polynomial z 4 +4.

|z 1 i| < 2
and
0 < arg(z 1 i) <
hold simultaneously.
(d)
By applying De Moivres theorem and by also expanding (cos + i sin )5 ,

express cos 5 as a polynomial in cos .
(e)
Suppose that the complex number z lies on the unit circle, and
0 arg(z) 2 .
Prove that 2 arg(z + 1) = arg(z).
44

Question 2
(a)
(b)
(c)
Let z = 1 + 2i and w = 3 i. Find, in the form x + iy,

i. zw.

10
ii.
.
z
1
1
Let = 1 + i 3 and = 1 + i.
i. Find in the form x + iy.
ii. Express in modulus-argument form.
iii. Given that has the modulus-argument form

= 2 cos + i sin
4
4
find the modulus-argument form of .
iv. Hence find the exact value of sin .

12

|z + z| 1
and
|z i| 1
(d)
The diagram shows two distinct points A and B that represent the complex
numbers z and w respectively. The points A and B lie on the circle of radius
r centred at O. The point C representing the complex number z + w also lies
on this circle.
C
b
B
b
A
b
i. Using the fact that C lies on the circle, show geometrically that
AOB = 2
.
3
ii. Hence show that z 3 = w 3 .
iii. Show that z 2 + w 2 + zw = 0.
1
45
Question 7
(b)
Let be a real number and suppose that z is a complex number such that
1
= 2 cos
z
i. By reducing the above equation to a quadratic equation in z, solve for
z and use De Moivres theorem to show that
z+
zn +
1
= 2 cos n
zn
1
ii. Let w = z + . Prove that
z
3
w + w 2w 2 =
2

1
z+
z

1
1
2
3
+ z + 2 + z + 3
z
z
iii. Hence, or otherwise, find all solutions of
cos + cos 2 + cos 3 = 0

in the range 0 2.

Question 2
(a)
Let z = 3 + i and w = 1 i. Find, in the form x + iy,

i. 2z + iw.
ii. zw.
6
iii.
.
w
(b)
(c)
1
1
1
Let = 1 i 3.
i. Express in modulus-argument form.
ii. Express 5 in modulus-argument form.
iii. Hence express 5 in the form x + iy.

|z z| < 2
and
|z 1| 1
46
(d)
Let be the line in the complex plane that passes through the origin and
makes an angle with the positive real axis, where 0 < < 2 .
O
The point P represents the complex number z1 , where 0 < arg(z1 ) < . The
point P is reflected in the line to produce the point Q, which represents
the complex number z2 . Hence |z1 | = |z2 |.
i. Explain why arg(z1 ) + arg(z2 ) = 2.
ii. Deduce that z1 z2 = |z1 |2 (cos 2 + i sin 2).
iii. Let = and let R be the point that represents the complex number
4
zz.
2
1
1
1 2
Describe the locus of R as z1 varies.

Question 6
(b)
Let n be an integer greater than 2. Suppose is an n-th root of unity and

6= 1.
i. By expanding the left, show that

1 + 2 + 3 2 + 4 3 + + n n1 ( 1) = n
ii. Using the identity
z 1
1
=
, or otherwise, prove that
z2 1
z z 1
1
cos i sin
=
cos 2 + i sin 2 1
2i sin
provided that sin 6= 0.
2
2
1
+ i sin , find the real part of
.
n
n
1
4
6
8
5
2
iv. Deduce that 1 + 2 cos
+ 3 cos
+ 4 cos
+ 5 cos
= .
5
5
5
5
2
v. By expressing the left hand side of the equation in part (iv) in terms of
cos and cos , find the exact value, in surd form, of cos .
5
5
5
iii. Hence, if = cos
1
1
3
47

Question 2
(a)
Let z = 3 + i and w = 2 5i. Find, in the form x + iy,

i. z 2 .
ii. zw.
w
iii.
.
z
(b)
i. Express
1
1
1
3 i in modulus-argument form.
7
ii. Express
7
iii. Hence express
3 i in the form x + iy.
(c)
Find, in modulus-argument form, all solutions of z 3 = 1.
(d)
The equation |z 1 3i| + |z 9 3i| = 10 corresponds to an ellipse in the

Argand diagram.
i. Write down the complex number corresponding to the centre of the
ellipse.
2
2
1
2
ii. Sketch the ellipse, and state the lengths of the major and minor axes.
iii. Write down the range of values of arg(z) for complex numbers z
corresponding to points on the ellipse.

