ss-3 4

ISSN 2393-980X
la;qDrkad
vad 3] 4_ tqykbZ 2015] tuojh 2016
Shodh Samvid
'kks/k lafon
f'k{kk] lkfgR;] dyk] laLfr] foKku ,oa okf.kT; dh v)Zokf"kZd 'kks/k&if=dk
laiknu % MkW- rsykuh ehuk gksjks
MkW- :ie
An International Registered and Refereed Research Journal

www.shodhsamvid.weebly.com
E-mail : shodh.samvid@gmail.com
Shodh Samvid
EDITORIAL BOARD
Chief Editor :
Patron :
Prof. Rambachan Roy

Former Head , Deptt. of Hindi,
Patna University, Patna.
At Present : Member of Legislative
council, Bihar
Managing Editor :
Mr. Anup Kispotta

Ranchi, Jharkhand.
Dr. Telani Meena Horo,

Assistant Professor, Deptt. of Political Science,
Magadh Mahila College, Patna.
Editor :
Dr. Rupam,
Chief Editor, Satraachee (ISSN 2348-8425)
Faculty, Deptt. of B.S.W / PGD / Sociology
Magadh Mahila College, Patna.
ADVISORY BOARD
Prof. Bipin Kumar Tripathy, Professor, Deptt. of Physics, IIT, Delhi.
Prof. Shashi Sharma, H.O.D & Prof., Political Science, (P.G), P.U, Patna.
Dr. Avinash Kr. Jha, Asso. Prof., History, J.N.L. College, Khagaul, Patna.
Dr. Anand Murti, Asso. Prof., Deptt. of Com., College of Commerce, Patna.
Dr. Beena Tiru (Horo), Asso. Prof., History, R.W. C, Ranchi, R.U. Ranchi.
Mr. Rakesh Raman, Editor, Kanan, Ranchi, Jharkhand.
Dr. Alina Pradhan, Asst. Prof., Pol. Sc., Darjiling.
Dr. Shalini Menon, Asst. Prof., Deptt. of P.E. & Sports, G.G..V, Bilaspur (CG)
Dr. Roslin Soren, Asst. Prof., Deptt. of Botany, R.N. College, Hazipur.
Dr. Paraveen Sultana, Asst. Prof., Eng, Ranchi Women's College, Ranchi
Dr. Kumari Aruna, Asst. Prof., Deptt. of Hindi, M.M. College, Patna.
Dr. Pushpanjali Khare, Deptt. of Botany, M.M.C, P.U, Patna.
Dr. Anjani Singh, Faculty Member, Deptt. of Sociology, M.M.C, Patna
Dr. Anju Kumari, Faculty Member, Deptt. of Sociology, M.M.C, Patna
Vijeta Minakshi Tiru, Faculty Member, Deptt. of Pol. Sc., St. Xavier College,
Ranchi University, Ranchi.
MANAGING COMMITTEE
Sunita Sonu, Research Scholar, Deptt. of Pol. Sc.. P.U, Patna.
Mr. Amarjeet Kumar, Research Scholar, Deptt. of Pol. Sc.. P.U, Patna.
vad 3] 4
tqykbZ 2015] tuojh 2016
iz/kku laiknd
laiknd
%
%
MkW- rsykuh ehuk gksjks

MkW- :ie
laiknu @ izdk'ku % voSrfud @ vO;kolkf;d

Lokeh&laiknd&izdk'kd&eqnzd %
MkW- rsykuh ehuk gksjks ,oa MkW- :ie
ex/ efgyk egkfo|ky;] iVuk & 800001-
eqnz.k %
ikfo+Qtk vkWiQlsV] 'kkgxat] njxkg jksM] iVuk6izdkf'kr jpukvksa dh jhfr&uhfr ;k fopkjksa ls laiknd dh lgefr vfuok;Z ugha gSA
laiknd vkSj ys[kd dh vuqefr ds fcuk izdkf'kr lkexzh ds fdlh Hkh rjg ds mi;ksx
dh vuqefr ugha gksxhA
ewY; % ,d izfr 250 #i, ek=k

lnL;rk 'kqYd %
iapokf"kZd
vkthou
% 2500 #i,
% 4000 #i,
laikndh; i= & O;ogkj %

MkW- rsykuh ehuk gksjks @ MkW- :ie
jktuhfr foKku foHkkx] ex/k efgyk egkfo|ky;

iVuk fo'ofo|ky;] iVuk
iVuk 800001
E-mail : shodh.samvid@gmail.com
: meenammc03@gmail.com
Mob No. : 09955950162
^êq>s bl egku~ ns'k ds Hkfo"; ds ckjs esa tjk Hkh nqfo/kk ugha gSA
vkt ge lkekftd] jktuhfrd vkSj vkfFkZd :i ls foHkkftr gSaA
ge ijLij yM+us okys f'kfojksa esa caVs gq, gSa vkSj laHkor% ,sls
,d f'kfoj dk usrk eSa Hkh gwA bl lcds ckotwn eq>s fo'okl gS
fd le; chrus ij vkSj ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds cnyus ij nqfu;k esa
dksbZ rkdr bl ns'k dks fQj ,d gksus ls u jksd ldsxhA**
& vkEcsMdj
vuq e
laikndh;
izks- jkeopu jk;
xk/h&n'kZu esa vfgalk
izks- fofiu dqekj f=kikBh
nfyr eqfDr vkanksyu esa xk/h vkSj vkEcsMdj dh Hkwfedk
vpZuk pansy
xk/h vkSj vkEcsMdj % oSpkfjd fparu
vejthr dqekj
xk/h vkSj vkEcsMdj ds fopkjksa dk rqyukRed v;;u
vukfedk dqekjh] jktdqekj izlkn
xk/h vkSj cqfu;knh f'k{kk % ,d v;;u
dqekjh dksey
;ax bafM;k ls XykscykbTM bafM;k rd
gfj'panz izlkn ;kno
xk/hth vkSj uSfrd f'k{kk % ,d v;;u
txeksgu flag
HkkjrsUnq dh if=kdkvksa esa Hkk"kkbZ psruk
liuk JhokLro
;FkkFkZ ds /jkry ij izfrf"Br fo".kq izHkkdj ds ukVd
gjnhi dkSj
Hkkjrh; Lora=krk vkanksyu esa vkfnokfl;ksa dh Hkwfedk
vpZuk dqekjh
iapk;rhjkt % ,d voyksdu
vfer dqekj
Hkkjr dh kafrdkjh efgyk, % ,d losZ{k.k
vjfoan dqekj
xhr vkSj laxhr
vafdrk JhokLro
lkSan;Z'kkL=k] jl o Hkkjrh; laxhr esa lkSan;Z jl dk fo/ku
fladh dqekjh
Hkkjrh; laxhr % n'kk vkSj fn'kk
:ikyh dqekjh
vk/qfud laxhr dk ,d niZ.k
07
09
13
15
20
23
27
32
36
42
46
48
52
57
60
63
66
69
n'kZuk
laxhr ,oa lkSan;Z esa varlca/
xkSjo ukgj
Hkkjrh; laxhr ds izfl okW;fyu oknd % ifjp; ,oa ;ksxnku
izhfr feJk
yksd laxhr
73
79
Arjun Sharma
Gandhi's Philosophy of Basic Education : Immense Significance in the
Global World of 21st Century
81
Ghanshyam Roy
Mahatma Gandhi's Basic Education and Moral Values
93
Veena Rani Yadav

Technology and Environment Pollution
100
Archana Jaiswal
Relevance of Gandhian Thought Today
102
Shahid Perwez
The Idea of Religious Debate : A Culmination of British Deplomacy
105
Sunita Sonu
India-Myanmar Relations : The Economic Dimensions
108
Bandana Singh
Domestic Violence
117
Sudhir Kumar
Social, Economic and Infrastructural Facilities of Human Capital Development
126
Roslin Soren
Tribal and Forest
133
Piyusha & K.P. Singh

Intestinal Physiology of Fresh Water Fishes as an Environment for the
Parasitic Helminthes
136
Suman Paswan
Epedemiology of Visceral Lieshmaniasis in Bihar
140
Shailendra Kumar
Study of the Effect of Selected Asanas and Pranayams on Classic Autistic Children.
144
qqq
laikndh;
xkkh vkSj vkEcsMdj fgUnqLrku ds nks ,sls 'kf[lf;r gS]a tks Hkkjrh; lekt]
laLfr vkSj jktuhfr dks u dsoy fodkl dh ubZ lSkafrdh nsrs gSa cfYd mls
O;kogkfjd :i nsus dk Hkh iz;kl djrs gSAa vkfFkZd fo"kerk] tkfr&izFkk] lkezkT;okn
vkSj iwt
a hokn ds izfr nksuksa dk viuk ut+fj;k gS vkSj nksuksa lekt dks cnyuk pkgrs
gSaA vktknh feyus ls igys rd xkkhth dk O;fDrRo vR;ar fojkV /jkry ij
vofLFkr gS tcfd vkEcsMdj ,d [kkl oxZ dk usr`Ro djus dk iz;kl djrs gq,
fn[kkbZ iM+rs gSAa gkykfd] ml oxZ dh fpark xkkh dks Hkh de ugha gSA vktknh ds ckn
fLFkfr cnyus yx tkrh gSA izFker% rks xkkhth dh gR;k dj nh tkrh gS] fiQj mUgsa
vizklafxd cukus dh dksf'k'k dh tkrh gSA ysfdu Hkkjrh; turk esa xkkhth dk izHkko
;Fkkor jgrk gSA laHkor% blh dkj.k vfHktu oxZ muds uke vkSj muds dke dks
Lej.k djds rFkk mldh vius <ax ls O;k[;k o viO;k[;k djds jktuhfrd ykHk
ysus dksf'k'k djrk jgk gSA vfHktuksa dh bl izof` k us xkkh dks iwjh rjg ls vizklafxd
ugha cuus fn;kA nwljh rjiQ vkEcsMdj viuh fo}rk vkSj deZBrk ds cy ij] vkSj
Hkkjr dk lafo/ku jpdj ,d rkdroj O;fDrRo dks izkIr djrs gSAa muds O;fDrRo
dk vkdkj yxkrkj c<+rk pyk tkrk gSA orZeku jktuhfr dk #>ku vkEcsMdj ds
O;fDrRo dks yxHkx vfuok;Z Lohfr ds dxkj ij ys vk;k gSA jk"Vh; Lo;a la?k
tSlh czk.koknh laLFkk ds }kjk vkEcsMdj dks viukuk bl ckr dh lwpuk nsrk gSA
vfHktu oxZ vkSj lkaLfrd laLFkkvksa esa xkkh dh txg vkEcsMdj dks ego nsus dh
izof` k D;ksa c<+ jgh gS] ;g lkspuh; gSA tcfd lp ;s gS fd orZeku ifjiz{s ; esa ns'k
dks vkfFkZd :i ls vkRefuHkZj cukus esa xkkh vis{kkr vf/d izklafxd gSAa dgha
,slk rks ugha fd fons'kh iwt
a h dks vkeaf=kr djus rFkk lkekftd vlekurk dks dk;e
j[kus okyksa ds fy, xkkh dks vizklafxd cukuk t:jh gks x;k gS \ xkkh dks
vizklafxd cukus vkSj vkEcsMdj dks izklafxd cukus dk D;k vFkZ gS \ tks yksx vius
ns'k ls ize
s djrs gS]a vkSj ns'k dks le` ns[kuk pkgrs gSa mUgsa xkkh vkSj vkEcsMdj dks
,d lkFk xgjkbZ ls i<+uk pkfg,A izLrqr vad blh ms'; dks lefiZr Fkk] ysfdu
nqHkkZX; ls lHkh fcanv
q ksa ij gesa vkys[k izkIr ugha gks ldsA ysfdu bl dke dks vkwjk
ugha NksMk+ tk ldrkA vr% vkusokys vadksa esa bl dke dks FkksMk+ &FkksMk+ djds VqdM+kas
esa gh lgh] ysfdu iwjk djus dk iz;kl fd;k tk,xkA ftu ys[kdksa o 'kks/kfFkZ;ksa ds
ys[k gesa izkIr gq, muds izfr vkHkkjA gesa mEehn gS tks yksx xkkh vkSj vkEcsMdj dkss
u, fljs ls ns[kus dk iz;kl dj jgs gSa mudk ys[kdh; lg;ksx gesa vo'; feysxk A
bfr 'kqHke~ !
& rsykuh ehuk gksjks
(izkku laiknd)
^ô.kZ dh esjh dh gqbZ O;k[;k ;k rkjhQ ds fglkc

ls rks vkt fganw /keZ ds o.kZ&keZ dk vey gksrk gh
ughaA czk.k uke j[kus okys fo|k i<+kuk NksM+
cSBs gSaA os vkSj&vkSj kaks djus yxs gSA ;gh ckr
FkksM+h&cgqr nwljs o.kks ds ckjs esa Hkh lp gSA vly
esa fons'kh gqdwer ds uhps gksus ds dkj.k ge lc
xqyke gSaA vkSj bl rjg if'pe okyksa dh fuxkg esa
'kqnz ls Hkh gYds vNwr gSaA**
& egkRek xkkh
xk/h&n'kZu esa vfgalk

izks- jkeopu jk;
lalkj dks chloha lnh ds nks cM+s vonku gSa & igyk v.kqce vkSj nwljk egkRek xkkhA vius
bu nks vonkuksa ds fy, ;g lnh bfrgkl esa ;kn dh tk,xhA 'kk;n bl [kkl otg ls Hkh fd bu nks
foijhr kzqoksa ds l`tu dk laHkkj ;g lnh fdl rjg ls laHkky ikbZA ;g vkx vkSj ikuh ds larqyu dk
loky FkkA dksbZ lkr lkS lky igys tk;lh us fy[kk Fkk &
dfo ds cksy [kM+x fgjokuh A
,d fnfl vkx nkslj fnfl ikuh AA1
v.kq dh vkx dk [ksy nqfu;k ns[k pqdh gS tc f}rh; fo'o;q ds nkSjku vesfjdk us tkiku
ds 'kgj fgjksf'kek vkSj ukxklkdh ij ce&o"kkZ dhA {k.kHkj esa yk[kksa yksx ok"i cudj foyhu gks x,A
o"kks rd tkiku esa viax larkusa iSnk gksdrh jghaA ;g izHkko Fkk bl v.kq ce dk] ftldk vkfo"dkj chloha
lnh ds foKku us fd;k FkkA fgalk dk rkaMo nqfu;k Hkwy ugha ik,xhA
blh 'krkCnh ds nwljs vonku egkRek xk/h Fks] ftUgksua s vfgalk dks vius thou dk vL=k cuk;kA
vfgalk ds }kjk mUgksaus vaxzsth lkk dks pqukSrh nh vkSj nks lkS o"kks dh xqykeh ls ns'k dks eqDr djk;kA
vfgalk dh bl rkdr dks Hkh nqfu;k us ns[kk vkSj blls izHkkfor gksdj vkbULVhu us ;g ekuk fd xkkh
tSlk O;fDr gekjs chp dHkh iSnk gqvk FkkA lR; vkSj vfgalk ds ekxZ ij pyus okys xk/h dk ;g
peRdkjh O;fDrRo FkkA
egkRek xk/h us viuh vkRedFkk ^lR; ds iz;ksx* esa fy[kk gS fd eq>s nqfu;k dks dksbZ ubZ
pht ugha fl[kkuh gSA lR; vkSj vfgalk vukfn dky ls pys vk, gSaA2 blfy, ;g xk/h dk dksbZ u;k
vkfo"dkj ugha FkkA cfYd lR; vkSj vfgalk dk iz;ksx mUgksaus vius thou esa fd;k vkSj ,d rjg ls bUgsa
thou ewY; cuk fy;kA Hkkjrh; fparu ijaijk esa tSu&/eZ ds izokZd Hkxoku egkohj vkSj ckS/eZ ds
izokZd Hkxoku cq nksuksa us dksbZ <kbZ gtkj lky igys vfgalk dk mins'k fn;k FkkA vr% Hkkjrh; lekt
vkSj laLfr esa vfgalk ds cht igys ls ekStwn FksA xk/h us mu chtksa dks vadqfjr djus vkSj thou esa
mrkjus dk liQy iz;kl fd;kA lR; vkSj vfgalk dk mudk iz;ksx vlR; vkSj fgalk dh vksj c<+ jgs
iwoZ v/;{k] fganh foHkkx] iVuk fo'ofo|ky;] iVuk A laizfr % lnL;] fcgkj fo/kku ifj"kn A
Shodh Samvid.
ISSN 2393-980X / 9
fo'o&lekt ds le{k ,d fodYi ds :i esa lkeus vk;kA la;qDr jk"V la?k us egkRek xk/h ds
tUe&fnol 2 vDVwcj dks fo'o&vfgalk&fnol ?kksf"kr fd;k gS rks xk/h ds ml fodYi dks ,d ekSu
Lohfr fey x;h gSA ;g nqfu;k ds bfrgkl dh ,d mYys[kuh; ?kVuk gSA
fdarq D;k gS xk/h dh vfgalk] ftlds os i;kZ; cu x, gSa \ ,d NksVh iqfLrdk êaxy izHkkr*
esa xk/h us fy[kk gS & ;g vfgalk og LFkwy oLrq ugha gS tks vkt gekjh n`f"V ds lkeus gS fdlh dks
u ekjuk bruk rks gS ghA dqfopkj ek=k fgalk gSA mrkoykiu fgalk gSA feF;k Hkk"k.k fgalk gSA }s"k fgalk
gSA fdlh dk cqjk pkguk fgalk gSA txr ds fy, tks vko';d oLrq gS ml ij dCtk j[kuk Hkh fgalk
gSA3 bl rjg xk/h dh vfgalk dk nk;jk fgalk ds foLrkj ds lkFk Lor% c<+rk x;k gSA blfy, fdlh
dks 'kkjhfjd {kfr igqpkuk gh fgalk ugha gS] cfYd fdlh ds izfr nqHkkZouk j[kuk ;k dBksj Hkk"kk dk
bLrseky djuk Hkh xk/h dh n`f"V esa fgalk gSA ckS /eZ&n'kZu esa Hkh Hkko ds Lrj ij fgalk&vfgalk dk
foospu gqvk gS vkSj mldh lw{e izrhfr djkbZ xbZ gSA
vKs; us ^lkezkKh ds uSos|&nku* 'kh"kZd viuh ,d dfork esa fgalk&vfgalk ds }U}kRed
pjeksRd"kZ dks HkkoukRed leiZ.k esa lekfgr dj ,d u;k lek/ku izLrqr fd;k gSA dfork esa ,d NksVh
lh dFkk gS fd ,d ckj tkiku dh lkezkKh fcuk iwtu&lkexzh vkSj iq"i ds eafnj pyh tkrh gSaA Hkxoku
cq dh izfrek ds le{k gkFk tksM+dj dgrh gSa & izHkks ! vkids ikl [kkyh gkFk vk xbZA vkidh iwtk
ds fy, dksbZ iq"i Hkh ugha ys vk;hA eSa iwQy ykuk pkgrh Fkh] fdarq lkspk rqEgsa viZ.k djus ds fy, mUgsa
Mky ls rksM+uk iM+sxkA ;g Hkh ,d izdkj dh fgalk gksxhA tks Lo;a vfgalk dk vorkj gS mldh vH;FkZuk
fgalk ls dSls dh tk ldrh gSA blfy, [kkyh gkFk rqEgkjs ikl vk xbZA gs vfgalk ds ewfkZear ! vc
eSa lalkj ds reke iwQyksa dks fcuk rksM+s Mkfy;ksa] irksa] /M+ksa vkSj tM+ksa lfgr rqEgsa vfiZr djrh gwA Lohdkj
djksA oLrqr% ;g viZ.k ,d foxfyr O;fDrRo dk lokZRe&leiZ.k gS] ftlesa dkf;d] okfpd ,oa
ekufld fdlh izdkj dk ys'k ek=k ugha gSA egkRek xk/h dh vfgalk dk foLrkj ogk rd gqvk gSA
vkpk;Z ts-ch- iykuhus viuh iqLrd ^xk/h % fgt+ ykbiQ ,.M FkkSV*5 ds ,d v;k; esa
ekDlZ vkSj xk/h dh rqyuk dh gSA mUgksaus fy[kk gS fd izQkalhlh kafr ds ckn vkkqfud fo'o esa nks
kafrdkjh iSnk gq, & ,d ekDlZ vkSj nwljs xkkhA fo"kerk] vU;k; vkSj lkekftd xSj cjkcjh dks nwj djus
ds fy, ,d fgald kafr esa fo'okl djrs Fks_ ysfdu nwljs dk ekuuk Fkk fd detksj yksxksa ij
'kfDr'kkfy;ksa ds vR;kpkj vkSj neu dks nwj djus dh okLrfod kafr cqjkb;ksa ds izfrdkj esa uSfrd&ewY;ksa
ls fopfyr gq, fcuk lR; vkSj vfgalk ds cy ij gks ldrh gSA ;gh iz;ksx xkkh us vius thou essa fd;k
vkSj êgkRek* cu x,A os nwljs egkRekvksa ls bl ek;us esa vyx Fks fd mUgksaus O;fDrxr eks{k dh dkeuk
ls fdlh futZu ou esa lkkuk ugha dh_ cfYd ijra=k ns'k dh eqfDr ds fy, lekt dks lkFk ysdj
lR;&vfgalk ds ekxZ ij pyrs gq, la?k"kZ fd;k vkSj liQyrk ik;hA Lora=krk vkanksyu ds nkSjku ,sls volj
vk, tc fgalk dk iz;ksx gqvk rks xkkh us viuk vkanksyu LFkfxr djus dk ,syku dj fn;kA mudk
fo'okl Fkk fd ifo=k lk; dh izkfIr ds fy, lkku Hkh ifo=k gksuh pkfg,A Lora=krk u fliZQ ,d ns'k
dk oju laiw.kZ tho&ek=k dk loksZke lk; gS] blfy, mldh izkfIr fgalk ds }kjk ugha] vfgalk ds }kjk
gksuh pkfg,_ ;g egkRek xkkh dk fo'okl FkkA vr% blh ds vuq:i mUgksaus vkanksyu dk vfgalkRed
ekxZ fukkZfjr fd;kA vfgalk dk iz;ksx egkRek xkkh us nf{k.k vizQhdk ds izokl ds nkSjku 'kq: fd;kA
xqtjkr ds O;kikjh vCnqyk lsB dh daiuh ds eqdnesa ds flyflys esa ebZ 1893 bZ esa Mjcu x,A ogk
Hkkjrh;ksa ds izfr xksjs yksxksa dk nqO;Zogkj mUgksaus fudV ls ns[kk vkSj dbZ voljksa ij mUgsa [kqn viekfur
10 @ 'kks/k lafon] vad 3 ,oa 4] tqykbZ 2015] tuojh 2016
vkSj izrkfM+r gksuk iM+kA vr% nf{k.k vizQhdk esa jgus okys Hkkjrh;ksa ij gks jgs vU;k; dk mUgksaus
vfgalkRed izfrdkj fd;k rFkk mUgsa cqfu;knh lqfokk, fnykus ds fy, vfgald vkanksyu pyk;kA blh
njE;ku vfgalk ds cht muds Hkhrj iM+s Fks] mUgsa vadqfjr gksus dk volj feykA fiQj paikj.k&lR;kxzg
us bl vadqj.k dks foLrkj fn;k tks Lora=krk vkanksyu esa iYyfor vkSj iqf"ir gqvkA bl rjg lR; vkSj
vfgalk egkRek xkkh ds thou n'kZu dk ewykkkj cu x;kA mUgksaus fy[kk gS & lR; dk] vfgalk dk
ekxZ ftruk lhkk gS] mruk gh rax Hkh] [kkaMs dh kkj ij pyus ds leku gSA uV ftl Mksj ij lkokkuh
ls utj j[k dj py ldrk gS] lR; vkSj vfgalk dh Mksj mlls Hkh iryh gSA tjk pwds fd uhps fxjsA6
dguk pkfg, fd xkkh us bl iryh Mksj dks vius thou esa lkk fy;k FkkA blfy, muds tUe&fnol
dks la;qDr jk"V la?k us tc izfro"kZ vUrjjk"Vh; vfgalk&fnol ds :i esa eukus dk fu.kZ; fy;k rks lkjh
nqfu;k esa bldk Lokxr fd;k x;kA
blls iwoZ Hkh fo'o ds 103 ns'kksa us egkRek xkkh ds fojkV O;fDrRo ds izfr fdlh u fdlh
:i esa lEeku O;Dr fd;k gSA la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk ,slk igyk ckgjh ns'k gS tgk 1961 bZ esa egkRek
xkkh ij nks Mkd&fVdV tkjh gq,A blh rjg fczVsu us lu~ 1969 bZ esa rFkk xzhl us 1970 bZ esa ^ckiw*
ij Mkd fVdV fudkykA felz us 10 flrEcj 1969 esa tks Mkd fVdV tkjh fd;k] ml ij fganh vkSj
mnwZ esa xkkh fy[kk gqvk gSA blh izdkj fiQth] ekWfj'kl] ukosZ] vkfLV;k] psdksLyksokfd;k] ;qukbVsM vjc
vehjkr vkfn us Hkh Mkd fVdV tkjh fd, gSa rFkk iksySaM }kjk iksLVdkMZ tkjh fd;k x;k gSA buesa vfgalk
dk lans'k nsrs gq, ckiw dh Nfo gSA izfl izQkalhlh ys[kd jksE;kjksyk xkkhth ls cgqr izHkkfor FksA isfjl
esa caxyk ys[kd dkfynkl ukx ls mUgksaus xkkhth ds ckjs esa lquk Fkk tks nf{k.k vizQhdk ds ckn Hkkjr
esa lR; vkSj vfgalk dss vuwBs iz;ksx pyk jgs FksA jksE;kjksyk dks blds ckjs esa vkSj vf/d tkuus dh
mRlqdrk FkhA mUgksaus xkkhth dh iqLrd ^;ax bafM;k* enzkl ds muds izdk'kd x.ks'ku ds ;gk ls exk;h
vkSj i<+us ds ckn ckiw dks ,d yack i=k fy[kkA os xkkhth ds fopkjksa ds iz'kald cu x, Fks vkSj Hkkjr
vkdj muls feyuk pkg jgs FksA xkkhth us fy[kk fd eSa ;gk fczfV'k ljdkj dk dksiHkktu gw] ,slk ugha
fd esjs vfrfFk cu dj vki ijs'kkuh esa iM+ tk,aA blfy, fiQygky feyus dk dk;Ze LFkfxr j[ksaA7
fiQj nksuksa ds chp i=kkpkj dk flyflyk o"kks rd pyrk jgk tks ,d eksVh iqLrd ds :i esa izdkf'kr
gSA
vesfjdh lekt esa egkRek xkkh dkiQh pfpZr jgs gSAa fn vesfjdu ,dsMeh vkWiQ ekslu fiDplZ*
us 1983 bZ esa ^xkkh* fiQYe dks vkB vkWLdj ,okMZ fn,] tcfd ogk ds pgsrs fiQYedkj LVhosu
fLiycxZ dh fiQYe ^bZV gkse* dks dsoy pkj vkWLdj feysA vesfjdk esa xkkh ds izHkko dk vankt bl
ckr ls yxk;k tk ldrk gS fd ogk ds vusd 'kgjksa esa îhl dksj* ('kkafr izfr"Bku) dh LFkkiuk dh
x;h gS rFkk dbZ LFkkuksa ij egkRek xkkh dh ewfkZ;k yxh gSaA vesfjdk dh ,d iSQ'ku if=kdk êSfDle*
us gky gh 'kkjhfjd LoLFkrk dk izn'kZu djus ds fy, ,d ran:Lr ukStoku dks egkRek xkkh dh ewfkZ
dh liQkbZ djrs gq, fn[kk;k gS vkSj 'kh"kZd fn;k gS & xkkh ls iwNks fd rqEgkjs 'kkjhfjd xBu esa dksbZ
ifjokZu fn[krk gS \ ;g fdlh ft+e[kkus dk foKkiu gSA
egkRek xkkh us dHkh vesfjdk dh ;k=kk ugha dhA ysfdu vesfjdk esa muds iz'kaldksa vkSj
vuq;kf;;ksa dh vPNh la[;k jgh gSA ,sls gh iz'kaldksa esa vkWVkseksckby m|ksxifr gsujh iQksMZ Hkh Fks tks
e'khuh&;qx ds izcy leFkZd Fks vkSj egkRek xkkh ml ;qx ds vkykspdA f}rh; fo'o;q ds nkSjku iQksMZ
Shodh Samvid.
ISSN 2393-980X / 11
us tks ;q&fojks/h Fks] egkRek xkkh dh flfoy ukiQjekuh dh iz'kalk djrs gq, mUgsa ,d i=k fy[kk vkSj
dgk fd vkids thou vkSj lans'k ls izHkkfor gwA xkkhth us gsujh iQksMZ ds ckjs esa lquk Fkk] blfy,
vkReh;rk ls Hkjk gqvk mudk i=k ikdj os cgqr izlUu gq, vkSj i=kkskj esa mUgksaus f}rh; fo'o;q ds
mu dkys fnuksa esa ,d i=kdkj dh ekiZQr viuk gLrk{kj fd;k gqvk ,d pj[kk iQksMZ dks Hkst fn;kA pj[ks
dh cukoV] mldh lknxh vkSj mlds uSfrd ms'; ls iQksMZ cgqr izHkkfor gq, vkSj egkRek xkkh ds bl
migkj dks vkfFkZd Lokyacu ds izrhd ds :i esa Lohdkj fd;kA blesa nks jk; ugha fd lR; vkSj vfgalk
ds vuwBs iz;ksx ds dkj.k vius thou dky esa gh egkRek xkkh fdaonarh cu dj tu&ekul esa izfrf"Br
gks x, FksA
vkt tc fo'o esa vk.kfod&'kfDr;ksa dh gksM+ rst gqbZ gS vkSj fgalk ,oa lagkj ds u,&u, :i
lkeus vk jgs gSa] ,sls esa egkRek xkkh lalkj ds fy, vfkd izklafxd gks x, gSaA nqfu;k ds jktuhfrd
ifjn`'; dh foMacuk ;g gS fd tks 'kfDr'kkyh gS og Hkh gfFk;kjksa dh gksM+ dks lhfer djus dk i{kkj
ugha gSA 20 flrEcj 2009 dks vesfjdh flusV esa MsekssfVd ikVhZ ds lhusVj tsEl osc us bjkd esa
vesfjdh lSfudksa dh rSukrh lhfer djus lacakh ,d ;q&fojkskh foks;d is'k fd;k FkkA fjifCydu
ikVhZ ds lhusVj pd gst+y us Hkh bldk leFkZu fd;k Fkk] tks bjkd ;q ds dj fojks/h jgs gSaA fdarq
100 lnL;h; lhusV esa 56 ds eqdkcys 60 erksa ls ;g fo/s;d [kkfjt gks x;kA blls 'kkafr&iz;klksa dks
>Vdk yxk gSA fdarq blls ;g Hkh lkfcr gqvk gS fd 'kkafr vkSj vfgalk ds i{k esa fo'o tuer rS;kj
gksus yxk gS_ D;ksafd bl ^rqeqy dksykgy dyg esa* vfgalk gh fodYi gSA bl :i esa vkus okyh ihf<+;ksa
ds fy, egkRek xkkh izsj.kklzksr cus jgsaxsA jk"Vdfo fnudj ds 'kCnksa esa]
rw lgt 'kkafr dk nwr] euqt
ds lgt izse dk vf/dkjh
n`x esa mM+sy dj lgt 'khy
ns[krh rq>s nqfu;k lkjh A8
lanHkZ %
1- efYyd eqgEen tk;lh & in~ekor
2345678-
egkRek xkkh & vkRedFkk (lR; ds iz;ksx)

