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The Tranmission Coefficient T.doc

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The Transmission
Coefficient T
Consider this circuit:
I2(z)

I1(z)
+

V1 (z)

Z 1 , 1

Z 2 , 2

V2 (z)

Z L=Z 2

z = 0

I.E., a transmission line with characteristic impedance Z1

transitions to a different transmission line at location z =0.
This second transmission line has different characteristic
impedance Z2 ( Z 1 Z 2 ) . This second line is terminated with a
load ZL = Z2 (i.e., the second line is matched).

Q: What is the voltage and current along each of these

two transmission lines? More specifically, what are

V01+ , V01 , V02+ and V02 ??

A: Since a source has not been specified, we can only

determine V01 , V02+ and V02 in terms of complex constant

V01+ . To accomplish this, we must apply a boundary

condition at z =0!
Jim Stiles

The Univ. of Kansas

Dept. of EECS

2/1/2005

The Tranmission Coefficient T.doc

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z < 0
We know that the voltage along the first transmission line is:

V1 ( z ) = V01+ e j z + V01 e + j z
1

for z < 0

while the current along that same line is described as:

V01+ j z V01 + j z
I1 ( z ) =
e
e

Z1
Z1
1

for z < 0

z > 0
We likewise know that the voltage along the second
transmission line is:

V2 ( z ) = V02+ e j z + V02 e + j z
2

for z > 0

while the current along that same line is described as:

V02+ j z V02 + j z

I2 ( z ) =
e
e
Z2
Z2
2

for z > 0

Moreover, since the second line is terminated in a matched

load, we know that the reflected wave from this load must be
zero:

V2 ( z ) =V02 e j z = 0
2

Jim Stiles

The Univ. of Kansas

Dept. of EECS

2/1/2005

The Tranmission Coefficient T.doc

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The voltage and current along the second transmission line is

thus simply:

V2 ( z ) = V2+ ( z ) = V02+ e j z

for z > 0

V02+ j z
I2 ( z ) = I ( z ) =
e
Z2

for z > 0

+
2

z=0
At the location where these two transmission lines meet, the
current and voltage expressions each must satisfy some specific
boundary conditions:
I1(0)

I2(0)

+
+
V1 (0) V2 (0)
-

Z 1 , 1

Z 2 , 2

Z L=Z 2

z = 0

The first boundary condition comes from KVL, and states that:

V1 ( z = 0 ) = V2 ( z = 0 )
V01+ e j ( 0 ) +V01 e + j ( 0 ) = V02+ e j
1

( 0)

V01+ +V01 = V02+

Jim Stiles

The Univ. of Kansas

Dept. of EECS

2/1/2005

The Tranmission Coefficient T.doc

4/8

while the second boundary condition comes from KCL, and states
that:
I1 ( z = 0 ) = I2 ( z = 0 )

V01+ j ( 0 ) V01 + j ( 0 ) V02+ j

e
e
e

=
Z1
Z1
Z2
1

( 0)

V01+ V01 V02+

=
Z1 Z1 Z2
We now have two equations and two unknowns (V01 and V02+ ) ! We
can solve for each in terms of V01+ (i.e., the incident wave).
From the first boundary condition we can state:

V01 = V02+ V01+

Inserting this into the second boundary condition, we find an
expression involving only V02+ and V01+ :

V01+ V01 V02+

=
Z1 Z1 Z2
V01+ V02+ V01+ V02+

=
Z1
Z1
Z2
2V01+

Z1

V02+ V02+
=
+
Z2 Z1

Solving this expression, we find:

2Z 2 +
V01
Z
Z
+
1
2

V02+ =
Jim Stiles

The Univ. of Kansas

Dept. of EECS

2/1/2005

The Tranmission Coefficient T.doc

5/8

We can therefore define a transmission coefficient, which

relates V02+ to V01+ :

V02+
2Z 2
T0  + =
V01 Z 1 + Z 2

Meaning that V02+ =T V01+ , and thus:

V2 ( z ) = V2+ ( z ) = T V01+ e j z
2

for z > 0

We can likewise determine the constant V01 in terms of V01+ . We

again start with the first boundary condition, from which we
concluded:
V02+ = V01+ +V01
We can insert this into the second boundary condition, and
determine an expression involving V01 and V01+ only:

V01+ V01 V02+

=
Z1 Z1 Z2
V01+ V01 V01+ +V01

=
Z1 Z1
Z2
1
1 + 1
1

=
+
V

01
V01
Z
Z
Z
Z
2
2
1
1

Jim Stiles

The Univ. of Kansas

Dept. of EECS

2/1/2005

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Solving this expression, we find:

Z2 Z1 +
V01
+
Z
Z
2
1

V01 =

We can therefore define a reflection coefficient, which relates

V01 to V01+ :

V01 Z 2 Z 1
0  + =
V01 Z 2 + Z 1

This result should not surprise us!

Note that because the second transmission line is matched, its
input impedance is equal to Z1 :

Zin = Z 2

Z 2 , 2

z = 0

Jim Stiles

Z L=Z 2

The Univ. of Kansas

Dept. of EECS

2/1/2005

The Tranmission Coefficient T.doc

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and thus we can equivalently write the entire circuit as:

I1(z)

V1 (z)

Z 1 , 1

Z2

z = 0

We have already analyzed this circuit! We know that:

V01 = LV01+
Z Z1 +
= 2
V01
+
Z
Z
1
2
Which is exactly the same result as we determined earlier!

The values of the reflection coefficient 0 and the transmission

coefficient T0 are not independent, but in fact are directly
related. Recall the first boundary expressed was:

V01+ +V01 = V02+

Dividing this by V01+ :

Jim Stiles

V01 V02+
1+ + = +
V01 V01
The Univ. of Kansas

Dept. of EECS

2/1/2005

The Tranmission Coefficient T.doc

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Since 0 =V01 V01+ and T0 =V02+ V01+ :

1 + 0 = T0

Note the result T0 = 1 + 0 is true for this particular circuit, and

therefore is not a universally valid expression for two-port

networks!

Jim Stiles

The Univ. of Kansas

Dept. of EECS