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The objective of the current study is to investigate and evaluate the flexural behavior of concrete
cantilever beams when using locally produced GFRP bars as a longitudinal main reinforcement. The
experimental program includes six concrete cantilever beams. The main parameters were the type of
rebars (steel or GFRP), strength of concrete and ratios of GFRP rebars. The results of experiments were
evaluated and discussed. The ultimate flexural capacities were calculated theoretically. Then a
comparison between both experimental and theoretical results was done. This comparison indicated
that the theoretical analysis gives results which are about 30% lower than the experimental ultimate
flexural capacity for GFRP-reinforced cantilever beams. Also, deflections were calculated and it was
found that the model of Brown and Bartholomew for Ie (effective moment of inertia) gives the best
predictions for deflections.
Key words: Flexure, cantilever, deflection, glass fiber reinforced polymers (GFRP) bars.
INTRODUCTION
The use of fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) reinforcements
in concrete structures has increased rapidly in the last 10
years due to their excellent corrosion resistance, high
tensile strength, and good non-magnetization properties.
However, the low modulus of elasticity of the FRP
materials and their non-yielding characteristics results in
large deflection and wide cracks in FRP reinforced
concrete members. Consequently, in many cases,
serviceability requirements may govern the design of
such members. In particular, FRP rebar offers great
potential for use in reinforced concrete construction under
conditions in which conventional steel-reinforced
concrete has yielded unacceptable service. If correctly
applied in the infrastructure area, composites can result
in significant benefits related to both overall cost and
durability. Other advantages include high strength and
stiffness to weight ratios, resistance to corrosion and
chemical attack, controllable thermal expansion and
damping characteristics, and electromagnetic neutrality.
These advantages could lead to increased safety and life
34
concrete beams.
EXPERIMENTAL WORK
The current research program was carried out to investigate the
flexural behavior of cantilever concrete beams with main
reinforcement of GFRP bars.
Test program
The experimental program consists of testing six cantilever
concrete beams. The tested beams were classified into three
groups as shown in Tables 1 and 2. They had cross section
dimensions of 150 x 250 mm and 2000 mm total length as shown in
Figure 1. The cantilever length was 600 mm. Figure 1 and Table 2
give the reinforcement details of all the tested beams. The beams
of group (A) were reinforced with two high grade longitudinal steel
bars of 10 and 12 mm diameter (top and bottom) for beams SN1010 and SN 12-12, respectively. While beam SN 8-8 in group (A)
was reinforced with two mild steel longitudinal bars of 8 mm
diameter (top and bottom). The beams of the group (B) were
reinforced with two GFRP longitudinal bars of 8 mm diameter (top
and bottom) for beam GN 8-8.
The beam GN 12-10 in group (B) was reinforced with two GFRP
longitudinal bars of 12 mm diameter at the top and two 10 mm
diameter GFRP bars at the bottom. The beam GM 10-10 in group
(C) was reinforced with two GFRP longitudinal bars of 10 mm
diameter at the top and at the bottom.
Properties of the used material
Reinforced concrete
The tested reinforced concrete beams were produced using locally
manufactured ordinary Portland cement, natural sand and crushed
dolomite with a maximum size of 10 mm. The beams were
demolded after 24 h from casting, covered with wet burlap and
stored under the laboratory conditions for 28 days before
proceeding to the testing stage. The compressive strength (fcu)
was determined by testing six standard cubes (150*150*150mm)
from each cast. The equivalent standard cylinder compressive
strength (f'c) was calculated as 0.8 times the standard cube
compressive strength and is shown in Table 1.
GFRP and steel bars
The stirrups used in all the tested beams were of mild steel of 8 mm
diameter. The tested beams were reinforced with two types of bars.
The first type was steel bars of 8 mm diameter (mild steel) and 10
and 12 mm diameter (high grade). The second type was GFRP
bars of 8, 10 and 12 mm diameter as shown in Figure 1 and Table
2. Tables 3 and 4 show the mechanical properties of the used
GFRP and steel bars, respectively. The GFRP bars are locally
manufactured. They are coated by sand to improve their bond
characteristics.
Test setup, procedure and measurements
The beams were tested in the reinforced concrete lab of the
Housing and Building National Research Center. They were
supported over two rigid supports as shown in Figure 2. One point
load was applied to all the beams and was monotonically increased
250 mm
50 mm
LVDT
LVDT
at mid span
at cant. face
1350 mm
150
600 mm
2000 mm
(S.G.)
