Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
JohnAthanasiou
PartA
Spring2010
(c)P.Hsu2007
Electricity
Usedtodeliverenergy:
Lights
Heat(electricoven,microwaveoven,electricheater,hair
dryer,etc.)
Motion(fan,elevator,washingmachine)
Usedforrepresentationandprocessingof
information
Computer,TV,radio,cellphone
(c)P.Hsu2007
Whatisasignal?
Asignalisavoltage(orcurrent)thatrepresentsa
quantity orapieceofinformation.
Examples:
Thevoltageacrossthedoorbellorlightbulb
Thevoltageacrossthespeedometer(carspeed)
Thevoltageacrosstheearphonelines
Thevoltageacrosstheprintercablewires(amessage)
(c)P.Hsu2007
TypesofSignals
Analog:
Adimmer lightswitchcontinuously
increases/decreasesthecurrent.
Digital :
AnOn/Offlightswitchappliesafixed,
predeterminedvoltage.
(c)P.Hsu2007
AnalogSignal &DigitalSignal
Ananalogsignalsvoltage(orcurrent)levelrepresentsa
physicalquantity.
I=V/R
3
5v
2 1
100 miles
Current
meter
Thecurrentrepresentsthewaterlevel.
1.Higherwaterlevel=>2.higherfloatposition=>3.lowerresistance
=>4.highercurrent(V/R)=>5.highercurrentmeterreading=>
higherwaterlevelreading
(c)P.Hsu2007
DigitalSignal
Adigitalsignalcarriesinformationbythestate(high
orlow)ofthevoltagelevel.
ON
V=5v (logic 1)
OFF
V=0v (logic 0)
1000 miles
(c)P.Hsu2007
VoltageLevelvs.LogicState
5v
High (1)
3.5v
1.5v
Low (0)
0v
DigitalSignalhasahighnoiseimmunitylevel
thelevelofnoisethatcanbeaddedtothesignalwithout
affectingitsstate.
(c)P.Hsu2007
Bits,BytesandWords
Bits:(20)
Onebit canonlyrepresentabinarystate:
0or1,
on oroff,
stop orgo.
Bytes.(23)
Onebyteconsistsof8bits.
Words:(24 or25)
Onewordconsistsof16bits(or32bits,dependingonthe
computer).
(c)P.Hsu2007
A4bitbinarynumber
8 (MSB)
4
2
1 (LSB)
MSB
LSB
10
4bitBinaryNumber
ON
OFF
ON
ON
Binary Number = 1
11
BinaryCode
In a computer, a binary number is used to represent:
(1) Numerical values
(2) Characters and symbols (A, a, ,+, , @, .)
(3) Picture, sound, video, etc.
(4) Machine language (for math operations, etc.)
(5) others
(c)P.Hsu2007
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Shorthand
NotationHEX
Numericalvalue
represented
Machinelanguage
represented
0000
NOOP
0001
ADD
0010
SUB
0011
MUL
1001
DIV
1010
10
COPY
1011
11
MOV
1100
12
AND
1101
13
OR
1110
14
SHIFT
1111
15
XOR
(c)P.Hsu2007
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Q1:Whatisthedecimalvalueof
the4bitbinarynumber0101?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
3
4
5
6
7
(c)P.Hsu2007
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Q2.Whatdowecallthebitthatisinthe
leftmostpositioninabinarynumber?
A:SNB
B:LMB
C:MSB
D:LSB
E:USB
(c)P.Hsu2007
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Numberofbits
Numberofdifferentvalues
thatcanberepresented
4bit(1nibble)
24 =16
8bit(1byte)
28 =256
10bit
210 =1024
16bit(1word)
216=65536
32bit
232=4294967296
(c)P.Hsu2007
16
DigitalCommunication
Parallelconnection:adedicatedwireforeachbit
(needsalotofwires).
Circuit
A
(LSB) b0
b1
b2
b3
Circuit
B
(MSB) b15
(c)P.Hsu2007
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DigitalCommunication
Serialconnection:bitsaresentsequentially
(takeslongtime).
b0 b1 b2 b3.
Circuit
A
0 1 0 0 11 1
(c)P.Hsu2007
b15
1
Circuit
B
18
Sendingabyteorawordinparallel,sequentially(commonly
usedbetweencircuitswithinacomputer)
byte1 byte2 byte3
(1S) (2S) (3S)
Circuit
A
b0
b1
b2
b3
b0
b1
b2
b3
b0
b1
b2
b3
b15
b15
b15
Circuit
B
19
AnalogSignalvs.DigitalSignal
1.Analogsignals
Pros:highresolution,efficienttransmission
(1wire,1signal),nodelay,realworld signals.
Cons:Difficulttoprocess(performoperations,
storage),susceptibletonoise.
2.DigitalSignals
Pros:highimmunitytonoise,easytoprocess
Cons:needsalotofbits andcircuits,data processing
delay
(c)P.Hsu2007
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Analog DigitalConversion
Bit 0
Digital input
DAC
Analog output
Bit 9
Bit 0
Digital output
ADC
Analog input
Bit 9
(c)P.Hsu2007
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Q3.WhichofthefollowingisNOTan
advantageofadigitalsignal:
A:Easytoperformmathoperation
B:Easytostore
C:Highnoiseimmunity
D:Needlesscircuitry.
E:Alltheabove
(c)P.Hsu2007
22
VEXMicrocontroller
VEX Controller
Program
Memory
Data
Memory
PC
Central
Processing
Unit
(CPU)
Input
Output
Ports
Sensors
Motors
CPU:Executinginstructions,performingarithmeticandlogic
operations.Itisthebrain ofthecomputer.
Memory:Memoryisforkeepingprogramanddata.
IOPort:Gatewaytoandfromtheexternaldevices.
(c)P.Hsu2007
23
VEXcontrollerIOPorts
Analog/DigitalPort(16ports)
Interrupt
Ports
MotorPorts
(8ports)
(c)P.Hsu2007
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InfraredEmittingBeacons
The beacons used in this project flash
infrared light at 1kHz (the red one) and
10kHz (the green one).
This flashing light allows the receiver circuit to
tune to the targeted beacon and
distinguish the light emitted by the beacons from
the ambient light.
(c)P.Hsu2007
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InfraredReceiverBoard
Tune to 1kHz
or 10kHz
VEX
Controller
AD1
AD14
Intensity
Exposure
Control
counter
count
Reset
amplifier
sensitivity
Exposure
AD16
Tuning
circuit
1k/10kHz
AD15
selector
reset
8
4
2
1
(c)P.Hsu2007
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Infrared
detectors
26
Q4:Whatistheabbreviatednameofthecircuit
inacomputerthatperformsarithmetic
operation?
A:USB
B:AOU
C:CPU
D:AIO
E:MOU
End of Part A.
(c)P.Hsu2007
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