egkRek xkkh & eaxy izHkkr
vKs; & igys eSa lUukVk cqurk gw
ts- ch- iykuh & xkkh % fgt+ ykbiQ ,.M FkkSV
egkRek xkkh & vkRedFkk (lR; ds iz;ksx)
jksE;k jksyk ,.M xkkh dkWjsLikSaMsal
jke/kjh flag fnudj & ckiw
qqq
nfyr eqfDr vkanksyu esa xk/h vkSj vkEcsMdj dh Hkwfedk

fofiu dqekj f=ikBh
tkfrxr HksnHkko vkSj 'kks"k.k gt+kjksa lky ls Hkkjrh; lekt ds dyad jgs gSaA ftu yksxksa ds cy
ij laHkzkar oxZ us lq[k miHkksx fd,] mUgha dks bruk nck dj j[kk fd os xko ds Hkhrj jg u lds] vius
cuk, dq,a ls ikuh Hkj u lds] vius cuk, eafnjksa esa iwtk u dj lds] Ldwyksa esa i<+ u ldsA mudh
Nk;k rd ls v}Srokn dk c[kku djus okys cpsA 'kks"k.k bruk tcjnLr fd ejs tkuojksa ds ekal vkSj
twBu rd ij dbZ yksxksa dks xqtkjk djuk iM+kA cq ls ysdj dchj vkSj T;ksfrck iwQys o ukjk;.k xq#
rd bl vU;k; ds izfrdkj ds iz;kl Hkh gksrs jgsA 1915 esa xkkh] jaxHksn ds f[kykiQ nf{k.k vizQhdk
esa liQy jktuSfrd yM+kbZ yM+dj Hkkjr ykSVsA mUgsa tkfr] /eZ] ns'k] Hkk"kk] uLy ;k jax fdlh vk/kj
ij euq"; dk voewY;u] frjLdkj vkSj 'kks"k.k cnkZ'r ugha FkkA jktlkk dk lgkjk ikdj gh ;s fVdrs gSa]
blfy, buls eqfDr ds fy, mudh rtcht Fkh jktlkk ds pfj=k esa cnyko] HksnHkkoewyd dkuwuksa dk
izfrdkjA bl rjg xk/h us nfyr eqfDr dks vktknh vkanksyu dk vfHkUu vax cuk;kA vkfFkZd o jktuSfrd
vfHk;kuksa esa nfyr oxZ ds yksxksa dks vkxs ys yk,A
mUgksaus fganqLrku vkdj vgenkckn esa dkspjc lR;kxzg vkJe cuk;kA dqN eghuksa ds Hkhrj ,d
nfyr ifjokj dks vkJe esa 'kkfey fd;kA blls lo.kks esa [kycyh ephA pank nsus okyksa us pank can
dj nhA ij xk/h vfMx jgsA mUgksaus nfyr dh cLrh esa tkdj clus rFkk 'kkjhfjd Je ds tfj, xqtkjk
djus dh rS;kjh dj yhA mudh fu"Bk us yksxksa dh vkRek dks fgyk;kA 1917 esa mUgksaus xks/jk (xqtjkr)
esa gfjtu vkJe dh LFkkiuk dhA nkgksn esa tqykgksa dh lHkk dks lacksf/r djrs gq, mUgksaus dgk] ^vaR;t
Hkkb;ksa dks vke ukxfjdksa ls nwj [kM+k ns[kdj eq>s Hkkjh nq[k gSA eSaus fganw /eZ ls nwj [kM+k eq>s Hkkjh nq[k
gSA eSaus fganw /eZ ls jks'kuh yh gS vkSj eSa mlds mlwyksa ij pyus dh Hkjld dksf'k'k djrk gwA eSa ekurk
gw fd fcuk /eZ ds dksbZ Hkh jk"V rjDdh ugha dj ldrkA ysfdu eSa ;g Hkh ekurk gw fd fdlh [kkl
leqnk; dks Nwus dks iki ekuus esa dksbZ /eZ gSA eSa pkgrk gw fd nkgksn ds fganw bl iki ls eqDr gksaA
1924&25 esa okbdkse (Hkko.kdksj] dsjy) esa vLi`';rk ds f[kykiQ lR;kxzg gqvkA mldk
izk/;kid] HkkSfrdh foHkkx] vkbZ- vkbZ- Vh-] fnYyh A
Shodh Samvid.
ISSN 2393-980X / 13
edln Hkh nfyrksa dks ,d eafnj ds vklikl dh lM+dksa ij pyus dk gd fnykukA lR;kxzg dbZ eghus
pykA lR;kxzfg;ksa dks dbZ eghus ;kruk, nh xbA mudh vk[kksa esa pwuk isaQdk x;kA xk/hth us dgk] bl
pqukSrh dks Lohdkj fd;k tk,A lR;kxzgh vius fnekx dks Ba<+k j[ksaA gj mkstuk esa 'kkar jgs vkSj rhozre
vkx esa gkSlyk j[ksaA nfyrksa dh vktknh ds fy, dqN lkS yksxksa dh dqckZuh cM+h dher ugha gSA vkf[kj
lR;kxzg dke;kc gqvkA bl ekSds ij xk/hth us dgk] ^varr% gekjk y{; gS ml gj viaxrk dks feVkuk
tks nfyrksa ij Fkksih xbZ gS] vU; fganqvksa ij ughaA blesa eafnjksa] dqvksa vkSj Ldqyksa esa izos'k vkfn 'kkfey
gSAa *
nfyrksa ds eafnjksa vkSj dqvksa esa izos'k dk izksxzke] csxkj izFkk ds izfrdkj ds lkFk vaxzsth jkt ds
izfrdkj dk izksxzke Hkh_ D;ksafd bldk fojks/ djus okys tehankj oxSjg l'kDr oxZ vaxzsth lkk ds dkfjans
FksA LojkT; vkanksyu ds pkj LrEHk Fks & tkfr lekurk] /kfeZd lfg".kqrk] [kknh (Je) vkSj lR;kxzgA
bUgha ds tfj, nfyrksa esa jktuSfrd usr`Ro iSnk gqvkA lathoS;k vkSj txthou jke tSls usrk vkxs pydj
dkaxzsl v;{k cusA 1952 esa laln vkSj fo/kulHkkvksa esa tks nfyr yksx pqudj igqps] muesa ls vf/drj
Lora=krk lsukuh FksA xk/h ds lkeus vktknh dk y{; izeq[k Fkk ij mlds fy, gj dk;Ze mruk gh
egoiw.kZ FkkA
vkEcsMdj ds lkeus nfyr mRihM+u vkSj 'kks"k.k igyh izkFkfedrk Fkh tks vius vki esa egoiw.kZ
dke FkkA mUgksua s nfyrksa esa tkdj tehuh vkanksyu [kM+s ugha fd, (flok; pan ekSdksa ds) ij nfyr 'kks"k.k
vkSj mRihM+u ij cstksM+ lk{; vkSj rF; tek dj i<+s fy[ks oxZ esa psruk iSnk dhA lektokn vkSj LojkT;
ds izfr fu"Bk j[kus okyksa dks muls cy feykA cM+h tkfr;ksa }kjk vius pkjksa vksj [kM+s fd, x, vkHkkeaMy
;k cM+Iiu dk feFkd Hkh ,d gn rd VwVkA
xk/h vkSj vkEcsMdj ,d nwljs ds iwjd FksA iwuk iSDV dks ysdj nksuksa ds erHksnksa dh ppkZ gksrh
gSA ij nksuksa ds n`f"Vdks.k nfyrksa ds l'kDrhdj.k dks c<+kus okys FksA vaxzstksa us vke nfyrksa dk lo.kks
dks oksV dk gd ugha fn;k FkkA nfyrksa ds mHkjrs usr`Ro dks vktknh dh yM+kbZ ls vyx djus ds fy,
vxLr 1932 esa mUgksaus dE;quy vokMZ dk ,syku fd;k Fkk] ftlds rgr nfyr oxZ ds oksVj vius vyx
izfrfuf/ pqusaA xk/h dks ;g foHkktu ?kkrd ekywe iM+kA mUgksaus dgk fd nfyrksa ds fy, vkjf{kr lhVs
c<+kbZ tk,] ysfdu gj fjtoZ lhV ds fy, tks Hkh nfyr mEehnokj [kM+s gksa muesa ls ,d dks pquus ds
fy, lHkh tkfr;ksa ds yksx oksV Mkysa rkfd og izfrfuf/ lcdk gksA xk/hth us vkej.k vu'ku 'kq: fd;kA
dqN fnuksa ckn MkW- vkEcsMdj us xk/h ds er Lohdkj fd;k vkSj iwuk iSDV gqvkA blds ckn xk/hth
us tkrh; HksnHkko ds f[kykiQ yksxksa dh vkRek dks txkus ds fy, ns'kO;kih vfHk;ku pyk;kA 25 twu
dks dqN lo.kZ djiafFk;ksa us mudh dkj ij ce isaQdk ij os cp x,A
vktknh ds ckn MkW- vkEcsMdj dh v;{krk esa tks lafo/ku cuk mlesa xk/h vkSj vkEcsMdj
nksuksa ds lksp dk lekos'k gSA fiNys 68 lky esa ns'k esa tkrh; HksnHkko de gqvk gS ij vc Hkh detksj
oxks (ftuesa nfyrksa o vYila[;dksa dk izfr'kr vf/d gSA) dk rhoz 'kks"k.k tkjh gSA /kfeZd laLFkkuksa
ij laiUu lo.kks dk fu;a=k.k gS ftuesa /kfeZd }s"k us Hkh txg cuk yh gSA dbZ txg nfyrksa ds ujlagkj
Hkh gq, gSaA bls jksdus ds fy, ubZ eqfge dh t:jr gSA
qqq
xk/h vkSj vkEcsMdj % oSpkfjd fparu

vpZuk pansy
,d fons'kh os'kHkw"kk R;kxdj vk/h yaxksVh /kj.k fd,] ,d gkFk esa ykBh fy,] dej ?kM+h
yVdk, ns'k&fgr lkspus okyk vkSj nwljk dksV] iSaV] VkbZ ds lkFk tkfr ds mRFkku ds fy, dke djus
okykA ,d lo.kZ vkSj nwtk o.kZ ;qkQ gksdj Hkh vo.kZ nksuksa dh lksp esa varj rks gksuk gh gSA vktknh ds
iwoZ dh fLFkfr;k fHkUu Fkha] vkt muesa lhekrhr cnyko vk pqdk gSA
egkRek xk/h vkSj ckck lkgsc vkEcsMdj dh tUe dh lkekftd ifjfLFkfr;k ,oa /kfeZd
fo'okl vyx&vyx gSaA nksuksa dh mezksa esa Hkh dkiQh iQklyk gS blfy, lkekftd O;ogkj rFkk
ifjfLFkfr;ksa dh fHkUurk dk gksuk vk'p;Ztud ugha gSA ,d dh fLFkfr lEekutud jgh nwljs dh
viekutud ekuh xbZA ijLij fojks/h fLFkfr;ksa ds dkj.k xk/hth ij fgUnw /kfeZd ijEijkvksa ,oa Hkkjrh;
laLfr dk rFkk MkW- vkEcsMdj ij dchj dh foksgh o`fk dk Hkko iM+k gSA egkRek xk/h vkSj MkWvkEcsMdj nksuksa ds ;Ruksa dk y{; leku gksus ij Hkh Hkwfedk ,oa f;k fHkUu FkhA nksuksa egku Fks] ijUrq
,d dk ;kl ckgj ls Fkk rks nwljk Lo;aHkqkQHkksxh gksus ds dkj.k LokuqHko ls mRiUu dld ls eekZgr
gksdj ;Rujr FkkA1 O;kogkfjd jktuhfrKksa esa chloha 'krkCnh dks lokZf/d Hkkfor djus okys egkRek
xk/h ,oa ckck lkgsc vkEcsMdj gSA lu~ 1919&20 ds o"kks esa xk/h uke dh vk/h Hkkjr esa Nk xbZA
;g vk/h jkLrs esa vk;h gj pht dks vius lkFk mM+k ys xbZA LFkkfir fopkj] O;ogkj] xqV vkSj usrk lc
mM+ x,A cgqr de yksx bl vk/h ds lkeus MVs jg ldsA xk/hokn ls vHkkfor yksxksa esa vkEcsMdj
vkSj ftUuk vkrs gSaA2 nksuksa gh vHkkfor blfy, gSa fd mUgsa viuh tkfr ds mRFkku dh fpark vf/d
gS] ns'k ds mRFkku dh de vFkok jk"Vh; ,sD; dh deA
xk/hth vR;f/d vk'kkoknh rhr gksrs gSa vkSj MkW- vkEcsMdj vk'kadkoknhA xk/hth dks Hkkjrh;
lekt dh :f<+xfr tM+rk vkSj lo.kZ fgUnqvksa ds chp lektlq/kj ds dk;Z easa vkus okyh ckkkvksa dk
vuqeku Fkk blfy, vk'kk ds lkFk xk/hth us laiw.kZ Hkkjrh; lekt dks viuk dk;Z{ks=k cuk;k vkSj ckck
lkgsc vkEcsMdj us vk'kadk ds dkj.k dsoy nfyr oxZ dks eq[; :i ls viuk dk;Z{ks=k cuk;kA nksuksa
lgk;d izk/;kid ,oa v/;{k] us- lq- pa- cks- 'kk- d- egk- flouh] flouh e- iz-
Shodh Samvid.
ISSN 2393-980X / 15
ds fopkj vyx gSa &Hkkjr esa lq/kj dk;Z esa lgk;d fe=k de vkSj vkykspd vf/d gSA3 xkkhth
dk dFku gS&bZ'oj dh ik ls vLi`';rk 'kh?kz gh vrhr dk vo'ks"k cu dj jg tk,xh] D;ksafd fganqvksa
dh varjkRek tkx xbZ gSA4 vkt fLFkfr xk/hth ds opukuqlkj vf/d fufeZr rhr gksrh gSA igys
vartkZrh; fookg de gqvk djrs Fks] vc la[;k c<+ xbZ gS vkSj vLi`";rk /q/yh iM+ xbZ gSaA gk] nfyr
oxZ esa ;fn MkW- vkEcsMdj ljhs egkKkuh egkf'kf{kr gksaxs rks vkj{k.k dh lhf<+;ksa ls tks detksj fr'kr
vYiKkfu;ksa }kjk O;fkQ] lekt] ns'k dks gkfu gks jgh gS og de gksxhA
egkRek xk/h dks lHkh oxks dk lg;ksx ysus ds fy, bl ckr dk fo'ks"k ;ku juk iM+rk
Fkk fd ,d oxZ ds fgr dh ckr djrs gq, vU; oxZ dks Bsl u yxsA vU; oxZ ds fgrkFkZ dgh ckr ls
igys oxZ dks ekufld d"V u gksA xk/hth ds lkeus ns'k dh vktknh vkSj jk"Vh; ,drk gh eq y{;
FkkA os fdlh ,d i{k ds ugha gks ldrs Fks D;ksafd nfyr muds fy, ^gfjtu* ^bZ'oj ds f;* vkSj lo.kZ
fgUnw Hkkjrh; nksuksa gh leku f; Fks] tcfd vkEcsMdj ds lkeus dsoy nfyrksa dk gh i{k FkkA*5 MkWvkEcsMdj Hkkjr dh vktknh ls iwoZ lkekftd vktknh ,oa lkekftd lq/kj ds bPNqd FksA tc jk"V dks
vxzstksa ls eqkQ djkuk gS rc ,d i{kh; n`f"V ij fopkj ugha fd;k tk ldrk FkkA xk/hth vkSj
vkEcsMdj dh n`f"V esa varj ;g Fkk fd ,d us leL;k dks ij ls vkSj nwljs us leL;k dks uhps ls
nsk FkkA xk/hth fgUnw O;oLFkk dh lajpuk dks o.kZ foHkktu ls ;qkQ cuk, jus ds i{k essa Fks tcfd
MkW- vkEcsMdj leLr <kps dks lerk ds vk/kj ij foofrZr djuk pkgrs FksA6 fopkj dj nssa rks vkt
Hkh o.kZ O;oLFkk rks gS] vkxs Hkh jgsxh fdUrq vLi`';rk ugha ds cjkcj jg xbZ gS_ ysfdu lerk ds vkkkj
ij Lo;a nfyr oxZ gh p&uhp] vehj&xjhc esa cV x;k gSA fopkj.kh; ;g Hkh gS fd lekurk dk
O;ogkj djuk gS ;k lHkh dks leku cukus ds fy, lHkh bathfu;j] MkWDVj cusaA vKkr lkk us rks lalkj
,oa fr ds xq.kksa esa varj jk gS vyckk iap rRo lHkh ds lkFk leku O;ogkj jrs gSaA
vfro`f"V&vuko`f"V es ;g rF; Li"V gks tkrs gSAa fiQj Hkh egkRek th ds lekt&n'kZu dk vafre frik|
;gh ekuk tk,xk fd Hkkjr esa tkfr jfgr fgUnw lekt cusaA7 bldk mnkgj.k 1915 esa reke fojks/ksa ds
ckotwn mudk ,d nfyr ifjokj dks vius vkJe esa juk vkSj nfyr dU;k dks nkd iq=kh ds :i
esa Lohdkj fd;k tkuk gSA8
ml le; dh lkekftd ijEijkvksa esa ,slk lkgfld dne mBkuk lekt&lq/kj dk uhao dk
iRFkj FkkA lHkh dks fofnr gS fd Hkkjr fofHkUu /eks] tkfr;ksa] mitkfr;ksa] oxks vkSj lank;ksa dk ns'k gSA
sepan us blfy, ns'k dks ^fofHkUu iQwyksa dk lqanj lqxaf/r xqynLrk* dgk gSA vU; jk"Vksa ds lekt esa
bruk oSfHkUU; ugha gS ftruk fd Hkkjr esaA xk/hth dks bldk HkyhHkkfr Kku Fkk blhfy, Hkkjr dh
jktuhfrd vktknh ds lkFk mUgksaus lkekftd lq/kj dk;Ze Hkh lfEefyr fd, fdUrq bldk ms'; Hkkjr
dh vktknh ds fy, jk"Vh; ,drk dh Hkkouk dks cyorh djuk FkkA 'u ;g fd mu fLFkfr;ksa esa ns'k
lokZsifj Fkk ;k O;fkQ \
R;tsnda dqyL;kFkZs] xzkeL;kFkZs dqya R;tsr~ A
xzkea tuinL;kFkZs] vkRekFkZs i`fFkoha R;tsr~AA
Li"V gS fd lk/u ls lk; rd igqpus dk ekxZ ftruk ifo=k vkSj Li"V gksxk og mruk gh
tufgrdkjh ,oa Js"B gksxkA
MkW- vkEcsMdj dk Hkj.k&iks"k.k vesfjdk] fczVsu vkSj teZuh dh ;k=kk ds Hkko ds dkj.k if'peh
bgyksdoknh fr dk gS vkSj xk/hth Hkkjrh; fgUnw /kfeZd ijaijk ls Hkkfor lR;] ijksidkjh ,oa
ijyksdoknh fr ds gSaA LokHkkor% nksuksa esa i;kZIr i`Fkd oSpkfjd Lrj gksuk ykfteh gSA xk/hth bZ'oj
dh Jk ds lkFk pyrs gSa vkEcsMdj cqf ds rdZ ds lkFkA xk/hth dgrs gSa ;fn xko u"V gksrs gSa rks
Hkkjr u"V gks tk,xkA og Hkkjr ugha gksxk fo'o esa mldk opZLo lekIr gks tk,xkA9 vkEcsMdj dgrs
gSa& ftUgsa xkoksa ds leqnk;ksa dks ysdj bruk xoZ gS os ;g ugha ns jgs gSa fd ns'k ds vge~ eqksa vkSj
ns'k dh fu;fr essa mudk ugha ds cjkcj ;ksxnku gSA10 laHkor% oSpkfjd erHksn dk dkj.k ;g jgk gks
fd nf{k.k vhdk esa xk/h viuh ewyHkwr vfHkO;fkQ ls nwj jgs vkSj Hkkjr esa vkEcsMdj viuh ewyHkwr
oxZtkfr lEcU/h vfHkO;fkQ Hkqyk ugha lds_ gkykfd xk/hth us gh vkEcsMdj dks ekxZ fn;k &
xkkhth ds fopkjksa ,oa deZ ds dkj.k johUukFk VSxksj us êgkRek* dh mikf/ nh D;ksafd muds fopkjksa
ds Hkko ls ukfj;k 'krkfCn;ksa dh nklrk ds ckn Lo;a ds vfLrRo dks igpku dj mldk mi;ksx dj
ldhaA blh rjg vLi`';rk nwj djus dk ekxZ Hkh xk/h us gh 'kLr fd;k gSA vLi`';ksa ,oa vaR;tksa ds
fy, Lokeh n;kuan dqN ckrsa fd;k djrs Fks] nwljs yksx Hkh fd;k djrs Fks ysfdu Hkkjr esa NwvkNwr dh
tks ifr py jgh Fkh og eq[;r% xk/hth ds ;klksa ls gh gYdh iM+h-------------vLi`';rk gVkus esa vusdksa
dk gkFk jgk ysfdu xk/h th us bls ysdj tks&tks dke fd, mlls vLi`'; lekt ds jkLrs qy x,
vkSj viuk jkLrk r; djuk muds fy, vklku gks x;k xxx mUgksaus vLi`";ksa ds i{k esa vusd iQSlys
djok, ------------mu jkLrksa ds qyus ds ckn fiQj MkW- vkEcsMdj tSls yksx Hkh cM+k dke dj lds vkSj
vU; yksx Hkh dj ldsA*11 j nfyr fopkjd Mh- vkj- ukxjkt dk ekuuk gS fd xk/hth us NwvkNwr
ds 'u dks Hkkjrh; jktuhfr dh dsUh; leL;k cuk fn;k FkkA NwvkNwr dks ysdj mudk la?k"kZ vius
ifjokj ls gksdj jktuhfr ds kxa.k esa igqpk FkkA mUgksaus blds fy, nf{k.k vhdk esa dLrwjck dks Hkh
ugha c['kk FkkA xxx 13 vSy 1921] vgenkckn] lsLM Dyklst dkUsal esa dgk Fkk fd tkfy;kokyk
ckx esa fgUnqLrkfu;ksa ds lkFk ftl vekuoh; vkSj wj O;ogkj ds vkjksi ge tujy vks Mk;j ij yxkrs
gSa mlls dbZ xquk t?kU; vijk/ ge vius vNwr eku fy, x, Hkkb;ksa ds lkFk fugk;r cs'kehZ ls djrs
vk jgsa gSaA12
tc dksbZ ijk/hu ns'k fons'kh 'kklu ls jktuSfrd Lora=krk ds fy, dej dlrk gS] rks mldh
vlyh Loar=krk rHkh laHko gks ldrh gS tc blds ;Ru ek=k jktuhfr rd lhfer u jgsaA xk/hth tkurs
Fks fd ftruh fodV vkSj dfBu yM+kbZ ckgj dh gS] mlls de pqukSrh Hkjh yM+kbZ vanj dh ugha gSaA13
bl rjg xk/hth if'peh va/kuqdj.k] laosnu'kwU;rk] ijaijkoknh tM+rk] vkReghurk] nklrk] vdeZ.;rk
vkfn ls ;q djus gsrq lR;] vfgalk] ijksidkj ,oa leUo; dks gfFk;kj cukrs gSa vkSj MkW- vkEcsMdj
ns'kHkkQ gksdj Hkh frjks/ 'kfkQ dk leLr mi;ksx dsoy tkfrokn dks nwj djus esa yxkrs gSaA
usg: us fyk Fkk& ijarq tks vk'p;Ztud ckr gS fd Kk (wisdom) fopkj rFkk laLfr
ds ,d gh L=kksr ls sj.kk xzg.k djus okys bu nksuksa esa bruk lkE; gksus ds ckotwn muesa ,d nwljs ls
bruk vf/d varj Hkh gSA johUukFk vkSj xk/h tSls nks O;fkQ;ksa ds chp bruk varj fnkbZ nsuk dnkfpr
,d lk/kj.k ?kVuk gSA14 nksuksa ds chp dk fojks/ exj vifjgk;Z FkkA ;gh ckr xk/hth vkSj ckck lkgsc
vkEcsMdj ds fy, dgh tk ldrh gSA
njvly tc rd xk/hth tkfrfoghu lekt dh LFkkiuk ds v?kksf"kr fu"d"kZ rd igqps rc
Shodh Samvid.
ISSN 2393-980X / 17
rd MkW- vkEcsMdj ds eu esa fgUnw lekt ds vfM+;y vDM+ : ds fr grk'kk&fujk'kk dk Hkko

