1 WCDMA Radio Interface Physical Layer

WCDMA Air Interface Physical Layer
N-0
WCDMA Radio Interface

Physical Layer
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N-1
Foreword
l
The physical layer offers data transport services to higher layers.
The physical layer is expected to perform the following functions in

order to provide the data transport service, for example: spreading,
modulation and demodulation, despreading, Inner-loop power
control and etc.
Page1
N-2
Objectives
l
Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:

p
Outline radio interface protocol Architecture
Describe structure and functions of different physical channels
Describe UMTS physical layer procedures
Page2
N-3
Contents
1. Physical Layer Overview
2. Physical Channels
3. Physical Layer Procedure
Page3
N-4
Contents
Page4
N-5
UTRAN Network Structure

Core Network
CN
CS
PS
Iu-CS
CS
Iu-PS
PS
Iu-CS
RNS
Iu-PS
RNS
Iur
RNC
RNC
UTRAN
Iub
NodeB
Iub
Iub
NodeB
NodeB
Iub
NodeB
Uu
UE
l
l
Page5
UTRAN: UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network.

The UTRAN consists of a set of Radio Network Subsystems connected to the Core
Network through the Iu interface.
A RNS consists of a Radio Network Controller and one or more NodeBs. A NodeB is
connected to the RNC through the Iub interface.
Inside the UTRAN, the RNCs of the RNS can be interconnected together through the
Iur. Iu(s) and Iur are logical interfaces. Iur can be conveyed over direct physical
connection between RNCs or virtual networks using any suitable transport network.
N-6
Uu Interface Protocol Structure

NAS (Non-access stratum)
U-plane information
control
control
RRC
control
control
control
C-plane signaling
UuS boundary
L3
radio bearer
PDCP PDCP
RLC
RLC
RLC
RLC
RLC
RLC
L2/PDCP
RLC
BMC
L2/BMC
RLC
L2/RLC
logical channel
L2/MAC
MAC
transport channel
PHY
L1
Page6
The layer 1 supports all functions required for the transmission of bit streams on the
physical medium. It is also in charge of measurements function consisting in
indicating to higher layers, for example, Frame Error Rate (FER), Signal to Interference
Ratio (SIR), interference power, transmit power, It is basically composed of a
layer 1 management entity, a transport channel entity, and a physical channel
entity.
The layer 2 protocol is responsible for providing functions such as mapping, ciphering,
retransmission and segmentation. It is made of four sub-layers: MAC (Medium
Access Control), RLC (Radio Link Control), PDCP (Packet Data Convergence Protocol)
and BMC (Broadcast/Multicast Control).
The layer 3 is split into 2 parts: the access stratum and the non access stratum. The
access stratum part is RRC (Radio Resource Control). The higher layer signalling such
as Mobility Management (MM) and Call Control (CC) is assumed to belong to the
non-access stratum, and RRC provide carrier for these non access stratum signaling.
Not shown on the figure are connections between RRC and all the other protocol
layers (RLC, MAC, PDCP, BMC and L1), which provide local inter-layer control services.
Lower layer provides service to higher layer. RRC can control all the lower layers.
Physical layer provides transport channels to MAC layer. MAC layer provides logical
channels to RLC layer. RLC layer provides radio bearers to layer 3.
There are two planes in Uu interface: C-plane (control-plane ) which processes
signaling and U-plane (user-plane which is for ) which processes traffic data.
The protocol layers are located in the UE and the peer entities are in the NodeB or
the RNC.
N-7
RAB, RB and RL
RAB
RB
RNC
UE
CN
RL
NodeB
UTRAN
Page7
RAB: The service that the access stratum provides to the non-access stratum for
transfer of user data between User Equipment and CN.
RB: The service provided by the layer 2 for transfer of user data between User
Equipment and Serving RNC.
RL: A "radio link" is a logical association between single User Equipment and a single
UTRAN access point. Its physical realization comprises one or more radio bearer
transmissions.
N-8
Contents
Page8
N-9
Contents
2.1 Physical Channel Structure and Functions
2.2 Channel Mapping
Page9
N-10
WCDMA Radio Interface Channel Definition

l
Logical Channel = information container

p
Defined by <What type of information> is transferred
Logical channels are mapped to transport channels.
Transport Channel = characteristics of transmission

p
Described by <How> and with <What characteristics> data is

transmitted over the radio interface
Transport channels are mapped to physical channels.
Physical Channel = specification of the information global content

p
providing the real transmission resource, maybe a frequency , a specific

set of codes and phase
Page10
In terms of protocol layer, the WCDMA radio interface has three types of channels:
physical channel, transport channel and logical channel. Logical channels are mapped
to transport channels and transport channels are mapped to physical channels.
Logical channel: Carrying user services directly. According to the types of the carried
services, it is divided into two types: control channel and service channel.
Transport channel: It is the interface between radio interface layer 2 and layer 1, and
it is the service provided for MAC layer by the physical layer. According to whether
the information transported is dedicated information for a user or common
information for all users, it is divided into dedicated channel and common channel.
Physical channel: It is the ultimate embodiment of all kinds of information when they
are transmitted on radio interface. Each channel which uses dedicated carrier
frequency, code (spreading code and scramble) and carrier phase (I or Q) can be
regarded as a physical channel.
N-11
Logical Channel
Dedicated traffic channel
(DTCH)
Common traffic channel
(CTCH)
Broadcast control channel
(BCCH)
Paging control channel
(PCCH)
Dedicate control channel
(DCCH)
Common control channel
(CCCH)
Traffic channel
Control channel
Page11
Logical channels can be divided into two groups: control channels for control plane
information and traffic channel for user plane information.
The traffic channels are:
p
Dedicated Traffic Channel (DTCH): a point-to-point bi-directional

