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CaseStudiesinSanctionsandTerrorism
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<<CaseStudiesIndex
Summaryofeconomicsanctionsepisodes,19142006
(listedbyyearimposed)
Year
Year
Principal
imposed ended sendera

Target
country

GlobalFinancialCrisis
Policy
goal

Success
scoreb
(scale
1to16)

1914

1918

UnitedKingdom Germany

Militaryvictory

1917

1918

UnitedStates

1918

1920

1921

1925

Cost
to
target
(percent
ofGNP)

LaborandUnemployment
Inequality
USDebt

12

7.1

Shippingfor
Allies

0.8

USCurrentAccountDeficit

UnitedKingdom Russia

Destabilize
Bolsheviks

4.1

TheChineseExchange
Rate

1921

Leagueof
Nations

Yugoslavia

Military
disruptionvs.
Albania

16

1925

Leagueof
Nations

Greece

Withdrawfrom
Bulgaria

16

Japan

TheDollarandOtherKey
Currencies
ClimateChange

1932

1935

Leagueof
Nations

Paraguay

SettletheChaco
War

negligible

1932

1935

Leagueof
Nations

Bolivia

SettletheChaco
War

2.6

1933

1933

UnitedKingdom USSR

ReleaseBritish
citizens

12

0.02

1935

1936

Leagueof
Nations

Italy

Withdrawfrom
Abyssinia

1.7

1938

1947

UnitedStates

Mexico

Expropriation
dispute

0.2

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1939

1945

UnitedStates

Germany

Regimechange

1.4

1939

1945

UnitedStates

Germany

Militaryvictory

12

1.4

PetersonInstituteUpdate
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1940

1941

UnitedStates

Japan

Withdrawfrom
SoutheastAsia

0.9

1941

1945

UnitedStates

Japan

Regimechange

1.9

1941

1945

UnitedStates

Japan

Militaryvictory

12

1.9

EventPodcast

1944

1947

UnitedStates

Argentina

Destabilize
Pern

0.8

PetersonPerspectives:
InterviewsonCurrentIssues

1946

Ongoing

ArabLeague

Israel

Create
Palestinian
homeland

1.7

1948

1994

UnitedStates

USSR,
Comecom

Impairmilitary
potential

0.2

1948

1955

USSR

Yugoslavia

DestabilizeTito
government

2.5

1948

1949

UnitedStates

Netherlands

Recognize
Indonesia

16

0.2

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1948

1949

USSR

France

Berlinblockade

negligible

1948

1949

USSR

UnitedKingdom

Berlinblockade

0.1

1948

1949

USSR

UnitedStates

Berlinblockade

0.1

1948

1948

India

Hyderabad

Assimilate
Hyderabad

1949

1970

UnitedStates

China

Impairmilitary
potential

0.5

1950

Ongoing

UnitedStates

NorthKorea

Regimechange

1.2

1950

Ongoing

UnitedStates

NorthKorea

Military
impairment

1.2

1950

1953

UnitedStates

China

Military
disruption,Korea

0.5

1951

1953

UnitedStates

Iran

Destabilize
Mossadegh

12

14.3

1954

1984

Spain

UnitedKingdom

Sovereigntyover
Gibraltar

0.009

1954

1974

UnitedStates

NorthVietnam

Military
impairment

1.6

1954

1961

India

Portugal

AssimilateGoa
intoIndia

negligible

1954

1954

USSR

Australia

RepatriateSoviet
defector

0.5

1956

1983

UnitedStates

Israel

Intermittent,
various

0.1

1956

1962

UnitedStates

Laos

Destabilization

4.2

1956

1956

UnitedStates

Egypt

Suez
nationalization

3.4

1956

1956

UnitedStates

UnitedKingdom

EndSuez
intervention

12

0.3

1957

1963

France

Tunisia

Assistanceto
Algerianrebels

0.9

1957

1962

Indonesia

Netherlands

ControlofWest
Irian

0.7

1958

1959

USSR

Finland

AdoptproUSSR
policies

16

1.1

1960

1989

UnitedStates

Cuba

Destabilize
Castro

3.9

1960

1989

UnitedStates

Cuba

Disruptionof
military
adventures

3.9

1960

1970

USSR

China

Military
impairment

0.5

1960

1962

UnitedStates

Dominican
Republic

Destabilize
Trujillo

12

1.9

1961

1965

UnitedStates

Ceylon

Expropriation
dispute

16

0.6

1961

1965

USSR

Albania

Destabilize
Hoxha

0.6

1961

1962

UnitedStates

German
Democratic
Republic

BerlinWall

1962

1994

UnitedNations

SouthAfrica

Endapartheid,
Namibia

1.2

1962

1964

UnitedStates

Brazil

Expropriation,
destabilization

12

0.6

1962

1963

USSR

Romania

Limiteconomic
independence

1963

1974

Organizationof
AfricanUnity

Portugal

FreeAfrican
colonies

0.3

1963

1966

Indonesia

Malaysia

"CrushMalaysia"