tUe ys pqdk Fkk vkSj eu esa xk/hth ds fr dM+okgV mRiUu gks xbZ FkhA blfy, os jk"Vh; Lora=krk
vkanksyu dh eq[; /kjk ls Hkh vyx gq,A vU;Fkk os ns'kHkkQ gh ugha jk"Vh; ,drk ds cy leFkZd
FksA ;g rks Hkkjrh; fgUnw lekt dh :<+xr ijaijk, gSa ftUgksaus MkaW- vkEcsMdj dks vR;ar foo'k fd;kA
ekuorkoknh] mnkjoknh ,oa O;fkQxr Lora=krk ds leFkZd vkEcsMdj dk eq[; i{k Hkkjr ds nfyrksa dk
mRFkku djuk gh Fkk blhfy, mUgksaus Hkkjrh; lafo/ku esa vusd fojks/ksa dks lgdj Hkh ukfj;ksa ,oa nfyrksa
ds fy, vf/dkj dk ko/ku jkA varj ;g gS fd xk/hth dh le>kSrsoknh&lkeatL;oknh o`fk;ksa ls
vkEcsMdj dh la?k"kZoknh Li"Vrkoknh o`fk dk esy ugha gks ldkA
D;k orZeku Lok/hu ds bl :i dh dYiuk nksuksa us dh Fkh ftlessa vkradokn] karokn]
uDlyokn] Hkk"kkokn] Hkz"Vkpkj] /ekZUrj.k] cgqjk"Vh;rk] cktk: mifuos'kokn ds lkFk tkfrokn Hkh gks \
D;k Hkkjrh; thou ewY; xk/h vkSj vkEcsMdj ds vuqlkj vkt Hkh gSa \ ;qok ih<+h bUgsa fdruk tkurh]
le>rh] fpUru djrh gS \ mudk vkd"kZ.k xk/h&vkEcsMdj ds fopkjksa esa ugha fiQYeh flrkjksa vkSj
fdsV ds fykM+h] iQS'ku esa gSA ogk ,drk utj vkrh gSaA Sj] xk/h vkSj vkEcsMdj viuh reke
fofHkUurkvksa ,oa fojks/kHkklh fpUru ds chp Hkh vius y{; ds fr iw.kZr% bZekunkj gSaA nksuksa gh uSfrdrk
ds iks"kd gSaA ekuoh; laosnuk ds /jkry ij nksuksa gh leku ûtj* vkrs gSaA ,d dks ns'k ds fr nwljs
dks tkfr&mRFkku ds fr fo'ks"k fpark FkhA ,d esa ks/ dks thrus dk vkRecy vkSj nwljs esa ks/&vkks'k
ds dkj.k euq lkfgR; dks tykus dh frf;k gSA ,d oS".ko /eZ bZ'ojoknh gS vkSj nwljk ckS /ehZ
vuh'ojoknh gSA /Ee vkSj dEe rFkk /eZ vkSj deZ nksuksa esa gSA nksuksa gh mnkjeuk] lsok ij cy nsus okys]
yksd lsod gSaA nksuksa dh tMa+s Hkkjr esa gSa vkSj nksuksa dk y{; ek=k viuh eqfkQ ugha gS cfYd os vU;
tuksa dh Hkh eqfkQ pkgrs gSaA ^cksf/lRo* vFkkZr~ ^yksddY;k.k* esa ;Ru'khy nksuksa gh O;fkQ vius&vius
{ks=k ds egkiq#"k gSaA ;fn xk/h vkSj vkEcsMdj ds fj'rs kjaHk ls gh e/qj jgrs rks 'kk;n ns'k dh vktknh
dk laxzke vkSj nfyrksa ds mRFkku ds dke esa vkSj xgjh rhozrk fnkbZ iM+rh gS tks gekjs lekt ds fy,
vko';d FkkA15
vkt foLiQksVd fLFkfr esa Hkh u rks lkekftd ,drk nsus dks feyrh gS u jk"Vh; ,drkA turk
esa pkfjf=kd mRFkku] mPpdksfV dk vuq'kklu] leLr uSfrd ln~xq.kksa dh o`fk 'kuS% 'kuS% de gksrh tk
jgh gSA tkfrokn rks 'kk;n gh dHkh lekIr gks D;ksafd dqN djiaFkh rks gj /eZ esa gSaA vkj{k.k ds dkj.k
dbZ ;qokvksa us vijk/] u'ks dk ekxZ blfy, idM+k gS D;ksafd lHkh dks leku volj ;ksX;rk ds vkkkj
ij ugha fn;k tkdj mUgsa ,l-Vh-] ,l-lh] vks-ch-lh ,oa lkekU; esa ckV fn;k tkdj vusd lqfo/k, nsdj
dbZ dks vYiKkuh ,oa vdeZ.; cuk fn;k x;k gSA ,d 'u vkSj gS tc tUe vkSj e`R;q ij euq"; dk
o'k ugh rc O;FkZ ds fooknksa esa u my>dj vius leUo;] HkkbZpkjs dh Hkkouk ls bZ'oj ds fr Jk
,oa cqf ds rdZ dks feykdj xk/hth vkSj ckck lkgsc vkEcsMdj ds fopkjksa esa leUo; djds ns'k&fgr
esa ;ksxnku djuk pkfg, u fd vyx&vyx seksa esa cVdj lekt ,oa jk"V dh ,drk dks rksM+uk pkfg,A
egkRek xk/h vkSj ckck lkgsc vkEcsMdj ds liuksa dk Hkkjr jkejkT; ,oa lekurk ds Hkko ls
Hkjk gSA bZ'oj (vKkr lkk) us viuh l`f"V&n`f"V esa lHkh dks len'khZ Hkko ls viuk;k gSA iaprRoksa dks
mnkgj.k lkeus gaSA euq"; dks ekuorkoknh /eZ viukuk pkfg,A Js"B egkiq#"k laiw.kZ lekt ,oa ns'k ds
fy, iFkn'kZd gksrs gSa gesa muds la?k"kZ vksj nkf;Ro fuoZgu dks ;ku esa jdj muds l`tu dk lEeku
dsoy ewfrZ;k cukdj ugha oju~ muds fopkjksa dks le>dj djuk mfpr gksxkA
lanHkZ %
1- 6&, nkksiar BsxM+h % MkW- ckck lkgsc vEcsMdj] yksdfgr dk'ku yu & i`"B 15
2- e/qfye;s % MkW- vEcsMdj ,d fparu] ljnkj oYyHk HkkbZ iVsy ,T;wds'ku lkslk;Vh ubZ fnYyh i`- 26
3- ckck lkgsc vEcsMdj lEiw.kZ okM~-e; .M&1 dk"ku foHkkx& lwpuk ,oa lkj.k ea=kky; Hkkjr ljdkj
ubZ fnYyh i`- 80
4- e/q fye;s % MkW- vEcsMdj thou vkSj n'kZu fdrkc?kj dk'ku] ubZ fnYyh] i`- 80
5- MkW- jktsUeksgu HkVukxj % MkW- vEcsMdj thou vkSJ n'kZu] fdrkc?kj] ubZ fnYyh] i`- 80
6- oghA
7- oh- ih- oekZ % vk/qfud Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd fpUru] Jh y{ehukjk;.k vxzoky] vkxjk] i`- 346
8- ,- ds- odhy % xk/h vEcsMdj fMLI;wV ,u ,ukfyfVdy LVMh] vk'kh"k ifCyf'kax gkml] ubZ fnYyh]
i`- 163
9- tSu ,oa iQfM+;k % Hkkjrh; 'kklu ,oa jktuhfr] lkfgR; Hkou] vkxjk] i`- 698
10- Hkxokunkl (la- -)% MkW- vEcsMdj ds fopkj] e- - fga- xz- vdk-] Hkksiky] i`- 81
11- baukFk pkS/jh & johUukFk vkSj egkRek xk/h dh Hkkjr fpark (vkys)] ledkyhu lkfgR;] lkfgR;
vdkneh] johU Hkou] ubZ fnYyh dk'ku] o"kZ&ekpZ vSy 2013] vad 166] i`- 117
12- /eZiky % xk/h th dh varnZ`f"V (vkys)] fpUru&l`tu] lEiknd % chch- dqekj] dk'kd&vkLFkk
Hkkjrh] 27@201 e;wjfcgkj] ubZ fnYyh &110096] o"kZ&9 vad 1] i`- 28
13- oghA
14- ekad 11 baukFk pkS/jh
15- eksguflag % MkW- Hkhejko vEcsMdj % O;fkQRo ds dqN igyw] yksd Hkkjrh dk'ku] bykgkckn] i`- 93
qqq
Shodh Samvid.
ISSN 2393-980X / 19
xkkh vkSj vkEcsMdj ds fopkjksa dk rqyukRed v;;u

vejthr dqekj
eksgunkl djeapn xk/h vkSj MkW Hkhejko jketh vkEcsMdj Lora=krk iwoZ Hkkjrh; jktuhfr ds
nks foijhr /qzo FksA nksuksa us vius&vius <ax ls Hkkjr dh Lokra=; iwoZ jktuhfr] lkekftd psruk vkSj
jktuhfrd fodkl dks xaHkhjrk ls izHkkfor fd;kA
xk/h vkSj vkEcsMdj ij vyx ls vusd foLr`r v;;u gq, gSa fdUrq nksuksa ds fopkjksa&dk;ks
ij vLi`';ksa dh lkekftd fLFkfr esa ifjorZu dh n`f"V ls fNViqV vkSj vkaf'kd :i ls gh dk;Z gqvk
gSA izLrkfor v;;u dk ms'; xk/h vkSj vkEcsMdj dk lexz :i ls rqyukRed foospu djuk gSA bl
v;;u esa bu nksuksa O;fDr;ksa ds thou&lanHkksZa] fopkj/kjkvksa] Lora=krk vkanksyu ds le; dh
lkekftd&jktuhfrd izf;kvksa dk fo'ys"k.k fd;k tk,xkA blds lkFk gh Lora=krk izkfIr ds ckn dh
ifjLFkfr;ksa esa bu nksuksa dh Hkwfedk oSpkfjd mkjkf/dkj vkSj nfyrksa dh vkt dh fLFkfr esa budh
izklafxdrk dh Hkh [kkstchu gksxhA
bu nksuksa us vLi`';rk dks Hkkjrh; lekt&O;oLFkk dk egkjksx ekuk vkSj bls feVkus ds fy,
ladYiiwoZd iz;Ru fd,A xk/h us dgk] ^^;fn ge Hkkjr dh vkcknh ds ikpos fgLls dks LFkk;h xqykeh
dh gkyr esa j[kuk pkgrs gSa vkSj mUgsa tku cq>dj jk"Vh; laLd`fr ds iQyksa ls oafpr j[kuk pkgrs gSa]
rks ^Lojkt* ,d vFkZghu 'kCn ek=k gksxkA**
xk/h us u fliQZ vLi`';ksa dh n'kk esa lq/kj djus ij tksj fn;k] cfYd psrkouh Hkh nh fd
^^Lojkt ikus ds ckn dh eLrh esa ;g lq/kj vlaHko gks tk,xkA** fdUrq brus iz[kj vLi`';rk fojkskh
jgrs gq, Hkh xk/h vius thou ds vafre nkSj dks NksM+dj o.kZ&O;oLFkk vkSj tkfr izFkk ds leFkZd rFkk
iz'kald jgsA
MkW vkEcsMdj us o.kZ&O;oLFkk rFkk tkfr&izFkk dk xaHkhjrk ls v;;u fd;k FkkA mUgksaus xkkh
ls dgk Hkh fd ^^gesa eafnj esa izos'k ds vkUnksyu esa fgLlk ysus ds ctk; pkrqoZ.;Z dks lekIr djus
ij tksj nsuk vko';d yxrk gSA pkrqo.Z ;Z lekIr gks tk,xk rks vLi`';rk vius vki [kRe gks tk,xhA ijUrq
'kks/kizK] jktuhfrfoKku foHkkx] iVuk fo'ofo|ky;] iVuk
fliQZ vLi`';rk dks feVkus dk iz;Ru djsxsa rks pkrqoZ.;Z O;oLFkk T;ksa&dh&R;ksa jgsxhA gekjh jk; esa
vLi`';rk pkrqoZ.;Z dk ,d vax gSA ewy ij dqBkjk?kkr gh lq/kj dk lgh ekxZ gSA**
xk/h vkSj vkEcsMdj vyx&vyx lkekftd ifjos'k ls vk, FksA xk/h tUe ls lo.kZ FksA
vkEcsMdj tUe ls vLi`'; FksA xkkh dks vius vkjafHkd thou esa fdlh rjg ds vkfFkZd vHkko vkSj
lkekftd dyad dk lkeuk ugha djuk iM+k FkkA vkEcsMdj vHkkoksa vkSj vLi`';rk ds lkFk tqM+s dyad
ls tw>rs gq, gh iys&c<+s FksA mPp f'k{kk izkIr dj ps inksa ij igqp tkus ij Hkh mUgsa ix&ix ij lo.kZ
ekrgrksa rd ds gkFkksa vieku lguk iM+k FkkA lkxj ikj djus ds fy, xkkh tkfr ls cfg"d`r t:j dj
fn, x, Fks ijUrq vLi`'; gksus ds iQyLo:i vkEcsMdj dks tks vU;k; lgus iM+s] muds lkeus ;g dqN
Hkh ugha FkkA nf{k.k vfizQdk esa vo'; gh xkkh dks ,d vyx <ax ls vLi`'; dk vuqHko gqvk FkkA
ekfjRloxZ LVs'ku ij gqbZ ftl ?kVuk ls xk/h dk dk;kdYi fd;k oSlh ?kVuk, Hkkjrh; lekt esa vLi`';ksa
ds lkFk lfn;ksa ls gksrh jgh gSA nf{k.k vfizQdk esa Hkkjrh;ksa dh fLFkfr vkSj Hkkjr esa vNwrksa dh cfLr;ksa
esa dksbZ varj ugha gS ftl rjg ls fgUnw lksprs gSa fd <s<+ksa dks Nwus ;k muds iM+ksl esa jgus ls os vifo=k
gks tk,axs] mlh rjg ls Vkaloky esa ;wjksfi;ksa dk ;g O;kogkfjd fo'okl gS fd Hkkjrh;ksa ds lkFk 'kkjhfjd
Li'kZ ;k muds utnhd jgus ls os vifo=k gks tk,axsA**
MkW vkEcsMdj dks vLi`';rk lkekftd&lkaLd`frd mkjkf/dkj ds :i esa feyh FkhA ,d ,slk
cks>] tks lSdM+kas lkyksa dh izFkk ds dkj.k vNwrksa dks <+kus k iM+rk gSA vkEcsMdj us bl vU;k;iw.kZ lkekftd
foo'krk ds fo# fonzksg fd;k vkSj iwjh 'kfDr ls bls feVkus dk iz;Ru fd;kA egkjk"V esa lekt&lqkkj
dh le` ijaijk ls vuqikz f.kr vkEcsMdj us vkjaHk esa fgUnw lekt&O;oLFkk esa lq/kj ds iz;Ru fd,_ fdUrq
vius vuqHko] v;;u vkSj fo'ys"k.k ls os bl fu"d"kZ ij igqps fd vLi`';rk fgUnw lekt&O;oLFkk dk
vfHkUu vax gSA bl lekt&O;oLFkk esa vkewy ifjorZu fd, fcuk bl vfHk'kki dks ugha feVk;k tk
ldrkA dkykarj esa bldh rkfdZd ifj.kfr /ekrj esa gqbZA
blds foijhr xk/h dk vLi`';rk fojks/ mudh laosnu'khy uSfrd psruk ls izsfjr FkkA euq";
dk euq"; ds lkFk ;g vekuqf"kd O;ogkj xk/h dh ekuoh;rk cnkZ'r ugha dj ldrh FkhA ^^ esjh jk;
esa fgUnw /eZ esa fn[kkbZ iM+us okyk vLi`';rk dk orZeku :i bZ'oj vkSj euq"; ds f[kykiQ fd;k x;k
Hk;adj vijk/ gS vkSj og ,d ,slk fo"k gS] tks fgUnw /eZ ds izk.k dks gh fu%'ks"k dj ns jgk gSA** vkjaHk
esa xk/h vLi`';rk dks fgUnw lekt dh ,d fod`fr gh ekurs Fks_ fdUrq thou ds vafre nkSj esa os ekuus
yxs Fks fd vLi`';ksa vkSj lo.kksZa esa fookgksa dks izksRlkgu nsdj gh vLi`';rk dks feVk;k tk ldsxkA mUgksaus
dgk] ^^;fn esjk cl pys rks eq>ls izHkkfor gksus okyh lHkh lo.kZ yM+fd;ks dks gfjtu ifr pquus dh
lykg nwA**
xk/h vkSj vkEcsMdj esa lekt ifjorZu esa dkuwu dh Hkwfedk ij Hkh xgjk erHksn FkkA xk/h
n;&ifjorZu ds i{k/j Fks A os dkuwu ds Mj ds ctk; uSfrd tkxj.k ls lekt&ifjorZu esa fo'okl
djrs FksA fdUrq vkEcsMdj u fliQZ vLi`';rk dks feVkus ds fy, oju vkfFkZd fo"kerkvksa dks nwj djus
ds fy, Hkh jkT; ds gLr{ksi dk leFkZu djrs FksA fgalk&vfgalk] ekuo vf/dkjksa dh O;k[;k lR;kxzg
ds Lo:i rFkk /ekrj tSls egRoiw.kZ eqksa ij vkEcsMdj vkSj xk/h esa rhoz erHksn gSA mudh izkFkfedrk,
Hkh fHkUu FkhA xk/h lekt&lq/kj ds leFkZd gksrs gq, Hkh fons'kh 'kklu ls eqfDr dks izkFkfedrk nsrs FksA
vkEcsndj dks tkfr&mUewyu ds fy, u fliQZ vaxzst ljdkj dk leFkZu ysus esa dksbZ vkifk Fkh] cfYd
Shodh Samvid.
ISSN 2393-980X / 21
os lekt lq/kj dk dk;Z iwjk gksus rd vaxzst ljdkj dks cus jgus dk Hkh izdkjkarj esa leFkZu djrs FksA
bu nksuksa dh Hkk"kk&'kSyh] fparu&iz.kkyh] fopkj vfHkO;fDr esa varj FkkA
lanHkZ %
;ax bafM;k] 25 ebZ] 1921

turk lkIrkfgd] 11 iQjojh 1933
fn flysDVsM oDlZ vkWiQ egkRek xk/h [k.M 3] i`"V 47 uothou 1968
gfjtu] 11 iQjojh 1933
gfjtu] 7 tqykbZ 1946
ljnkj] x-ck-&xk/h vkSj vEcsMdj i`-10
dhj] /uat;&MkW- vEcsMdj
iafMr ufyuh&xk/h] lUekxZ izdk'ku] fnYyh] 1993
qqq
xkkh vkSj cqfu;knh f'k{kk % ,d v;;u

vukfedk dqekjh v jktdqekj izlkn
gLrf'kYi ds ek;e ls cPpksa dh 'kkjhfjd] ckSfd ,oa uSfrd fodkl djuk gh cqfu;knh f'k{kk
dk y{; gSA dksbZ Hkh ;kstuk tks 'kSf{kd n`f"V ls lgh gS vkSj ftldk dq'ky izca/u gS] esjh n`f"V eas ;g
rHkh liQy gks ldrk gS] tc vkFkd n`f"V ls Hkh dkjxj gksA egkRek xkkh f'k{kk dks lkekftd ifjorZu
dk ,d etcwr gfFk;kj ekurs FksA blfy, mUgksaus ns'k esa ykMZ eSdkys dh vk;kfrr f'k{kk O;oLFkk dk
fojks/ djrs gq, viuh ubZ&f'k{kk uhfr dks ns'k esa ykxw djus dh odkyr dh FkhA muds vuqlkj fdrkch
Kku ;k lwpukijd Kku gh ns'k ds yksxksa ds fy, i;kZIr ugha gSA xkkh us jkstxkjksUeq[kh f'k{kk nsus ds ms';
ls gh viuh ubZ f'k{kk&ifr dk l`tu fd;k FkkA Hkkjr esa 86osa lafo/ku la'kks/u ds }kjk N% ls pkSng
o"kZ dh vk;q ds cPpksa dh f'k{kk dks ewy vf/dkj cuk fn;k x;k gSA vkt ,d vksj loZf'k{kk vfHk;ku
tSls O;kid dk;Ze py jgs gSa] rks nwljh vksj gekjh vFkZO;oLFkk Hkh ,d cM+s ifjorZu dh vksj nkSM+
jgh gSA xko ;k 'kgj vehj ;k xjhc lHkh oxks eas f'k{kk ls vis{kk, yxkrkj c<+ jgh gS vkSj cny Hkh
jgh gSA
izLrqr vkys[k esa egkRek xkkh ds cqfu;knh f'k{kk ds lanHkZ eas ppkZ dh xbZ gS vkSj orZeku le;
esa bldh izklafxdrk ij Hkh v;;u fd;k x;k gSA vkt t:jh gS fd le; dh egkk dks igpkuk tk,
vkSj ,d rdZlaxr oSKkfud f'k{kk ifr }kjk fodkl dh ;kstuk cuk;h tk,] tks le;≤ ij iui
jgh fofHkUu leL;kvksa ls eqfDr fnyk ik, vkSj fodkl dh vuojr izf;k esa lgk;d cu ldsA egkRek
xkkh dh cqfu;knh f'k{kk&uhfr dh ewy lksp Hkh 'kk;n ;gh FkkA egkRek xkkh ds rFkkdfFkr vuq;kf;;ksa
us bldh xaHkhjrk dks ugha le>k vkSj cqfu;knh f'k{kk&uhfr dh fliQZ <ksy ihVh xbZ rFkk izR;{k ;k vizR;{k
:i ls bls oLr dj nsus dh dksf'k'k Hkh dh xbZA
xkkhth dk ekuuk gS fd vaxt
sz h f'k{kk ysdj geus vius jk"V dks xqyke cuk;k gSA muds vuqlkj
djksM+ksa yksxksa dks vaxzsth dh f'k{kk nsuk mUgas xqykeh esa Mkyus tSlk gSA eSdkWys us tks vaxzsth f'k{kk ifr
MkW- vukfedk dqekjh] (LM/ISGS) ,e- ,-] ih&,p- Mh-] Lukrdkskj bfrgkl foHkkx] iVuk fo'ofo|ky;]
iVuk
MkW- jktdqekj izlkn] jktuhfr foKku foHkkx] th- ch- dkWyst] ukSxfN;k] frydk eka>h fo-fo-] Hkkxyiqj
fcgkj] e-mail : rajkumar0858@gmail.com
Shodh Samvid.
ISSN 2393-980X / 23
Hkkjr esa pyk;h] og lpeqp xqykeh dh cqfu;kn FkhA ge tkurs gSa fd vaxzst Hkkjrh;ksa dks mruh gh f'k{kk
nsuk pkgrs Fks ftlls os DydZ ds in ds fy, ;ksX;rk gkfly dj ldsa_ D;ksafd mUgsa vius jkt&dkt
pykus ds fy, ckcqvksa dh t:jr FkhA iqu% Hkkjrh;ksa dh ekufldrk dks vaxzsth f'k{kk ds ek;e ls
vuqdwy rjhds ls lkk i{k ds fgr esa cnyk tk ldrk FkkA ;g vyx ckr gS fd vaxst
z h f'k{kk ls Hkkjrh;
uo;qodksa esa iqutkZxj.k vk;kA
xkkhth ds vuqlkj ik'pkR; f'k{kk&iz.kkyh gesa lPpk balku ugha cukrhA blls Kku c<+rk gS
ysfdu laLdkj fodflr ugha gksrsA ;g ekuoh; ewY;ksa dk vknj djuk ugha fl[kkrhA xkkhth us f'k{kk
ds O;kogkfjd i{k ij cy fn;k gSA f'k{kk ds O;kogkfjd i{k esa vkpkj'kkL=k dh f'k{kk lfEefyr gSA Hkkjr
ds izkphu Ldwy esa uhfr dh f'k{kk nh tkrh FkhA ml ij tks bekjr ge [kM+h djsaxs] og fVd ldsxhA
egkRek xkkh f'k{kk dks lkekftd ifjorZu dk ,d gfFk;kj ekurs FksA blesa nks jk; ugha gS fd izkjafHkd
f'k{kk ds ckjs esa xkkhth ds fopkj ,oa okkZ lEesyu ds ckn fuer ubZ rkyhe dh ifr ds ewy flkar
vkt Hkh izklafxd gSaA bu nksuksa esa lelkef;d f'k{kk ifr dh xgjh vkykspuk ds lkFk ,d fodYi nsus
dh ps"Vk FkhA ge vkt Hkh lkekU; ljdkjh fo|ky; ds f;kdyki] f'k{k.k 'kSyh bR;kfn dh leh{kk
djsa] rks bldh detksfj;k lkiQ fn[krh gSaA lHkh ds fy, vkB lky dh f'k{kk rks nwj dh ckr gS] vktknh
ds brus lkyksa ckn Hkh gekjh ,d&frgkbZ tula[;k fuj{kj gSA xkkhth us vkxkg fd;k Fkk fd ;fn geus
ykMZ eSdkys dh vk;kfrr f'k{kk ifr ugha cnyh rks lkS o"kZ ckn Hkh lHkh dks f'kf{kr ugha dj ik;saxsA
mudh psrkouh lgh lkfcr gqbZ gSA blfy, fodYi <w<+us dh t:jr vkt Hkh mruh gh gS ftruh rc
Fkh vkSj bl laca/ esa xkkhth ds fopkj vkt Hkh mi;ksxh gksaxsA
vkt ds lanHkZ esa cqfu;knh f'k{kk ls lacaf/r dbZ loky gSa ftuesa ubZ cgl dh t:jr gSA
ikB~;p;kZ dk loky blesa izeq[k gSA cqfu;knh f'k{kk dh ewy vo/kj.kk D;k gS vkSj buesa dkSu ls rRo
vkt dh f'k{kk ifr ds fy, mi;qDr gaSA lkFk gh cqfu;knh fo|ky;ksa esa ,d vyx ikB~;e vFkok
ikB~;p;kZ dh vko';drk gS rks bldk Lo:i dSlk gksxk\
cqfu;knh f'k{kk dk ms'; gS gLrdyk ds ek;e ls cPpksa dh 'kkjhfjd] ckSfd ,oa uSfrd
fodklA cPps feV~Vh ls f[kykSuk cukuk lh[k ldrs gSa tks ckn esa u"V dj fn, tk,aA egkRek xkkh gfjtu]
6 vizSy] 1940 ds vad esa fy[krs gSa fd ekuoh; Je ,oa lalk/u dh cckZnh ;k vuko';d mi;ksx
dHkh Hkh ugha fd;k tkuk pkfg,A vius thou ds izR;sd {k.k ds lgh mi;ksx ij cy gh ukxfjdrk ds
fy, lcls vPNh f'k{kk gS vkSj lkFk&lkFk] og cqfu;knh f'k{kk dks Lokoyach cuk,xkA cqfu;kn f'k{kk esa
f'k{kk dk ek;e gLrf'kYi gS u fd ikB~;iqLrdA ;gh ugha] ;s gLrf'kYi lkekU;r% ,sls gSa tks fuEu
tkfr;ksa dh Kku iz.kkyh ij vk/kfjr gSA
cqfu;knh f'k{kk dk ewy vfHkizk; f'k{kk dks thou] deZ txr~ ,oa leqnk; ls tksM+uk Fkk] ftlds
ek;e ls mi;ksxh dkS'ky vkSj tkudkjh ds fodkl ds lkFk pfj=k dk fuekZ.k jgk gSA lh[kus ds fHkUu
rkSj&rjhds ds ek;e ls thou ls tqM+h mi;ksxh f'k{kk ikus ds lkFk cPps vPNh vknrsa lh[ksa] muesa
vkRekuq'kklu dk Hkko ,oa nkf;Ro&cks/ txs ;g t:jh gSA f'k{kk ;fn O;fDrRo dk lokxh.k fodkl gS]
rks ml fodkl esa lcls vge ckr gS uSfrdrk dk fodklA
O;fDrRo dh cqfu;knh f'k{kk eas nks rjg ls [kqykiu ykus dh t:jr gSA ;fn ,d vksj cPps dh
lgt izo`fr;ksa ds fy, vkSj txg cukdj og [kqykiu vk ldrk gS] rks nwljh vksj vkjafHkd f'k{kk dh
cqfu;kn ij fofHkUu fn'kkvksa esa vkxs c<+us dk ekxZ pkSM+k fd;k tk ldrk gSA ikB~;p;kZ ds lanHkZ eas dyk
dh f'k{kk dkiQh gn rd ennxkj gks ldrh gS vkSj nwljh vksj foKku] izkS|ksfxdh ,oa dEI;wVj dh f'k{kk
HkhA blls cqfu;knh f'k{kk dk Lo:i vius ewy :i vkSj ms'; ls dqN nwj gV tk,] ysfdu dkyp
dk mYVk ?kqekuk u rks t:jh gS] u eqefdu ghA cqfu;knh f'k{kk ds dqN vk/kjHkwr flkarksa ij le>kSrk
djuk fuLlansg okaNuh; ugha ysfdu lelkef;d lanHkZ esa xzkeh.k lekt dh vkt dh vis{kkvksa vkSj
laHkkoukvksa dk lek;kstu Hkh mruk gh t:jh gSA vktknh ds igys vkSj vktknh ds ckn dh ljdkjksa us
cqfu;knh f'k{kk dks ,d leku njfdukj fd;kA 1813 ds fczfV'k vkKk&i=k ds lkFk 'kq: gqbZ f'k{kk iz.kkyh
us 20oha lnh vkrs&vkrs lewps Hkkjr dks vius fxjr esa ys fy;kA egkRek xk/h us bl rF; dks c[kwch
idM+k vkSj Hkkjrh; jktuhfr eas vkxeu ds lkFk gh mUgksaus dgk fd f'k{kk dks Hkkjrh; Lok/hurk dk
okgd gksuk pkfg,A 22&23 vDVwcj 1937 dks o/kZ ekjokM+h f'k{kk eaMy dh jtr t;arh ds volj ij
^vf[ky Hkkjrh; f'k{kk ifj"kn~* dh cSBd vktknh ds iwoZ dh ,d egRoiw.kZ dM+h jgh gSA nks fnu pyh
bl oSpkfjd eaFku ds ifj.kkeLo:i fudy dj lkeus vkbZ] ftls ge ^cqfu;knh f'k{kk ifr* ds uke
ls tkurs gSaA vaxzstksa ds }kjk ^dkyk vaxzst* cukus ds fy, ^f'k{kk&O;oLFkk* ds fo# nwljs fodYi ds
rkSj ij 1937 ds o/kZ f'k{kk ;kstuk ls fudyh cqfu;knh f'k{kk ifr FkhA bl ifr dk fodkl jk"Vh;
vkdka{kkvksa ,oa ifjfLFkfr;ksa dks ;ku esa j[kdj fd;k x;k FkkA ôkrkoj.k ls lh[kus* ds flkar dks dsUnz
eas j[kdj cukbZ xbZ ;s f'k{kk&ifr vktknh ds le; rd] iwoZ cqfu;knh f'k{kk ls xzke fo'ofo|ky; rd
dk liQj r; dj ,d o`gr~ :i /kj.k dj pqdh FkhA iwoZ cqfu;knh f'k{kk tgk ls 7 o"kZ ls NksVs cPpksa
dh f'k{kk dh ckr djrh Fkh] ogha mkj cqfu;knh f'k{kk lkr o"khZ; cqfu;knh f'k{kk ds ckn dh dM+h Fkh
vkSj varr% xzke fo'ofo|ky; ds ek;e ls mPp f'k{kk ifr dks ,d vksj <dsyuk ,d [kkst&chu dk
fo"k; cuk gqvk gS] oks Hkh rc] tc bl 'kSf{kd flkar ds reke fuekZrk lkk ds xfy;kjksa esa viuh etcwr
idM+ cuk, gq, gSaA
vktknh ds ckn lkk ij fojkteku gksus okys yksxksa dh lksp vkSj le> czk.k laLfr ls
vksr&izksr FkhA mlesa 'kkL=k&lEer Js"Brk&cks/ Hkh dgha&u&dgha thfor FkkA czk.k laLfr vkSj muds
'kkL=kksa esa 'kkjhfjd Je dks gs; vkSj rqPN le>us ds lkFk&lkFk ?k`.kk dh n`f"V ls Hkh ns[kk tkrk jgk gSA
bl laLfr esa 'kkjhfjd Je djuk uhp vkSj vksNh tkfr;ksa dk gh dke ekuk tkrk jgk gSA /eZ iz/ku
ns'kksa esa rks 'kkL=k lEer ckrsa gh vf/d pyrh gSAa f'k{kk ds eeZ dks le>us okys f'k{kk'kkfL=k;ksa dk yxkrkj
;g ekuuk jgk gS fd og ^f'k{kk&O;oLFkk* fdlh Hkh lekt ds fy, lcls mi;qDr gksrh gS tks lkekftd
eaFku ds iQyLo:i laxfBr gqbZ gSA ,slh fLFkfr esa gksuk ;g pkfg, Fkk fd cqfu;knh f'k{kk dks jk"Vh;
f'k{kk O;oLFkk dk vk/kj cuk;k tkrkA ysfdu ,slk ugha gqvk vkSj mifuos'kokn dh uhao ds rkSj ij cukbZ
xbZ f'k{kk&O;oLFkk dks tkjh j[kk x;kA rFkkdfFkr xkkhokfn;ksa }kjk cqfu;knh f'k{kk dk <ksy ihVk tkuk
tkjh jgkA 83osa lafo/ku la'kks/u ds }kjk izkjafHkd f'k{kk dks ekSfyd vf/dkj dk Madk iwjs tksjksa ij ctk;k
tk jgk gSA vkt ns'k ds ikl f'k{kk ds bl U;wure vf/dkj dks Hkh izR;sd cPps dks miyC/ djkus dh
dksbZ ^ns'kt ;kstuk* ugha gSA
xk/hth vaxzsth f'k{kk ij tks ;g nks"kkjksi.k djrs gSa fd ;g vuhfr ,oa dqfVyrk fl[kykrh gS]
og dqN gnrd lgh gks ldrh gSA ijarq ;g cgqr dqN laLdkjksa ls lacafkr gS tks larku dks vius
ekrk&firk ls izkIr gksrk gSA xk/hth dgrs gSa fd loZizFke larkuksa dk uhfrKku iznku djuk pkfg, vkSj
Shodh Samvid.
ISSN 2393-980X / 25
mudh ekr`Hkk"kk fl[kkuk pkfg, vkSj fgUnqLrku dh ,d nwljh Hkk"kk fl[kkuh pkfg,A ckyd tc ifjiDo
gks tk, rHkh mls vaxzsth dk Kku iznku djuk pkfg,A ,slh fLFkfr esa ifjiDo fo|kFkhZ ;g p;u djus
esa liQy gksxk fd vaxzsth 'kkL=kksa esa mls D;k i<+uk pkfg, vkSj D;k ugha\ gekjh f'k{kk&iz.kkyh esa /ked
uSfrd rRoksa dk loksZifj LFkku gksuk pkfg,A
vkt cPpksa dks tks f'k{kk nh tkrh gS mldk ewy ekeyk ;g gS fd og muds O;ogkj esa dksbZ
,slk Li"V iQdZ iSnk ugha dj ikrh tks vfHkHkkodksa dks] cPpksa dks Ldwy Hkstus ds fy, izsfjr djsA tcfd
cqfu;knh f'k{kk dh iwjh vo/kj.kk gh cPps ds O;ogkj dks lq/kjus ij dsfUnzr gksrh gSA xkkhth Hkkjr esa
,d ,slh f'k{kk&ifr fodflr djuk pkgrs Fks tks ;ksX;] laLdkjh ,oa uhfrK ukxfjd rS;kj djs ,oa muds
chp eS=kh] lg;ksx ,oa ln~Hkko dk fj'rk dk;e jgsA vkt dh Hkkjr esa tks f'k{kk&ifr gS og izfrHkk
,oa fuiq.krk rks vo'; fodflr djrh gS ijarq laLdkj ,oa ewY; ugha iznku dj ikrhA ;gh dkj.k gS fd
bl ns'k ds izfrHkkoku bathfu;j] MkWDVj] oSKkfud] vkbZVh fo'ks"kK ,oa vU; f'kf{kr ;qok oxZ] viuh
lsok fons'kksa esa nsuk vf/d ilan djrs gSa vkSj os vius ns'k ,oa lekt dh vksj eqM+dj Hkh ugha ns[krsA
Hkkjr dh xjhc turk vius cPpksa dks vPNh Ldwyh f'k{kk ugha iznku dj ikrh D;ksafd ljdkjh Ldwyksa
dh gkyr vPNh ughaA ljdkj dk ekuuk gS fd f'k{kk dk vf/dkj dkuwu vc vey eas vk pqdk gS vkSj
vkus okys o"kks eas 6 ls 14 lky ds lHkh cPpksa dks eqr ,oa vfuok;Z f'k{kk feyus yxsxhA ijarq blesa
dqN O;kogkfjd dfBukb;k gSa vkSj ljdkj blls fuiVus esa yxh gqbZ gSA vkt iwjs Hkkjr esa f'k{kk ds {ks=k
esa kafrdkjh ifjorZu dh t:jr gSA
lanHkZ %
1- egkRek xk/h] fgUn&Lojkt] loZ lsok la?k izdk'ku] jkt?kkV] okjk.klh] 2006
2- xk/h] laiw.kZ xkkh ok~e;] laiknd&izdk'ku foHkkx] lwpuk ,oa izlkj.k ea=kky;] Hkkjr ljdkj] ubZ
fnYyh] [kaM&48
3- /ekZf/dkjh] pan'z ks[kj] xk/h&fopkj vkSj i;kZoj.k] loZlos k la?k izdk'ku] okjk.klh] izFke laLdj.k&2009
4- 'kY;] ;'knso] êgkRek xkkh vkSj fgUn Lojkt*] lelkef;d fpUrk,] jkdk izdk'ku] bykgkckn] 2004
5- xkkhth % ^fgUnh Lojkt* vuqoknd & ve`ryky Bkdksjnkl uk.kkoVh] loZ lsok la?k izdk'ku] jkt?kkV]
okjk.klh] 1982
qqq
;ax bafM;k ls XykscykbTM bafM;k rd