channel, that transmits dedicated user information between a UE and the
network. That information can be speech, circuit switched data or packet
switched data. The payload bits on this channel come from a higher layer
application (the AMR codec for example). Control bits can be added by the
RLC (protocol information) in case of a non transparent transfer. The MAC
sub-layer will also add a header to the RLC PDU.
Common Traffic Channel (CTCH): a point-to-multipoint downlink
channel for transfer of dedicated user information for all or a group of
specified UEs. This channel is used to broadcast BMC messages. These
messages can either be cell broadcast data from higher layers or schedule
messages for support of Discontinuous Reception (DRX) of cell broadcast data
at the UE. Cell broadcast messages are services offered by the operator, like
indication of weather, traffic, location or rate information.
N-12
Logical Channel
Dedicated traffic channel
(DTCH)
Common traffic channel
(CTCH)
Broadcast control channel
(BCCH)
Paging control channel
(PCCH)
Dedicate control channel
(DCCH)
Common control channel
(CCCH)
Traffic channel
Control channel
Page12
The control channels are:

p
Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH): a downlink channel that broadcasts all system
information types (except type 14 that is only used in TDD). For example, system
information type 3 gives the cell identity. UEs decode system information on the BCH
except when in Cell_DCH mode. In that case, they can decode system information
type 10 on the FACH and other important signaling is sent on a DCCH.
Paging Control Channel (PCCH): a downlink channel that transfers paging
information. It is used to reach a UE (or several UEs) in idle mode or in connected
mode (Cell_PCH or URA_PCH state). The paging type 1 message is sent on the PCCH.
When a UE receives a page on the PCCH in connected mode, it shall enter Cell_FACH
state and make a cell update procedure.
Dedicated Control Channel (DCCH): a point-to-point bi-directional channel that

transmits dedicated control information between a UE and the network. This channel
is used for dedicated signaling after a RRC connection has been done. For example, it
is used for inter-frequency handover procedure, for dedicated paging, for the active
set update procedure and for the control and report of measurements.
Common Control Channel (CCCH): a bi-directional channel for transmitting control

information between network and UEs. It is used to send messages related to RRC
connection, cell update and URA update. This channel is a bit like the DCCH, but will
be used when the UE has not yet been identified by the network (or by the new cell).
For example, it is used to send the RRC connection request message, which is the first
message sent by the UE to get into connected mode. The network will respond on
the same channel, and will send him its temporary identities (cell and UTRAN
identities). After these initial messages, the DCCH will be used.
N-13
Transport Channel
Dedicated Channel
(DCH)
Broadcast channel
(BCH)
Forward access channel
(FACH)
Paging channel
(PCH)
Random access channel
(RACH)
Dedicated transport
channel
Common transport
channel
High-speed downlink shared channel

(HS-DSCH)
Page13
In order to carry logical channels, several transport channels are defined. They are:
p
Broadcast Channel (BCH): a downlink channel used for broadcast of

system information into the entire cell.
Paging Channel (PCH): a downlink channel used for broadcast of control
information into the entire cell, such as paging.
Random Access Channel (RACH): a contention based uplink channel used
for initial access or for transmission of relatively small amounts of data (non
real-time dedicated control or traffic data).
Forward Access Channel (FACH): a common downlink channel used for
dedicated signaling (answer to a RACH typically), or for transmission of
relatively small amounts of data.
Dedicated Channel (DCH): a channel dedicated to one UE used in uplink or
downlink.
High-speed Downlink Shared Channel (HS-DSCH): a shared channel used for
downlink HSDPA data.
N-14
Physical Channel
l
A physical channel is defined by a specific carrier frequency, code

(scrambling code, spreading code) and relative phase.
In UMTS system, the different code (scrambling code or spreading

code) can distinguish the channels.
Most channels consist of radio frames and time slots, and each radio
frame consists of 15 time slots.
Two types of physical channel: UL and DL

Physical Channel
Frequency, Code, Phase
Page14
Now we will begin to discuss the physical channel. Physical channel is the most
important and complex channel, and a physical channel is defined by a specific
carrier frequency, code and relative phase. In CDMA system, the different code
(scrambling code or spreading code) can distinguish the channel. Most channels
consist of radio frames and time slots, and each radio frame consists of 15 time slots.
There are two types of physical channel: UL and DL.
N-15
Downlink Physical Channel

l
Downlink Dedicated Physical Channel (DL DPCH)
Downlink Common Physical Channel

p
Primary Common Control Physical Channel
Secondary Common Control Physical Channel (S-CCPCH)
Synchronization Channel
(SCH)
Paging Indicator Channel
(PICH)
Acquisition Indicator Channel
(AICH)
Common Pilot Channel
(CPICH)
High-Speed Physical Downlink Shared Channel (HS-PDSCH)
High-Speed Shared Control Channel (HS-SCCH)
(P-CCPCH)
Page15
The different physical channels are:

p
Synchronization Channel (SCH): used for cell search procedure. There is the
primary and the secondary SCHs.
p
Common Control Physical Channel (CCPCH): used to carry common
control information such as the scrambling code used in DL (there is a primary
CCPCH and additional secondary CCPCH).
p
Common Pilot Channels (P-CPICH and S-CPICH): used for coherent
detection of common channels. They indicate the phase reference.
p
Dedicated Physical Data Channel (DPDCH): used to carry dedicated data
coming from layer 2 and above (coming from DCH).
p
Dedicated Physical Control Channel (DPCCH): used to carry dedicated
control information generated in layer 1 (such as pilot, TPC and TFCI bits).
p
Page Indicator Channel (PICH): carries indication to inform the UE that
paging information is available on the S-CCPCH.
p
Acquisition Indicator Channel (AICH): it is used to inform a UE that the
network has received its access request.
p
High Speed Physical Downlink Shared Channel (HS-PDSCH): it is used to
carry subscribers BE service data (mapping on HSDPA) coming from layer 2.
p
High Speed Shared Control Channel (HS-SCCH): it is used to carry control
message to HS-PDSCH such as modulation scheme, UE ID etc.
N-16
Uplink Physical Channel