Question 2
(a)
Let z = 4 + i and w = z. Find, in the form x + iy,

i. w.
ii. w z.
z
iii.
.
w
(b)
(c)
1
1
1
i. Write 1 + i in the form r (cos + i sin ).
ii. Hence, or otherwise, find (1 + i)17 in the form a + ib, where a and b are
integers.
The point P on the Argand diagram represents the complex number z, where
z satisfies
1 1
+ =1
z z
Give a geometrical description of the locus of P as z varies.
48
(d)
The points P , Q and R on the Argand diagram represent the complex

numbers z1 , z2 and a respectively.
The triangles OP R and OQR are equilateral with unit sides, so
|z1 | = |z2 | = |a| = 1.
Let = cos 3 + i sin 3 .
Im
Q(z2 )
R(a)
Re
P (z1 )
i. Explain why z2 = a.
ii. Show that z1 z2 = a2 .
iii. Show that z1 and z2 are the roots of z 2 az + a2 = 0.
Question 8
(b)
i. Let n be a positive integer. Show that if z 2 6= 1, then

n

z z n
2
4
2n2
1+z +z ++z
=
z n1
1
zz
ii. By substituting z = cos + i sin , where sin 6= 0 in to part (i), show

that
1 + cos 2 + + cos(2n 2) + i [sin 2 + + sin(2n 2)]

sin n
=
[cos(n 1) + i sin(n 1)]
sin
iii. Suppose =
. Using part (ii), show that
2n
sin
2
(n 1)
+ sin
+ + sin
= cot
n
n
n
2n
49

Question 2
(a)
(b)
(c)
Find real numbers a and b such that (1 + 2i)(1 3i)= a + ib.
1+i 3
i. Write
in the form x + iy, where x and y are real.
1+i
ii. By expression
both
1
+
i
3 and 1 + i in modulus-argument form, write
1+i 3
in modulus-argument form.
1+i
iii. Hence find cos

in surd form.
12
!12
1+i 3
iv. By using the result of part (ii), or otherwise, calculate
.
1+i
The point P on the Argand diagram represents the complex number

z = x + iy, which satisfies
z2 + z2 = 8
2
3
1
1
3
Find the equation of the locus of P in terms of x and y. What type of curve
is the locus?
(d)
The point P on the Argand diagram represents the complex number z.

The points Q and R represent the points z and z respectively, where
= cos 2
+ i sin 2
. The point M is the midpoint of QR.
3
3
Im
P
Q
Re
O
b
M
R
S
i. Find the complex number representing M in terms of z.
ii. The point S is chosen so that P QSR is a parallelogram.
Find the complex number represented by S.
50

Question 2
(a)
Write i9 in the form a + ib where a and b are real.
(b)
Write
(c)
The points P and Q on the Argand diagram represent the complex numbers
z and w respectively.
2 + 3i
in the form a + ib where a and b are real.
2+i
Im
b
P (z)
Q(w)
Re
Copy the diagram into your writing booklet, and mark on it the following
points:
i. the point R representing iz
(d)
(e)
(f)
ii. the point S representing w
iii. The point T representing z + w.
Sketch the region in the complex plane where the inequalities |z 1| 2 and
4 arg(z 1) 4 hold simultaneously.
i. Find all the 5th roots of 1 in modulus-argument form.
ii. Sketch the 5th roots of 1 on an Argand diagram.
i. Find the square roots of 3 + 4i.
ii. Hence, or otherwise, solve the equation
z 2 + iz 1 i = 0
51

Question 2
(a)
Let z = 5 i.
i. Find z 2 in the form x + iy.
ii. Find z + 2z in the form x + iy.
i
in the form x + iy.
z
i. Express 3 i in modulus-argument form.
6
ii. Show that 3 i is a real number.
iii. Find
(b)
2
2
2
(c)
Sketch the region in the complex plane where the inequalities 1 |z| 2
and 0 z + z 3 hold simultaneously.
(d)
Let z = cos + i sin where 0 < <
.
2
On the Argand diagram the point A represents z, the point B represents z 2

and the point C represents z + z 2 .
Im
b
B
b
Re
O
Copy or trace the diagram into your writing booklet.
i. Explain why the parallelogram OACB is a rhombus.
3
2
iii. Show that |z + z 2 | = 2 cos .

