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Table of Contents
Introduction........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 3
Safety Symbols................................................................................................................................................................................................... 3
Important Safety Information ..................................................................................................................................................................... 3
Aim ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 3
Objectives ............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 4
Theory ................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 4
Apparatus ............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 8
Experimental ................................................................................................................................................................................................... 10
Procedure ......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 10
Results and Calculations............................................................................................................................................................................. 11
Discussion and Conclusion ........................................................................................................................................................................ 12
Assessment Criteria...................................................................................................................................................................................... 12
References ........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 12
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Introduction
Our present standard of living is made possible by the energy available in the form of heat from various sources
like fuels. The process by which this energy is converted for everyday use is studied under thermodynamics,
leaving out the rate at which the energy is transferred. In all applications, the rate at which energy is transferred
as heat, plays an important role. The design of all equipment involving heat transfer require the estimate of the
rate of heat transfer.
The driving potential or the force which causes the transfer of energy as heat is the difference in temperature
between systems. In addition to the temperature difference, physical parameters like geometry, material
properties like conductivity, flow parameters like flow velocity also influence the rate of heat transfer.
Safety Symbols
Those with long hair are expected to tie it for health and safety reasons (so bring a hair band if you need one).
Aim
To investigate the convective heat transfer phenomena of a flowing medium on tube banks.
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Objectives
To measure the Heat Transfer Coefficient and Nusselt number using G.U.N.T WL314 Heat
Transfer Bench
To become familiar with the complex area of convective heat transfer with its many variants.
Theory
Conduction is the mode of heat transfer due to temperature difference within a body or between bodies in
thermal contact without the involvement of mass flow and mixing. This is the mode of heat transfer through solid
barriers and is encountered extensively in heat transfer equipment design as well as in heating and cooling of
various materials as in the case of heat treatment. The rate equation in this mode is based on Fouriers law of
heat conduction which states that the heat flow by conduction in any direction is proportional to the
temperature gradient and area perpendicular to the flow direction and is in the direction of the negative gradient.
The proportionality constant obtained in the relation is known as thermal conductivity, k, of the material.
Heat flow,
Q = kA
The integration of the equation for a plane wall of thickness, L between the two surfaces at temperatures
1 2 under steady condition leads to
Q=
1 2
()
independent of the properties of the material of the surface and depends only on the fluid properties. However
the shape and nature of the surface will influence the flow and hence the heat transfer. Convection is not a pure
mode as conduction or radiation and hence involves several parameters.
If the flow is caused by external means like a fan or pump, then the mode is known as forced convection. If the
flow is due to the buoyant forces caused by temperature difference in the fluid body, then the mode is known as
free or natural convection. In most applications heat is transferred from one fluid to another separated by a solid
surface. So heat is transferred from the hot fluid to the surface and then from the surface to the cold fluid by
convection. The rate equation is due to Newtons law of cooling called convective heat transfer coefficient (h)
as given in equation
Heat flow,
Q = hA(1 2 )
Here is a length similar to that for the Reynolds number (Re). For a single body in a flow, a flow length L is
defined. For a plate in a flow, this is the same as the length of the plate
= L
For a cylinder or pipe in a transverse flow, this is equal to half the circumference:
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= d
Nu = h
The Nusselt number can be calculated from the Reynolds and Prandtl number. The Reynolds number represents
the flow state (laminar-turbulent)
Re =
The velocity can then be determined with the aid of the density, ;
= 2
The Prandtl number defines the relationship between flow and thermal boundary layer.
=
As both are material properties, the Prandtl number is often given directly. For gases the Prandtl number is in
the range around 1 while for liquids it is around 10.
For the cylinder in a transverse flow, the Nusselt number can be given as follows:
(1 > > 103 )
= 0.644 0.33
(105 < < 107 )
= 0.037 0.8 0.48
For transition turbulent area(103 < < 105 ) a geometric mean from and is formed
0.12
= (0.3 + 2 + 2 ) (
)
The temperature dependence is taken into account by a correction factor with the quotients of the Kelvin
temperatures of the air and wall .
In an experiment on the dependence of the Nusselt number on the Reynolds number, a profile per is shown in
Fig 3.
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Apparatus
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Fig.6 Barometer
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Experimental
The individual heater is inserted in the duct above the fan as shown in Fig. 7. The temperature of the air is
measured at bottom of the duct below the fan. It is assumed that the temperature of the air is only changed
slightly by the fan.
Procedure
1. Switch on fan using pushbutton (21).
2. The flow rate can be regulated using the adjusting flap (9).
3. Check pressure display for velocity measurement.
4. Displays (17, 20) at the switch cabinet must indicate the current temperatures.
5. Switch on heater (22). The temperature of the heater must increase.
6. The heater power can be adjusted using adjusting knob (24).
7. The heater power is displayed on the digital display (16).
8. The measurement can be started when the temperature no longer changes.
9. Record the results as shown on Table 1.
10. Repeat the experiment for different power inputs.
Pressure Measurement
1. Connect one end of a tube to the measuring connection in Figure 6 to measure the static pressure at the
measuring point is measured.
2. Connect another tube, one end to the measuring connection of the Pitot tube and the other to the
manometer to measure the total pressure.
3. To obtain a pressure profile, move the Pitot tube across the entire cross-section.
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A complete experimental series with recording of measured values requires a large amount of time, as it is
necessary to wait for a steady-state condition for each point measured.
Approx. five minutes should be planned for the measurement of a point. For this reason the experiment
should be carefully planned to avoid unnecessary delays.
The temperature cut-out shuts down the heater element at approx. 85C.
Ensure you take all other relevant data such as the dimensions of the heat exchanger etc.
Value
Unit
Pa
Air temperature,
Assessment Criteria
Abstract
[5%]
Introduction
[5%]
Methodology
[10%]
[40%]
[30%]
[5%]
References
[5%]
References
Kothandaraman, C.P. Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer (3). Daryaganj, IN: New Age International,
2006. ProQuest ebrary. Web. 9 October 2016. Copyright 2006. New Age International. All rights
reserved.
Kreith, Frank. Manglik, Raj. M. and Bohn, Mark. S. (2011) Principles of Heat Transfer. 7th Edition.
CENGAGE Learning.
Cengal, Yunus. A. and Ghajar, Afshin. J. (2011) Heat and Mass Transfer: Fundamental Applications.
McGraw Hill.
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