Uplink Dedicated Physical Channel
Uplink Dedicated Physical Data Channel (Uplink DPDCH)
Uplink Dedicated Physical Control Channel (Uplink DPCCH)
High-Speed Dedicated Physical Channel (HS-DPCCH)
Uplink Common Physical Channel
Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH)
Page16
The different physical channels are:

p
Dedicated Physical Data Channel (DPDCH): used to carry dedicated data

coming from layer 2 and above (coming from DCH).
Dedicated Physical Control Channel (DPCCH): used to carry dedicated
control information generated in layer 1 (such as pilot, TPC and TFCI bits).
Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH): used to carry random access
information when a UE wants to access the network.
High Speed Dedicated Physical Control Channel (HS-DPCCH): it is used
to carry feedback message to HS-PDSCH such CQI,ACK/NACK.
N-17
Function of Physical Channel

Cell Search Channels
P-CPICH--Primary
P-CPICH--Primary Common
Common Pilot
Pilot Channel
Channel
SCH--Synchronisation
SCH--Synchronisation Channel
Channel
P-CCPCH-Primary
P-CCPCH-Primary Common
Common Control
Control Physical
Physical Channel
Channel
Paging Channels
PICH--Paging
PICH--Paging Indicator
Indicator Channel
Channel
SCCPCH--Secondary
SCCPCH--Secondary Common
Common Control
Control Physical
Physical Channel
Channel
NodeB
Random Access Channels
UE
AICH--Acquisition
AICH--Acquisition Indicator
Indicator Channel
Channel
PRACH--Physical
PRACH--Physical Random
Random Access
Access Channel
Channel
Dedicated Channels
DPDCH--Dedicated
DPDCH--Dedicated Physical
Physical Data
Data Channel
Channel
DPCCH--Dedicated
DPCCH--Dedicated Physical
Physical Control
Control Channel
Channel
High Speed Downlink Share Channels

HS-SCCH--High
HS-SCCH--High Speed
Speed Share
Share Control
Control Channel
Channel
HS-PDSCH--High
HS-PDSCH--High Speed
Speed Physical
Physical Downlink
Downlink Share
Share Channel
Channel
HS-DPCCH--High
HS-DPCCH--High Speed
Speed Dedicated
Dedicated Physical
Physical Control
Control Channel
Channel
l
l
Page17
SCH and P-CPICH are used for cell search. P-CPICH also indicates the signal level and quality
in one cell.
P-CCPCH (carrying BCH) is used to carry system information.
PICH and S-CCPCH (carrying PCH and FACH) work together to provide paging. S-CCPCH can
also carry small capacity packet data in downlink.
PRACH (carrying RACH) and AICH work together for random access. PRACH can also carry
small capacity packet data in uplink.
DPDCH (carrying DCH) is used to carry dedicated traffic and higher layer signaling in uplink
and downlink. DPCCH carries some physical-layer control signaling for DPDCH.
HS-PDSCH (carrying HS-DSCH) is used to carry HSDPA data in downlink. HS-SCCH carries
some physical-layer control signaling for HS-PDSCH in downlink. HS-DPCCH is used to carry
some feedback from UE to NodeB in uplink. These three channels are introduced for HSDPA.
N-18
Synchronization Channels (P-SCH & S-SCH)

l
l
Two sub channels: P-SCH and S-SCH
P-SCH is composed of primary

synchronization code and there is only one
P-SCH and S-SCH are Used for cell

search.
type of primary synchronization code.
SCH is transmitted at the first 256

chips of every time slot.
S-SCH is composed of secondary

synchronization code and there are 16
types of secondary synchronization codes.
Slot #0
Primary
SCH
Secondary
SCH
ac
Slot #1
ac
i,0
ac s i,1
ac s
Slot #14
ac
ac si,1
4
256 chips
2560 chips
One 10 ms SCH radio frame
l
l
Page18
When a UE is switched on, the first thing it does is to scan the UMTS spectrum and
find a UMTS cell. After that, it has to find the primary scrambling code used by that
cell in order to be able to decode the BCH (broadcast channel which carries system
information). This is done with the help of the Synchronization Channel.
Each cell of a NodeB has its own SCH timing, so that there is no overlapping.
The SCH is a pure downlink physical channel broadcasted over the entire cell. It is
transmitted unscrambled during the first 256 chips of each time slot, in time
multiplex with the P-CCPCH. It is the only channel that is not spread over the entire
radio frame. The SCH provides the primary scrambling code group (one out of 64
groups), as well as the radio frame and time slot synchronization.
The SCH consists of two sub-channels, the primary and secondary SCH. These subchannels are sent in parallel using code division during the first 256 chips of each
time slot. P-SCH always transmits primary synchronization code. S-SCH transmits
secondary synchronization codes.
P-SCH is composed of primary synchronization code. There is only one type of
primary synchronization code and it is repeated at the beginning of each time slot.
The same code is used by all the cells and enables the mobiles to detect the existence
of the UMTS cell and to synchronize itself on the time slot boundaries. This is
normally done with a single matched filter or any similar device. The slot timing of
the cell is obtained by detecting peaks in the matched filter output. This is the first
step of the cell search procedure. The second step is done using the secondary
synchronization channel.
S-SCH is composed of secondary synchronization codes. There are 16 types of
secondary synchronization codes and they are used to specify the scrambling code
groups which the cell belongs to.
N-19
Secondary Synchronization Channel (S-SCH)

