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Lesson 1:
Chapter 1 Introduction to Physic
Basic Quantities
Physical Quantity

SI unit

Temperature

Kelvin (K)

Mass

Kilogram(kg)

Time

Second(s)

Current

Ampere(A)

Length

Metre(m)

Derived Quantities Physical quantities that derived from base quantities.

Physical Quantities
Symbol
Unit
Area

Volume

Speed

Velocity

Chapter I Introduction to physic

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Acceleration

Momentum

Density

Force

Pressure

Work

Power

Electric Charge

Energy

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Impulse

Prefixes
Prefix
Tetra

Symbol

Power

Giga
Mega
Kilo
Deci
Centi
Milli
Micro
Nano
Pico

Exercise
Convert the following into Scientific notation:
1.234000000000
2.0.000000234
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3.12300000000000
4.102
5.0.102
6.0.0092

Convert the measurement into SI Unit:

1.
2.15X10-2 cm

2.

2.15X10-2 Gm

3.

2.15X10-8 pm2

4.

2.15X107 m2

5.

2.15X108 nK

6.

2.15X10-1 mm3

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7.

2.15X108 cm2

8.

2.15X106 TA

9.

2.15X10-2 Gg

10.

2.15X10-2 mg

11.

2.15X10-2kg

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12.

2.15X10-2 pK

13.

2.15X10-2 cm2

14.

2.15X10-2 Tg

15.

2.15X10-9 ng

16.

2.15X10-2 pg

17.

2.15X10-2 g

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Chapter I Introduction to physic

18.

2.15X10-10 cg

19.

2.15X10-11 Mg

20.

2.15X1012 km2

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Write the following quantities in scientific notation.

a) 0.000000000521 m

b) 0.024130J

c) 3036000000000km

Convert the following masses to kilogram (kg).

a) 0.041 Mg

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b) 512000000 g

c) 643 mg

d) 635cg

e) 0.0002ng

f) 0.0021Mg

g) 0.000012dg

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Express the following measurements in the units specified.

a) 3.86ms = _____________ ns

b) 3.86 Ms=______________ds

c) 6.37Gm=______________m

d) 6.37km=______________m

Homework:
Express each measurements in column l in the unit specified in column ll.
0.4mm
m
s
2.9h
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kg
10g
kg
240mg
g
0.02kg
mm
0.06m
m
28cm
m2
40cm2
m2
4.2mm2
mm2
0.02m2
Convert the following into SI unit:
a)1000 gcm-3

b)3.4kmh-1
c)0.12 mmin-1
d)1500 kgcm-3
d) 0.0015 gcm-3

e) 135600 kmmin-1
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f) 1.2Nmm2

g)185.9 Ncm-2

h) 3.4kmh-2

i) 67 mh-2

j) 23kmh-2
k) 87 cmh-3

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l) 90 gcm-3

m) 900 cms-1
n)87cms-2
o) Given that v=u+at, v is final velocity, u is initial velocity, t is time. Find the unit
of a and name the physical quantity.

p) Given that s=ut + 1/2at2, s is displacement, u is initial velocity, t is time. Find the
unit of a and name the physical quantity.

q) Given PV = k, P is Pressure and V is volume, Find the unit of k

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Scalar and Vector Quantities

Scalar quantities has only magnitude.
Vector Quantities has both magnitude and direction.
Scalar Quantities
Time
Temperature
Mass
Volume
Distance
Density
Power
Work

Vector Quantities
Force
Displacement
Velocity
Acceleration
Momentum
Work Done
Impulse

Current
Energy
Speed

Example 1:
Ali walks 5km due north and turn into east walk for another 10km. Find the total
distance and displacement travelled.

Example 2:
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8km

a)Mr. Rahman depart from A to C by following path A to B, B to C. Find the

distance and displacement travelled.

b) Mr.Rahman departs from A to B , B to C , C to D then eventually back to A.

Find the total distance and displacement travelled by him.

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Example 3:

Diagram above shows a circle with centre O, radii 7cm.

Encik Rahman walks following the circular path from A to B and back to point A
again. Find the total distance and displacement travelled by him.

Example 4:

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Example 5:

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Error

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Error is the difference between the actual value of a quantity and the value
obtained in measurement.
There are 2 main types of error
Systematic error
Random Error
Systematic Error
Systematic error are errors which tend to shift all measurements in a systematic
way so their mean value is displaced. Systematic errors can be compensated if the
errors are known.
Examples of systematic error are
1. Zero errors
2. Incorrect calibration of the measuring instrument
3. Improper use of equipment
Can be reduced by
1. Conducting the experiment with care
2. Repeating the experiments
Zero errors
There are two types of zero errors: positive and negative.

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Random Errors
1.Random errors arise from unkown and unpredictable variations in condition.
Examples of random error: parallax error
Random error can be reduced by
Taking repeat readings and find the average value of reading

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1. Which measurement is the shortest?

