UNIT I: INTRODUCTION TO

WASTEWATER TREATMENT
Wastewater Treatment
CHE 4018
Lisa Bramwell
School of Engineering
Chemical Engineering Department
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Outline

Wastewater Engineering
What is wastewater?
Sources of wastewater
Common Terms used in Wastewater
The National Resources Conservation Authority
Act
Legislative Framework as it relates Wastewater
Treatment
Wastewater Audit
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Key Words

Biological Oxygen
Demand (BOD)
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
H 2S
Peak flow
Infiltration
Lift Station
Redundancies

TSS
TDS
Pathogens
FecalColiforms

PFD Wastewater Treatment

Wastewater Engineering

Refers to that branch of Environmental

engineering in which basic principles of
science are applied to solving issues associated
with the treatment and reuse of wastewater
What in your mind is the goal of this branch of
Engineering?

Goal of Wastewater Engineering

? (a)

Information Required to Achieve this

goal

Constituents of concern in wastewater

Impacts of constituents to both environment and
_____(b)___
Transformation and fate of these constituents in
treatment processes
____(c)______ treatment methods
Efficient methods for effective disposal of solid
bi-products
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What is Wastewater?

the liquid or water carried wastes removed from

residences, institutions and commercial and
industrial establishments which by virtue of the
materials with which it has become
contaminated, is no longer ___(d)___ for its
original purposes.

Wastewater Management

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Virtual Tours Wastewater Treatment

Flush to Finish

I&I

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Sources & Constituents of Wastewater

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Sources of Wastewater

Domestic
Generated by institutions, residences and commercial

areas consists mainly of gray water and sewage (black)

and tends to be more consistent.

Municipal
a combination of flow from industrial, household,

institutional, commercial, landfills, agricultural entities

and storm water, and therefore the constituents of the
wastewater stream will vary

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Sources of Wastewater

Agricultural
Originates from the various activities associated with the

cultivation of crops, rearing of animals and aquaculture.

For example dairies generate manure slurry and waste
milk, while the majority of the wastewater from
aquaculture consists of the discharge from ponds.
Run-of from irrigation, which can be contaminated with
pesticides and fertilisers.

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Sources of Wastewater

Point Source

Municipal Sewage
Domestic waste
Agricultural waste

Non-Point Source

Run-off
Direct precipitation
Atmospheric deposition
Underground leaching and Seepage
Septic Tanks systems and sewer over flows
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Example of Typical Domestic

wastewater

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Definition of Terms used in Wastewater

Engineering
Biosolids(e)

ClassABiosolids:(f)

ClassBBiosolids:(g)
SeeTable11page4!!
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Definition of Terms

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Definition of Terms

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Legislative Provisions

What laws have been adopted in Jamaica to

ensure the adequate treatment of wastewater?

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The National Resources Conservation Authority

Act

The Natural Resources Conservation Authority Act

provides for the management, conservation and
protection of the natural resources of Jamaica
The functions of the Authority include the taking of such
steps that are necessary to ensure the effective
management of the physical environment of Jamaica; and
the management of marine parks and protected areas
The Act also addresses Sewage and Trade Effluent
discharges as well as air emissions.

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NRCA

Natural_Resources_Conservation_Authority_Act(
NRCA)_1991.pdf

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Wastewater Audit

Systematic approach of Identifying, Measuring,

Monitoring and Reducing the Water
Consumption by various activities in an Industry
Need
maximizing recycling opportunities
minimizing water losses due to breakdowns and

leakages
subject to the increasingly stringent discharge
regulations.

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Objectives of a Wastewater Audit

Study the production process in the factory;

Identify & quantify sources of water pollution;
Identify wastewater minimization options;
Investigate treatability of the wastewater streams
and the possibility of improving the current
environmental status;
Increase awareness of the factory management on
cleaner production concepts;
Evaluations both technical and economical of the
proposed recommendations

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STEP : I Pre Assessment Audit Walk

Through Audit

Analyse historic water use in the plant

Identify water flow and quality for each
applications
Identify the areas for water conservation
Identify the sources of wastewater Generation
Pre Assessment Audit Report submission

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STEP : II Detailed Water & Wastewater

Audit Field Studies

In-depth Process studies for waste quantification and

characterization
Identify for Flow Monitoring, Measurement, Sampling and
Analysis
Identify areas for water conservation and waste minimization
measures
Identify energy saving potential for pumps and pumping
systems
Analyse for Compliance & Legal Requirements
On-the spot recommendations of General House Keeping
measures
Recommendations of short term measures

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STEP : III Synthesis

Evolving Options for Medium and Long-Term

measures
Evolving Techno-Economic feasible measures for
the options identified
Recommend the feasible options for
recommendations
Submission of Detailed Audit Report

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Tanning

The process whereby the natural biological

degradation of animal skins are retarded due to
the chemical fixation of tanning agents which
may be either organic or inorganic. The endproduct of this process is leather.

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Lets Stop Here Today

What do we know about Wastewater Treatment?

What are your deliverables for the next next two

weeks?
Chapters 1 - 2 Metcalf and Eddy
Wastewater Audit Tanning Industry

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Pre-Video Questions
(a) Are storm sewers combined with wastewater sewers in
Kingston and St. Andrew?
(b) Is there a common sewerage plan (layout)for Jamaica?
Or does it vary from parish to parish?
(c) What fraction of Jamaicans practice rainwater
catchment? Should this value be increased? How could
this be done?
(d) How would you design a rainwater catchment system
for your home?
(e) How should I dispose of used oil?
(f) Could I produce a video presentation to address
questions (a) (d)?
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