Scrambling
Code Group
Group 0
Group 1
Group 2
Group 3
Group 4
Group 61
Group 62
Group 63
#0
#1
#2
#3
#4
#5
slot number
#6 #7 #8
#9
#10 #11 #12 #13 #14
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
5
1
3
16
8
16
15
1
6
9
7
5
8
6
10
3
5
6
11
15
14
12
5
15
8
16
16
2
5
10
3
6
5
12
16
10
11
8
1
2
5
2
4
15
7
12
16
4
12
15
14
11
6
16
7
12
15
3
11
16
10
12
7
2
9
9
9
10
11
12
13
12
10
10
15
15
11
12
13
15
9
14
15
13
9
9
13
14
16
11
15
12
14
11
14
10
11
13
16
13
16
15
12
14
14
16
11
16
10
Slot #?
Slot #?
acp
acp
acp
16
11
Slot # ?
P-SCH
S-SCH
..
Group 2
Slot 7, 8, 9
256 chips
Page19
There is one specific SSC (secondary synchronization code) transmitted in each time
slot, giving us a sequence of 15 SSCs. There is a total of 64 different sequences of 15
SSCs, corresponding to the 64 primary scrambling code groups. These 64 sequences
are constructed so that one sequence is different from any other one, and different
from any rotated version of any sequence. The UE correlates the received signal with
the 16 SSCs and identifies the maximum correlation value.
The S-SCH also provides the information required to find the frame boundaries and
the downlink scrambling code group (one out of 64 groups). The scrambling code
(one out of 8) can be determined afterwards by decoding the P-CPICH. The mobile
will then be able to decode the BCH.
N-20
Primary Common Pilot Channel (PCPICH)

l
Primary PCPICH
p
Carrying pre-defined sequence
Fixed channel code: Cch, 256, 0, Fixed rate 30Kbps
Scrambled by the primary scrambling code
Broadcast over the entire cell
A phase reference for SCH, Primary CCPCH, AICH, PICH and downlink
DPCH, Only one PCPICH per cell
Pre-defined symbol sequence
Tslot = 2560 chips , 20 bits
Slot #0
Slot #1
Slot # i
Slot #14
1 radio frame: Tr = 10 ms
Page20
The Common Pilot Channel (CPICH) is a pure physical control channel broadcasted
over the entire cell. It is not linked to any transport channel. It consists of a
sequence of known bits that are transmitted in parallel with the primary and
secondary CCPCH.
The PCPICH is used by the mobile to determine which of the 8 possible primary
scrambling codes is used by the cell, and to provide the phase reference for common
channels.
Finding the primary scrambling code is done during the cell search procedure
through a symbol-by-symbol correlation with all the codes within the code group.
After the primary scrambling code has been identified, the UE can decode system
information on the P-CCPCH.
The P-CPICH is the phase reference for the SCH, P-CCPCH, AICH and PICH. It is
broadcasted over the entire cell. The channelization code used to spread the PCPICH is always Cch,256,0 (all ones). Thus, the P-CPICH is a fixed rate channel.
Also, it is always scrambled with the primary scrambling code of the cell.
N-21
Primary Common Control Physical Channel

(PCCPCH)
l
Carrying BCH transport channel
Fixed rate, fixed OVSF code (30kbpsCch, 256, 1)
The PCCPCH is not transmitted during the first 256 chips of each time
slot
256 chips
PCCPCH Data
SCH
18 bits
T
Slot #0
Slot #1
slot
= 2560 chips,20 bits
Slot #i
Slot #14
1 radio frame: T f = 10 ms
Page21
The Primary Common Control Physical Channel (P-CCPCH) is a fixed rate

(SF=256) downlink physical channel used to carry the BCH transport channel. It is
broadcasted continuously over the entire cell like the P-CPICH.
The figure above shows the frame structure of the P-CCPCH. The frame structure is
special because it does not contain any layer 1 control bits. The P-CCPCH only has
one fix predefined transport format combination, and the only bits transmitted are
data bits from the BCH transport channel. It is important to note that the P-CCPCH
is not transmitted during the first 256 chips of the slot. In fact, another physical
channel (SCH) is transmitted during that period of time. Thus, the SCH and the PCCPCH are time multiplexed on every time slot.
Channelization code Cch,256,1 is always used to spread the P-CCPCH.
N-22
Paging Indicator Channel (PICH)

l
Carrying Paging Indicators (PI)
Fixed rate (30kbps), SF = 256
N paging indicators {PI0, , PIN-1} in each PICH frame, N=18, 36, 72,
or 144
12 bits (undefined)
288 bits for paging indication