2
ii. Show that arg (z + z 2 ) =
1
2
iv. By considering the real part of z + z 2 , or otherwise, deduce that

cos + cos 2 = 2 cos

See Examples 21 on page 21 and 18 on page 18.
3
cos
2
2
52

1.
Let z = 5 i and w = 2 + 3i.

What is the value of 2z + w?
(A) 12 + i
2.
(B) 12 + 2i
(C) 12 4i
(D) 12 5i
The complex number z is shown on the Argand diagram below.

y
z
x
Which of the following best represents iz?

(A)
(C)
y
b
iz
iz
(B)
(D)
y
iz
iz
53
Question 11
(a)
2 5+i
Express
51
(b)
|z + 2| 2
and
|z i| 1
both hold.
(d)
i. Write z =
ii. Hence express z 9 in the form x + iy, where x and y are real.
Question 12
(d)
On the Argand diagram the points A1 and A2 correspond to the distinct

complex numbers u1 and u2 respectively. Let P be a point corresponding to
a third complex number z.
Points B1 and B2 are positioned so that A1 P B1 and A2 B2 P , labelled in
an anti-clockwise direction, are right-angled and isosceles with right angles
at A1 and A2 respectively. The complex numbers w1 and w2 correspond to
B1 and B2 respectively.
y
b
B1 (w1 )
B2 (w2 )
P (z)
b
A1 (u1)
b
A2
x
i. Explain why w1 = u1 + i(z u1 ).
ii. Find the locus of the midpoint of B1 B2 as P varies.
54

5.
Which region on the Argand diagram is defined by

(A)
|z 1| ?
4
3
(C)
4
bc
4
bc
(B)
(D)
4
b
1+
1+
4
b
1+
1+
Question 11
(a)
Let z = 2 i 3 and w = 1 = i 3.
i. Find z + w.
ii. Express w in modulus-argument form.
iii. Write w 24 in its simplest form.

(c)
Factorise z 2 + 4iz + 5.
(e)
Sketch the region on the Argand diagram defined by z 2 + z 2 8.
Question 14
(b)
Let z2 = 1 + i and, for n > 2, let

zn = zn1 1 +
3
i
|zn1 |
Use mathematical induction to prove that |zn | =
n for all integers n 2.
55
Question 15
(a)
The Argand diagram shows complex numbers w and z with arguments and
respectively, where < . The area of the triangle formed by O, w and z
is A.
Im
b
Show that zw wz = 4iA
w
Re
56

4.
8.

Given z = 2 cos + i sin

, which expression is equal to (z)1 ?
3
3

1
1

(C)
(A)
cos i sin
cos + i sin
2
3
3
2
3
3

(B) 2 cos i sin

(D) 2 cos + i sin
3
3
3
3
The Argand diagram shows the complex numbers w, z and u, where w lies in
the first quadrant, z lies in the second quadrant and u lies on the negative real
axis.
Im
z
w
b
Re
Which statement could be true?

(A) u = zw and u = z + w
(C) z = uw and u = z + w
(B) u = zw and u = z w
(D) z = uw and u = z w
Question 11
(a)
(c)
Consider the complex numbers z = 2 2i and w = 3 + i.

i. Express z + w in modulus-argument form.
z
ii. Express
in the form x + iy, where x and y are real numbers.
w
Sketch the region in the Argand diagram where |z| |z 2| and
arg z .
4
4
2
2
3
57

2.
5.
What value of z satisfies z 2 = 7 24i?
(A) 4 3i
(C) 3 4i
(B) 4 3i
(D) 3 4i
Given that z = 1 i, which expression is equal to z 3 ?