1963

1966

UnitedStates

Indonesia

Regimechange

1963

1966

UnitedStates

Indonesia

End"Crush
Malaysia"

1963

1965

UnitedStates

Egypt

Military

12

1.4

disruption,
Yemen,Congo
1963

1963

UnitedStates

SouthVietnam

DestabilizeDiem

12

0.3

1964

1966

France

Tunisia

1965

1979

UnitedNations

Rhodesia

Expropriation

1.5

Majorityrule

12

1965

1967

UnitedStates

13

India

Agriculturepolicy

16

0.08

1965

1966

UnitedStates

Chile

Reducecopper
price

1967
1968

1970

Nigeria

Biafra

Endcivilwar

12

15.2

1974

UnitedStates

Peru

Expropriation

12

0.7

1968

1968

UnitedStates

Peru

Frenchfighter
jets

0.7

1970

1973

UnitedStates

Chile

Destabilize
Allende

12

1.5

1971

1971

UnitedStates

Pakistan

Military
disruption

0.3

1971

1971

UnitedStates

India

Military
disruption

0.1

1971

1971

UnitedKingdom Malta

Defense
agreement

4.4

1972

1979

UnitedStates

Uganda

DestabilizeAmin

12

2.6

1973

1977

UnitedStates

SouthKorea

Humanrights

1.8

1973

1974

ArabLeague

Netherlands

SupportforIsrael

4.0

1973

1974

ArabLeague

UnitedStates

SupportforIsrael

0.2

1974

1978

UnitedStates

Turkey

Military
disruption,
Cyprus

0.2

1974

1976

Canada

India

Nuclear
proliferation

0.04

1974

1976

Canada

Pakistan

Nuclear
proliferation

0.1

1975

1998

UnitedStates

NorthVietnam

Accountfor
MIAs,withdrawal
fromCambodia

1.2

1975

1994

UnitedStates

USSR

Freeremigration

0.01

1975

1990

UnitedStates

Chile

Humanrights,
democracy

0.7

1975

1982

UnitedStates

SouthAfrica

Nuclearpolicy

0.005

1975

1979

UnitedStates

Kampuchea

Humanrights,
deter
Vietnamese

6.4

1975

1976

UnitedStates

SouthKorea

Nuclear
proliferation

16

1976

Ongoing

UnitedStates

ArabLeague

Antiboycott

0.04

1976

1981

UnitedStates

Uruguay

Humanrights

0.3

1976

1977

UnitedStates

Taiwan

Nuclearpolicy

16

0.1

1977

2005

UnitedStates

Guatemala

Humanrights

0.2

1977

1992

UnitedStates

Ethiopia

Humanrights,
expropriation

6.3

1977

1984

UnitedStates

Brazil

Humanrights

0.1

1977

1983

UnitedStates

Argentina

Humanrights

0.1

1977

1981

UnitedStates

Paraguay

Humanrights

0.1

1977

1981

UnitedStates

ElSalvador

Humanrights

0.5

1977

1979

UnitedStates

Nicaragua

Destabilize
Somoza

12

1.0

1977

1978

Canada

European
Community

Nuclear
safeguards

0.002

1977

1978

Canada

Japan

Nuclear
safeguards

0.01

1978

2004

UnitedStates

Libya

Destabilize
Gadhafi

12

1.7

1978

2004

UnitedStates

Libya

Nuclear

12

1.7

proliferation
1978

1988

China

Vietnam

Withdrawfrom
Kampuchea

3.5

1978

1983

China

Albania

AntiChinese
rhetoric

3.3

1978

1983

ArabLeague

Egypt

CampDavid
Accords

0.4

1978

1982

UnitedStates

Argentina

Nuclearpolicy

negligible

1978

1982

UnitedStates

India

Nuclearpolicy

0.01

1978

1981

UnitedStates

Brazil

Nuclearpolicy

0.002

1978

1980

UnitedStates

USSR

Humanrights
(dissidents)