b0 b 1
b 287 b 288
b 299
One radio frame (10 ms)
Page22
The Page Indicator Channel (PICH) is a fixed rate (30kbps, SF=256) physical
channel used by the NodeB to inform a UE (or a group of UEs) that a paging
information will soon be transmitted on the PCH. Thus, the mobile only decodes the
S-CCPCH when it is informed to do so by the PICH. This enables to do other
processing and to save the mobiles battery.
The PICH carries Paging Indicators (PI), which are user specific and calculated by
higher layers. It is always associated with the S-CCPCH to which the PCH is mapped.
The frame structure of the PICH is illustrated above. It is 10 ms long, and always
contains 300 bits (SF=256). 288 of these bits are used to carry paging indicators,
while the remaining 12 are not formally part of the PICH and shall not be
transmitted. That part of the frame (last 12 bits) is reserved for possible future use.
In order not to waste radio resources, several PIs are multiplexed in time on the PICH.
Depending on the configuration of the cell, 18, 36, 72 or 144 paging indicators can
be multiplexed on one PICH radio frame. Thus, the number of bits reserved for each
PI depends of the number of PIs per radio frame. For example, if there is 72 PIs in
one radio frame, there will be 4 (288/72) consecutive bits for each PI. These bits are
all identical. If the PI in a certain frame is 1, it is an indication that the UE
associated with that PI should read the corresponding frame of the S-CCPCH.
N-23
Secondary Common Control Physical Channel

(SCCPCH)
l
Carrying FACH and PCH, SF = 256 - 4

p
Pilot: used for demodulation
TFCI: Transport Format Combination Indication, used for describe data

format
Data
N Data bits
TFCI
N TFCI bits
T slot = 2560 chips,
Slot #0
Slot #1
Pilot
N Pilot bits
20*2 k bits (k=0..6)
Slot #i
Slot #14
Page23
The Secondary Common Control Physical Channel (S-CCPCH) is used to carry the
FACH and PCH transport channels. Unlike the P-CCPCH, it is not broadcasted
continuously. It is only transmitted when there is a PCH or FACH information to
transmit. At the mobile side, the mobile only decodes the S-CCPCH when it expects a
useful message on the PCH or FACH.
A UE will expect a message on the PCH after indication from the PICH (page indicator
channel), and it will expect a message on the FACH after it has transmitted
something on the RACH.
The FACH and the PCH can be mapped on the same or on separate S-CCPCHs. If
they are mapped on the same S-CCPCH, TFCI bits have to be sent to support multiple
transport formats
The figure above shows the frame structure of the S-CCPCH. There are 18 different
slot formats determining the exact number of data, pilot and TFCI bits. The data bits
correspond to the PCH and/or FACH bits coming from the transport sub-layer. Pilot
bit are typically used when beamforming techniques are used.
The SF ranges from 4 to 256. The channelization code is assigned by the RRC layer
as is the scrambling code, and they are fixed during the communication. They are
sent on the BCCH so that every UE can decode the channel.
As said before, FACH can be used to carry user data. The difference with the
dedicated channel is that it cannot use fast power control, nor soft handover. The
advantage is that it is a fast access channel.
N-24
Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH)

l
Carrying uplink signaling and data, consist of two parts:

p
One or several preambles: 16 kinds of available preambles
10 or 20ms message part
Preamble
Preamble
Preamble
4096 chips
Preamble
10 ms (one radio frame)

Preamble
Message part
Preamble
4096 chips
Message part
20 ms (two radio frames)
Page24
The Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH) is used by the UE to access the
network and to carry small data packets. It carries the RACH transport channel. The
PRACH is an open loop power control channel.
The PRACH is composed of two different parts: the preamble part and the message
part that carries the RACH message. The preamble is an identifier which consists of
256 repetitions of a 16 chip long signature (total of 4096 chips). There are 16
possible signatures, basically, the UE randomly selects one of the 16 possible
preambles and transmits it at increasing power until it gets a response from the
network (on the AICH). That preamble is scrambled before being sent. That is a sign
that the power level is high enough and that the UE is authorized to transmit, which
it will do after acknowledgment from the network. If the UE doesnt get a response
from the network, it has to select a new signature to transmit.
After UE sends preamble, it will send message part in PRACH if it can get a response
from the network (on the AICH). The message part is 10 or 20 ms long (split into 15
or 30 time slots) and it includes data and the physical layer control information.
N-25
PRACH Message Structure

Data
N data bits
Data
Pilot
N Pilot bits
Control
TFCI
N TFCI bits
T slot = 2560 chips, 10*2 k bits (k=0..3)
Slot # 0
Slot # 1
Slot # i
Slot # 14
Message part radio frame T = 10 ms
Page25
The data and control bits of the message part are processed in parallel. The SF of the
data part can be 32, 64, 128 or 256 while the SF of the control part is always 256.
The control part consists of 8 pilot bits for channel estimation and 2 TFCI bits to
indicate the transport format of the RACH (transport channel), for a total of 10 bits
per slot.
The OVSF codes to use (one for RACH data and one for control) depend on the
signature that was used for the preamble (for signatures s=0 to s=15: OVSFcontrol=
Cch,256,m, where m=16s + 15; OVSFdata= Cch,SF,m, where m=SF*s/16.
N-26
PRACH Access Timeslot Structure

radio frame: 10 ms
radio frame: 10 ms
5120 chips
#1
Access slot #0
Access slot #1
Access slot #7
Access slot #8
#2
#3
#4
#5
#6
#7
#8
#9
#10
#11
#12
#13
#14
Random Access Transmission