(egkRek xkkh ds 'kS{kf.kd fopkjksa dk iqujkoyksdu)
dqekjh dksey
fo'o dk dksbZ Hkh ns'k viuh laLfr vkSj ifjokZu dh ldjkRed fn'kk] ftls nwljs 'kCnksa esa
ge fodkl dgrs gSa] ds dkj.k viuh vyx vkSj fof'k"V igpku ikrk gSA laLfr ogk fuokl djus okys
O;fDr;ksa ds vkpj.k ,oa mudh ckSfdrk dh fpjlafpr fuf/ gksrh gSA vkSj ;g fuf/ izdkjkarj ls f'k{kk
}kjk v{kr cuh jgrh gSA bl ckr dk izek.k vusd ns'kksa ds bfrgkl ds iUuksa dks iyVus ij Lor% izkIr
gksrk gSA vrhr ls orZeku] Lok/hurk vkanksyu ls fo'o ds fo'kkyre ,oa liQyre yksdra=k] lektokn
ls [kqys ckt+kj dh uhfr ;k HkweaMyhdj.k rd dh bl ;k=kk dks lkekftd ljksdkjksa ls lac f'k{kk ds
fofo/ pj.kksa ds :i esa ns[ksa rks vfr'k;ksfDr ugha dgh tk,xhA
vrhr ls orZeku dh bl ;k=kk esa Hkkjr dh Hkwfe ij vusd egku izfrHkkvksa dk lekxe gqvkA
lHkh us gekjs thou ,oa lekt ds fofo/ i{kksa ij viuk ;ku dsfUnzr fd;kA blesa ,d egku izfrHkk
,sls gq, tks jktuhfrK Fks] ysfdu mudh jktuhfr esa uSfrdrk dk izHkqRo FkkA og deZ esa fo'okl j[krs
Fks fdarq muesa Kku vkSj HkfDr Hkko dk lfEeJ.k FkkA os vfgalk ds iwtkjh Fks rFkk f'k{kk dks uSfrd mRFkku
dk lk/u ekurs FksA os lq/kjd Fks vkSj lekt ds mRFkku ds fy, f'k{kk dks vko';d ekurs FksA dgus
dh vko';drk ugha gS fd bl egku foHkwfr dk uke eksgunkl djepan xk/h gSA
Hkkjr bZlk iwoZ ls gh ,d yksdrkaf=kd ns'k gSA fdlh Hkh yksdrkaf=kd ljdkj dh eq[;
izkFkfedrk f'k{kk gksrh gS_ D;ksafd f'k{kk vkSj fodkl ijLijkoyafcr gksrs gSaA fodkl ,d cgqizpkfjr vkSj
yksdfiz; vo/kj.kk gSA bldk iz;ksx ftruk vkfFkZd] lkekftd fiNM+siu dks nwj djus ds lanHkZ esa fd;k
tkrk gS] mlls dgha T;knk ,d jktuhfrd eqgkojs ds :i esaA vkt ;k lH;rk ds vkjafHkd dky ls gh
fdlh ns'k ds tulkekU; ds thou ds fofo/ igyqvksa dh rjDdh esa f'k{kk vkSj fodkl ds chp
ldjkRed fj'rk jgk gSA vr% xk/hth ds f'k{kk laca/h fopkjksa dk Hkkjrh; f'k{kk iz.kkyh ij iM+us okys
izHkko dk ,d lE;d foospu okaNuh; izrhr gksrk gSA
egkRek xk/h f'k{kk dks dks dsoy v{kjKku rd gh lhfer ugha ekurs FksA f'k{kk muds fy,
f'kf{kdk] ftyk Ldwy] lgjlk
Shodh Samvid.
ISSN 2393-980X / 27
O;fDr ds vanj ds ln~xq.kksa dks ckgj fudky dj ekuork ds fodkl dk ,d ek;e gSA
"Real education consists in drawing the best out of yorself. What better book can
there be than the book of humanity ? What better education can there be than to go, day in
and out to Harijan duarters and to regard harijans as members of one human family ? It
would be an uplifting enabling study. Mine is no narrow creed. It is one of realizing the
essential brotherhood of man"1
ik'pkR; lH;rk esa jaxs Hkkjroklh jax&:i ls Hkkjrh; gksrs gq, Hkh eu] opu ,oa deZ ls fons'kh
cu x, FksA eSdkWys egksn; Hkkjrh;ksa dks ,slh f'k{kk nsus ds i{k esa Fks] ftldh tM+sa ik'pkR; n'kZu ,oa
lkfgR; esa gks vkSj tks Hkkjrh;ksa dks viuh laLfr ls nwj ys tk,A eSdkWys us Hkkjrh; f'k{kk dh :ijs[kk
cukrs le; dgk Fkk & ^bl le; gesa ,d ,slk oxZ cukus dk iz;kl djuk pkfg, tks gekjs vkSj Hkkjrh;
turk] ftuij gedks viuk 'kklu fpjLFkk;h djuk gS] ds e; f}Hkkf"k, dk dk;Z dj ldsA Hkkjrh;
dsoy jax&:i esa gh Hkkjrh; jgs] fdarq mudk efLr"d vkpkj&fopkj] jhfr&uhfr lc jax vaxzsth esa jax
tk,A bl izdkj f'kf{kr Hkkjroklh vius n'kZu] vkn'kZ ,oa lH;rk dks Hkwy pqds FksA xk/hth us tc
Hkkjrh;ksa dh ;g fLFkfr ns[kh rks mUgksaus izpfyr f'k{kk dk fojks/ fd;k vkSj ,d u;h f'k{kk ifr dks
tUe fn;kA
xk/hth cky dsfUnzr f'k{kk ij cy nsrs FksA bUgksaus ftl f'k{kk ifr dk izfriknu fd;k mls
nLrdkjh dsfUnzr Hkh dgk tkrk gSA nLrdkjh f'k{kk dk ekxZ gS] ms'; ugha_ ms'; rks ckyd dk fodkl
gh gSA xk/hth izkfrd okrkoj.k esa f'k{kk nsus dh odkyr djrs gSa] ftlls fd ckyd dh varfuZfgr
'kfDr;ksa dk fodkl gksA nLrdkjh dks egkRek xk/h izfr ds fudV tkus dk ek;e ekurs gSaA
efLr"d dh Hkkafr gekjs gkFkksa esa Hkh dyk&dkS'ky dk fuokl gSA yacs vlsZ ls cqf dks bZ'oj
le>dj ge mldh iwtk djrs vk, gSaA mlus ge ij cM+k tqYe fd;kA gekjh 'kkfldk vkSj Lokfeuh
jgh gSA gekjh uohu lekt jpuk esa cqf gekjs vusd lsodksa esa ls ,d gksxh vkSj tks ckrsa gekjs thou
dks ljy vkSj lknk cukus okyh gks] izkfrd lqanjrkvksa dh vksj gesa [khap dj ys tk,] vius gkFk ls
dke djds mlds lgkjs vkthfodk dekus esas lgk;d gks] mls gesa xkSjokfUor djuk lh[kuk pkfg,A2
xk/hth dk f'k{kk laca/h fopkj uSfrdrk ls vk/kj izkIr djrk gSA os f'k{kk dk ms'; O;fDr
ds pfj=k dk fodkl Hkh ekurs gSaA blds fy, egkRek xk/hth cqfu;knh f'k{kk dh vo/kj.kk izLrqr djrs
gSaA cqfu;knh f'k{kk ds laca/ esa xk/hth dgrs gSa & blesa eq[; dYiuk ;g gS fd cPpksa dks tks Hkh
nLrdkjh fl[kkbZ tk,] mlds }kjk mUgsa iwjh rjg ls 'kkjhfjd] ckSfd vkSj vkfRed f'k{kk nh tk,A m|ksx
dh reke f;kvksa ds }kjk vkids cPpksa ds vanj tks Hkh vPN pht gS] ml lcdks fodflr djuk gS
vkSj vki bfrgkl] Hkwxksy rFkk xf.kr ds tks ikB fl[kk,axs] os lc ml m|ksx ls lacaf/r gksaxsA3
egkRek xk/h cqfu;knh f'k{kkvksa easa lkfgR; dk LFkku lqfuf'pr djuk pkgrs FksA os ekurs Fks fd
vkS|ksfxd f'k{kk ds lkFk lkfgR; f'k{kk ds }kjk f'k{kk nsuh pkfg,A ,slk djus ls ckyd vkS|ksfxd f'k{kk
dks ,d tyhy e'kDdr ugha le>sxk vkSj lkfgfR;d f'k{kk esa ,d u;k larks"k vkSj ubZ mi;ksfxrk vk
tk,xhA
xkkhth us viuk 'kS{kf.kd fopkj rRdkyhu Hkkjr vkSj Hkfo"; ds Hkkjr dh vko';drk ij ,d
lqfuf'pr fparu ds mijkar izLrkfor fd;k FkkA yacs le; rd mifuos'koknh 'kks"k.k ds i'pkr~ Lora=k
gq, ns'k ds fodkl ds fy, ,d fuf'pr f'k{kk O;oLFkk dh ftruh vko';drk gS mruh vkfFkZd
vkRefuHkZjrk dh vfuok;Zrk HkhA bl ckr dks egkRek xkkh le>rs FksA
;fn cpiu ls ckydksa ds n; dh o`fk;ksa dks ;ksX; fn'kk feys] mUgsa [ksrh] pj[kk vkfn
mi;ksxh dkeksa esa yxk;k tk,] ml m|ksx ds dk;nksa vkSj mlesa dke vkus okys vkStkjksa dh cukoV dh
tkudkjh djkbZ tk, rks cqf vius vki c<+sxhA blh esa lPpk vFkZ'kkL=k gSA4
egkRek xkkh us cky dsfUnzr f'k{kk izfrikfnr fd;kA mUgksaus ckyd ds ekufld] 'kkjhfjd ,oa
vk;kfRed fodkl dks f'k{kk dk y{; fu/kZfjr fd;kA f'k{kk ds lkFk mUgksaus O;kogkfjd ,oa vkfFkZd
dk;Z&dq'kyrk dks lefUor djus dk iz;Ru fd;kA xkkhth pkgrs Fks fd Hkkjr esa cPpksa ds fy, fu%'kqYd
,oa vfuok;Z f'k{kk dk izko/ku fd;k tk,A Ldwyksa dh deh dks nwj fd;k tk,A f'k{kk dk ek;e cPpksa
dh ekr`Hkk"kk dks cuk;k tk,A vkt ge ckj&ckj ftl f=kHkk"kk lw=k dk mYys[k djrs gSa mldk cht rks
xkkhth us gh cks;k FkkA f'k{kk ds lkFk&lkFk 'kkjhfjd f'k{kk Hkh ckydksa dks nh tkuh pkfg,A xkkhth
ekuo O;fDrRo ds lokxh.k fodkl dks gh f'k{kk dk y{; ekurs FksA
"By education, I mean an all round drawing out of the best man body, mind and
spirit. Literacy in not end of education nor even the beginning. It is one of the means
whereby man and women can be educated. Literacy in itself is no education."5
xkkhth vk/qfud f'k{kk esa lq/kj ykuk pkgrs FksA mudk ekuuk Fkk fd ckydksa dks f'k{kk fdlh
m|ksx ds pkjksa vksj dsfUnzr djds nh tk,A os m|ksxksa ds ;a=khdj.k ds LFkku ij mldk oSKkfudhdj.k
pkgrs FksA xkkhth ,sls m|ksx dks pquus ds i{k esa Fks tks 'kS{kf.kd vkSj vkfFkZd nksuksa n`f"V;ksa ls ykHknk;d
gksA blls ckyd f'k{kk dh lekfIr ij vkRefuHkZj gks tkrk gSA lh[kk gqvk m|ksx mldh vkthfodk dk
lkku cu tkrk gS ,oa f'k{kk lekfIr ds i'pkr~ csdkjh ;k csjkstxkjh dh leL;k mRiUu ugha gksrh gSA
vkSj fiQj m|ksx ds mRiknu ls fo|ky; dh vkfFkZd leL;k dk Hkh lekkku laHko gSA blls fo|ky;
Lo;a vkRefuHkZj laLFkku dh Js.kh esa vk tk,axAs xkkhth f'k{kk ds lkFk Lokoyacu ds vkdka{kh FksA os f'k{kk
esa m|ksx dk lekos'k djds O;fDr ds lokxh.k fodkl ds lkFk&lkFk fo|ky; ,oa lekt esa vkRefuHkZjrk
dk lkezkT; pkgrs FksA xkkhth us ,slh f'k{kk dks ego fn;k gS tks O;fDr ,oa mlds lekt dks vkRefuHkZj
cuk,A
xkkhth Hkkjr dh vf/dre tula[;k dks f'kf{kr cukuk pkgrs FksA cqfu;knh f'k{kk laiw.kZ Hkkjr
dks f'kf{kr cukus dh egrh ;kstuk izfrikfnr djrh gSA ml le; Hkkjr esa lk{kjrk cgqr de FkhA lk{kjrk
dks c<+kuk cqfu;knh f'k{kk lcls egoiw.kZ vkSj izFke dk;Z le>k x;kA xkkhth vfuok;Z vkSj fu%'kqYd
f'k{kk esa n`<+ fo'okl j[krs FksA
"I am a firm believer in the principle of free and
compulsory Primary Education for India."6
tc rd Hkkjr ijkkhu jgk] bl vksj ;ku ugha fn;k x;kA ijarq Lora=krk ds ckn bl ckr dh
ps"Vk dh xbZ fd lHkh ckyd&ckfydkvksa dks tks 6 ls 14 o"kZ dh vk;q ds gSa] mUgsa cqfu;knh f'k{kk nh
tk ldsA f'k{kk dks fu%'kqYd ,oa vfuok;Z cukus dk iz;kl fd;k tk,A f'k{kk esa fdlh u fdlh gLrf'kYi
dh f'k{kk vo'; nh tk,A Lokyacu ds igyq ij fo'ks"k ;ku fn;k tk,A f'k{kk dk ek;e ekr`Hkk"kk gks_
D;ksafd f'kf{kr Hkkjrh; ijk;h Hkk"kk ds ek;e dh Hk;adj eksguh ls ftruh tYnh NwV tk, mruk gh
Shodh Samvid.
ISSN 2393-980X / 29
muds fy, vkSj jk"V ds fy, vPNk gSA7

cqfu;knh f'k{kk esa 'kkjhfjd Je ij Hkh ;ku fn;k x;kA xkkhth ds fopkjkuqlkj 'kkjhfjd Je
ij cy nsus ls gekjs nfjnz ns'k dks nks ykHk gksaxsA igyk ykHk rks ;g gS fd ckydksa dh f'k{kk dk O;;
fudy vk,xk vkSj nwljk ;g gS fd os ,d O;olk; lh[k ysaxs tks muds Hkkoh thou esa thfodksiktZu
dk lk/u cu ldrk gSA cqfu;knh f'k{kk izR;sd izk.kh esa lgkuqHkwfr ,oa izse mRiUu djus ds flkar ij
vk/kfjr gSA ;g f'k{kk ,d ,sls lekt dh LFkkiuk dk iz;kl djrh gS tks 'kks"k.k foghu gks] ftldk vkkkj
U;k; gks vkSj ftldk ewyea=k vfgalk rFkk lR; gksA tks O;fDr dks lqlaLr dj mlds pfj=k dks uSfrdrk
dk cy iznku djsA
"I had given the top place to culture of heart or the building of character and I felt
confident that moral teaching could be given to all alike, no matter how different their ages
or up-bringing."8
xkkhth ds 'kS{kf.kd fopkj ds voyksdu ds ckn ge vkt ds 'kS{kf.kd ifjos'k ,oa f'k{k.k
ifr;ksa ij vxj ;ku nsrs gSa rks mlij egkRek xkkh ds fopkjksa dh Li"V Nk;k fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA lafokku
dk 86oka la'kksku f'k{kk dks ekSfyd vf/dkj cukrk gS vkSj 6 ls 14 o"kZ ds izR;sd cPps ds fy,
fu%'kqYd vkSj vfuok;Z f'k{kk dk izko/ku djrk gSA ftls gekjs ns'k us 1 vizSy 2010 dks Lohr fd;k
mldh odkyr egkRek xkkh 1937 esa gh dj pqds FksA vkt ds le; esa ge O;kolkf;d f'k{kk ,oa
dkS'ky fodkl dks f'k{kk ds ,d egoiw.kZ igyw ds :i esa Lohdkj dj jgs gSaA egkRek xkkh us rks dbZ
n'kd igys gh O;kolkf;d f'k{kk] dkS'ky fodkl] vfFkZd mUu;u ds vk/kj ij cqfu;knh f'k{kk izLrkfor
fd;k FkkA
ge vkt fganh dks oSf'od Lrj ij igpku fnykus ds fy, la?k"kZjr gSaA ij la?k"kZ dk vkjaHk rks
xkkhth ds fopkjksa ds }kjk gks x;k FkkA 2012 esa nf{k.k vizQhdk dh jkt/kuh tksgkUlcxZ esa fo'o fganh
lEesyu dk vk;kstu ,d foLr`r iQyd ij fd;k x;kA dbZ izLrko ikfjr fd, x,A fganh ds fodkl
ds fy, izfrcrk fn[kkbZ xbZA
vfizQdk ls Hkkjr vkSj [kkldj egkRek xkkh ds thoar laca/ksa ds lkFk gh vU; dkj.kksa ls fganh
ds izfr tks HkkoukRed izfrf;k ogk fn[kh og rks fganh dh ;k=kk dh ,sfrgkfld Fkkrh cu xbZA9
ftldh uhao egkRek xkkh us ,d lnh igys Mky nh FkhA
vkt tc ge Xykscy foyst dh ckr djrs gSa rks dgha u dgha ge xkkhth dh O;kolkf;d
f'k{kk ,oa vkfFkZd fparu ls Lor% gh lac gks tkrs gSaA vkt gekjs lekt dk Lo:i dqN ,slk gksrk tk
jgk gS fd fo|ky;ksa ds ikB~;e esa uSfrd f'k{kk ds lekos'k dh vko';drk eglwl dh tk jgh gSA
f'kf{kr csjkstxkjh ns'k ds fy, ,d tfVy leL;k curh tk jgh gSA blds lek/ku ds fy, dkS'ky
fodkl ,oa uoksUes"k dh ckr dh tk jgh gSA izR;sd O;fDr fdlh u fdlh fof'k"V {kerk ds lkFk tUe
ysrk gS vkSj mldh blh fof'k"Vrk dk fodkl] mldh varfuZfgr 'kfDr;ksa dks ckgj ykuk xkkhth f'k{kk
dk ms'; ekurs gSaA
xkkhth ,d egku kafrdkjh FksA mUgksaus ftl vksj ;ku fn;k mlh vksj ,d kafr [kM+h dj
nhA fons'kh 'kklu ds izfr mUgksaus turk dks tkx`r fd;k vkSj ,d ,slh kafr dh uhao Mkyh] ftlus Hkkjr
dks Lora=krk ds }kj ij tkdj [kM+k dj fn;kA xkkhth us ftl le; f'k{kk ds ckjs esa viuk fopkj O;Dr
fd;k ml le; rd os jktuhfrd ,oa lkekftd {ks=k esa viuk vfeV izHkko NksM+ pqds FksA vr% muds
f'k{kk laca/h fopkjksa dk Hkh vknj fd;k x;k vkSj ml ij fopkj foe'kZ vkjaHk gks x;kA okLro esa muds
fopkj Hkkjrh; ifjfLFkfr esa brus mi;qDr izrhr gksrs gSa fd mUgksaus ns'k ds f'k{kk'kkfL=k;ksa dks viuh vksj
vkdf"kZr dj fy;k vkSj os mu fopkjksa dks ,d ;kstuk dk :i nsus esa yx x,A
egkRek xkkh f'k{kk dks uSfrd mRFkku dk lk/u ekurs FksA O;fDrxr thou dh ifo=krk xkkhth
ds fy, vPNh f'k{kk ds fuekZ.k dh vko';d n'kk gSA xkkhth dh jpuk ^;ax bafM;k* (lkIrkfgd
if=kdk) ls vkt XykscykbTM bafM;k rd xkkhth ds 'kS{kf.kd fopkj f'k{kk ds {ks=k esa egoiw.kZ LFkku
j[krs gSaA mUgksaus vius le; ds Hkkjr vkSj Hkfo"; ds Hkkjr dh vko';drkvksa ij xgu fparu ds mijkar
gh vius fopkjksa dks Li"V fd;kA egkRek xkkh dk f'k{kk n'kZu vkt Hkh gekjs 'kS{kf.kd O;oLFkk dks iksf"kr
dj jgk gSA xkkhth ds le; esa Hkkjr dh tks leL;k, Fkha vkt Hkh Hkkjr mu leL;kvksa ls tw> jgk
gSA blfy, xkkhth ds fopkjksa dh vkt Hkh mruh gh vko';drk gS ftruh muds le; esa FkhA vk'k;
;g ugha gS fd gekjs lekt dk fodkl ugha gqvk gS] vk'k; ;g gS fd fodkl dh izf;k iw.kZ ugha
gqbZ gS vkSj fodkl ,d lrr pyus okyh xfr'khy izf;k gSA bl izf;k dh fujarjrk ds lkFk egkRek
xkkh ds 'kS{kf.kd fopkjksa dh fujarjrk Hkh cuh jgsxhA
lanHkZ %
1- Harijan, 30.01.1934
2- gfjtu lsod] 02-10-1937
3- gfjtu lsod] 11-06-1938
4- gfjtu ca/q] 11-04-1937
5- Harijan, 31.07.1937
6- India of My Dreams, M.K. Gandhi, Page-187.
7- lPph f'k{kk] egkRek xk/h] uothou izdk'kuA
8- Autobiography, Mahatma Gandhi, Page No. 408.
9- fganqLrku] 22-06-2015
qqq
Shodh Samvid.
ISSN 2393-980X / 31
xk/hth vkSj uSfrd f'k{kk % ,d v;;u