As
Top
stirrups
8 @ 140 mm
(S.G.)
stirrups
8 @ 140 mm
A s Bottom
SEC A-A
A
A s Top
A s Bottom
35
Reinforcement strains
Table 1. Equivalent standard cylinder compressive strength (f'c).
Group No.
A
A
A
B
B
C
Beam notation
SN8-8
SN10-10
SN12-12
GN8-8
GN12-10
GM10-10
'
f c (MPa)
33.96
33.96
33.96
33.96
33.96
47.41
until failure. The load was applied vertically over the top of the
cantilever end. The deflections were measured at the mid span and
under the loading point (cantilever tip) by using 200 mm linear
variable differential transducers (LVDTs). Strain gages (S.G.) of
10mm length were installed at the top and bottom longitudinal
reinforcement bars at the section over the support on the cantilever
side. The load cell used for measuring the driving force was of 500
kN capacity.
The measured data were recorded by a data logger connected to
computer system programmed using "lab view software.
36
SN 8-8
SN 10-10
SN 12-12
Cantilever
length (mm)
600
600
600
Long. bars
type
Steel
Steel
Steel
GN 8-8
GN 12-10
150x250
150x250
600
600
GM 10-10
150x250
600
Group No.
Beam No.
Steel
Steel
Steel
Top long.
bars
28
210
212
Bott. long.
bars
28
210
212
GFRP
GFRP
Steel
Steel
28
212
28
210
GFRP
Steel
210
210
Stir. type
Diameter (mm)
8
10
12
Fu (N/mm )
416.30
407.40
347.50
Rupture strain
0.025
0.029
0.05
fu
Diameter (mm)
Fy (N/mm )
300
300
310
Fu (N/mm )
460
460
460
Elongation %
19.4
27.9
28.4
10
450
440
450
680
680
680
16.8
18.2
18.2
12
430
450
450
690
690
690
13.6
14.2
19.3
Beam GN8-8
Beam SN8-8
Beam GM10-10
Beam SN10-10
Beam GN12-10
Beam SN12-12
37
Beam notation
GN8-8
SN8-8
GM10-10
SN10-10
GN12-10
SN12-12
12.0
7.8
10.7
14.5
7.8
24.0
80
70
60
load
(kN)
Load
(kN)
50
40
GN12-10
30
SN12-12
20
10
0
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
Strain*10e-6
strain*10e-6
10000
12000
40
35
30
load (kN)
Load
38
25
GN8-8
20
GM10-10
15
GN12-10
10
5
0
0
20
40
Deflection (mm)
(mm)
deflection
60
80
39
90
80
70
load(kN)
(kN)
Load
60
50
SN8-8
40
SN10-10
30
SN12-12
20
10
0
0
20
40
Deflection(mm)
(mm)
deflection
60
80
Beam
notation
GN8-8
SN8-8
GM10-10
SN10-10
GN12-10
SN12-12
[4]
Experimental
ultimate load
(kN)
28.8
20.9
31.3
55.0
34.2
83.1
Experimental
service load
(kN)
11.52
8.36
12.52
22.0
13.68
33.24
[5]
[4]
[5]
Experimental
failure mode
Flexure
Flexure
Flexure
Flexure-shear
Flexure
Flexure-shear
Beam notation
GN8-8
SN8-8
GM10-10
SN10-10
GN12-10
SN12-12
40
L + c Pc 2
3 Ec I e
(1)
equal to
M cr
Ie =
Ma
Ig
M cr
+ 0.84 1
7
Ma
I cr I g
(2)
Ie =
M cr
Ma
I g + 1
M cr
Ma
I cr I g
(3)
Ie =
M cr
Ma
Where
Ig + 1
M cr
Ma
I cr I g
E
m = 6 10 FRP FRP if
Es
E FRP
FRP
Es
(4)
0.3
Otherwise m=3
Where EFRP is the modulus of elasticity of the FRP bars,
Es is the modulus of elasticity of the steel bars, and FRP
is the FRP reinforcement ratio.
Mota et al. (2006) reported that the ISIS design manual
M03-1 suggested the following equation:
I T I cr
Ie =
I cr
M cr
+ 1 0.5
Ma
Ig
M cr
d I g + 1
Ma
I cr I g
(6)
Where,
d =
1 FRP
1.0
5 fb
fb=balanced
(7)
= 0 . 85 1
fb
f c'
E FRP cu
f fu E FRP cu + f
(8)
fu
23 I cr I e
8 I cr + 15 I
(9)
e
Where,
Ie =
M cr
Ma
I g + 1
M cr
Ma
I cr
(10)
(5)
(I T I cr )
M cr
Ie =
Ma
cr
fr
I
yt
(11)
concrete,
fr = 0 . 62
f c'
MPa
41
E
E
tot
(12)
0 . 75 pu
42
Table 8. Experimental and analytical deflections at service loads (GFRP reinforced beams).