Access slot #14
Page26
The PRACH transmission is based on the access frame structure. The access frame is
access of 15 access slots and lasts 20 ms (2 radio frames).
To avoid too many collisions and to limit interference, a UE must wait at least 3 or 4
access slots between two consecutive preambles.
The PRACH resources (access slots and preamble signatures) can be divided between
different Access Service Classes (ASC) in order to provide different priorities of RACH
usage. The ASC number ranges from 0 (highest priority) to 7 (lowest priority).
N-27
Acquisition Indicator Channel (AICH)

l
Carrying the Acquisition Indicators (AI), SF = 256

p
There are 16 kinds of Signature to generate AI
AI part
a0 a1 a2
AS #14
AS #0
Unused part
a30 a31 a32 a33
AS #1
a38 a39
AS #i
AS #14
AS #0
20 ms
Page27
The Acquisition Indicator Channel (AICH) is a common downlink channel used to

control the uplink random accesses. It carries the Acquisition Indicators (AI), each
corresponding to a signature on the PRACH (uplink). When the NodeB receives the
random access from a mobile, it sends back the signature of the mobile to grant its
access. If the NodeB receives multiple signatures, it can sent all these signatures back
by adding the together. At reception, the UE can apply its signature to check if the
NodeB sent an acknowledgement (taking advantage of the orthogonality of the
signatures).
The AICH consists of a burst of data transmitted regularly every access slot frame.
One access slot frame is formed of 15 access slots, and lasts 2 radio frames (20 ms).
Each access slot consists of two parts, an acquisition indicator part of 32 real-valued
symbols and a long part during which nothing is transmitted to avoid overlapping
due to propagation delays.
s (with values 0, +1 and -1, corresponding to the answer from the network to a
specific user) and the 32 chip long sequence <bs,j> is given by a predefined table.
There are 16 sequences <bs,j>, each corresponding to one PRACH signatures. A
maximum of 16 AIs can be sent in each access slot. The user can multiply the
received multi-level signal by the signature it used to know if its access was granted.
The SF used is always 256 and the OVSF code used by the cell is indicated in system
information type 5.
N-28

(DPDCH&DPCCH)
l
Uplink DPDCH and DPCCH are I/Q code division multiplexed

(CDM) within each radio frame
DPDCH carries data generated at Layer 2 and higher layer, the

OVSF code is Cch,SF,SF/4, where SF is from 256 to 4
DPCCH carries control information generated at Layer 1, the

OVSF code is Cch,256,0
Page28
There are two kinds of uplink dedicated physical channels, the Dedicated Physical
Data Channel (DPDCH) and the Dedicated Physical Control Channel (DPCCH).
The DPDCH is used to carry the DCH transport channel. The DPCCH is used to carry
the physical sub-layer control bits.
Each DPCCH time slot consists of Pilot, TFCIFBITPC
Pilot is used to help demodulation
TFCI: transport format control indicator
FBI:used for the FBTD. (feedback TX diversity)
TPC: used to transport power control command.
N-29

(DPDCH&DPCCH)
l
Frame Structure of Uplink DPDCH/DPCCH

Data
Ndata bits
DPDCH
Pilot
Npilot bits
DPCCH
TFCI
NTFCI bits
FBI
NFBI bits
TPC
NTPC bits
Tslot = 2560 chips, 10*2k bits (k=0..6)
Slot #0
Slot #1
Slot #i
Slot #14
1 radio frame: Tf = 10 ms
Page29
On the figure above, we can see the DPDCH and DPCCH time slot constitution. The
parameter k determines the number of symbols per slot. It is related to the
spreading factor (SF) of the DPDCH by this simple equation: SF=256/2k. The DPDCH
SF ranges from 4 to 256. The SF for the uplink DPCCH is always 256, which gives us
10 bits per slot. The exact number of pilot, TFCI, TPC and FBI bits is configured by
higher layers. This configuration is chosen from 12 possible slot formats. It is
important to note that symbols are transmitted during all slots for the DPDCH
N-30
Downlink Dedicated Physical Channel

(DPDCH+DPCCH)
l
Downlink DPDCH and DPCCH is time division multiplexing

(TDM).
DPDCH carries data generated at Layer 2 and higher layer
DPCCH carries control information generated at Layer 1
SF of downlink DPCH is from 512 to 4
Page30
The uplink DPDCH and DPCCH are I/Q code multiplexed. But the downlink DPDCH
and DPCCH is time multiplexed. This is main difference.
Basically, there are two types of downlink DPCH. They are distinguished by the use
or non use of the TFCI field. TFCI bits are not used for fixed rate services or when
the TFC doesnt change.
N-31
Downlink Dedicated Physical Channel

(DPDCH+DPCCH)
l
Frame Structure of Downlink DPCH (DPDCH+DPCCH)
DPCCH
DPDCH
Data1
Ndata1 bits
TPC
NTPC bits
DPDCH
TFCI
NTFCI bits
Data2
Ndata2 bits
DPCCH
Pilot
Npilot bits
Tslot = 2560 chips, 20*2k bits (k=-1..6)
Slot #0
Slot #1
Slot #i
Slot #14
One radio frame, Tf = 10 ms
Page31
We have known that the uplink DPDCH and DPCCH are I/Q code multiplexed. But
the downlink DPDCH and DPCCH is time multiplexed. This is main difference. The
parameter k in the figure above determines the total number of bits per time slot. It
is related to the SF, which ranges from 4 to 512. The chips of one slot is also 2560.
Downlink physical channels are used to carry user specific information like speech,
data or signaling, as well as layer 1 control bits. Like it was mentioned before, the
payload from the DPDCH and the control bits from the DPCCH are time multiplexed
on every time slot. The figure above shows how these two channels are multiplexed.
There is only one DPCCH in downlink for one user.
N-32
High-Speed Physical Downlink Shared Channel