gfj'panz izlkn ;kno
vk/qfud Hkkjr ds jk"Vfirk egkRek xk/h fo'o ds egku foHkwfr;ksa esa ,d gSa tks dsoy Hkkjr
dh turk ds gh ugha vfirq lEiw.kZ fo'o ds ;qx iq#"k dgs tkrs gSaA muds pfj=k dh jf'e;ksa dk frfcEc
Hkkjrh; turk ds n; esa fdlh u fdlh :i esa lnSo vkyksfdr gksrk jgsxkA xk/hth ds flkUrksa dks
gh xfr dk ekin.M ekudj Hkkjr xfr ds iFk ij vxzlj gqvk gSA xk/hth ds egku vkn'kks esa vkRecy
,oa vkRekuq'kklu dh js.kk Hkkjrh; thou ds fy, ,d fnO; vuqHkwfr'khy jgh gSA xk/hth us Hkkjrh;
thou dks tks uSfrd mRd"kZ nku fd;k] og foy{k.k gSA vr% xk/hth dk thou Hkkjrh; bfrgkl dk
Lof.kZe v;k; gSA
egkRek xk/h ,d egku vk;kfRed iq#"k rFkk usrk gksus ds vfrfjkQ egku fopkjd Hkh Fks]
ftUgksaus Hkkjr esa lektokn dh LFkkiuk iYyfor dj vusd fo"k;ksa ij fu% ladksp fopkj O;kQ fd,]
tSls] jktuSfrd] lkekftd] vkfFkZd uhfr laca/h fopkjksa ds lkFk&lkFk keZ] lR;] vfgalk] f'k{kk] jk"Vokn
vkfnA os ,d egku lekt lq/kjd ds :i esa tkus tkrs gSaA thou ds lHkh {ks=kksa esa mudh egkurk
vfoLe.kh; gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd u dsoy Hkkjrokfl;ksa esa cfYd fonsf'k;ksa us Hkh mudh rqyuk fl
;qukuh nk'kZfud lqdjkr rFkk fl vesfjdk jk"Vifr vczkge fyadu ds leku egku iq#"kksa ls dh gSA
D;ksafd xk/hth us u dsoy Hkkjrh; jk"Vh; vkUnksyu esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkk;h oju~ Hkkjr dks vkfFkZd
n`f"V ls etcwr cukus vkSj vkfFkZd vlekurk ds Hksn dks de djus ds fy, vius fopkj Li"V fd,
ftlds dkj.k vkpk;Z ujsU nso us xk/hth dks vk/qfud ;qx dk ,d vf}rh; ;qx iq#"k dgk gSA
okZeku le; esa xk/hth dh dbZ vo/kj.kkvksa esa uSfrd f'k{kk laca/h vo/kj.kkvksa ij xaHkhjrk
iwoZd fopkj djus dh vko';drk gSA kphu Hkkjr esa vkJeksa] eqfLye dky esa êdrcks* ênjlksa* ,oa
fgUnqvksa dh ikB'kkykvksa esa uSfrd f'k{kk ikB;e dk vfHkUu vax FkhA vaxzstksa us Hkkjrh; f'k{kk uhfr dks
uSfrd f'k{kk ls fcYkdqy i`Fkd jkA mUgksaus jkT; }kjk lapkfyr fo|ky;ksa esa bl f'k{kk dk iw.kZ fu"ks/
fd;kA Lora=k Hkkjr us Hkh mlh uhfr dks viuk;kA fdUrq ckn eas f'k{kk laca/h fofHkUu lfefr;ksa o jk"Vh;
f'k{kk uhfr 1986 esa uSfrd f'k{kk dks f'k{kk esa LFkku fn;k x;kA ;g ekuk x;k fd uSfrd f'k{kk euq";
mikpk;Z] jktuhfr foKku foHkkx] MkW- jkeeuksgj yksfg;k Lekjd egkfo|ky;] ch- vkj- ,- fcgkj
fo'ofo|ky;] eqQ~Qjiqj A
dh vkkkjHkwr vko';drk gS blds fcuk mls euq"; ugha cuk;k tk ldrkA vr% fo|ky;ksa esa uSfrd f'k{kk
dh O;oLFkk vfuok;Z :i ls gksuh pkfg,A uSfrd f'k{kk ds vFkZ dks tkuus ds fy, loZFke ûSfrd*
'kCn dk vFkZ Kkr djuk vko';d gSA uSfrd 'kCn laLr ds ûh* kkrq ls fufeZr gqvk gS] ftldk vFkZ
gS& ys pyuk vFkkZr~ Loa; dks lkekftd O;ogkjksa] laLfr rFkk ijaijkvksa ds vuqlkj ys pyukA lkekftd
uhfr ds vuqlkj gh vkpj.k djuk uSfrdrk gSA vr% dgk tk ldrk gS fd tks f'k{kk lkekftd uhfr;ksa
ds vuqlkj vkpj.k djus dh f'k{kk ns] ogh uSfrd f'k{kk gSA
uSfrd f'k{kk ds laca/ esa fofHkUu fopkjdksa ds fofHkUu er gSA k;% uSfrdrk dk laca/ euq";
ds vuqHkoksa ls jgrk gS blfy, cPpksa dks uSfrdrk dh kfIr vius rFkk cMs+ yksxksa ds vuqHko ls gksrh
gSA uSfrd ckrsa mu vkpj.k ifr;ksa dks cksf/r djrh gS] ftUgsa euq";ksa us 'krkfCn;ksa ls vU; euq";ksa ds
lgokl esa fodflr fd, gSa vkSj ftlls euq";ksa dk dY;k.k gqvk gSA egkRek xk/h ds vuqlkj& fdlh
dk;Z dks djus esa mls viuk dkZO; le> dj muds fr lrZdrk tkfgj djuk gh uSfrdrk gSA vr,o
uSfrd f'k{kk ekuo f;k dykiksa ij vk/kfjr og vkH;arfjd f'k{kk gS tks ckydksa esa lkekftd fu;eksa
rFkk Fkkvksa ds vuqdwy vkpj.kksa dks lgstrh gqbZ muesa lR;] U;k;] /eZ] ijksidkj] la;e] /S;Z] lkgp;Z
bR;kfn lnxq.kksa o ln~Hkkoukvksa dk fodkl lkekftd ,oa vkfRed vuqHko dh i`"BHkwfe esa fd;k djrh
gSA O;fkQ dk lkekftd vkSj oS;fkQd fodkl uSfrdrk ij fuHkZj djrk gSA ;g >xM+k gM+rky ,oa {kfr
dks nwj dj ,drk] 'kkafr ,oa vkuUn dk lapkj djrh gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd uSfrdrk dh ftruh vko';drk
bl oSKkfud ;qx esa gS mruh kphu dky esa ugha FkhA
xk/hth ds vuqlkj ,d cM+s ojnku dh ckr gS fd O;fkQ dks ,d /kfeZd xq# fey tkrk gS
ijUrq eu dh 'kkafr Re gksus ij uSfrdrk ij vk{ksi gksrk gSA bPNk] }s"k] bZ";kZ] bR;kfn nqxZq.kksa ls v'kkar
eu dks 'kkafre; cukus ds fy, uSfrd f'k{kk dh vfuok;Zrk gSA xk/hth us czp;Z lR; vkSj vfgalk dks
lgstrs gq, fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds pfj=k gsrq uSfrd f'k{kk dh vko';drk ij cy fn;kA vr,oa pfj=k fuekZ.k ds
fy, mins'k ds lkFk lnkpj.k dk gksuk vko';d gS tks uSfrd f'k{kk ls laHko gSA
Hkkjr easa pfyr okZeku f'k{kk ifr ls fo|kfFkZ;ksa dk ckSfd fodkl gksrk gS fdUrq vkfRed
fodkl :d tkrk gSA os lkSgknZ] se] n;k] ijksidkj vkfn vkfRed xq.kksa ls vifjfpr jg tkrs gaSA vr%
vkt ukStokukas ds fy, vkRe fodkl dh vko';drk gS ftldh iwfrZ uSfrd f'k{kk esa gh laHko gSA ckSfd
f'k{kk vkSj vkfFkZd vlekurk ds dkj.k vkt uSfrd laosxkRed fodkl :d lk x;k gSA vkfFkZd fo"kerk
dks nwj djus ds fy, rFkk ckSfd f'k{kk dks thoar cuk, jus ds fy, uSfrd f'k{kk vR;f/d vko';d
gSA
:lksa ckydksa dks uSfrd f'k{kk nsus ds fojks/h FksA os vuqlkj ckydksa dkss fu"ks/kRed f'k{kk nku
djus ds i{k esa FksA :lksa ds vuqlkj ckydksa dks bl voLFkk esa mUgsa uSfrd] ckSfd ,oa lkekftd f'k{kk
nku ugha djuh pkfg,A ;|fi :lksa us 'kS'kokoLFkk esa uSfrd f'k{kk nsus ls bUdkj fd;k] fdUrq
fd'kksjkoLFkk esa ckydksa dks uSfrd ,oa lkekftd f'k{kk nku djuk vko';d le>k_ D;ksfa d bl voLFkk
esa ckydksa ds 'kkjhfjd] ekufld ,oa /uktZu {kerk c<+ tkrh gSA muesa lgkuqHkwfr o ln~Hkkouk dk
knqHkkZo gksus yxrk gSA vkt lekt esa vuq'kklughurk] Hkz"Vkpkj vjktdrk] dkO;Zghurk] vf'k"Vrk tSls
voxq.k gks x, gSA bu voxq.kksa dks uSfrd f'k{kk }kjk gh Re fd;k tk ldrk gSA Hkkjr esa dbZ /eks dk
laxe gS ftudh vyx&vyx ekU;rk, ,oa vU/fo'okl gSA ,slh fLFkfr esa vusdrk esa ,drk dh Hkkouk
ds fodkl gsrq uSfrd f'k{kk ijeko';d gSA vkt fo'o esa 'kkafr LFkkiuk gsrq vUrjkZ"V; ln~Hkkouk dk
Shodh Samvid.
ISSN 2393-980X / 33
fodkl vko';d gS tks uSfrd f'k{kk ls gh laHko gSA

uSfrd f'k{kk dk eq[; ms'; fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa dkZO; ,oa vf/dkj dh Hkkouk dk fodkl djuk]
fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa thou ewY;ksa ds fr vkLFkk tkx`r djuk] muesa vkRe la;e ,oa fu;ferrk dk Hkko fodflr
djuk] fo|kfFkZ;ksa eas lsok ,oa ijksidkj dh Hkkouk dk fodkl djuk rFkk ktkrkf=kad ewY;ksa dk fodkl
djuk gSA
fo|ky; esa uSfrd f'k{kk R;{k o vR;{k nks dkj ls nh tk ldrh gSA R;{k fof/ ls f'k{kd
}kjk uSfrd dgkfu;ksa o ?kVukvksa dks lqukukA le; rkfydk ls uSfrd f'k{kk ds fy, ?k.Vs fu/kZfjr djukA
fo|kfFkZ;ksa vkSj f'k{kd ls uSfrd fo"k;ksa ij fopkj&foe'kZ vkSj Nk=kksa esa le> mRiUu gksus okyh uSfrd
leL;kvksa ds lEcU/ esa f'k{kd }kjk mudk iFk n'kZu fd;k tk;A f'k{kd }kjk Nk=kksa dks uSfrd o
lkekftd ewY;ksa dh f'k{kk nsukA f'k{kd }kjk fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks egku vkSj lkekftd usrkvksa dh thofu;k
vkSj vkRedFkk, lqukukA
vR;{k fof/ }kjk f'k{k.k laLFkkvksa esa dqN feuV fpUru ds ckn dk;Z vkjEHk gksuk pkfg,A
fofHkUu f'k{kkfonksa dk ekuuk gS fd fo|ky; dk dk;Z vkjEHk gksus ls iwoZ kr% dkyhu lHkk dk vk;kstu
fd;k tkuk pkfg,A bl lHkk esa fo|ky; ds lHkh Nk=k lkewfgd :i ls mikluk djs rks muesa uSfrd
ewY;ksa o lkekftd ewY;ksa dk fodkl gksrk jgsxkA
fo|ky; ds lkeqnkf;d thou dks uSfrd f'k{kk nsus dk egRoiw.kZ lk/u cuk;k tk ldrk gSA
f'k{kd vkSj fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks vius ikjLifjd laca/ksa] uSfrd fu;eksa dk ;ksx djus vkSj lhus dk lqugkjk
volj feyrk gSA blds vUrxZr i;ZVu] lekt lsok] dk;Z vuqHko bR;kfn dk;kZs esa fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks
lfEeyr dj mUgsa uSfrdrk laca/h O;kogkfjd Kku nku fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
fo|ky; esa fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks lekftd okrkoj.k mRiUu djds uSfrd f'k{kk nh tk ldrh gSA
vFkkZr~ fo|ky; esa lHkk lkslk;Vh nqdku] ;ksx'kkyk,] sy bR;kfn dh O;oLFkk dj Nk=kksa esa se]
lg;ksx] dkZO; ,oa vf/dkj dh Hkkouk mRiUu djuh pkfg,A bl dkj mi;ZqkQ R;{k o vR;{k
fofk;ksa }kjk fo|ky;ksa esa uSfrd f'k{kk nku dh tk ldrh gSA fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa uSfrd f'k{kk ds }kjk
turkaf=kd xq.kkas dk fodkl ljyrk ls fd;k tk ldrk gSA var esa fu"d"kZ :i esa dgk tk ldrk gS fd
uSfrd f'k{kk dks fo|ky;h f'k{kk dk vfHkUu vax ekuk tkuk pkfg,] D;ksafd uSfrd f'k{kk ds fcuk
fo|kfFkZ;ksa dk lokxh.k fodkl ugha gks ldrkA vr% dgk tk ldrk gS fd fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds lokxh.k fodkl
gsrq uSfrd f'k{kk nku djuk ije vko';d gSA
lanHkZ %
(1) ekDlZ ,.M ,sfUtyl iQsfMd] esuhiQqqLVks vkWiQ dE;qfuLV ikVhZ lsysDVsM oDlZ] .M&1 ekLdksa] iQkjuys
st ifCyf'kax gkml] & 1951] 63
(2) mifjor~] i`- 42(3) xk/h] ,e- ds-] fgUnLojkT;
(4) jko] ch- ds-] if'peh lektokn dk xk/hoknh fodYi] fnYyh] lkfgR; eaMy dk'ku] 1970] i`- 13
(5) mifjor~] i`- 59
(6) lkn] vkj-] xk/hokn] lektokn (,d rqyukRed v;;u) bykgkckn] fgUnh dk'ku eafnj] 1953]
i`- la- 1134 @ 'kks/k lafon] vad 3 ,oa 4] tqykbZ 2015] tuojh 2016
(7) jk;] ,e- ,u- Û;w vksfj;sUVs'ku*] nsgyh] vtUrk] 1946] i`- 44
(8) jk;] ,e- ,u- Û;q g;qekfuTe* nsgyh vtUrk 1990] i`- la- 21(9) dsyk] ch- lekt jpuk lokZsn; n`f"V ls bykgkckn] Hkkjrh; jkU/ekrk 1955] i`- la- 63
(10) jkW;] ,e- ,u- lkbUl ,.M fiQykliQh] dydkk juklk] 1946] i`- la- 205(11) egkRek xk/h] ;ax bf.M;k] 2&7&31(12) egkRek xk/h] ;ax bf.M;k] 1&8&29(13) /kou th lokZsn; rRo n'kZu] vgenkokn] uothou] 1963] 325(14) egkRek xk/h] ;ax bf.M;k] 26&11&31(15) egkRek xk/h] gfjtu] 12&11&38(16) oekZ] oh- ih- iksfyfVDl fiQykldh vkWiQ egkRek xk/h ,.M lokZsn; vkxjk] y{eh ukjk;.k ifCyds'ku]
1959] i- la- 50-
qqq
Shodh Samvid.
ISSN 2393-980X / 35
HkkjrsUnq dh if=kdkvksa esa Hkk"kkbZ psruk

txeksgu flag
Hkk"kk og ek;e vFkok lk/u gS] ftlds }kjk ge tu&tu rd vius fopkjksa dk vknku nku
djrs gSaA ekuo dks lEeku vkSj ;'k dh kfIr Hkk"kk ds dkj.k gh gksrh gSA og lgt Hkk"kk dk ;ksx dj
lqlaLr Hkh curk gSA fdlh Hkh Hkk"kk dh jpuk lkekU; ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa ugha gksrh gSA Hkk"kk dk tUe gh
ifjorZuksa esa gksrk gS ,oa ifjorZuksa ds lkFk gh og fodflr voLFkk esa igqprh gSA tc&tc u, lekt
esa fodkl dh ubZ ifjfLFkfr;k iSnk gksrh gSa] ubZ ?kVuk, eqg ck, M+h gksrh gS rc mUgsa vfHkO;kQ djus
ds fy, ubZ Hkk"kk dh vko';drk eglwl dh tkrh gSA ubZ 'kCnkoyh dh vko';drk Hkh eglwl gksrh
gSA pwfd i=k&if=kdkvksa dk lh/k lEcU/ vke turk ls gksrk gS] blh dkj.k Hkk"kk esa cnyko loZFke
lekpkj i=kksa }kjk eglwl dh tkrh gSA Hkk"kk dh jpuk esa ;g ges'kk nsk tkrk gS fd dqN u, 'kCn fdlh
?kVuk }kjk mRiUu gksdj vfLrRo esa vkrs gSa] ijUrq tSls gh ml ?kVuke dh ppkZ lekIr gksrh gS os 'kCn
Hkh yqIr k;% gks tkrs gSaA i=k&if=kdkvksa }kjk fn, x,s 'kCnksa dh mez cgqr de gksrh gSA dqN rks fpjdky
rd vfLrRo cukus esa liQy gks tkrs gSa vkSj dqN vYi le; ds i'pkr~ gh lekIr gks tkrs gSAa dHkh&dHkh
nsk tkrk gS fd os yqIr 'kCn fiQj vpkud ls vfLrRo esa vk tkrs gSaA
HkkjrsUnq ;qx esa fgUnh Hkk"kk vius vfLrRo ds fy, yM+ jgh FkhA ,d vksj fgUnh&mnZw dk
>xM+k Fkk rks nwljh vksj vaxzsft;r us viuk dgj <k;k gqvk FkkA ;qok&oxZ dh fLFkfr lcls vf/d
ladVe; FkhA os vaxzsth i<+ vaxzsft;r ds Hkko ls xzLr gksrs tk jgs FksA muesa viuh Hkk"kk (fgUnh) ds
fr ghu Hkkouk mRiUu gksus yxh FkhA pkjksa vksj vHkko gh vHkko vkSj va/sjk gh va/sjk Nk;k FkkA fgUnh
dks fdl rjg vkxs c<+k;k tk, vkSj bl vHkko dh iwfrZ dSls dh tk, bl ij fopkj&foe'kZ py jgk
FkkA ml le; fyus vkSj i<+us lHkh txg iQkjlh dk pyu FkkA fgUnh dh fLFkfr n;uh; Fkh] mlds
fy, dksbZ txg ugha Fkk vkSj uk gh mldk dksbZ loZekU; :i gh fLFkj gks ik;k Fkk] ;fn ;g dgk
tk; fd ml le; fgUnh ds fy, vikr dky Fkk] rks vR;qfkQ ugha gksxh1 ogha mnZw dks dpgfj;ksa esa
ekU;rk fey pqdh FkhA bldh ?kqliSB lHkh txg tkjh FkhA f'k{kk&fn{kk] pkj&lkj lHkh txg mnZw
dk cksyckyk c<+ jgk FkkA cztjRu nkl dgrs gSa] ml le; fgUnh ,d ,sls pkSjkgs ij M+h Fkh] ftlesa
'kks/kizK] fganh Hkou] fo'oHkkjrh] 'kkafrfudsru] ohjHkwe] if'pe caxky A
,d ij mldh lgksnjk, & cxyk vkSj xqtjrh] ejkBh vkfn vxzlj gks jgh Fkha vkSj nwljh vksj mlh dh
iq=kh mnZw] mldk lkFk NksM+ fons'kh; iQkjlh] vjch ifj/ku ifgj vkSj ekrk dks iq=kh cukus ds nkos ds
lkFk vkxs c<+ jgh FkhA ,d ij fgUnh viuk vyx vfLrRo cuk, gq, vius ifjokj ds lkFk j ldrh
Fkh vkSj nwljs ij p<+dj viuk vfLrRo iw.kZ :i ls feVk ldrh FkhA2 bruk gh ugha HkkjrsUnq&;qx esa
Hkkjrh; thou ,d vksj kphu kl'khy ijEijk ls mcjus dh dksf'k'k dj jgk Fkk rks nwljh vksj vaxzsth
vkf/iR; ds f'kdats fujarj dlrs tk jgs FksA ,sls fodV le; esa HkkjrsUnq gfj'pU us tuekul esa fgUnh
Hkk"kk ds fr yyd txkdj uotkxj.k dk 'kaukn fd;kA mUgksaus fgUnh Hkk"kk viukus dh ckr dgh ,oa
vaxzstksa dh vaxzsth vkSj eqxyksa dh vjch&iQkjlh fefJr Hkk"kk ls yksgk ysdj fgUnh Hkk"kk ds pkj&lkj
esa vius vki dks lefiZr dj fn;kA HkkjrsUnq gfj'pU us Hkk"kk dh tM+rk lekIr djus ds fy, i=k &
if=kdkvksa dks ek;e cuk;kA dguk gksxk fd fgUnh Hkk"kk ds pkj&lkj] fodkl ,oa ifjektZu esa HkkjrsUnq
dh i=k&if=kdkvksa us egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ FkhA eq[;r% fgUnh x| ds vH;qFkku dh sj.kk lekpkj
i=kksa ls gh kIr gqbZ3 Fkh ftuesa HkkjrsUnq dh i=k&if=kdkvksa dk fo'ks"k ;ksxnku gSA
fgUnh x| ds fodkl esa ^dfoopulq/k* dh Hkwfedk vfoLej.kh; gSA ^dfoopulq/k* ds
vkfoHkkZo dky rd M+h cksyh esa x| jpuk ds fy, mlds cztjaftr] iqohZiu ls ;qkQ] tupfyr]
laLrfu"B rFkk vjch & iQkjlh lai`kQ :i ;qkQ fd;s tk jgs FksA4 i| esa Hkh cztHkk"kk dk ;ksx vHkh
rd pyu esa Fkk] fdUrq dqN dkO; M+hcksyh esa fyk tkus yxk FkkA dkO; esa M+hcksyh ds iwV Hkh
vkus yxs FksA nwljh rjiQ ^dfoopulq/k* ds laiknd HkkjrsUnq gfj'pU us 12 dkj dh 'kSfy;ksa ds
mnkgj.k Lrqr dj fgUnh Hkk"kk dks 'kq :i esa fyus ds ;ksX; cuk;kA bl dkj dh 'kSyh ;ksx esa
laLr ds 'kCn cgqr FkksMs+ gksrs Fks vkSj fgUnh Hkk"kk fgUnh 'kCnkoyh ls ;qkQ gksdj fyh tkrh FkhA HkkjrsUnq
gfj'pU us ftruh Hkh if=kdk, fudkyha muesa lk/kj.k cksypky dh Hkk"kk dks viuk;k] mUgksaus u rks
laLr 'kCnksa dh Hkjekj dh vkSj u vjch] iQkjlh 'kCnksa dk cfg"dkj gh fd;kA5 bl rjg Hkk"kk esa ,d
lkeatL; dh fLFkfr mRiUu dj mlds :i dk xBu lqfu;ksftr rjhds ls fd;k x;kA ml le; laLr
ds 'kCn vkus ij Hkh Hkk"kk dk lgt cus jguk] iQkjlh&vjch ds 'kCn vkus ij Hkh lkFk&lkFk mnZwiu u
vkuk fgUnh dh LorU=k lkk dk ek.k gSA ;gh :i ^dfoopulq/k* esa ifjyf{kr gksrk gSA if=kdk esa
Hkk"kk lgt gqvk djrh Fkh tks vke tuekul ds utnhd dh Hkk"kk yxrh gSA bl Hkk"kk esa Hkkoksa dks O;kQ
djus dh vnHkqr {kerk FkhA fuEufyfr mj.k ls i=k dh Hkk"kk dks le>k tk ldrk gS] xr cq<+ok
eaxy esa ,d ckr ,slh viwoZ gqbZ Fkh] loZnk Lej.k jgS] og ;g fd 'kq ds fnu ok;q bl osx ls cgrh
Fkh fd mlus lc esyk b/j&m/j dj fn;k vkSj jkeuxj ds uhps ukoksa dk igqpuk vlaHko gks x;kA oju
Jh egkjkt fot;uxj ds dPNs blh ikj jg x,A ijUrq Jh egkjkt dk'khjkt us tc nsk fd dPNs vkxs
ugha gVrs rc vius gkfFkvksa dks cqyok HkstkA vkKk gksrs gh cM+s&cM+s erax uax /M+ax >wers gq, ,d lax
xaxk th esa gy x,A dksbZ rks vius nkrksa ls nckrk Fkk vkSj dksbZ flj ls Bksdj nsrk Fkk vkSj dksbZ iqsdk
cy yxkrk Fkk vkSj dksbZ nkrks ls dPNksa dh dksj idM+dj haprk FkkA funku ;g dkSrqd vkSj 'kksHkk nsus
ds gh ;ksX; Fkh] fyh ugha tk ldrhA6 ^dfoopulq/k* if=kdk esa laiknd us mnZw&fgUnh fookn dks
lqy>kus dk Hkjld ;kl fd;k FkkA laiknd dk dguk Fkk fd mnZw vkSj fgUnh Hkk"kk nksuksa gh ,d gS]
fiQj D;ksa vkil esa }Un gSA ^dfoopulq/k* ds 8 flrEcj] 1873 bZ- ds vad esa HkkjrsUnq gfj'pU fyrs
gSa] fgUnh vkSj mnZw esa vUrj D;k gS \ ge fcuk ladksp ds mkj nsrs gSa fd Hkk"kkvksa esa dqN vUrj ugha
gS] D;ksafd O;kdj.k dh foHkfkQ;k vkSj fu;e nksuksa ds ,d gSaA ij vUrj bruk gh gS fd fgUnh esa ftlds
Shodh Samvid.
ISSN 2393-980X / 37
fy, fgUnh 'kCn ugha feyrk ogk laLr 'kCn dke esa vkrs gSa vkSj mnZw esa lgt fgUnh 'kCn gksus ij
Hkh rFkk tgk 'kCn ugha feyrs ogk rks vo'; vjch&iQkjlh ds 'kCn fys tkrs gSa7 bl rjg HkkjrsUnq
gfj'pU us mnZw&fgUnh esa esy djkdj ml ;qx esa py jgs Hkk"kk&fookn dks lqy>kus dk ;kl fd;k FkkA
if=kdk esa ^Hk;s* :i dk O;ogkj Hkh cgqr gksrk Fkk] fdUrq blls Hkk"kk esa lgtrk ugha VwVus ikbZ FkhA mj.k
gS] ;gk dh egkjkuh dh ikB'kkyk esa ,d ckcw fxjsUeksgu ukesa egk'k; yk vFkkZr uhfr dh f'k{kk nsus
dks fu;r Hk;s gSa8
^dfoopulq/k* esa HkkjrsUnq gfj'pU us okjk.klh dh cksfy;ksa dk mj.k Lrqr dj Hkk"kk esa vk
jgs cnyko dks turk ds le{k jkA ml ;qx esa Hkkstiqjh ds lkFk gh vU;&vU; tuinh; cksfy;ksa ds
vk[;krk ,d txg gksdj vius cksyus ds fy, fgUnh dks gh O;ogkj esa ykrs FksA if=kdk esa HkkjrsUnq fyrs
gSa] bl cukjl esa tks cukjl ds iqjkus jgus okys gSa muds ?kj esa fofp=k&fofp=k cksfy;k cksyh tkrh
gSa oSlk iqjfo;ksa dh cksyh vkbyk o xbyk fl gh gSA ijUrq ;gk ds iqjkus fuoklh dlsjs yksx ckV 'kCn
dk cgqr ;ksx djrs gSa] tSls ^vkorgb* ds LFkku ij ^vkor ckVh* dk djr gkSo] dk djy ! ds LFkku
ij ^dk djr ckV* ! ok ok Vksok okV !9 laiknd us if=kdk esa tuinh; cksfy;ksa rFkk uxjksa esa dh tk
jgh Hkk"kk dk f'k"V :i nSfud thou dh fy, Lrqr vo'; fd;k] fdUrq mls f=kerk dk ckuk vks<+us
ugha fn;k vkSj Hkkjrh; tuekul dks fgUnh Hkk"kk esa vk jgs ifjorZu dks fnykdj uotkxj.k dk lans'k
fn;kA
fgUnh Hkk"kk dks ektus vkSj laLdkfjr djus esa ^gfj'pU eSxthu* dk Hkh egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku gSA
fgUnh dks u;s pky esa <kyus dh ckr loZFke blh if=kdk esa dgh xbZ FkhA bl if=kdk dk egRo blfy,
Hkh gS fd fgUnh x| dk Bhd ifj"r :i (dfoopulq/k ds ckn) blh esa Lrqr gqvkA ftl I;kjh
fgUnh dks ns'k us viuh foHkwfr le>k] ftldks turk us mRdaBkiwoZd nkSM+dj viuk;k] mldk n'kZu blh
if=kdk esa gqvkA10 HkkjrsUnq gfj'pU us igys vad esa gh fgUnh Hkk"kk ij ,d ys vaxzsth esa dkf'kr
dj fgUnh Hkk"kk dk ms'; vkSj :i fu/kZfjr djus dk ;kl fd;k FkkA ys dk va'k gS] gekjh Hkk"kk
dk Fke ms'; fopkjksa dks loZtu fgrk; r vkSj ljy <ax ls dV djuk gh gSA ,slk Hkh ,d fujis{k
lkeatL; gS tks euekuh Hkjrh ds vjch&iQkjlh ;ksxksa vkSj 'kCnksa ls mruk gh fopkj&oSeuL; jrk gS
ftruk laLr dh rRle 'kCnkoyh ls11 bldk ;g eryc ugha Fkk fd if=kdk vaxzsth Hkk"kk dk leFkZu
dj jgh FkhA njvly vaxzstksa dh vlfy;r mtkxj dj vaxzsft;r ds nq"Hkko ls tuekul dks cpkuk
Fkk vkSj fgUnh Hkk"kk ds egRo dks tuekul ds lkeus juk Fkk | blh dkj.k i=k dh Hkk"kk vaxzsth] fgUnh
vkSj mnZw fefJr gksrh Fkh vkSj ms'; fgUnh Hkk"kk dks mPp LFkku ij igqpkuk FkkA HkkjrsUnq gfj'pU
^gfj'pU eSxthu* esa 'kCnksa ds peRdkj ds n'kZu fdl rjg djokrs Fks] 1874 bZ- ds mj.k ls nsk
tk ldrk gS] xehZ esa thrs gh thrs lc futhZo gks tkrs gSaA thou dsoy thou esa vk ldrk gSA12
Hkk"kk dk vkSj ,d mj.k gS] f"k us dgk fd fu%lansg bldh dFkk m}sxtud gS ijUrq FkksM+s le;
esa lekIr ugha gks ldrh] vc la;k gksrh gS eq>s Luku djuk gS vkSj rqe yksxksa dk Hkh nsokpZu dk le;
gks x;k_ vkgkjkfn fuR; f;k lekIr djds fuf'pr gksdj cSBks rks eSa mldk vk|ksikar o.kZu d:aA f"k
dh ;g ckr lqu dj eqfudqekj lc Luku iwtk vkfn deks esa fu;qkQ gq,A13Hkk"kk dks mnZiw u ls ,oa laLr]
vaxzsth ds 'kCnksa ls fdl rjg cpkus dk ;kl fd;k tk jgk Fkk] ljkguh; gSA laLr ds 'kCn tks gSa
Hkh mls fgUnh ds 'kCnksa ds vuqlkj <ky fy;k x;k gSA blh rjg HkkjrsUnq&;qx esa i| dh Hkk"kk esa Hkh
M+hcksyh fgUnh ds ;ksx kjEHk gks pqds Fks] fdUrq mls 'kq M+hcksyh u dg cztHkk"kk fefJr fgUnh
M+hcksyh dguk mfpr gksxkA 1884 bZ- ds vad esa ^gksyh* 'kh"kZd ys dkf'kr gqvk Fkk ftlls ml
le; ds i| esa gks jgs ifjorZu dks le>k tk ldrk gS]
Hkkjr esa eph gS gksjh AA
,d vkSj Hkkx vHkkx ,d fnfl gks; jgha >d>ksjh
viuh viuh t; lc pkgr gksM+ ijh nqagqa vksjh AA
nqan lh cgqr c<+ksjh AA14
dqN le; i'pkr~ if=kdk ^gfj'pU pfUdk* ds uke ls fudyus yxhA ^gfj'pU pfUdk*
esa fgUnh Hkk"kk dks vkSj fukjk vkSj lokjk x;kA rc rd fojke fpUgksa ds ;ksx Hkh 'kq: gks pqds FksA ij
ds mj.k ls ;g Li"V irk py jgk gSA HkkjrsUnq ;qx esa Hkkjrh; tuekul Hkk"kk lEcU/h nq#grk ls fdruk
ihfM+r Fkk] fdlh dks bldh ijokg ugha FkhA HkkjrsUnq gfj'pU Hkkjrh;ksa dh ihM+k ls voxr FksA mUgksaus
1875 bZ- ds vad esa viuh vkokt mBkrs gq, dgk] fgUnh esa cgqr ls v[kckj gSa ij gekjs fgUnqLrkuh
yksxksa dks muls dkuwuh cj dqN Hkh ugha feyrh vkSj u fgUnh esa dkuwuksa dk rtZqek gS ftls nsdj vkSj
i<+dj os vnkyr dh ckrsa le> ldsaA vnkyr og pht gS ftlesa NksVs&cM+s fdlh dks Nqh ugha] blls
lc x`gLFkksa dks bldk tkuuk cgqr gh t#jh gSA cgqr ls cspkjs x`gLFk dkuwu tkus fcuk yksxksa ds tky
esa iM+dj [kjkc gks tkrs gSaA15 HkkjrsUnq gfj'pU us mi;ZqkQ mj.k }kjk nq:g vnkyrh Hkk"kk ij djkjk
O;aX; fd;k FkkA lkFk gh Hkk"kk D;k u;k eksM+ ys jgh Fkh bl ckr dk Hkh ;gk irk py tk jgk gSA HkkjrsUnq
gfj'pU if=kdk esa vkxs fyrs gSa] --------- fiQj v;ks;k dh ;kn vkbZ fd gk ! ;g ogh v;ks;k gS
tks Hkkjro"kZ esa ifgys jkt/kuh cukbZ xbZ------ lalkj esa blh v;ks;k dk rki fdlh fnu O;kIr Fkk vkSj
lkjs lalkj ds jktk yksx blh v;ks;k dh ik.k ls fdlh fnu ncrs Fks ogh v;ks;k vc nsh ugha
tkrh -----A16 dguk gksxk fd x| Hkk"kk esa fukj vkuk 'kq: gks x;k FkkA ogha nwljh vksj i| Hkk"kk esa
vHkh Hkh cztHkk"kk dk cksyckyk FkkA njvly ckr ;g Fkh fd fiNys pkj&ikp lkS o"kks ls pyh vkrh
gqbZ cztHkk"kk dkO; dh ijEijk dks ,d >Vds esa rksM+ nsuk vlEHko FkkA ,slk Hkh ugha Fkk fd HkkjrsUnq
;qx ds iwoZ ,oa HkkjrsUnq ;qx esa M+hcksyh dk O;ogkj dfork esa ugha gksrk FkkA gksrk vo'; Fkk] fdUrq
dfork esa cztHkk"kk dk fefJr :i ;qkQ gqvk djrk FkkA tuojh 1875 bZ- fd ^gfj'pU pfUdk* esa
fefJr Hkk"kk dk :i bl rjg O;kQ gqvk Fkk ]
gkSa f}t foyklh oklh ve`r ljksoj dks ]
dklh ds fudV rV xaxk tUe ik;k gSA
'kkL=k gh i<+k;k dj hfr firk iafMr us]
ik;k doh iUFk jke dhuh cM+h nk;k gSA17
dguk gksxk fd i| dh Hkk"kk esa Hkh M+hcksyh dk jax p<+us yxk FkkA vkSj tc ûoksfnrk
gfj'pU pfUdk* ds dqN vadksa dk dk'ku gqvk rc fgUnh Hkk"kk dk :i vkSj Hkh fujk gqvk fnkbZ
iM+kA if=kdk esa dkf'kr ^Hkkjro"kZ dh mUufr dSls gks ldrh gS* 'kh"kZd ys dh Hkk"kk us lkjs freku
gh oal dj fn, FksA Lrqr ys esa Hkk"kk dk :i ifjekftZr voLFkk dks igqpk gqvk fnus yxk FkkA
Hkk"kk dk :i gS] Hkkb;ksa vc rks uhan ls tkxksA vius ns'k dh lc dkj ls mUufr djks] ftlesa rqEgkjh
HkykbZ gks] oSlh gh fdrkc i<+ksA oSls gh sy syksA oSlh gh ckrphr djksA ijnslh oLrq vkSj ijnslh Hkk"kk
dk Hkjkslk er djksA vius ns'k esa viuh Hkk"kk esa mUufr djksA18 bl rjg Hkk"kk rks eat gh jgh Fkh mldh
Shodh Samvid.
ISSN 2393-980X / 39
mUufr dh ckr Hkh dgh tk jgh FkhA

