Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
42
over bread. Among mothers, 40.9% drank tea during meals and
55.0% reported doing this 15 times/week. Another 77.0% of
mothers drank milk and 59.0% reported doing this either
during meals or within an hour before/after meals. Regarding
preventative measures for ID anemia; 88.8% confirmed regular
weighing of children, 91.3% confirmed de-worming, and
95.7% confirmed taking iron supplements. Only seven mothers
indicated food totems for children which included pork (forbidden for religious reasons), fish and eggs (both believed to
cause a child to become a thief), cowpea (believed to cause
malaria) and cashew nuts. For mothers, dog meat and pork
were forbidden for religious reasons.
Though mothers had some knowledge on the prevention of
ID, a significant number of half truths, myths and totally inaccurate information about ID, anemia and preventive measures
emerged from the survey, which should be addressed through
targeted education.
Poster Presentations
Knowledge attitudes and practices (KAP)
regarding iron deficiency (ID) among
mothers in an anemia endemic
population in Northern region of Ghana
B.A.Z. Abu, V.J. Louw, A. Dannhauser,
J. Raubenheimer and L.V. Van den Berg
Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein,
South Africa
References
Prior assessment of the knowledge, attitude and practices
(KAP) is viewed as an effective way of determining the goals
of nutrition interventions (Stoltzfus & Dreyfuss, 1998).
Among Ghanaian women, the highest prevalence of anemia
was found among lactating mothers, women with children and
women from rural populations (GDHS, 2008). An earlier
GDHS (2003) found that 80.6% of mothers with anemia
also had a child with anemia. In Northern Ghana 59.9% of
women of reproductive age and 81.0% of children 659
months suffer from anemia (GDHS, 2008). Peoples dietary
habits and patterns are influenced by experiences with food
cultural beliefs and practices. This study assessed the KAP
of mothers in Northern Ghana, regarding known risk factors
for ID.
This was a cross-sectional descriptive study conducted
among mothers with children 659 months from two randomly selected districts in the Northern region in April 2012.
A questionnaire developed by the researchers to assess KAP
regarding the known risk factors for ID, was administered
during structured interviews. Manual content analysis was
done with open ended questions and responses categorized
into themes. SAS software was used to manage quantitative
data.
Of the 161 mothers 98.1% were Muslims, 91.9% had no
formal education, and 30.5% had their first child at 19 years
of age, and 65.5% at 2029 years of age. When asked who is
most vulnerable to anemia, 63.3% did not know, while 16.4%
thought it would be adult men, adolescent boys or menopausal
women. Most mothers (83.2%) believed that falling pregnant
at a young age caused anemia, while the rest (16.8%) believed
age at first pregnancy did not matter; and 69.4% reported
standing for long hours as a cause of anemia. Open responses
included; anemia is caused by God, or by standing in the sun,
and that adolescent boys and men develop ID from hard work.
The mothers identified tiredness (64.6%) and general weakness (73.8%) as symptoms of anemia, while also listing edema,
and itchy body. According to mothers, some causes of anemia
were stress, dirty environment, malaria, and pregnancy.
Among foods that can assist in preventing anemia, 62.5% of
mothers chose oranges over mangoes and 69.0% chose liver
Ghana Demographic and Health Survey (GDHS). (2008). Ghana Statistical Service (GSS), Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical
Research (NMIMR), and ORC Macro. Ghana Demographic and
Health Survey 2007. Calverton, Maryland: GSS, NMIMR, and ORC
Macro. Available at http://www.measuredhs.com/pubs/pdf/FR221/
FR221.pdf. Accessed on 2nd August, 2011.
Ghana Demographic and Health Survey (GDHS). (2003). Ghana Statistical Service (GSS), Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical
Research (NMIMR), and ORC Macro. 2004. Ghana Demographic
and Health Survey 2003. Calverton, Maryland: GSS, NMIMR, and
ORC Macro. Available at http://www.measuredhs.com/pubs/pdf/
FR152/FR152.pdf. Accessed on 3rd August, 2011.
Stoltzfus RJ., Dreyfuss Ml. (1998). Guidelines for the Use of Iron supplements to Prevent and Treat Iron Deficiency Anemia; International
Nutritional Anemia Consultative Group (INACG), World Health
Organisation (WHO), United Nations Childrens Fund (UNICEF).
International Life Sciences Institute Press. Washington DC.
2013 John Wiley & Sons Ltd Maternal and Child Nutrition (2013), 9 (Suppl. 3), pp. 4255
Poster Presentations
43
Mindell, J. A., Kuhn, B., Lewin, D. S., Meltzer, L. J., & Sadeh, A.
(2006). Behavioural treatment of bedtime problems and night wakings
in infants and young children. Sleep, 29, 12631276.
References
Goodlin-Jones, B. L., Burnham, M. M., Gaylor, E. E., & Anders, T. F.
(2001). Night waking, sleep-wake organization and self-soothing in
the first year of life. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 22, 226233.
Key references
Declercq, E. R., Sakala, C., Corry, M. P., & Applebaum, S. (2007).
Listening to Mothers II: Report of the Second National U.S. Survey of
Womens Childbearing Experiences: Conducted January-February
2013 John Wiley & Sons Ltd Maternal and Child Nutrition (2013), 9 (Suppl. 3), pp. 4255
44
2006 for Childbirth Connection by Harris Interactive(R) in partnership with Lamaze International. The Journal of Perinatal Education:
An ASPO/Lamaze Publication, 16(4), 1517. doi:10.1624/
105812407X244778
DiGirolamo, Ann M, Grummer-Strawn, L. M., & Fein, S. B. (2008).
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Weimers, L., Svensson, K., Dumas, L., Navr, L., & Wahlberg, V.
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Poster Presentations
45
References
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2013 John Wiley & Sons Ltd Maternal and Child Nutrition (2013), 9 (Suppl. 3), pp. 4255
Poster Presentations
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Compared to the UK 2010 infant feeding survey (Health
and Social Care Information Centre 2012) a considerably
higher proportion of infants in our study were introduced to
solids at six months (35.5% versus 6%), highlighting a trend
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effect on food preferences and fussy eating at 9 months. More
in-depth analysis is required to explore confounding factors
that could have potentially influenced the results of this study.
Acknowledgements
Special thanks to Dr. Paul Seddon, Dr. Heike Rabe (NHS
Sussex, Brighton) and Dr. Patrick Chien, Dr. Donald
Macgregor (NHS Tayside, Dundee) for their contribution to
the study.
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2013 John Wiley & Sons Ltd Maternal and Child Nutrition (2013), 9 (Suppl. 3), pp. 4255
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