(HS-PDSCH)
l
Bearing service data and layer 2 overhead bits mapped from the
transport channel
SF=16, can be configured several channels to increase data service
Data
Ndata1 bits
Tslot = 2560 chips, M*10*2k bits (k=4)
Slot #0
Slot#1
Slot #2
1 subframe: Tf = 2 ms
Page32
HS-PDSCH is a downlink physical channel that carries user data and layer 2 overhead
bits mapped from the transport channel: HS-DSCH.
The user data and layer 2 overhead bits from HS-DSCH is mapped onto one or
several HS-PDSCH and transferred in 2ms subframe using one or several
channelization code with fixed SF=16.
N-33
High-Speed Shared Control Channel (HS-SCCH)

Carries physical layer signalling to a single UE ,such as modulation scheme (1
bit) ,channelization code set (7 bit), transport block size (6bit),HARQ process
number (3bit), redundancy version (3bit), new data indicator (1bit), UE
identity (16bit)
HS-SCCH is a fixed rate (60 kbps, SF=128) downlink physical channel used to
carry downlink signalling related to HS-DSCH transmission
Data
Ndata1 bits
Tslot = 2560 chips, 40 bits
Slot #0
Slot#1
Slot #2
1 subframe: Tf = 2 ms
Page33
HS-SCCH uses a SF=128 and has q time structure based on a sub-frame of length 2
ms, i.e. the same length as the HS-DSCH TTI. The timing of HS-SCCH starts two slot
prior to the start of the HS-PDSCH subframe.
The following information is carried on the HS-SCCH (7 items)
p
Modulation scheme(1bit) QPSK or 16QAM
Channelization code set (7bits)
Transport block size ( 6bits)
HARQ process number (3bits)
Redundancy version (3bits)
New Data Indicator (1bit)
UE identity (16 bits)
In each 2 ms interval corresponding to one HS-DSCH TTI , one HS-SCCH carries

physical-layer signalling to a single UE. As there should be a possibility for HS-DSCH
transmission to multiple users in parallel (code multiplex), multiplex HS-SCCH may be
needed in a cell. The specification allows for up to four HS-SCCHs as seen from a UE
point of view .i.e. UE must be able to decode four HS-SCCH.
N-34
High-Speed Dedicated Physical Control Channel

(HS-DPCCH )
l
Carrying information to acknowledge downlink transport blocks and

feedback information to the system for scheduling and link
adaptation of transport block
p
CQI and ACK/NACK
Physical Channel, Uplink, SF=256

2 T slot = 5120 chips
T slot = 2560 chips

ACK/NACK
CQI
One HS-DPCCH subframe ( 2ms )
Subframe #0
Subframe #i
Subframe #n
Page34
The uplink HS-DPCCH consists of:

p
Acknowledgements for HARQ
Channel Quality Indicator (CQI)
As the HS-DPCCH uses SF=256, there are a total of 30 channel bits per 2 ms sub
frame (3 time slot). The HS-DPCCH information is divided in such a way that the
HARQ acknowledgement is transmitted in the first slot of the subframe while the
channel quality indication is transmitted in the rest slot.
N-35
Contents
2.1 Physical Channel Structure and Functions
2.2 Channel Mapping
Page35
N-36
Mapping Between Channels

Logical channels
Transport channels
BCCH
BCH
P-CCPCH
FACH
S-CCPCH
PCCH
PCH
S-CCPCH
CCCH
RACH
PRACH
FACH
S-CCPCH
FACH
S-CCPCH
DCH
DPDCH
CTCH
DCCH, DTCH
HS-DSCH
RACH, FACH
HS-PDSCH
PRACH, S-CCPCH
Page36
This page indicates how the mapping can be done between logical, transport and
physical channels. Not all physical channels are represented because not all physical
channels correspond to a transport channel.
The mapping between logical channels and transport channels is done by the MAC
sub-layer.
Different connections can be made between logical and transport channels:
p
Physical channels
BCCH is connected to BCH and may also be connected to FACH;

DTCH can be connected to either RACH and FACH, to RACH and DSCH, to
DCH and DSCH, to a DCH or a CPCH;
CTCH is connected to FACH;
DCCH can be connected to either RACH and FACH, to RACH and DSCH, to
DCH and DSCH, to a DCH or a CPCH;
PCCH is connected to PCH;
CCCH is connected to RACH and FACH.
These connections depend on the type of information on the logical channels.
N-37
Contents
Page37
N-38
Synchronization Procedure - Cell Search

Slot
Synchronization
Frame synchronization &

Code Group Identification
Scrambling Code
Identification
UE uses P-SCH to acquire slot

synchronization to a cell
UE uses S-SCH to find frame

synchronization and identify the code
group of the cell found in the first step
UE determines the primary scrambling

code through correlation over the PCPICH
with all codes within the identified group,
and then detects the P-CCPCH and reads
BCH information
Page38
The purpose of the Cell Search Procedure is to give the UE the possibility of finding
a cell and of determining the downlink scrambling code and frame synchronization
of that cell. This is typically performed in 3 steps:
p
PSCH (Slot synchronization): The UE uses the SCHs primary synchronization