0.003

1979

1997

UnitedStates

Pakistan

Nuclearpolicy

1.0

1979

1990

UnitedStates

Chile

Assassinationof
Letelier

12

0.7

1979

1982

UnitedStates

Bolivia

Humanrights,
drugs

1.7

1979

1981

UnitedStates

Iran

Returnhostages

12

3.8

1979

1979

ArabLeague

Canada

Planned
embassymove

12

0.003

1980

2003

UnitedStates

Iraq

Terrorism

0.1

1980

1981

UnitedStates

USSR

Invasionof
Afghanistan

0.04

1980

1981

UnitedStates

USSR

Impairment,
Afghanistan

0.04

1981

1990

UnitedStates

Nicaragua

Destabilize
Sandinistas

3.2

1981

1987

UnitedStates

Poland

Various,
solidarity

0.1

1981

1986

European
Community

Turkey

Restore
democracy

0.2

1981

1982

UnitedStates

USSR

Impairment,
Poland

0.03

1982

1991

Netherlands

Suriname

Humanrights,
CubaLibya
influence

6.2

1982

1986

SouthAfrica

Lesotho

ReturnSouth
Africanrefugees

16

5.1

1982

1982

UnitedKingdom Argentina

Withdrawfrom
Falklands

12

0.6

1983

1989

UnitedStates

Romania

Humanrights,
emigration

0.4

1983

1988

UnitedStates

Zimbabwe

Foreignpolicy

0.4

1983

1986

Australia

France

Nucleartesting

negligible

1983

1983

UnitedStates

USSR

KAL007
shootingdown

negligible

1983

1983

UnitedStates

Grenada

Destabilize
Communist
sympathizers

negligible

1984

Ongoing

UnitedStates

Iran

Nuclear
proliferation,
terrorism

0.4

1984

1997

UnitedStates

Lebanon

Hostagetaking,
Hezbollah
activities

1.0

1985

1991

UnitedStates

SouthAfrica

Apartheid

12

1.9

1986

Ongoing

UnitedStates

Syria

Terrorism

0.02

1986

1999

Greece

Turkey

AegeanIsland,
Cyprus,human
rights

0.1

1986

1992

UnitedStates

Angola

Cubantroops,
Marxism

0.04

1986

1986

France

NewZealand

Repatriationof
Frenchagents

12

0.005

1987

2001

India

Fiji

Restore
democracy,
modify
Constitution

0.9

1987

1990

UnitedStates

Panama

Destabilize
Noriega

6.0

1987

1990

UnitedStates

Haiti

Humanrights,
drugs,elections

2.9

1987

1988

UnitedStates

ElSalvador

Amnesty

16

1988

Ongoing

UnitedStates

Burma

Humanrights,
elections

1.7

1988

Ongoing

UnitedNations

Somalia

Humanrights,
civilwar

7.5

1989

Ongoing

UnitedStates

China

Humanrights
(Tiananmen
Square)

negligible

1989

Ongoing

UnitedStates

Sudan

Humanrights,
democracy

3.7

1989

Ongoing

Turkey,
Azerbijan

Armenia

Withdrawfrom
Nagorno
Karabakh

4.0

1989

1990

India

Nepal

Relationswith
China

4.6

1990

Ongoing

UnitedStates

Cuba

Destabilize
Castro

14.0

1990

1997

UnitedStates

Zaire

Democracy

3.8

1990

1997

UnitedStates

Yemenetal.