A.
B.
C.
D.
2. Which quantity is a vector quantity?
A. Speed
B. Pressure
C. Work
D. Displacement
3. The following three readings, P, Q and R obtained by three different measuring
instruments.
P = 1.15 cm
Q = 1.89 mm
R = 4.2 cm
What measuring instrument was used to measure P, Q and R?
P

Vernier caliper

Micrometer Screw gauge

Metre rule

Micrometer Screw gauge

Vernier caliper

Metre rule

Micrometer Screw gauge

Metre rule

Vernier caliper

Vernier caliper

Metre rule

Metre rule

4. Energy = force x distance. The unit for force is

and the unit for distance is m,

what is the derived unit for energy?

A.
B.
C.
D.
5.

Which of the following is a derived SI unit?

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A.
B.
C.
D.

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Newton
Kilogram
Celcius
Second

6. Which of the following is a vector quantity?

A. Energy
B. Electric current
C. Momentum
D. Volume of gas
7. Which of the following physical quantities is derived quantity?
A. Weight
B. Tine
C. Temperature
D. Electric current
8. Which of the following frequencies is the same as 103.8GHz?
A.
B.
C.
D.
9. The speed of sound in cold air is 330
A.
B.
C.
D.
7.

. What is this speed in

19.8
91.7
1188
5500

10. Which of the following quantities is a scalar quantity?

A. speed
B. velocity
C. force
D. energy

8. Acceleration is a derived quantity. This quantity can be defined in base quantity as

A.
B.
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C.
D.
9. The volume of a container is

which is the same as

A.
B.
C.
D.
10. Which physical quantity is equal to
A.
B.
C.
D.

Momentum
Impulse
Displacement
Acceleration

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Accuracy, Consistency and Sensitivity

********** Can be determine from relative deviation****************

Relative deviation increase, Consistency decrease

Example 1:
Calculate the relative deviation and determine which student has more
consistent readings.
Student A
Student B
2.52cm
2.52cm
3.40cm
2.53cm
7.31cm
2.52cm
4.26cm
2.54cm
2.32cm
2.55cm
4.36cm
2.51cm

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Example 2:
Two groups of students are asked to estimate the mass of a
pendulum bob. The results of the two groups are shown in
Diagram 1.

If the actual mass of the pendulum bob is 55g, which of the

following comments about the two groups estimation is correct?
A. Group 1 is more accurate and more consistent compared to
Group 2
B. Group 1 is more accurate but less consistent compared to
Group 2
C. Group 2 is more accurate and more consistent compared to
Group 1
D. Group 2 is more accurate but less consistent compared to
Group 1
Example 4:
In a rifle shooting competition, Suresh was eliminated from the
competition because his shots were not accurate even though they
were consistent. Which target board below shows the shots made by
Suresh?

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Example 4:

Example 5:
A, B, C and D show the shooting marks on a target. Which marks
can explain the concept of precision of a measurement?

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Chapter I Introduction to physic

Apparatus
Metre rule
Vernier caliper
Micrometer screw gauge
Stop watch
Ammeter
Voltmeter

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Sensitivity/accuracy

Example 1:
1. Diagram 1.1 and Diagram 1.2 show two scales of instrument A and
instrument B.
( SRWK 13 )

a) Name the physical quantity can be measured by the instrument?

mark ]

[1

..
b) Between instrument A and instrument B.
(i) Which one is more sensitive?
[ 1 mark ]

..
(ii)Give one method to increase the accuracy of readings. [ 1 mark ]
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.
Example 2:
Diagram 1.1 shows a vernier calipers. ( MELAKA 13 )

a) Name the part labeled Z.

..
[ 1 mark ]
b) Name the function of Z.

..
[ 1 mark ]
c) Diagram 1.2 shows the reading of the vernier calipers when the jaw is
closed.

Based on Diagram 1.2:

(i) Name the type of error occurred.
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..
[ 1 mark ]
(ii)State the value of the error.
..

[ 1 mark ]
Example 3.
Diagram 1.1 shows a vernier calipers. ( SBP 13 )

a) Name the physical quantity measured by the vernier calipers.

[ 1 mark ]
b) Name the part labeled X.

[ 1 mark ]
c) State the function of X.

[ 1 mark ]
d) What is the reading of a vernier calipers shown in Diagram 1.2?

[ 1 mark ]
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e) State the accuracy of the apparatus.

.

Example 4
Diagram 1.1 shows the verniercalipers which is used to measure the internal
diameter, d, and the thickness, l, of the mug in Diagram 1.2. ( KEDAH 13)

Table 1 shows the measurements obtained.

Quantity measured

Measurement

Internal diameter, d

7.25 cm

Thickness, l

0.75 cm

a) What is the sensitivity of the vernier callipers?

[ 1 mark ]
b) Match the quantities measured with the parts of the vernier callipers that
are used to measure the mug.
X

Internal diameter, d
Y
Z

Thickness, l

c)Name one measuring instrument that is more sensitive than the vernier
callipers.
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Example 5
The following three readings, P, Q and R obtained by three different
measuring instruments.
P = 1.15 cm
Q = 1.89 mm
R = 4.2 cm
What measuring instrument was used to measure P, Q and R?
P

Vernier caliper

Micrometer Screw
gauge

Metre rule

Micrometer Screw
gauge

Vernier caliper

Metre rule

Micrometer Screw
gauge

Metre rule

Vernier caliper

Vernier caliper

Metre rule

Metre rule

Example 6

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Example 7
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Example 8

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