code to acquire slot synchronization to a cell. The primary synchronization
code is used by the UE to detect the existence of a cell and to synchronize the
mobile on the TS boundaries. This is typically done with a single filter (or any
similar device) matched to the primary synchronization code which is
common to all cells. The slot timing of the cell can be obtained by detecting
peaks in the matched filter output.
SSCH (Frame synchronization and code-group identification): The secondary
synchronization codes provide the information required to find the frame
boundaries and the group number. Each group number corresponds to a
unique set of 8 primary scrambling codes. The frame boundary and the group
number are provided indirectly by selecting a suite of 15 secondary codes. 16
secondary codes have been defined C1, C2, .C16. 64 possible suites have
been defined, each suite corresponds to one of the 64 groups. Each suite of
secondary codes is composed of 15 secondary codes (chosen in the set of 16),
each of which will be transmitted in one time slot. When the received codes
matches one of the possible suites, the UE has both determined the frame
boundary and the group number.
PCPICH (Scrambling-code identification): The UE determines the exact primary
scrambling code used by the found cell. The primary scrambling code is
typically identified through symbol-by-symbol correlation over the PCPICH with
all the codes within the code group identified in the second step. After the
primary scrambling code has been identified, the Primary CCPCH can be
detected and the system- and cell specific BCH information can be read.
N-39
Random Access Procedure

START
Choose a RACH sub channel from

available ones
Get available signatures
Set Preamble Retrans Max
Set Preamble_Initial_Power
Send a preamble
No AI
Choose a access slot again
Check the corresponding AI

Get positive AI
Choose a signature and

increase preamble transmit power
The counter of preamble retransmit

Subtract-1, Commanded preamble
power increased by Power Ramp Step
Counter> 0 & Preamble

Power-maximum allowed power <6
dB
Increase message part power by

p-m based on preamble power
Send the corresponding

message part
Set physical status to be RACH

message transmitted
Set physical status to be Nack

on AICH received
N
Set physical status to be Nack
on AICH received
Get negative AI
Report the physical status to MAC
END
N-40
Physical random access procedure

p
1. Derive the available uplink access slots, in the next full access slot set, for the set of
available RACH sub-channels within the given ASC. Randomly select one access slot
among the ones previously determined. If there is no access slot available in the
selected set, randomly select one uplink access slot corresponding to the set of
available RACH sub-channels within the given ASC from the next access slot set. The
random function shall be such that each of the allowed selections is chosen with equal
probability
2. Randomly select a signature from the set of available signatures within the given
ASC
3. Set the Preamble Retransmission Counter to Preamble_ Retrans_ Max
4. Set the parameter Commanded Preamble Power to Preamble_Initial_Power
5. Transmit a preamble using the selected uplink access slot, signature, and preamble
transmission power
6. If no positive or negative acquisition indicator (AI +1 nor 1) corresponding to the
selected signature is detected in the downlink access slot corresponding to the
selected uplink access slot:
n
A: Select the next available access slot in the set of available RACH sub-channels
within the given ASC
B: select a signature
C: Increase the Commanded Preamble Power
D: Decrease the Preamble Retransmission Counter by one. If the Preamble

Retransmission Counter > 0 then repeat from step 6. Otherwise exit the physical
random access procedure
7. If a negative acquisition indicator corresponding to the selected signature is
detected in the downlink access slot corresponding to the selected uplink access slot,
n
exit the physical random access procedure Signature

p
8. If a positive acquisition indicator corresponding to the selected signature is

detected , Transmit the random access message three or four uplink access slots after
the uplink access slot of the last transmitted preamble
9. Exit the physical random access procedure
N-41
References
l
TS 25.104 UTRA (BS) FDD Radio Transmission and Reception
TS 25.201 Physical layer-general description
TS 25.211 Physical channels and mapping of transport channels onto physical

channels (FDD)
TS 25.212 Multiplexing and channel coding (FDD)
TS 25.213 Spreading and modulation (FDD)
TS 25.214 Physical layer procedures (FDD)
TS 25.308 UTRA High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA)
TR 25.877 High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) - Iub/Iur Protocol Aspects
TR 25.858 Physical layer aspects of UTRA High Speed Downlink Packet Access
Page41
N-42
Summary
l
This course mainly introduces the basic concept, key

technology and procedures of WCDMA physical layer.
These knowledge is very important for understanding Uu

interface and further study.
Page42
N-43
Thank you
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1 WCDMA Radio Interface Physical Layer

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WCDMA Air Interface Physical Layer

WCDMA Radio Interface

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WCDMA Air Interface Physical Layer

The physical layer offers data transport services to higher layers.

The physical layer is expected to perform the following functions in

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WCDMA Air Interface Physical Layer

Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:

Outline radio interface protocol Architecture

Describe structure and functions of different physical channels

Describe UMTS physical layer procedures

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Confidential Information of Huawei. No Spreading Without Permission

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WCDMA Air Interface Physical Layer

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WCDMA Air Interface Physical Layer

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WCDMA Air Interface Physical Layer

UTRAN Network Structure

UTRAN: UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network.

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WCDMA Air Interface Physical Layer

Uu Interface Protocol Structure

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WCDMA Air Interface Physical Layer

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Confidential Information of Huawei. No Spreading Without Permission

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WCDMA Air Interface Physical Layer

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WCDMA Air Interface Physical Layer

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WCDMA Air Interface Physical Layer

WCDMA Radio Interface Channel Definition

Logical Channel = information container

Defined by <What type of information> is transferred

Logical channels are mapped to transport channels.

Transport Channel = characteristics of transmission

Described by <How> and with <What characteristics> data is

Transport channels are mapped to physical channels.

Physical Channel = specification of the information global content

providing the real transmission resource, maybe a frequency , a specific

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WCDMA Air Interface Physical Layer

Common traffic channel

Broadcast control channel

Paging control channel