4.

5 Ray Diagram (Or) Speed Diagram

This is the graphical representation of drive arrangement & this provides the following
information:
No. of stages
No. of speeds in each stage
Values of transmission ratio.
4.6 Principles to be followed to obtain Optimum Design:
To avoid excessively large diagram of beam & to limit the pitch line velocity of gear.
1. No. of gears on the last shaft must be minimum.
2. No. of gears on any shaft should not be more than 3.
3. It is preferable to have nmax ninput nmin in every stage except first stage.
nmax
n
2 & min 0.25
4. The transmission ratio
ninput
ninput
5. The ratio

nmax
8
nmin

6. Never keep the ratio

nmax ninput

ninput nmin

Symbolically this condition is represented by

Figure
For example in 9 speed gear box.
Step (i) Draw 3 vertical lines indicating 3 shafts (2 stages)
Step (ii) Draw 9 horizontal lines equally spaced across these vertical lines represented the
speeds.
Step (iii) Proceed the ray diagram from last shaft to 1st.

Figure:
9 speed:
9=

3(1) 3(3)
.
I
II

No. inside the bracket represents the no. of steps to be considered in each stage & no.
outside the bracket represents the no. of speeds.
Why do we require multiple speeds.
Multiple speeds are required to

I)

Various load handling

Varying production rate
Select the spindle speeds for following data

12 speeds between 50 rpm & 600 rpm

N max
n 1
N min
600

n 1
50
1.253
Basic series of preferred numbers corresponds to R10 series
50, 63, 80, 100, 125, 160, 200, 250, 315, 400, 500, 630
The given maximum speed is 600 rpm

 to check deviation (within 5 % limit) is calculated,

% deviation =

630 600
5%
600

The permissible deviation is calculated by

10( 1)%
10(1.25 1)
2.5%
But since the % deviation is greater then permissible deviation, take 600 leaving 630.
Series is 50, 63, 80, 100, 125, 160, 200, 250, 315, 400, 500, and 600.
SPEEDS IN GEAR BOX ARE IN GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION (G.P)
GP series have the speed range with constant step ratio a, a2, a3, an
The advantages of this progression are

Speed loss is minimum

No. of gears used is minimum
Layout is compact
Provides more even range of speeds in single step.

4.4 Kinematic Layout Of A Gear Box

This layout represents the arrangement of gears in a gear box. The no. of gears in each
shaft is found by the no. available outside the bracket in the structural formula.
Ex: 9 speed gear box

3(1) 3(3)
I II

9 possible speeds

Figure:
1 1 - 2 7- 8
2 1 -2 9 -10
3 1 - 2- 11 12
43478
5 3 4 9 10
6 3 4 11 12
75678
8 5 6 9 -10
9 5 - 6 11 12
The kinematic layout provides following information:

No. of speeds available in each shaft.

No. of stages
No. of simple gear trains & their arrangements.

4.5 Ray Diagram (Or) Speed Diagram

This is the graphical representation of drive arrangement & this provides the following
information:
No. of stages
No. of speeds in each stage
Values of transmission ratio.