HkkjrsUnq gfj'pU us nq:g] fDy"V vkSj cksf>y Hkk"kk dks R;kxdj fgUnh Hkk"kk dk ifjektZu
fd;kA mUgksaus fgUnh&mnZw ds fookn dks feVkus dk Hkh ;kl fd;k ,oa vaxzsth Hkk"kk ds Hkzetky esa iM+s
;qok oxZ vkSj ckcw oxZ esa psruk Hkj u;k ekxZ lq>k;kA lgt] 'kkyhu fgUnh Hkk"kk esa viuh ckr tuekul
ds le{k jh tk ldrh gS] bl ckr ij cy fn;kA tM+ te pqdh Hkk"kk ds fr ekufldrk dks rksM+us
esa mudk vewY; ;ksxnku gSA vkt fgUnh Hkk"kk ftl xxupqEch bekjrksa dks Nqdj bByk jgh gS HkkjrsUnq
;qx dk blesa egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku gSA uho HkkjrsUnq gfj'pU us j nh Fkh Hkou&fuekZ.k dk dk;Z f}osnh
;qx esa egkohj lkn f}osnh us dj fn;kA vr% fgUnh x| ds ifjektZu vkSj ifj"dj.k esa HkkjrsUnq gfj'pU
ds ;ksxnku dks Hkqyk;k ugha tk ldrk gSA
orZeku esa fgUnh Hkk"kk dk :i vkSj lgt gqvk gSA og vke tuekul ds n; ds vkSj djhc
igqph gSA ;fn vki vkt fgUnh ugha tkurs gSa rc vkidks lEidZ ek;e esa ijs'kkuh gks ldrh gS] D;ksafd
Hkkjr esa vk/h ls vf/d vkcknh fgUnh fyuk] i<+uk vkSj cksyuk tkurh gS] ijUrq vHkh Hkh vaxzsft;r
dk Hkko dbZ txgksa esa nsk tk ldrk gSA kl dj i<+s&fys vfHkHkkod vius cPpksa ds ij vaxzsth
Fkksi jgs gSaA mUgsa yxrk gS fd fgUnh ek;e ls iBu&ikBu djkus ls jkstxkj ds volj ugha gSa vkSj lekt
esa mudk eku&lEeku de gks tk,xkA nwljh vksj gekjs usrkvksa dks ysa os tc eqg ksyrs gSa vaxt
sz h gh cksyrs
gSa vkSj Hkkjr dh fujhg tkurk cqk cuh muds 'kCnksa dk vFkZ le>us esa yxh jgrh gSA fgUnh dk fodkl
,sls dSls gksxk \ gesa nwljs ns'kksa ls lcd ysuh pkfg,] [kkldj phu lsA phu viuh phuh Hkk"kk NksM+dj
vU; fdlh Hkk"kk dk ;ksx ugha djuk pkgrk gSA D;k muds fodkl esa dksbZ deh vkbZ gS \ gesa Hkh tgk
rd laHko gks vke tuekul dh Hkk"kk fgUnh esa ckr djus dk ;kl djuk pkfg,A ijns'kh Hkk"kk viukus
ls cpuk pkfg,A rHkh tkdj ge HkkjrsUnq gfj'pU dh rjg fgUnh Hkk"kk ds fodkl esa viuk ;ksxnku ns
ik;sxa As
lanHkZ %
1- MkW- vtc ukjk;.k ik.Ms;] lkekftd kafr dh fn'kk, vkSj HkkjrsUnq gfj'pU] dk'kh fgUnw fo'ofo|ky;]
okjk.klh] 1988] Fke laLdj.k] i`"B 172
2- ogh] i`"B 1943- MkW jkeeksgu ikBd] lkfgfR;d i=kdkfjrk] Kkue.My fyfeVsM] okjk.klh] 1989] Fke laLdj.k] i`"B
105
4- MkW m"kk ekFkqj] HkkjrsUnq dh M+hcksyh dk Hkk"kk fo'ys"k.k] ukxjh pkfj.kh lHkk] okjk.klh] laor 2028]
Fke laLdj.k] i`"B 30
5- ogh] i`"B - 30
6- MkW- vtZuq frokjh] fgUnh i=kdkfjrk dk o`gn~ bfrgkl] ok.kh dk'ku] u;h fnYyh] 2002] f}rh; laLdj.k]
i`"B 105
7- laiknd] MkW -cychj flag] HkkjrsUnq vkSj vk/qfud fgUnh dh pqukSfr;k] Fke laLdj.k] 2004] Fke
laLdj.k] i`"B-18
8- jkefoykl 'kekZ] HkkjrsUnq ;qx vkSj fgUnh Hkk"kk dh fodkl ijEijk] jktdey dk'ku] u;h fnYyh] 2010]
i`"B-147
9- MkW- vtc ukjk;.k ik.Ms;] lkekftd kafr dh fn'kk, vkSj HkkjrsUnq gfj'pU] dk'kh fgUnw fo'ofo|ky;]
okjk.klh] 1988] Fke laLdj.k] i`"B - 200

10- vkp;Z jkepU 'kqDy] fgUnh lkfgR; dk bfrgkl] v'kksd dk'ku] fnYyh] i`"B 273
11- MkW- Jherh deyk duksfM+;k] HkkjrsUnqdkyhu fgUnh lkfgR; dh lkaLfrd i`"BHkwfe] fo'ofo|ky;
dk'ku] okjk.klh] 1971] Fke laLdj.k] i`"B 19112- oSpkfjdh] vad &4 ] Hkkx &25] i`"B 29
13- laiknd] HkkjrsUnq gfj'pU] gfj'pU eSxthu] fgUnh lkfgR; lEesyu] ;kx] i`"B 49
14- ogh ]i`"B -148
15- MkW -Jherh deyk dkuksfM+;k] HkkjrsUnqdkyhu fgUnh lkfgR; dh lkaLfrd i`"BHkwfe] fo'ofo|ky;
dk'ku] okjk.klh] 1971] Fke laLdj.k] i`"B-193
16- ukxfjpkfj.kh if=kdk] vad 1&2] o"kZ &55] i`"B -47
17- fgUnh lkfgR;] r`rh; .M] Hkkjrh; fgUnh ifj"kn~] ;kx] 1967] Fke laLdj.k] i`"B 140
18- la- jketh ;kno] HkkjrsUnq lap;u] Hkkjrh; iqLrd ifj"kn~] u;h fnYyh] 2011] Fke laLdj.k] i`"B 344
qqq
Shodh Samvid.
ISSN 2393-980X / 41
;FkkFkZ ds /jkry ij izfrf"Br fo".kq izHkkdj ds ukVd

liuk JhokLro
Jh fo".kq Hkkdj th nwljh ih<+h ds ukVddkjksa esa vxz.kh; gSaA cgqeqh frHkk ds /uh Hkkdj
th us lkfgR; dh fofo/ fo/kvksa & dgkuh] miU;kl] dfork] thouh] jskfp=k] laLej.k] jsfM;ks&:id]
ukV jpukvksa dks vf/d le` fd;kA ,d ukVddkj ds :i esa fo".kq izHkkdj dk ;ksxnku mYysuh;
,oa vfoLej.kh; gSA
fo".kq th ekuorkoknh jpukdkj gSaA lPph euq";rk dh kst gh mudk ije y{; gSA lR; rks
;g gS fd ekuo fgr dh lPph lk/uk us gh mUgsa ;FkkFkZokn dh vksj vxzlj fd;kA buds ukVd vkn'kZ
dh dYiuk ij ugha] cfYd ;FkkFkZ dh fHkfk ij vf/f"Br gSaA vius ,d ys esa mUgksaus fyk gS]
lkfgR; ds ek;e ls eSaus euq"; dks kstk gS] vkt ekuork dh kst gh gekjs jpuk dk y{; gS vFkkZr~
vius dks le>us dh kst] vius vkSj ijk, ds laca/ksa dh kst----A1 Hkkdj th us thou ds fofo/
vk;keksa dks tkpk&ijk rFkk vuqHko fd;k Fkk] tks muds ukVdks esa R;{k :i ls fnykbZ iM+rk gSA
ekuo&thou ds fofo/ Lo:iksa dh kst us gh mUgsa xk/hokn ls xfrokn vkSj vkn'kZokn ls ;FkkFkZokn
dh vksj Lor% vkdf"kZr fd;kA2
buds ukVd ^MkWDVj*] ^Vxj*] ^vc vkSj ugha*] ^VwVrs&ifjos'k*] ^;qxs&;qxs kafr*] vkfn
lelkef;d fo"k;ksa ij ekfeZd fp=k.k gSaA vius ukVdksa esa bUgksaus ifjorZu'khy laca/ksa ds vkarfjd o ck
rdZ Lrqr djrs gq, drZO;&cks/] vkReihM+k dk xkSjo] d#.kk dk lkj] ijaijk dh tM+rk dk fojksk]
Hkkjrh; dh vkarfjdrk] u;h&iqjkuh ih<+h ds chp dk la?k"kZ vkfn dk ltho fp=k.k Lrqr fd;k gSA bUgksua s
u fliQZ leL;kvksa dh tM+ dks <wa<+k gS cfYd mudk funku Hkh lq>k;k gSA
^;qxs&;qxs kafr ds ek;e ls mUgksaus crk;k gS fd R;sd ubZ&ih<+h iqjkus jhfr fjoktksa] fu;e
mifu;e vkfn dks yk?kdj u, freku LFkkfir djuk pkgrh gSA blesa mldk O;fkQxr LokFkZ] fgr Nqik
gksrk gS] ysfdu og iwjs lekt dks pksV djrh gSA ik=kksa ds ek;e ls mUgksua s fnk;k gS fd R;sd uo;qod
viuh ;kSoukoLFkk esa u;k dne mBkrk gS] ysfdu kS<+koLFkk esa tkrs&tkrs ogh dne mls iqjkuk rhr
gksrk gSA fo".kq th dk ^;qxs&;qxs kafr* oSpkfjd ;FkkFkZ dks Lrqr djrk gSA fo".kq Hkkdj ds ik=kksa us bl
'kks/kizK] fganh foHkkx] iVuk fo'ofo|ky;] iVuk A
lksp dks cnyk fd cqtqxks ds jgrs toku ?kjokyh dk eqg ugha nsrs vkSj muds ikl ugha tkrsA 'kkjnk
us ukjh psruk dks tkx`r djus dk ;kl fd;kA okLro esa vkt 'kkjnk tSlh fL=k;ksa dh t:jr Hkh gS]
tks lekt dks ,d ubZ fn'kk nku dj ldsa vkSj L=kh dks mlds vf/dkjksa ls ifjfpr djk ldsaA L=kh
dk 'kks"k.k iq#"k oxZ lnSo djrk vk;k gS ijaijkvksa ds uke ijA ;gh dkj.k gS fd ihf<+;ksa dk Vdjko ,d
u, lekt dks tUe nsrk gS vkSj fo".kq Hkkdj ds ukVd ;s dke vklkuh ls dj tkrs gSaA ;FkkFkZokn dh
lcls cM+h fo'ks"krk ;g gS fd mlesa >wBs vkn'kks ds LFkku ij ekuo dks ifjfLFkfr vkSj lekt ds ifjs{;
esa nsus dk ;kl fd;k x;kA ;FkkFkZokn ls lR; rFkk okLrfodrk dk lkeuk djus esa iqjkuh ekU;rkvksa
dks rksM+k vkSj vkMEcj dk qyklk djrs gq, thou dh Hk;adj dq:irk dk lk{kkRdkj djk;kA Hkkdj
th ds ukVdksa esa ;gh ;FkkFkZoknh o`fk ifjyf{kr gksrh gSA ^;qxs&;qxs kafr* dk I;kjs yky iqjkuh ijaijkvksa
dks rksM+us dk mn~?kks"k djrk gSA og viuh ek ls iwNrk gS fd tc iq#"k ,d ls vf/d 'kknh dj ldrk
gS rks ukjh us dkSu&lk vijk/ fd;k gSA iq#"k L=kh ds jgrs nwljh yk ldrk gS ysfdu ukjh ifr ds ej
tkus ij nwljh 'kknh ugha dj ldrhA iqjkuh vkSj ubZ ih<+h dh oSpkfjd ekU;rkvksa ds varj dks fo".kq
Hkkdj ^;qxs&;qxs kafr* esa Lrqr djrs gq, dgrs gSa& ;g lc vius dks kafrdkjh ekurs gSa ysfdu
iqjksa dh n`f"V esa ;g laLfr vkSj lH;rk ds 'k=kq gaS vkSj fn'kk Hkz"V gSaA mudh larku mUgsa frf;koknh
O;fkQ le>rh gSA3
VwVrs ifjos'k ds ek;e ls fo".kq th us ikfjokfjd ;FkkFkZ ls ifjp; djk;k gSA ubZ ih<+h
la;qkQ gksdj ugha jguk pkgrhA blls vdsykiu vkSj fcjko dh fLFkfr ifjokj esa iuirh gSA bl ukVd
esa thou ds ;FkkFkZ dk fp=k.k Lrqr fd;k x;k gSA blesa e;oxhZ; ifjokjksa dh fofHkUu fLFkfr;ksa ,oa
leL;kvksa tSls&;qokvksa dh ekufldrk] vk/qfudrk dh leL;k] cqtqxks dh fLFkfr] ifjokjksa esa laca/ksa dh
fLFkfr] uSfrdrk] ijaijk vkSj vk/qfudrk dk }a} vkfn dk mn~?kkVu gqvk gS&
^^nhfIr % eq>s D;k ekywe dgk gS\ xbZ gksxh fdlh fe=k ds lkFk fnokyh&ukbV eukusA
fo'othr % D;k gks x;k gS nqfu;k dks\ lc vdsys&vdsys vius fy, gh thuk pkgrs gSA
nwljs dh fdlh dks fpark ugha jg xbZ gSA ,d gekjk tekuk Fkk fd cM+ksa dh btktr ds
fcuk dqN dj gh ugha ldrs FksA
foosd % ikik ! vkidk tekuk dHkh dk chr x;kA--- cM+s vknfe;ksa dk dgk gqvk Vkx
nsus Hkj ds fy, gh gksrk gSA**4
^VwVrs ifjos'k* ukVd vkt dh ;FkkFkZ fLFkfr dks c;ku djrk gS] ftlesa vkt ds ifjos'k dh
VwVu lkiQ fnkbZ nsrh gSA la;qkQ ifjokj dh ejuklUu voLFkk lkspus dks etcwj djrh gS fd D;k lgh
gS vkSj D;k xyr\ fo'othr la;qkQ ifjokj esa vkLFkk jrk gS ysfdu ifjokj ds vU; lnL; vius Lrj
ij mlls foksg dj vyx&vyx jkLrk ryk'k ysrs gSa mldh iq=kh euh"kk Lora=k fopkj/kjk okyh
vR;kkqfud ;qorh gS] og viuk Lora=k vfLrRo pkgrh gS lkFk gh viuk thou lkFkh pquus dk vfkdkj
Hkh Lo;a juk pkgrh gS] ekrk&firk dks ugha nsuk pkgrhA blh dkj mldh NksVh cgu nhfIr Hkh thou
thus esa fo'okl djrh gSA og ml {k.k dk bartkj djrh gS tc og ukckfyx ls ckfyx gks tk,xh rkfd
og Hkh vius vf/dkjksa ds lkFk th ldsA ;g ukVd nks ihf<+;ksa dk Vdjko vkt dh ml ;FkkFkZ fLFkfr
dks c;ku djrk gS] tgk O;fkQ dsoy vius ckjs esa lksprk gS vkSj vius esa thus ds fy, vfHk'kIr gSA
bl ukVd esa eq[;:i ls ukjh Lora=krk dk Loj lqukbZ iM+rk gSA euh"kk vkSj nhfIr nksuksa gh Lora=krk dh
vfHkyk"kk jrh gSa vkSj viuh bPNk ls thou thuk pkgrh gSaA L=kh&iq#"k laca/ksa dks bu ukVd esa nks&rhu
Shodh Samvid.
ISSN 2393-980X / 43
dks.kksa ls fpf=kr fd;k x;k gS& ,d rks L=kh&iq#"k laca/ksa dk ijaijkxr :i gS] nwljs tkfr ,oa /eZ dks
rksM+dj se&fookg vkSj rhljk gS LoPNan ;qod&;qofr;ksa dk Hkze.kA euh"kk ,d vR;k/qfud ;qorh gS
tks lekt esa viuk ekxZ gh ugha vfirq thou esa lkFkh pquus dk vf/dkj Hkh fdlh dks ugha nsuk pkgrhA
og dgrh gS& eSa tk jgh gw --- eSa rks bls vf/dkj dgrh gw] vius HkkX; dk] vius fu.kZ; djus dk
vf/dkjA eSa bl vf/dkj ds fy, ;g ?kj NksM+dj tk jgh gwA5 nhfIr vius seh ds fy, ?kj NksM+rh
gS] ij mldk seh mlls fookg djuk vLohdkj dj nsrk gSA vkt dk ;qod viuh sfedk ds lkFk gj
dkj dk laca/ rks LFkkfir djuk pkgrk gS ij 'kknh ughaA bldk okLrfod fp=k.k fo".kq th us bl ukVd
esa fd;k gSA
^MkWDVj* ,d ifjR;kQk ukjh dh dgkuh gS] ftlesa vius iwoZ ifr fe lrh'k 'kekZ dh iRuh
ls cnyk ysus ls budkj djuk] fiQj vkWijs'ku Vscy ij mlls cnyk ysus dh lkspdj] ysfdu MkWDVj
dkjar dh drZO; Hkkouk dks le>dj thounku nsuk mlds ifr ds fy, rks peRdkfjd gS] ysfdu
ukVddkj ikBdksa ds fy, ,d thou&vkn'kZ NksM+ tkrs gaAS gekjs Hkkjrh; lekt esa fookg ,d ,slh laLFkk
gS tks nks O;fkQ;ksa dks vkthou nkEiR; lw=k esa ck/rh gSA gekjs /eZ xzaFkksa rFkk ikfjokfjd jhfr&uhfr esa
L=kh ds leiZ.k] R;kx cfynku dh xq.k xkFkk xk;h xbZ gSA ;gk rd fd ek Hkh viuh csVh dks ;gh f'k{kk
nsrh gS fd llqjky ls rqEgkjh vFkhZ gh mBuh pkfg,A oLrqr% ;s reke fu;e&fo/ku iq#"k /ku lekt
us gh cuk, gSa L=kh dks viuh nklh cuk, jus ds fy,A lekt ds iq#"k ftruh pkgsa 'kkfn;k djsa lc
oS/ gSaA ukVd esa Lo;a nknk us nks 'kkfn;k dhA ,d duZy cuus ls igys vkSj nwljh duZy cuus ds cknA
jke ds laokn& tc og 'kknh gqbZ rks nknk duZy ugha FkkA fdlh dks tc mpk in fey tkrk] rc og
nwljh 'kknh djuk ekxrk ;kuh ,d 'kknh] 'kknh dh mej esa gksrk] nwljh 'kknh viQljh dh mej esa] ,d
'kknh /je dh 'kknh] nwljh :rcs dhA6
^Vxj* esa ifjR;kQk ukjh dk 'ksj dks Hkqyk ikus dh dksf'k'k esa ukdke gksuk ;g ckr cryk
tkrh gS fd Hkwrdky chr rks tkrk gS ysfdu feVrk ughaA iq#"k dh Hkksxoknh o`fr o ukjh dks ek=k oLrq
le>s tkus ij ^Vxj 1977* ukVd dh ukf;dk 'ksj }kjk Bqdjk, tkus ij leLr iq#"k tkfr dh fojksfkuh
cu tkrh gSA ifr }kjk leLr iq#"k tkfr dh fojksf/uh cu tkrh gSA ifr }kjk BqdjkbZ tkus ij Vxj vU;
iq#"kksa ls laca/ cuk ysrh gSA bl dkj og iq#"kksa ls cnyk ysus ls pwdrh ughaA og ,d ds ckn ,d
dbZ iq#"kksa dks Bqdjkrh gSA ifjR;kx ds ckn og viuh ghu Hkkouk dks iwjk djus ds fy, ukftek ls dgrh
gS& lkspk Fkk iq#"k tkfr ls cnyk ywaxhA mlus eq>s ,d ckj NksM+k gS] eSa ckj&ckj iq#"kksa dks NksM+wxhA---- ,d ds ckn ,d tks eSa bu Hkz"Vkpkfj;ksa dks iQalkrh pyh xbZ] og ek=k la;ksx ugha FkkA7
;FkkFkZoknh dF; vkSj ik=kksa ds lkFk gh fo".kq th ds ukVdksa dh Hkk"kk vkSj ms'; Hkh ;FkkFkZoknh
gSA ik=kkuqdwy Hkk"kk gh ukVd dks thoar cuk, jrh gS lkFk gh ledkyhu ifjos'k dks Hkh thoar cukrh
gSA ^vc vkSj ugha* dh ik=k 'kkark ds vuqdwy gh mldh Hkk"kk mlds LoHkko vkSj pfj=k dks Li"V djrh
fnkbZ nsrh gSA fo".kq th ds ukVd ,d kl ms'; ls fys x, ftuesa ekuorkokn dh LFkkiuk eq
gS] blh dkj.k euq"; dk euksfoKku R;sd ukVd esa >ydrk gSA lekt dh lHkh leL;kvksa dks s{kd
ds lEeq ykdj fo".kq th us gesa lkspus ds fy, etcqj dj fn;k gS fd ge jkLrk fudky ysa fd fdl
dkj ge lekt dh lM+h&xyh ekU;rkvksa ls eqkQ dj ds ,d LoLFk lekt dh LFkkiuk dj ldrs gSaA
Hkkdj th us vius ukVdksa dks dsoy jaxeap rd lhfer u jdj thou ds fofo/ vk;keksa
ls tksM+dj vkt ds lanHkZ esa Hkh klafxd cuk;k gSA mudk ukVd ^;qxs&;qxs kafr*] ^VwVrs ifjos'k*]
^MkWDVj*] ^vc vkSj ugha* lHkh esa ukVddkj us ;FkkFkZ dh Hkwfe ij M+s gks iq#"k dh lkearh eukso`fk
dk fojks/ fd;k gSA vk/qfud leL;kvksa dh idM+ vkSj ;FkkFkZoknh n`f"V Hkkdj th dks vk/qfud
ukVddkjksa dh Js.kh esa LFkku fnykrh gSA vr% ;g dguk mfpr tku iM+rk gS fd fo".kq Hkkdj ds ukVd
vius esa thou ds ;FkkFkZ dks lesVs gq, gSaA og ;FkkFkZ pkgs dFkkud ds Lrj ij gks pkgs ik=kksa ds Lrj
ijA muds ukVdksa ds lHkh ik=k lekt dh tM+ ekU;rkvksa dks lkeus tkrs] mu ij pksV djrs] mUgsa cnyus
ds fy, la?k"kZ djrs fnkbZ nsrs gSaA muds ukVdksa dk ;g ;FkkFkZ dsoy dFkkud vkSj ik=kksa rd gh lhfer
ugha gS cfYd muds ik=kksa dh Hkk"kk] muds ukVdksa dk ms'; rFkk jaxeap ij ekStwn midj.k lHkh
;FkkFkZoknh n`f"Vdks.k ls vksr&ksr fnkbZ nsrs gSaA
lanHkZ %
1234567-
^vktdy*] =kSekfld] fnYyh 1966] i`-& 12

VwVrs ifjos'k] fo".kq Hkkdj] (Hkwfedk ls)
;qxs&;qxs kafr] fo".kq Hkkdj] i`-& 11
VwVrs ifjos'k] fo".kq Hkkdj] i`-& 174&175
VwVrs ifjos'k] fo".kq Hkkdj] i`-& 27
MkWDVj] fo".kq Hkkdj] i`-& 26
Vxj] fo".kq Hkkdj] i`- & 27
qqq
Shodh Samvid. ISSN 2393-980X / 45