Beam notation
GN8-8
GM10-10
GN12-10
Average error %
Standard deviation %
Coefficient of variation (ratio)
Exp. Def.
(mm)
2.40
3.98
6.90
Eq. 2
5.82
4.34
7.91
Eq. 9
13.0
9.34
8.01
Eq. 2
142.4
9.0
14.7
55.4
61.6
1.11
Eq. 3
44.0
79.1
55.8
59.6
14.6
0.24
Error%
Eq. 4
Eq. 5
61.7
448.4
83.4
117.4
75.7
28.1
73.6
198
9.0
180.8
0.12
0.91
Eq. 6
399.4
100.0
32.6
177.3
159.4
0.90
Eq. 9
442.9
134.8
16.1
197.9
179.9
0.91
Table 9. Experimental and analytical deflections at service loads (steel reinforced beams).
Beam notation
SN8-8
SN10-10
SN12-12
Average error %
Standard deviation %
Coefficient of variation (ratio)
Error%
85.2
6.1
5.3
32.2
37.5
1.16
Table 10. Experimental and analytical deflections at 1.3*Service loads (GFRP reinforced beams).
Beam notation
GN8-8
GM10-10
GN12-10
Average error %
Standard deviation %
Coefficient of variation (ratio)
Exp. Def.
(mm)
6.0
7.1
9.78
Eq. 2
12.8
9.45
13.3
Eq. 9
17.4
12.5
11.1
Eq. 2
113.9
33.1
36.0
61.0
37.4
0.61
Eq. 3
8.2
51.3
12.9
24.1
19.3
0.80
Error%
Eq. 4
Eq. 5
58.4
241.9
74.8
98.3
58.3
31.3
63.8
123.8
7.75
87.9
0.12
0.71
Table 11. Experimental and analytical deflections at 1.3*Service loads (Steel reinforced beams).
Beam notation
SN8-8
SN10-10
SN12-12
Error%
82.0
15.0
8.2
Eq. 6
229.5
90.5
36.2
118.7
81.4
0.69
Eq. 9
190.3
75.7
13.2
93.1
73.3
0.79
Average error %
Standard deviation %
Coefficient of variation (ratio)
35.1
33.3
0.95
35
25
30
20
load
)
Load(kN
(kN)
25
Exp. GN8-8
15
Analy. GN8-8
load
(kN )
Load
(kN)
15
20
Exp. SN8-8
10
Analy. SN8-8
10
5
5
0
0
0
10
20
30
40
Deflection
(mm)
deflection (mm)
50
60
Beam GN8-8
10
20
30
40
50
Deflection
deflection
(mm) (mm)
60
Beam SN8-8
35
60
30
50
25
40
20
Exp. GM10-10
15
Analy. GM10-10
10
load
(kN(kN)
)
Load
Load
load (kN
(kN)
)
30
Exp. SN10-10
Analy. SN10-10
20
10
5
0
0
0
20
40
60
Deflection
deflection
(mm)(mm)
80
Beam GM10-10
10
20
30
40
Deflection
(mm)
deflection (mm)
50
60
Beam SN10-10
40
90
35
80
30
70
Load
load (kN)
(kN )
load (kN)
(kN )
Load
60
25
50
20
Exp. GN12-10
15
Analy. GN12-10
Analy. SN12-12
30
10
20
10
Exp. SN12-12
40
0
0
10
20
30
40
Deflection
deflection
(mm)(mm)
Beam GN12-10
50
60
20
Beam SN12-12
40
60
Deflection
(mm)
deflection (mm)
80
43
44
Table 12. Service load deflection at cantilever tip and cantilever span-to-service load deflection.
Beam notation
GN8-8
GM10-10
GN12-10
6.9
87.0
Beam notation
GN8-8
SN8-8
GM10-10
SN10-10
GN12-10
SN12-12
Slope of P-
curve (kN/mm)
Stiffness (N/mm) 0 Pcr
5700
5100
6000
6700
4900
7800
Beam notation
GN8-8
GM10-10
GN12-10
Ductility
2.4
2.3
2.3