3
3
(A) z = 2 cos
+ i sin
4
4

3
3
(B) z = 2 2 cos
+ i sin
4
4
(C) z =

3
3
2 cos
+ i sin
4
4

3
3
(D) z = 2 2 cos
+ i sin
4
4
9.
The complex number z satisfies |z 1| = 1.
What is the greatest distance that z can be from the point i on the Argand
diagram?
(C) 2 2
(D) 2 + 1
(A) 1
(B) 5
Question 11
(a)
(b)
4 + 3i
2i

Consider the complex numbers z = 3 + i and w = 3 cos + i sin
.
7
7
i. Evaluate |z|.
Express
ii. Evaluate arg(z).

iii. Find the argument of
1
1
z
.
w
Question 12
(a)
The complex number z is such that |z| = 2 and arg(z) =
.
4
Plot each of the following complex numbers on the same half-page Argand
diagram.
i. z.
ii. u = z 2 .
iii. v = z 2 z.
References
Arnold, D., & Arnold, G. (2000). Cambridge Mathematics 4 Unit (2nd ed.). Cambridge University
Press.
Fitzpatrick, J. B. (1991). New Senior Mathematics Four Unit Course for Years 12. Rigby
Heinemann.
Lee, T. (2006). Advanced Mathematics: A complete HSC Mathematics Extension 2 Course (2nd
ed.). Terry Lee Enterprise.
Patel, S. K. (1990). Excel 4 Unit Maths. Pascal Press.
Patel, S. K. (2004). Maths Extension 2 (2nd ed.). Pascal Press.
Sadler, D., & Ward, D. (2014). SGS Mathematics Year 12 Extension 2 Notes and Exercises. Sydney
Grammar School.
58

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Notes and exercises:

Initial version by H. Lam, August 2012. Updated April 4, 2016.

Beware! Heed warning.

Mathematics Extension 1 content.

Literacy: note new word/phrase.

Formulae/facts must be memorised.

R the set of real numbers

4 Past HSC questions

2 Further arithmetic & algebra of complex

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Solve x + 1 = 5 and x + 3 = 0 over N.

Solve x + 3 = 0 and 2x + 4 = 7 over Z.

Solve 2x + 4 = 7 and x2 2 = 0 over Q.

Solve x 2 = 0 and x2 + 5 = 0 over R.

A new number system Rotation

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A new number system The imaginary numbers

1.3 The imaginary numbers

Jump off the real number line.

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A new number system The imaginary numbers

Treat real and imaginary parts as . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . of a complex number.

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A new number system Basic operations with complex numbers

1.4 Basic operations with complex numbers

Use distributive law.

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A new number system Basic operations with complex numbers

Complex conjugate pairs

If z = x + iy, then its complex conjugate is denoted z such that

Analogous to conjugate surds, where the conjugate of a + b c is . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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A new number system Basic operations with complex numbers

NORMANHURST BOYS HIGH SCHOOL

A new number system Basic operations with complex numbers

5 15, making 25 (15), which is 15. Hence the product is 40.

Cardano, remarked in another work, that 9 is neither +3 or 3, but some obscure

Sadler and Ward (2014, Ex 1A)

A new number system Properties of complex numbers

1.5 Properties of complex numbers

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A new number system Properties of complex numbers

Equations with . . . . . . . . coefficients will have . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

The starting point ( . . . . . . . ) is irrelevant for a vector.

Further arithmetic & algebra of complex numbers Vector representation

Place vectors, head-to-tail.

Parallelogram of vectors when adding two vectors.

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Further arithmetic & algebra of complex numbers Vector representation

Alternatively, what vector get you to z1 from z2 ?

z1 + z2 starts from tails of z1 & z2 ,

z2 z1 starts from head of z1 , goes to head of z2 .

For kz1 where k R, stretch z1 by factor of k.

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Further arithmetic & algebra of complex numbers Vector representation

Find z in the form a + ib, where a and b are real numbers.

Further arithmetic & algebra of complex numbers Modulus/argument of a complex number

2.2 Modulus/argument of a complex number

N, Z, Q, R are well ordered :

Natural ordering does not exist with complex numbers.

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