Technology and
Environment Pollution
Hkkjrh; Lora=krk vkanksyu esa vkfnokfl;ksa dh Hkwfedk

gjnhi dkSj
vkfnoklh 'kCn nks 'kCnksa ds ;ksx ls cuk gS vkfn $ oklhA vkfn dk vFkZ gS ewy vkSj oklh
dk vFkZ gS fuoklhA laLr xzaFkksa esa vkfnokfl;ksa dks ouoklh dgk x;k gSA lafo/ku esa vkfnokfl;ksa ds
fy, vuqlwfpr tutkfr in dk mi;ksx fd;k x;k gSA egkRek xk/h us vkfnokfl;ksa dks gfjtu dgk gSA
vuqlwfpr tutkfr leqnk; dh ifjHkk"kk dks ysdj ekuo'kkfL=k;ksa esa i;kZIr erHksn jgk gSA cSfj;j ,fYou
budks Hkkjro"kZ ds okLrfod ^Lons'kh mit* ds :i esa nsrs gS] rks ?kq;Zs us bUgsa ^fiNM+k fgUnw* dgdj
ifjHkkf"kr djrs gaSA1
;s tutkfr;k Hkkjr ds R;sd Hkkx esa iQSyh gqbZ gaSA ;s la[;k esa dqN lkS ls ysdj dbZ yk
rd ?kVrh&c<+rh gSaA lokZf/d tutkrh; la[;k (yxHkx 154 yk) e; ns'k esa gaS vkSj mlds ckn
egkjk"V (73-2 yk)] mM+hlk (70-3 yk)] fcgkj (66-2 yk)] jktLFkku (54-7 yk)] if'pe
caxky (38-1 yk)] vkU/ ns'k (42-0 yk)] vle (28-7 yk) o es?kky; (15-1 yk) esa gSaA
ukxkyS.M (10-6 yk)] v#.kkpy ns'k] f=kiqjk] euhiqj] fetksje o mkj ns'k esa budh la[;k rhu
yk vkSj vkB yk ds chp gSA2
Hkkjr ds jk"Vh; LorU=krk laxzke esa vkfnokfl;ksa dh Hkwfedk dks Hkqyk;k ugha tk ldrkA vkil
esa laxfBr gksdj mUgksua s fczfV'k gdwerq ls VDdj yh vkSj vlhe 'kkS;Z o cfynku dk ifjp; fn;kA vaxt
sz ksa
us Hkh bu ij vR;kpkj djus dh dksbZ dlj ugha NksM+hA lezkT;oknh fgrksa ls sfjr gksdj ns'k vkSj vius
m/ksxksa ds fy, kfrd lk/uksa dh ryk'k djus ds ms'; ls tu&tkrh; {ks=kksa dks dsUh; 'kklu ls
tksM+ fn;kA HkwLokfeRo vkSj HkwjktLo dh .kkyh dks vkjEHk fd;kA okf"kZd djksa dks frxquk dj fn;kA mu
ij igys vkfFkZd vkSj ckn esa lkekftd vkSj lkaLfrd 'kks"k.k fd;s x;sA ^^tutkrh; fodkl dk;Zeksa
us vkfnokfl;ksa ds vkfFkZd Lrj dks mBkus esa vf/d lgk;rk ugha dhA vaxzstksa dh uhfr us vkfnokfl;ksa
dk dbZ dkj ls Hkh"k.k 'kks"k.k fd;k D;ksafd mlus tehnkjksa] HkwLokfe;ksa] lkgwdkjksa] taxy ds Bsdsnkjksa vkSj
vcdkjh] jktLo vkSj iqfyl vf/dkfj;ksa dk i{k fy;kA**3
jk"Vh; LorU=krk laxkz e esa vaxt
sz ksa (fczfV'k gdwerq ) ds fykiQ vkfnokfl;ksa us dbZ foksg fd,A
budk igyk foksg 1772 esa fcgkj esa gqvk vkSj mlds ckn dbZ foksg vkU/ ns'k] vaMeku vkSj fudksckj
}hiksa] v#.kkpy ns'k] vle] fetksje vkSj ukxkyS.M esa gq,A vBkjoha vkSj mUuhloha 'krkfCn;ksa esa foksg
djus esa egRoiw.kZ tutkfr;k Fkh & ehtks (1810)] dksy (1795)] eqaMk (1889)] niQykl (1875)]
klh vkSj xkjks (1829)] dpkjh (1839)] lUFkky (1853)] eqfM+;k xksUM (1886)] ukxk (1844 vkSj
lgk;d izk/;kid] fganh i=dkfjrk foHkkx] Jh xq#ukud nso [kkylk dkWyst] fnYyh A
1879)] Hkqb;k (1868) vkSj dkSa/ (1817)A4

bu foksgksa esa laFkkyksa dk foksg vkSj dksy] jaik vkSj fcjlk eqaMk foksg eq FksA os dkSu ls
lekftd&vkfFkZd dkj.k Fks] ftuds pyrs laFkky foksgh cusA bldk o.kZu ml le; ds ,d ysd
us fd;k gS tks ^dydkk fjO;w* esa Nik Fkk tks bl dkj gS & tehankj] iqfyl] jktLo foHkkx vkSj
vnkyrksa us laFkkyksa ij csbarsgk tqYe <k,A mudh tehu&tk;nkn Nhu yhA gj dne ij laFkkyksa dks
viekfur fd;k tkrk Fkk vkSj ekjk fiVk tkrk FkkA laFkkyksa dks dtZ nsdj 50 ls 500 iQhlnh dh nj
ls C;kt olwyk tkrk FkkA /uh vkSj rkdroj yksx] tc eu esa vkrk Fkk] esgurd'k laFkkyksa dks mtkM+
nsrs FksA mudh M+h iQlyksa ij gkFkh nkSM+k fn, tkrs FksA ;g vR;kpkj vke ckr gks xbZ FkhA xSj vkfnoklh
vkSj ljdkjh deZpkjh Hkh laFkkyksa dh fuxkg esa vR;kpkjh FksA ;s yksx laFkkyksa ls csxkj djkrs FksA pksjh
djuk] >wB cksyuk vkSj 'kjkc ihuk budh vknr lh cu xbZ FkhA 1854 ds vkrs&vkrs vkfnoklh dlelkus
yxsA cgqr tYnh bUgksaus djhc 60 gtkj gfFk;kj can laFkkyksa dks bDVBk dj fy;kA blds vykok dbZ
gtkj vkfnokfl;ksa dks rS;kj jgus ds fy, dgk x;k fd tc uxkM+k cts rks gfFk;kj mBk ysukA**5
NksVk ukxiqj ds dksy vkfnokfl;ksa dk foksg 1820 ls 1836 rd pyrk jgkA gtkjksa
vkfnokfl;ksa dks dRy djus ds ckn gh fczfV'k 'kklu fiQj ;gk gks ldkA vk/z ds rVorhZ {ks=kksa esa jaik
igkM+h vkfnokfl;ksa us 1879 esa ljdkj lefFkZr eulcnkjksa ds Hkz"Vkpkjksa vkSj u;s taxy dkuwu ds fykiQ
foksg fd;kA bl foksg dks nckus ds fy, Hkh ljdkj us lsuk dh enn yhA iSny vkSj ?kqM+lokj lsuk
ds nLrs gtkjksa vkfnokfl;ksa ds neu esa tqV x, vkSj 1880 esa foksg dks nck fn;k x;kA**6
blds vfrfjkQ vaxzstks dks Hkkjr us fudkyus ds fy, vkfnokfl;ksa us vusd vkUnksyu fd;s
ftlesa rkuk Hkxr vkanksyu] fcjlk eq.M+k vkanksyu eq gSA rkuk Hkxr vkUnksyu ,d dkj dk Hkxr
vkanksyu gS tks NksVk ukxiqj >kj.M dh mjko tutkfr esa gqvkA blds vfrfjkQ usek Hkxr vkSj cPNhnku
Hkxr dqN vkSj Hkxr vkanksyu gSA lu~ 1895 esa ,sls le; esa tc eqaM+k tutkrh; {ks=k esa rhoz valrks"k
O;kIr Fkk] pydkM ds fcjlk eqaM+k esa ,d vkanksyu dh ;kstuk cukbZA eqaM+k yksxksa dks mlesa viuh
vkdka{kkvksa dk ewr:
Z i fnkbZ fn;kA mlus mUgsa dq'ky usrR` o ds lkFk&lkFk ,d /eZ vkSj ,d thou i}fr
Hkh nhA
fu"d"kZr% vkfnokfl;ksa us Hkkjr ds LorU=krk laxzke esa vius&vius {ks=kksa esa c<+p<+ dj Hkkx
fy;k muds fo: vusd foksg vkSj vkUnksyu fd;sA vaxzstks dh iwjh dksf'k'k Fkh dh ;s tutkfr;k i<+
fydj Hkkjr ds lekt dh eq[; /jk esa 'kkfey u gks ldsA
lanHkZ %
123457-
lekt'kkL=k & ,l-,l- ik.Ms;] i`"B & 4-15

lkekftd leL;k,a & jke vkgwtk] i`- & 152] 153
ogh] i`"B 155
ogh] i`"B 156
Hkkjr dk LorU=krk la?k"kZ&fofiu pa] e`nqyk eqthZ] i`"B 18&19
ogh] i`"B 20
qqq
Shodh Samvid.
ISSN 2393-980X / 47
iapk;rhjkt % ,d voyksdu
vpZuk dqekjh
iztkrkaf=kd 'kklu iz.kkyh esa LFkkuh; 'kklu dk egoiw.kZ LFkku gSA LFkkuh; 'kklu laLFkkvksa ds
vHkko esa dksbZ Hkh ljdkj 'kklu dk;Z lqpk# :i ls ugha pyk ldrh gSA LFkkuh; Lo'kklu dsUnzh; ljdkj
;k jkT; ljdkj ds vf/fu;e }kjk fufeZr ;s ,slh 'kklu dh bdkbZ gS ftlesa ftyk] uxj ;k xko tSls
,d {ks=k dh turk }kjk fuokZfpr izfrfuf/ gksrs gSa vkSj tks vius vf/dkj {ks=k dh lhekvksa ds Hkhrj
iznk vf/dkjksa dk mi;ksx yksddY;k.k ds fy, djrs gSaA
LFkkuh; Lo'kklu ;k iz'kklu yksdrkaf=kd fodsUnzhdj.k ;k lkk ds fodsUnzhdj.k ij vk/kfjr
gSA yksdra=k ds okLrfod iQy LFkkuh; 'kklu ds gh }kjk turk ds fy, izkIr gks ldrs gSaA gsjkYM tsykLdh dk er gS fd ge yksdra=kh; 'kklu ls iwjk ykHk ml le; rd ugha mBk ldrs tc rd fd
ge ;g u eku ysa fd lHkh leL;k, dsUnzh; leL;k, ugha gSaA1 Mh- Vkdfoys us bldh egkk dks Li"V
djrs gq, dgk Fkk fd fdlh ns'k esa Lora=k 'kklu rks LFkkfir gks ldrk gS fdarq fcuk fdlh LFkkuh;
Lo'kklh laLFkkvksa dh LFkkiuk ds mlesa Lora=krk dh Hkkouk ugha vk ldrhA2
Lora=krk ds i'pkr Hkkjr esa yksdrkaf=kd fodsUnzhdj.k dh Hkkouk dks lkdkj djus ds fy,
iapk;rhjkt O;oLFkk dks viuk;k x;k ysfdu bldk rkRi;Z ;g ugha ekuk tkuk pkfg, fd iapk;rh jkt
dh ifjdYiuk dsoy Lora=k Hkkjr dh mit gS] bldh tM+sa Hkkjrh; bfrgkl esa fufgr gSA Hkkjr ds izkphu
bfrgkl ds voyksdu ls irk pyrk gS fd oSfnd dky esa iapk;rksa dk vfLrRo FkkA ml t+ekus esa jktk
iapk;rksa ds ek;e ls jkt djrk FkkA ckS dky esa Hkh xzke ifj"kn~ gksus dk mYys[k feyrk gSA Hkkjrh;
oSfnd xzaFkksa esa lHkk ,oa lfefr;ksa tSlh yksdrkaf=kd laLFkkvksa dk o.kZu feyrk gSA oSfnd ;qx ds i'pkr~
^jkek;.k ;qx* esa Hkh lHkk ,oa lfefr;ksa dk o.kZu ns[kus dks feyrk gSA jkepfjrekul esa iapk;rh jkt
O;oLFkk ds vusd mnkgj.k bafxr fd, x, gSaA egkHkkjr ds 'kkafrioZ] euq dh êuqLe`fr*] dkSfVY; ds
^vFkZ'kkL=k* esa LFkkuh; 'kklu dh bdkbZ ds :i esa xzke dh egkk dks bafxr fd;k x;k gSA ekS;Z;qx esa
'kklu dh lcls NksVh bdkbZ xzke Fkh] ftldk eqf[k;k ^xzkfed* FkkA xqIrdky esa bls îapeaMyh* dgk
x;k gSA e;;qxhu Hkkjr esa fnYyh lYrur dky esa jkT; dh lcls NksVh bdkbZ ^xzke* FkhA Li"V gS fd
izkphu Hkkjr esa yksdrkaf=kd fodsUnzhdj.k dh ekSfyd Hkkouk 'kklu ra=k esa fo|eku Fkh] fliQZ le; ds
'kks/kizK] jktuhfrfoKku foHkkx] iVuk fo'ofo|ky;] iVuk A
lkFk&lkFk mlds Lo:i vkSj dk;Z{ks=k esa ifjorZu gksrk pyk x;kA3
fczrkuh 'kkludky esa iapk;rh jkt laLFkkvksa dks mkjnk;h izfrfuf/d laLFkkvksa dk ntkZ fn;k
x;k] budk eq[; y{; vkSifuosf'kd vkdka{kkvksa dk eq[; ;s; lkezkT;oknh fgrksa dk laj{k.k Fkk] xzke
iapk;r ughaA fczfV'k dky esa iapk;rksa ds ij dqN ;ku fn;k x;k] blh lanHkZ esa 1970 esa ^ykMZ es;ks*
}kjk iz'kklfud dq'kyrk gsrq yksdrkaf=kd fodsUnzhdj.k dks vfuok;Z ekuk ,oa LFkkuh; 'kklu laLFkkvksa dh
LFkkiuk ij cy fn;kA 1870 esa caxky pkSdhnkj vf/fu;e }kjk ijaijkxr xzkeh.k laLFkkvksa dh LFkkiuk
dh xbZA 1880 ds vdky vk;ksx }kjk Hkh xzkeh.k Lrj ij LFkkuh; Lo'kkflr laLFkkvksa esa vHkko dks
vdky jkgr dk;ks dh n`f"V ls bafxr fd;k x;kA ^ykMZ fjiu* ds ebZ 1882 esa ikfjr ^LFkkuh; 'kklu
laLFkkvksa* laca/h izLrko dks LFkkuh; yksdra=k ds laca/ esa êSxukdkVkZ* ekuk tkrk gSA 1908 esa
fodsUnzhdj.k vk;ksx ds izfrosnu esa lq>ko fn;k x;k fd xzke iapk;rksa dks vf/d 'kfDr;k feyuh pkfg,A
xzke iapk;rksa gsrq vk; ds eq[; lk/u gksaA mDr mn~?kks"k.kk ls xzke iapk;rh vf/fu;e ikfjr dj iapk;rksa
dks oS/kfud Lrj iznku fd;k x;k] fdarq ljdkj }kjk ftyk dysDVj dks leLr vf/dkj iznku fd,
x,A okLro esa LFkkuh; 'kklu esa laLFkk, vkSipkfjd fudk; ek=k FkhaA4
1935 ds Hkkjr ljdkj vf/fu;e }kjk izkarh; Lok;krk dk izko/ku fd;k x;kA tc Hkkjr
Lora=k gqvk vkSj u, lafo/ku dk fuekZ.k gqvk rks jkT; ds funs'kd rRoksa esa iapk;rh jkt dks egoiw.kZ
LFkku fn;k x;kA lafo/ku ds vuqPNsn 40 esa fy[kk x;k] jkT; xzke iapk;rksa dh LFkkiuk ds vko';d
dne mBk,xk vkSj mUgsa ,slh 'kfDr;k ,oa vf/dkj iznku djsxk] tks mUgsa Lok;k 'kklu dh bdkbZ ds
:i esa dk;Z djus esa l{ke cukus ds fy, vko';d gksA
Lora=k Hkkjr esa iapk;rh jkt O;oLFkk dh 'kq#vkr 1952 ls gqbZ] tc lkeqnkf;d fodkl
dk;Ze pyk;k x;kA LFkkuh; iz'kklu dks lqn`<+ cukus ds fy, tuojh 1957 esa cyoar jk; esgrk lfefr
dk xBu fd;k x;kA bl lfefr us 1957 dks viuh fjiksVZ esa ;g fliQkfj'k dh fd yksdrkaf=kd
fodsUnzhdj.k vkSj lkeqnkf;d fodkl dk;Ze dks liQy cukus gsrq iapk;rh jkt laLFkkvksa dh rqjar
'kq#vkr dh tkuh pkfg,A bl ny us bls ^yksdra=kh; fodsUnzhdj.k* uke fn;kA bUgksaus iapk;rh jkt dk
f=kLrjh; <kaps ds Lo:i dks ekU;rk nhA5 jktLFkku igyk jkT; Fkk tgk iapk;rh jkt dh LFkkiuk dhA
2 vDVwcj] 1959 dks usg:th }kjk bls f;kfUor dj fn;k x;kA jktLFkku ds ckn 11 vDVwcj] 1959
dks vka/zizns'k esa f=k&Lrjh; iapk;rhjkt dh O;oLFkk ykxw dh xbZA6 iapk;rh jkt dk ewY;kadu djus rFkk
bl iz.kkyh dks vkSj vf/d dkjxj cukus ds lq>ko nsus ds fy, 12 fnlEcj] 1977 esa v'kksd esgrk
dh v;{krk esa 13 lnL;h; lfefr dk xBu fd;k x;kA bUgksaus iapk;rh jkt dk <kpk f}Lrjh; djus
dk lq>ko fn;kA ysfdu 1979 esa vk;ksftr eq[;ea=kh lEesyu esa bls vLohdkj dj f=k&Lrjh; iz.kkyh
gh cuk, j[kus dk leFkZu fd;kA
blds ckn ;kstuk vk;ksx ds HkwriwoZ lnL; MkW- ts- oh- ds- jko dh v;{krk esa 25 ekpZ] 1985
dks 12 lnL;h; lfefr xfBr dh xbZA bl lfefr us uhfr fu;kstu dk;Ze dk;ZUo;u gsrq ftys dks
izkFkfed bdkbZ ekus tkus dh fliQfj'k dhA blds ckn iapk;rh jkt laLFkkvksa dh O;kid leh{kk gsrq ,d
jk"Vh; dk;Z'kkyk dk vk;kstu fd;k x;kA blesa MkW ,y ,e fla?koh dh v;{krk vesa twu] 1986
esa ,d 8 lnL;h; lfefr xfBr dh xbZA blesa xkoksa dk iquxZBu djus dk lq>ko fn;kA7 ns'k ds fofHk
jkT;ksa] la?k jkT;ksa esa fofHk dkuwuksa ds v/hu iapk;rhjkt laLFkk, xfBr dh xbA 22 fnlEcj] 1992 dks
Shodh Samvid.
ISSN 2393-980X / 49
yksdlHkk vkSj 23 fnlEcj] 1992 dks jkT; dks jkT;lHkk us 72ok la'kks/u dks ikfjr dj fn;kA jk"Vifr
}kjk fo/s;d dh Lohfr fnb, tkus ds ckn 24 vizSy] 1993 ls iapk;rh jkt ls lacaf/r 73ok lafokku
la'kks/u vf/fu;e] 1992 ykxs gks x;kA vc iapk;rsa lafo/ku dh ukSoha lwph vuqPNsn 243] 243 d
esa ntZ gks xbZA vc lafo/ku esa iapk;rksa ls lacaf/r X;kjgoha vuqlwph Hkh j[kh xbZ gSA bl vf/fu;e dh
egoiw.kZ fo'ks"krk, fuEufyf[kr gSa &
1- iapk;rh laLFkkvksa dk laoS/kfud Lrj iznku djukA
2- iapk;rh jkt dk f=kLrjh; iz.kkyh ykxw djukA
3- xzke lHkk dks laoS/kfud ntkZ nsukA
4- izR;{k fuokZpu ifr dk ykxw djukA
5- vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa o tu&tkfr;ksa ds fy, vkj{k.k djukA
6- efgykvksa ds fy, vkj{k.k ykxw djuk (110ok lafo/ku la'kks/u }kjk lHkh Lrj ij 50 vkj{k.k
efgykvksa ds fy,)
7- fu;fer pquko vfuok;Z djukA
8- jkT; fuokZpu vk;ksx dk xBu djukA
9- iapk;rksa dh 'kfDr;k] izkf/dkj ,oa mkjnkf;Ro fuf'pr djukA
10- jkT; fok vk;ksx dk xBu djukA
73ok la'kks/u iapk;rh jkt laLFkkvksa dh fodkl ;k=kk esa ,d egoiw.kZ lksiku gSA dsoy fokku
gh ugha lkFkZd lq/kj ,oa lrr~ iz;kl iapk;rhjkt O;oLFkk dks liQy fl dj ldrh gSA8 73ok lafokku
la'kks/u vf/fu;e ds izHkkoh gksrs gh fcgkj iapk;rhjkt vfkfu;e 1947 rFkk fcgkj iapk;r lfefr ,oa
ftyk ifj"kn~~ vfkfu;e 1961 dks fujLr dj u;k vfkfu;e cukuk vko';d gks x;kA 23 vxLr] 1994
dks fcgkj iapk;rhjkt vfkfu;e 1994 ikfjr fd;k x;kA ftlds rgr izFke pquko vizSy 2001 esa
gqvkA9
lSkafrd n`f"V ls iapk;rhjkt ds fuEufyf[kr Lo:i gSa &
o lkk dk fodsUnzhdj.k % Hkkjr fo'o dk lcls cM+k yksdrkaf=kd ns'k gSA vr% vko';d gS
fd LFkkuh; Lrj ij lkk dk fodsUnzhdj.k djds xzke iapk;r] iz[kaM Lrj ij iapk;r lfefr
rFkk ftyk Lrj ij ftyk ifj"kn~ dh LFkkiuk dh tk, vkSj bu yksdrkaf=kd <+ax ls fuokZfpr
laLFkkvksa dh i;kZIr 'kfDr;k ,oa lzksr miyCk djkbZ tk;A
o lkeqnkf;d fodkl ,oa ljdkjh uhfr;ksa dk ek;e % yksdrkaf=kd fodsUnzhdj.k dh
iapk;rhjkt laLFkk, lkeqnkf;d fodkl dk;Ze ,oa ljdkjh uhfr;ksa dks dk;ZkfUor djus dk
ek;e cusA
o 'kkldh; dk;ks dk laiknu % ljdkj vius dqN dk;ks dk mkjnkf;Ro iapk;rhjkt laLFkkvksa
dks lkSais tks vius {ks=k dh izxfr rFkk fodkl ds fy, 'kfDr;k iznku dh tk;A
o LFkkuh; dk;ks ds laiknu gsrq lkku iznku djuk % iapk;rh jkt laLFkkvksa dk LFkkuh;
fodkl ds dk;ks ds fu"iknu gsrq i;kZIr lkku] 'kfDr;k vkSj fu;a=k.k ds vf/dkj iznku fd,
tk,a rkfd xzkeh.k iqufuZekZ.k dh ;kstukvksa dk leqfpr :i ls dk;ZUo;u gks ldsA10
O;kogkfjd n`f"V ls iapk;rhjkt dk fuEufyf[kr Lo:i gS &

o xzke Lrj ij xzke iapk;r % yksdrkaf=kd fodsUnzhdj.k dh izkFkfed bdkbZ xzke Lrj ij xzke
iapk;r dh LFkkiuk gSA blds fy, o;Ld erkf/dkj ds vk/kj ij xzke iapk;r ds xBu dk
izko/ku gSA bldk izeq[k dk;Z iapk;r Lrj ij fodkl laca/h dk;ks dk fu"iknu gSA
o iz[kaM Lrj ij iapk;r lfefr % iz[kaM Lrj ij iapk;r lfefr dh LFkkiuk ddk izkokku j[kk
x;k gSA lHkh jkT;ksa esa iapk;rhjkt vf/fu;e 1993 ls ;;g O;oLFkk dh xbZ gS fd 20 yk[k
ls de tula[;k ij f}Lrjh; iapk;r vkSj 20 yk[k ls vf/d tula[;k ij f=k&Lrjh; iapk;r
dh O;oLFkk dh tk ldrh gSA
o ftyk ifj"kn~ ftyk Lrj ij % jkT; ds izR;sd ftys esa ,d ftyk ifj"kn~ ds lnL; vius esa
ls ,d v;{k pqu ysrs gSa tks v;{k (ps;jeSu) dgykrk gSA bldk izeq[k dk;Z ftys dh
fodkl laca/h ;kstuk dk fuekZ.k djuk rFkk iapk;r lfefr;ksa ds e; leUo; LFkkfir djuk
gSA11
lanHkZ %
1- ,l- vkj- egs'ojh] Hkkjr esa LFkkuh; 'kklu] y{eh ukjk;.k vxzoky ifCyds'kal] vkxjk] 2003] i`"B
la[;k 7&82- ch- ,l- HkkxZo] ikfyfVdks&,MfefuLVsfVo Mk;ukfeDl bu iapk;rhjkt flLVe] ubZ fnYyh] vk'kh"k
ifCyds'ku] ubZ fnYyh] 1979] i`"V la[;k 193- ,e- ,y- xqIrk ,oa Mk- Mh- Mh- 'kekZ] Hkkjrh; xzkeh.k lekt'kkL=k] lkfgR; Hkou ifCyds'ku] vkxjk]
1999] i`- 264- Mk- efgiky] jkT;ksa esa iapk;r vf/fu;e & vkykspukRed leh{kk] okysaVjh ,D'ku usVodZ bafM;k] ubZ
fnYyh] 1995] i`- 36 ,oa 395- Mk- ch- ,y- iQkfM+;k] Hkkjrh; iz'kklu] lkfgR; Hkou ifCyds'ku] vkxjk] 2012] i`- la- 2506- ogh] i`- la[;k 2517- Mk- ,p- ch- f=kosnh] iapk;rh jkt rFkk fodsUnzhr vkfFkZd fodkl & n'kk ,oa fn'kk] jktLFkku fganh xzaFk
vdkneh] t;iqj] 2000] i`- la[;k 1358- dSyk'k esgrk ,oa xksfoan Jhekyh] iapk;rh jkt & viuk jkt] fganh xzaFk vdkneh] tks/iqj] 1982 i`la[;k 99- dej vglu ,oa beR;kt vgen] fcgkj % ,d ifjp;] us'kuy ifCyds'ku] iVuk] 2011] i`- la[;k
14610- u, y{; ubZ igy % ,d fjiksVZ] xzkeh.k fodkl ea=kky;] Hkkjr ljdkj] fnYyhA
11- fcgkj % ,d ifjp;] i`- la[;k 146&147-
qqq
Shodh Samvid.
ISSN 2393-980X / 51
Hkkjr dh kafrdkjh efgyk, % ,d losZ{k.k