EnforceUN
embargovs.Iraq

5.2

1990

1994

UnitedStates

Jordan

EnforceUN
embargovs.Iraq

5.6

1990

1993

UnitedStates

Romania

Democracy,
elections

0.4

1990

1993

UnitedStates

ElSalvador

Humanrights,
endcivilwar

1.3

1990

1993

UnitedStates

Kenya

Political
repression,
humanrights,
democracy

2.3

1990

1991

UnitedNations

Iraq,prewar

Military
disruption,free
Kuwait,hostages

30.0

1990

1990

USSR

Lithuania

Revoke
Independence
Declaration

1.5

1991

Ongoing

UnitedStates

China

Nuclear
proliferation

negligible

1991

2003

UnitedNations

Iraq,postwar

Destabilization

54.0

1991

2003

UnitedNations

Iraq,postwar

Military
impairment

54.0

1991

2001

UnitedNations

Yugoslavia

Civilwarin
Bosnia

13.3

1991

1997

UnitedStates

Indonesia

Humanrightsin
EastTimor

0.1

1991

1995

USSR/Russia

Turkmenistan

Humanrightsfor
Russians

12

19.8

1991

1995

UnitedStates

Peru

Democracy,
humanrights

12

0.5

1991

1994

UnitedNations

Haiti

Democracy

14.2

1991

1992

UnitedStates

Thailand

Coup

0.04

1991

1991

UnitedStates

USSR

Coup

negligible

1992

Ongoing

EuropeanUnion Togo

Democracy,
humanrights

3.4

1992

2003

UnitedNations

Libya

ExtraditePan
Amsuspects

12

0.9

1992

2002

UnitedStates

Azerbaijan

EndArmenia

0.7

embargo
1992

2000

EuropeanUnion Equatorial
Guinea

Democracy,
humanrights

15.0

1992

1999

USSR/Russia

Estonia

Humanrightsfor
Russians

1.0

1992

1998

Economic
Communityof
WestAfrican
States

Liberia

Civilwar

12

10.2

1992

1998

USSR/Russia

Latvia

Humanrightsfor
Russians

1.0

1992

1998

UnitedStates

Cameroon

Humanrights,
democracy

0.2

1992

1997

UnitedNations

Cambodia,
KhmerRouge

BanKhmer
Rouge

negligible

1992

1995

UnitedStates

Nicaragua

Civilcontrolover
military,
expropriation
claims

12

2.4

1992

1994

China

France

Armssalesto
Taiwan

12

0.01

1992

1994

EuropeanUnion Algeria

Democracy

0.1

1992

1993

UnitedStates

Malawi

Democracy,
humanrights

16

6.6

1993

Ongoing

UnitedStates

Sudan

Terrorism,
religious
persecution

0.4

1993

2002

UnitedNations

Angola,Unita

Civilwar,
democracy

12

7.5

1993

1998

UnitedStates

Nigeria

Humanrights,
democracy,
narcotics

0.4

1993

1997

USSR/Russia

Ukraine

Controlover
BlackSeafleet,
nuclearweapons

7.1

1993

1996

USSR/Russia

Kazakhstan

Independence
issues,energy
resources

4.6

1993

1994

UnitedStates

NorthKorea

Nuclear
proliferation

1993

1993

UnitedStates

Guatemala

Coup

1994

1998

UnitedStates

Gambia

Democracy

1994

1995

Greece

Macedonia

1994

1995

Greece

Albania

1994

1995

UnitedNations

Rwanda

Civilviolence

5.6

1995

1998

UnitedStates

Peru

Borderconflict

negligible

1995

1998

UnitedStates

Ecuador

Borderconflict

negligible

1995

1996

Australia

France

Nucleartesting

negligible

1995

1995

EuropeanUnion Turkey

Humanrights

negligible

1996

2000

UnitedStates

Nigeria

Democracy

4.9

1996

1999

EastAfrican
membersof
Organizationof
AfricanUnity

Burundi

Democracy

10.4

1996

1998

UnitedStates

Zambia

Humanrights,
constitutional
reform

2.9

1996

1998

UnitedStates

Colombia

Narcotics,
humanrights

0.2

1996

1996

UnitedStates,
Mercosur
members

Paraguay

Possiblecoup
attempt

12

1997

Ongoing

UnitedNations

Cambodia,

Democracy

2.6

16

1.3

0.02

Nationalidentity

3.2

Releaseofjailed
ethnicGreek
leaders

16

2.9

KhmerRouge
1997

2003

UnitedNations

SierraLeone

Democracy

5.8

1998

2001

UnitedStates

Pakistan

Nuclearpolicy

1.0

1998

2001

UnitedStates

India

Nuclear
proliferation

0.2

1998

2001

UnitedStates

Yugoslavia,
Serbia

Destabilize
Miloevi

12

8.3

1998

1999

UnitedStates

Yugoslavia,
Serbia

Kosovo

8.3

1998

1999

Turkey

Italy

Kurdishleader

1999

2002

UnitedStates

Indonesia

Independencefor
EastTimor

12

0.2

1999

2002

UnitedNations

Afghanistan

ExtraditeOsama
binLaden

1.1

1999

2002

UnitedStates

IvoryCoast

Coup,
democracy

0.3

1991

2001

UnitedStates

Pakistan

Coup,
democracy

2000

2006

Economic
Communityof
WestAfrican
States

Liberia

SupportforRUF

2000

2000

UnitedStates

Ecuador

Coup

2002

2006

UnitedStates

NorthKorea

Nuclear
proliferation

negligible

18.8

12

0.6

aInsomeinstances,othercountriesorinternationalorganizationsparticipatedin

thesanctions.
bForthedefinitionofsuccessscore,seeDefiningSuccessofEconomicSanctionsEpisodes.
Source:EconomicSanctionsReconsidered,3ded.(2008).
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