(Lok/hurk vkanksyu ls vcrd)
vfer dqekj
Lok/hurk vkanksyu dh yM+kbZ fliQZ iq#"kksa dh fgLlsnkjh ls iQrg ugha dh xbZ] cfYd bl
egk;K esa efgykvksa dh Hkwfedk Hkh mYysuh; gSA ;g ckr fliQZ dgus Hkj ds fy, gS vkSj u uke fxukus
ds fy, A
fo'o ds egku jk"Vksa ds vkfoHkkZo ls irk pyrk gS fd vktknh ds vkUnksyu dh 'kq#vkr vkSj
mUgsa 'kfkQ vkSj lg;ksx nsus esa efgykvksa dk ;ksxnku jgk gS&Hkkjr esa Hkh ,slk gh gqvk gS A
Hkkjr esa efgykvksa dks oSfnd dky ls gh egRoiw.kZ LFkku fn;k tkrk jgk gS A euq us dgk gS
tgk efgykvksa dks lEeku feyrk gS] ogk bZ'oj dk okl gksrk gS vkSj ftu ifjokjksa esa efgykvksa dk
vieku gksrk gS] os ifjokj cckZn gks tkrs gSaA oSfnd dky esa lekt esa fL=k;ksa dk LFkku cgqr pk Fkk
vkSj mUgsa gj {ks=k esa iq#"kksa dk cjkcj dk lk>hnkj ekuk tkrk Fkk A eS=ks;h] xkxhZ] lrh vulw;k vkSj lhrk
dh dFkk fdls ugha ekywe gS A
bl flyflys esa lcls igyk uke tks efLr"d esa vkrk gS og >klh dh egkjkuh y{eh ckbZ
dk gSA iq#"kksa dk oL=k /kj.k dj mUgksaus fczfV'kksa ds fo# ;q esa viuh lsuk dk usr`Ro fd;kA ;gk rd
fd muds nq'eu us Hkh muds lkgl vkSj cgknqjh dh 'kalk dhA mUgksaus cgknqjh ls yM+kbZ yM+hA ;|fi
os ;q esa gkj xb] ysfdu mUgksaus vkRe leiZ.k djus ls budkj dj fn;k vkSj nq'eu ls yM+rs gq, 'kghn
gks xb A muds 'kkunkj lkgl us fons'kh 'kklu ds fo# la?k"kZ esa Hkkjr ds vusd iq#"kksa vkSj efgykvksa
dks sj.kk nhA
vktknh ds la?k"kZ esa ;kn dh tkus okyh nwljh efgyk Fkha & vo/ dh csxe gtjr egyA vaxt
sz ksa
ls yu dks cpkus esa mUgksaus lf; Hkwfedk fuHkkbZA ;|fi os ,d jkuh Fkha vkSj ,s'kks vkjke dh ftUnxh
dh vH;Lr Fkha] ysfdu vius lSfudksa dk mRlkg c<+kus ds fy, Lo;a ;q ds eSnku esa mrjhaA csxe gtjr
egy us tcrd laHko gks ldk] viuh iwjh rkdr ls vaxzstksa dk eqdkcyk fd;k A varr% mUgsa gfFk;kj
Mkydj usiky esa 'kj.k ysuh iM+hA 20oha 'krkCnh ds mrjkZ esa Lora=krk vkanksyu us xfr idM+h vkSj
lgk;d izk/;kid] Je ,oa lekt dY;k.k foHkkx] MkW- txUukFk feJ egkfoky;] eqtQjiqj] fcgkj A
efgyk, vkxs vkb A

tc vf/dka'k usrk tsy esa Fks] Hkkjr dh efgyk, vkxs vkb vkSj ljdkj ds vR;kpkj dk lkeuk
fd;kA mu fnuksa deyk usg: us cM+s lkgl ls dke fy;k vkSj bykgkckn esa laxBu dh ftEesnkjh laHkkyhA
mUgksaus viuk drZO; bl egkRek xk/h ds usr`Ro esa vusd iq#"kksa vkSj efgykvksa us viuk thou vktknh
ds la?k"kZ ds fy, lefiZr dj fn;k buesa ls ,d ljksftuh uk;Mw FkhaA 1879 esa tUeh ljkstuh uk;Mw dh
f'k{kk ekl vkSj dSfEczt eas gqbZ FkhA de mez esa gh mUgksua s ns'kHkfkQ dh vusd ,slh dfork, fyha ftuls
yksxksa dh vktknh ds fy, la?k"kZ eas Hkkx ysus dh sj.kk feyhA mUgksaus ,uh cslsUV }kjk 'kq: fd, x,
gkse:y vkanksyu esa fgLlk fy;kA jktuhfr esa ;g mudk igyk dne FkkA xksiky ".k xksys ds vkku
ij os 1915 esa dkaxzsl esa 'kkfey gks xbA yu lEesyu esa mUgkasus vius tksjnkj Hkk"k.k esa LojkT; dh
fopkj/kjk dh tksjnkj odkyr dhA 1921 esa mUgksaus egkRek xk/h ds vlg;ksx vkanksyu esa fgLlk fy;k
vkSj vkxs pydj ns'k dh vktknh ds fy, dke fd;kA 1925 esa os dkaxzsl dh v;{k pquh xbA 1930
eas egkRek xk/h us lfou; voKk vkanksyu pyk;k ftlesa og xk/hth dh eq lg;ksxh jghA og xkkhth
rFkk vU; usrkvksa ds lkFk fxjrkj dj yh x;haA 1931 esa yanu esa xksyest lEesyu esa Hkkx ysus ds fy,
mUgsa xk/hth rFkk vU; usrkvksa ds lkFk fxjrkj dj yha x;haA 1931 esa yanu esa xksyest lEesyu esa Hkkx
ysus ds fy, mUgsa xk/hth ds lkFk vkeaf=kr fd;k x;kA ;g lEesyu liQy ugha gqvkA Hkkjr ykSVus ij
og fiQj vktknh ds la?k"kZ esa lf; :i ls tqV x;ha vkSj tsy x;haA
1942 esa xk/hth }kjk 'kq: fd, x, Hkkjr NksM+ks vkanksyu esa mUgksaus fgLlk fy;k vkSj fczfV'k
'kklu dk dksi Hkktu cudj ,d ckj fiQj tsy x;haA 1947 esa Hkkjr ds vktkn gksus ij mUgsa mkj ns'k
dk jkT;iky cuk;k x;kA 1 ekpZ 1947 dks mudk fu/u gqvk A og nqfu;k dh efgykvksa dh cgqr cM+h
fgrS"kh FkhaA mUgksaus ns'k lsok ds fy, lHkh oxks dh efgykvksa dks sj.kk nhA
mudh iq=kh itk uk;Mq Hkh viuh ek dh rjg gh jk"V ds fgrksa ds fr fu"Bkoku FkhaA 17
uoEcj 1900 esa tUeh itk uk;Mw ij viuh ns'kHkkQ ek dk dkiQh vlj FkkA 21 o"kZ dh mez esa og
jk"Vh; f{kfrt ij mHkjh vkSj gSnkjkckn Hkkjrh; jk"Vh; dkaxzsl dh la;qkQ laLFkkfidk cu x;haA mudh
jktuhfrd i`"BHkwfe dh vkSj mUgksaus yksxksa dks knh dk pkj djrs gq, fons'kh lkeku dk cfg"dkj djus
dh sj.kk nhA 1942 esa xk/h th ds Hkkjr NksMk+ as vkanksyu esa Hkkx ysus ds fy, mUgsa tsy tkuk iM+kA vktknh
ds ckn og laln dh lnL; cuha vkSj ckn esa if'pe caxky dh jkT;iky cuk;h x;haA yxHkx 50 o"kZ
ds lkoZtfud thou esa os jsMkWl ls Hkh tqM+ gq;h FkhaA 2 ebZ 1974 esa mudk nsgkar gks x;kA jk"V ds
fy, mudh lsok, klrkSj ls mudk ekuuh; n`f"Vdks.k ges'kk ;kn fd;k tk,xk A
tc efgykvksa dh l'kkQhdj.k dh ckr vkrh gS rks efgykvksa dh egku lwph cudj rS;kj gksrh
gS tks efgykvksa us ns'k ds fy, usg: ifjokj us tks egku cfynku vkSj ;ksxnku fd;k gS] jk"V mls ges'kk
;kn jsxkA Lora=krk vkanksyu esa iafMr tokgj yky dh cgu fot; y{eh iafMr ds ;ksxnku dks Hkqyk;k
ugha tk ldrkA 15 vxLr 1900 esa mudk tUe gqvk FkkA mudh f'k{kk&nh{kk eq[; :i ls ?kj esa gh
gqbZA 1936 vkSj 1946 esa og mkj ns'k fo/ku lHkk ds fy, pquh xbZ vkSj ea=kh cuk;h xbZA ea=kh Lrj
dk ntkZ ikus okyh Hkkjr dh og Fke efgyk FkhaA 1932] 1941 vkSj 1942 esa lfou; voKk vkanksyu
esa Hkkx ysus ds fy, mUgsa tsy dh ltk gqbZA vktknh ds ckn Hkh mUgksaus ns'k lsok tkjh jhA la;qkQ jk"V
dh v;{k cuus okyh og fo'o dh igyh efgyk FkhaA os jkT;iky vkSj jktnwr tSls dbZ egoiw.kZ inksa
ij jghaA
Shodh Samvid.
ISSN 2393-980X / 53
Lora=krk vkanksyu eas Jherh lqpsrk iykuh ds ;ksxnku dks Hkh ges'kk ;kn fd;k tk,xkA 1908
esa tUeh lqpsrk th dh f'k{kk ykgkSj vkSj fnYyh esa gqbZ FkhA vktknh ds vkanksyu esa Hkkx ysus ds fy,
mUgsa tsy dh ltk gqbZA 1946 esa og lafo/ku lHkk dh lnL; pquh xbA 1958 ls 1960 rd og Hkkjrh;
jk"Vh; dkaxzsl dh egklfpo FkhaA 1963 ls 1967 rd og mkj ns'k dh eq[;ea=kh jghaA 1 fnlEcj 1974
dks mudk fu/u gks x;kA vius 'kksd lans'k esa Jherh bafnjk xk/h us dgk fd ^^lwpsrk th ,sls nqyZHk
lkgl vkSj pfj=k dh efgyk Fkha] ftuls Hkkjrh; efgykvksa dks lEeku feyrk gSA**
Lora=krk vkanksyu esa Jherh yhykorh eqa'kh dk ;ksxnku de ugha FkkA vktknh ds la?k"kZ esa Hkkx
ysus ds fy, os rhu ckj tsy xbA vius ysu vkSj Hkk"kk.ksa ls mUgksaus vusd yksxksa dks sj.kk nhA buds
vykok ,sls vusd dfo] nk'kZfud vkSj ysd Fks ftUgksaus viuh dforkvksa vkSj ysu vkfn ls yksxksa dks
Lora=krk vkanksyu esa Hkkx ysus ds fy, sfjr fd;kA muesa rk#nk] LojUl dqekjh ?kks"kky] ljyk nsoh pkSkjh
vkSj dkfeuh ckbZ eq gSaA fo'o ds lcls cM+s yksdra=k Hkkjr dks bafnjk xk/h ds :i esa igyh efgyk
/kuea=kh nsus dk Js; kIr gSA 70 djksM+ Hkkjrh;ksa ds /kuea=kh ds :i esa bafnjk xk/h lcls liQy vkSj
yksdf; jgh gSaA blds igys vktknh ds vkanksyu esa Hkh mUgksaus egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku fd;k Fkk A 19 uoEcj
1917 esa bykckn ds vkuan Hkou esa mudk tUe gqvkA mudh f'k{kk bykgkckn] iwuk] cEcbZ] fo'oHkkjrh
vkSj vkWDliQksMZ esa lej foys dkWyst esa gqbZ FkhA vius firk tokgjyky usg: ds fys i=kksa ds ek;e
ls mUgksaus fo'o bfrgkl dk Kku kIr fd;kA 1921 esa pkj o"kZ dh mez esa igyh ckj mUgksaus dkaxzsl ds
vf/os'ku esa fgLlk fy;kA 12 o"kZ dh mez esa mUgksaus yM+ds vkSj yM+fd;ksa dk ,d pjk la?k vkSj okuj
lsuk dk xBu fd;kA bldk ms'; lfou; voKk vkanksyu esa enn djuk vkSj ,d Bksl vk/kj ds lkFk
mls c<+kok nsuk FkkA mUgksaus Jh;qr ".k esuu ds usr`Ro esa bafM;u yhx esa lf; :i ls fgLlk fd;kA
1938 esa og dkaxzsl dh lnL; cuha vkSj Lora=krk vkanksyu ls lf; :i ls tqM+h jghaA 1942 esa Hkkjr
NksM+ks vkanksyu ds nkSjku 'kknh ds rqjar ckn mUgsa vius ifr ds lkFk fxjrkj djds uSuh tsy Hkst fn;k
x;kA os xkoksa esa klrkSj ls efgykvksa ls lEidZ dk;e djus esa cjkcj lf; jghaA 1947 esa fnYyh ds
naxk ihfM+r {ks=kksa esa xk/h th ds funZs'kksa ds vuqlkj mUgksaus dke fd;kA vktknh ds ckn os iafMr usg:
dh lcls fudV jktuhfrd lg;ksxh cuhA
bafnjk th fu;fr dh ckfydk FkhA gky ds bfrgkl esa ,sls cgqr gh de yksx gq, gkasxs ftUgsa
lkk ls dksbZ eksg u gksus ds ckotwn bruk mkjnkf;Ro vkSj vf/dkj lkSaik x;k gks ftruk bafnjk xk/h
ds da/ksa ij lkSaik x;kA
og ftl fdlh Hkh ps in ij jgha] mlds fy, qn dksbZ ;kl ugha fd;k] cfYd og in
mUgsa Fkksi fn;k x;kA Lora=krk vkanksyu esa mudh Hkwfedk vkSj muds }kjk mBk, x, dneksa rFkk muds
20 lw=kh; dk;Ze Hkkjr ds bfrgkl esa ges'kk ;kn fd;k tk,xk A
bafnjk xka/h vc gekjs chp ugha gSa ysfdu vc gekjs chp ,d ;qok vkSj mRlkgh /kuea=kh
jktho xk/h Fks] ftUgksaus vius igys uhfr okQO; esa oknk fd;k fd os bafnjkth dh uhfr;ksa ls vyx ugha
gVsaxs A
bafnjk th us ns'kokfl;ksa klrkSj ls ncs yksxksa dh lsok djus ds fy, vkanksyu 'kq: djus vkku
fd;k FkkA ;g ,d egku vkanksyu gS ftlls gekjs ns'k dk HkkX; cnyk tk ldrk gSA ge ;g dg ldrs
gSa fd vO;oLFkk vkSj fookn] ?k`.kk vkSj erHksn] foksg vkSj la?k"kZ ds lHkh fnuksa esa efgykvksa us Hkkjr
ds orZeku Lo:i dks cukus esa ;ksxnku fd;k gS A
rkRi;Z ;g gS fd fdlh nwljs ds ;kl djus ek=k ls L=kh dks lkekftd dfBukb;ksa ls eqfkQ
ugha fey ldrhA blds fy, Lo;a L=kh dks dej dl dj vkxs vkuk gksxk] L=kh mkj o L=kh dY;k.k
ds laca/ esa pyk, tkus okys dk;Zeksa vkSj ;kstukvksa dk usr`Ro Lo;a djuk gksxkA Hkkjr esa ukjh dk mkj
vktrd tks ldk gS& dsoy iq#"kksa dh cnkSyr ugha gS mldk Js; mu efgykvksa dks Hkh tkrk gS ftUgksaus
viuk ?kj&ckj R;kx dj x`gLFk thou esa jgrs gq, ukjh mkj ds fy, dk;Z fd,A
Jherh jru 'kkL=kh us L=kh f'k{kk ds ms'; ls t;iqj esa ouLFkyh fo|kihB dh LFkkiuk dh
bUnqerh pheu yky lsB us vMkyr eas L=kh v;;u efUnj dk lapkyu fd;k rFkk dLrwjck Lekjd VLV
o efgyk leqUufr la?k vkfn laLFkkvksa esa lf; ;ksxnku fd;kA Jherh ,uh cslsUV us fFk;ksflfiQdy
lekt dh LFkkiuk dh vkSj cukjl esa lsUVy fgUnq dkWyst dh LFkkiuk dhA
jekckbZ ,lksfl,'ku ds ek;e ls fo/ok f'k{k.k ds fy, dk;Z fd;kA chch verqLlyke us
jktiqjk esa dLrqjck dU;k egkfo|ky; dh LFkkiuk dhA 'kkUrkckbZ jkuhckyk us o/kZ esa fl laLFkk
efgyk Je dh LFkkiuk dhA ljyk nsoh us lu~ 1946 esa dLrqjck efgyk mRFkku e.My ds }kjk y{eh
vkJe] dkSlkuh dh LFkkiuk dh rFkk fcgkj ds xkoksa esa Hkh xzkenku ds fufeZr efgyk tkxj.k ds dke
esa fo'ks"k ;ksxnku fd;kA orZeku esa fyTtr ikiM+ m|ksx efgykvksa dh 'kfkQ] dk;Z{kerk ,oa dq'ky usr`Ro
dk thrk tkxrk ek.k gSA
Hkkjr esa Fke efgyk jk"Vifr ds in ij Jh frHkk ikfVy Fkh ,oa vusd jkT;ksa ds eq[;ea=kh
fnYyh ds 'khyk nhf{kr mkj ns'k ds ek;korh ,oa fcgkj ds jkcM+h nsoh Fkha] ftUgksaus vius dk;Zdky
csgn vPNs <ax ls fd;kA yksdlHkk ds Lihdj ds in ij Hkh efgyk vklhu Fkha vkSj vkt Hkh gSa ,oa
dkaxzsl ds v;{k lksfu;k xk/h gS fdruh efgyk, dsUh; ea=kh ds inksa ij vklhu gSaA fcgkj esa Hkh dbZ
efgyk ea=kh ds in ij vklhu gSaA vkt efgyk lHkh {ks=kksa esa dkiQh mPp inksa ij vklhu gS vkSj vius
dke dh ftEesokjh os vPNs <ax ls dj jgh gSA
69osa jk"VeaMy syksa esa Hkkjr dh efgyk fykfM+;ksa us ;knxkj n'kZu djrs gq, ns'k ds fy,
,d frgkbZ ls T;knk ind thr fy,A Hkkjr us bu syksa ds bfrgkl esa vcrd dk viuk loZJs"B n'kZu
djrs gq, dqy 101 ind gkfly fd, ftuesa efgykvksa dk ;ksxnku ,d frgkbZ ls dgha T;knk gSA
efgyk fykfM+;ksa us 13 Lo.kZ] 11 jtr vkSj 12 dkaL; lfgr dqy 36 ind gkfly fd,
gSaA iq#"k fykfM+;ksa ds krs esa 25 Lo.kZ] 15 jtr vkSj 24 dkaL; gSa rFkk ,d Vhe jtr Hkh x;k gSA
Hkkjr us syksa ds vafre fnu tks nks Lo.kZ ind gkfly fd, oks nksuksa gh efgyk cSMfeaVu fykfM+;ksa
ds jSdsV ls fudkysaA
Hkkjr dh efgyk fu'kkuscktks]a igyokuks]a ,FkyhVks]a Hkkjkskksydks]a cSMfeUVu vkSj Vsful fykfM+;ksa
us dkiQh mEnk n'kZu fd;k vkSj ;g fnk;k fd os iq#"k fykfM+;ksa ls da/s ls da/k feykdj ns'k ds
fy, xkSjo yk ldrh gS A
,FkysfVDl esa ".kk iwfu;k] gjoar dkWj vkSj lhek vafry us efgyk fMLdl Fkzks esa Lo.kZ] jtr
vkSj dkaL; thrdj u;k bfrgkl cuk;kA ".kk us rks Hkkjr dks 52 o"kks ds yacs varjky ds ckn ,FkysfVDl
esa Lo.kZ ind fnyk;kA euthr dkWj] fluh tksl] vf'ouh fpjkuank vkSj eunhi dkSj dh pkSdM+h us pkj
xq.kk 400 ehVj fjys dk Lo.kZ thrkA LVkj cSMfeaVu fykM+h lk;uk usgoky us syksa ds vafre fnu
efgyk ,dy Li/kZ dk Lo.kZ thrk tcfd Tokyk xqk vkSj vf'ouh iksuIik dh tksM+h us efgyk ;qxy
esa Lo.kZ ind thrdj u;k bfrgkl jpukA
Shodh Samvid.
ISSN 2393-980X / 55
Vsful LVkj lkfu;k fetkZ ls Hkh Hkkjr dks Lo.kZ ind dh mEehn Fkh ysfdu og dM+k la?k"kZ
djus ds ckotwn efgyk ,dy eqdkcys esa jtr ind gh gkfly dj ldhaA ns'k dh efgyk igyokuksa
us xtc ds nkao isap fnkrs gq, dq'rh esa ,d u;k bfrgkl jpk vkSj bl sy dks ,d u;k vk;ke ns
fn;kA xhrk us 55 fdxzk oxZ esa] vydk rksej us 59 fdxzk oxZ esa vkSj vuhrk us 67 fdxzk oxZ esa Lo.kZ
thrkA
efgyk rhjankth esa nhfidk dqekjh] Mksyk cuthZ vkSj cksEckY;k nsoh dh frdM+h us deky ds
fu'kkus lk/rs gq, fjdoZ Vhe Li/kZ dk Lo.kZ thrk tcfd 16 o"khZ; nhfidk us O;fkQxr oxZ esa Lo.kZ
thr nksgjh Lof.kZe miyfC/ gkfly dhA
efgykvksa dh Hkkjkskksyu dh 58 fdxzk Li/kZ eas js.kq ckyk pkuw us djksM+ksa ns'kokfl;ksa dh mEehnksa
dks Hkkj vius etcwr da/ksa ij mBkrs gq, Lo.kZ ind vius uke fd;kA
fu'kkusckth esa vuhlk lbZn us 25 ehVj fiLVy O;fkQxr Li/kZ vkSj fiQj jkgh ljukscr ds lkFk
Vhe Li/kZ dk Lo.kZ ind thrdj viuk uke bfrgkl esa ntZ djk fn;kA fguk flq vkSj vuq jkt flag
10 ehVj is;lZ ,;j fiLVy Li/kZ dk Lo.kZ ind thrk A
efgyk fykfM+;ksa ds bl n'kZu us dbZ iq#"k fykfM+;ksa ds n'kZu dks Hkh ihNs NksM+ fn;kA
efgyk fykfM+;ksa dh ;g dke;kch Hkkjr esa yM+fd;ksa dks syksa esa vkxs ykus ds fy, sj.kk lzksr dk
dke jdsxh D;ksafd buesa dbZ fotsrk fykM+h ns'k ds ,sls nwjnjkt {ks=kksa ls gSa tks iwjh rjg lqfo/kvksa ls
oafpr gSaA
qqq
xhr vkSj laxhr

vjfaoan dqekj
euq"; vius prqfnZd iQSys okrkoj.k ds je.kh; izkax.k ds v{k; HkaMkj esa ls lgt LokHkkfod
lkSaUn;Z dks xzg.k dj vius fparu] euu ,oa vuqHkoksa dks dYiuk }kjk euksuqdwy O;ofLFkr dj] vius dks
,dkxz dj] lalkj dks Hkwy dj rFkk lk/kj.k thou ls cgqr mQps mB dj vkSj fiQj mls viuh jpukvksa
ds }kjk vfHkO;Dr djrk gSA bUgha jpukvksa dks fofHkUu dyk&fr;ksa dh laKk ls vfHkfgr fd;k tkrk
gSA mldk fparu tgk f'kyk[k.Mksa esa lkdkj gksrk gS] ogk ewfrZ;ksa ds n'kZu gksrs gS_a tgk og mls js[kkvks&a jaxksa
esa izLrqr djrk gS] ogk fp=k curs gSa_ tgk 'kCnksa ds ek;e ls mls ikBdksa rd igqpkrk gS] ogk lkfgR;
dh l`f"V gksrh gS vkSj tgk Loj&y; ds }kjk Jksrkvksa dks Jo.k djkrk gSA ogk laxhr dyk dk vkfoHkkZo
gksrk gSA blh izdkj fofo/ dyk&fr;ksa }kjk ekuo vius Hkko] fopkj lekt ds lekus izLrqr djrk gSA
budh Hkkouk, ,oa laosnuk, dk laokgd dyk&fr gksrh gSA
xhr vkSj laxhr vius Lora=k vfLrRo ds lkFk ijLij iwjd] lgksnjk vkSj vU;ksU;kfJr gSA xhr
izHkko o`f ds fy, laxhr dk vkSj laxhr vFkZ&cks/ ds fy, xhr (in) dk lgkjk ysrh gSA dfri; fo}ku
rks xhr dks laxhr dk i;kZ;okph ekurs gSaA mudk fopkj gS fd ljl 'kCnkoyh vkSj Hkkoukvksa ds ltho
fp=k.k tc Loj] y; vkSj rky esa fuc dj O;Dr gksrs gSa vkSj muds }kjk lkSaUn;kZRed okrkoj.k dk
fuekZ.k gksrk gS] rks mls gh xhr ;k laxhr dgrs gSaA1
xhr vkSj laxhr uknkfJr dyk, gSaA vFkkZr~ nksuksa dykvksa dk mn~Hko ukn ls gh gksrk gSA Hkkjrh;
ijEijk esa ukn dh vikj efgek xkbZ xbZ gSA erax eqfu dgrs gSa &
u uknsu fcuk xhra u uknsu fcuk Lo;% A
u uknsu fcuk u`R;a rLekUuknkReda txr~ AA
ukn:i% Le`rh czk ukn#iks tuknZu A
ukn:ik ijk'kfDruknZ:iksa egs'oj% AA2
vFkkZr~ ukn ds fcuk u xhr gS] u Loj gS vkSj u`R; gSA vr% laiw.kZ txr~ gh uknkRed gS czk]
fo".kq ,oa egs'oj ds leku ijk'kfDr Hkh ukn Lo:i gh gSA 'kkjaxnso us ukn dh fu#fDr bl izdkj crk;h
gS &
udkja izk.kukekua ndkjeuya fonq% A
tkr% izk.kkfXula;ksxkksu uknksfHk/h;rs AA3
lgk;d izk/;kid ,oa v/;{k] laxhr foHkkx] ex/k efgyk egkfo|ky;] iVuk A
Shodh Samvid.
ISSN 2393-980X / 57
vFkkZr~ ukn 'kCn ds nks v{kj e'k% ûdkj* izk.k ok;q ,oa ^ndkj* vfXu okpd gSaA bu nksuksa
vFkkZr~ izk.k ok;q ,oa vfXu ok;q ds la;ksx ls ûkn* mRiUu gksrk gSA
lxhr niZ.k xzUFk esa nkeksnj iafMr dgrs gSa &
uknsu O;trs o.kZ% ina o.kkZr~ ink}p% A
oplks O;ogkjks;a uknk/huerks txr~ AA4
vFkkZr~ ukn ds ;ksx ls gh o.kksPZ pkj.k ;kuh v{kj mPpkj gksrk gS] o.kZ ls în* ('kCn) dh flf
gksrh gS] in ls Hkk"kk curh gS rFkk Hkk"kk ds gksus ls gh txr~ ds lc O;ogkj pyrs gSaA vr% okx~O;ogkj
dk fu;ked ,dek=k ûkn* gSA
Li"V gS fd xhr vkSj laxhr nksuksa dh vkRek okd~ 'kfDr ls lh/k vkSj izR;{k laca/ gSA xhr vkSj
laxhr dh ,d nwljs ls rqyuk djrs gq, fo}kuksa us dHkh xhr dks laxhr ls egkj vkSj dHkh laxhr dks
xhr ls mQpk ekuk gS] rks dHkh mijksDr nksuksa dykvksa dh Js"Brk dk izfriknu djrs gq, fu"d"kZr% bUgsa
,d nwljs ds led{k ekuk gSA okLro esa vkgr ukn dh vk/kjf'kyk ij LFkkfir bu nksuksa dykvksa dk
vkil esa cM+k xgjk ,oa lqn<` + lac/
a gSA ekuo tkfr ds LoHkko dh loksiZ ;ksxh jlflDr vkuUnk;d Lo;aHkw
lEink gS xhr vkSj laxhrA
xhr vkSj laxhr dk vVwV lac/
a gS vkSj oU;kRedrk vFkkZr~ uknkRed bldk vfHkUu vax gSA tc
n;] eu vkSj efLr"d ds can dikVksa ij izk.kkfXu vkSj izk.kok;q ls fu%l`r vkgr ukn Fkki nsrs gS] rks
tUe ysrk gS ,d Hkkokdwy xhrA tks 'kCnksa ds lqjhys lktksa esa <y dj vkuan lfV djrs gq, 'kk'orrk
dks izkIr gksrk gSA Lor% LiQwrZ Hkkoksa dk vk?kkr ,d ,sls xhr dh l`f"V dj nsrk gS tks vuUr :i&lkSUa n;Ze;
ofu dk ojnku izkIr djds dHkh&dHkh ;ksfx;ksa }kjk vuqHkwr vukgr ukn vkuan dh pje lhek dk Li'kZ
djus yxrk gSA tgk Loj vkSj 'kCn ,dkdkj gksdj euq"; dks xhr ,oa uknksikluk ds mPpre vk;ke rd
igqpk nsrs gSaA HkkokfHkO;fDr dh og pje fLFkfr gS] tgk laxhr iz.ksrk] ;srk vkSj Jksrk lR;] f'ko vkSj
laqnj ds czyksd esa fopj.k djus yxrk gSA
xhr vkSj laxhr dh iz/ku fo'ks"krk y;kReDrk ;k izokge;rk gSA NUn vkSj y; ,d nwljs ds iwjd
gSaA xhr dk vk/kj NUn gS rks laxhr dk vk/kj y; gSA laxhr og yfyr dyk gS] ftlesa ekuo viuh
Hkkoukvksa dks Loj vkSj y; ds ek;e ls vfHkO;aftr djrk gSA y;&rky laxhr dk izk.k gSA nksuksa dykvksa
dk fodkl izfr dh xksn esa gqvk gSA izfr dk fojkV eap gh nskuksa dk vkJ;nkrk gSA dfo ogha ls
xhr ds fy, izsj.kk ikrk gS vkSj laxhrK ogha ls laxhr ds fy,A xhrdkj n; dh meM+rh&epyrh
Hkkoukvksa dks xhr dk :i nsrk gSA xk;d Hkh vius Hkkoukvksa dh izsj.kk ls laxhr izLrqr djrk gSA nksuksa
Hkko&iz/ku gS rFkk Jo.kdrkZ dks jlkuqHkwfr djkrs gSaA jatdks tu fpkkuke l jkx% dfFkrks cq/% ds
vuqlkj laxhr dk ms'; euq"; ds n; dks iziQqfYyr rFkk vkuafnr djuk gSA tgk xhr gesa izfr rFkk
dYiuk&yksd ds lqanj&lqanj vorj.kksa dk n'kZu djkds ,d vykSfdd vkuan dk vuqHko djkrk gS] ogk
laxhr ds e/qj Loj n;&ra=kh dks NsM+ dj tks jlkuqHkwfr djkrs gSa og vo.kZuh; gSA
xhr vkSj laxhr nksuska dh vkRek ^jl* gSA laxhr dh vkRek ^jatu* gSA jl gh jatu dk dkj.k
gSA tgk xhr ds varxZr uojl dk fo/ku gS] ogha laxhr esa dsoy pkj jlksa ( k xa` kj] ohj] d#.kk vkSj 'kkar)
esa gh lekfo"V dj fy;k x;k gSA xhr esa 'kCnkoyh ds ek;e ls jl mRiUu fd;k tkrk gS rFkk xhr
mRikfnr ;g jl Lojksa dh lgk;rk ls pjeksRd"kZ dks izkIr djrk gSA jl fo'ks"k ds fy, 'kCnksa dk p;u
dkO;&Kku ds fcuk laHko ughaA 'kCnksa vkSj Lojksa ds ek;e ls gh jl&ifjikd gksrk gSA ;fn Lojksa dks
mfpr 'kCn vkSj 'kCnksa dks mfpr Loj u feys rks jl vkSj jatu nksuksa dh laHkkouk ughaA5 'kCnksa ds ek;e
ls n;xr euksHkkoksa dh dykRed] jlkRed vkSj y;kRed vfHkO;fDr gh xhr dk :i /kj.k dj ysrh
gSA blh izdkj Loj ds ek;e ls ogh dykRed] jlkRed vkSj y;kRed vfHkO;fDr laxhr dk :i xzg.k
dj ysrh gSA vfHkizk; ;g gS fd nksuksa ,d nwljs ds ;ksx ls iw.kZRo izkIr dj fu[kj mBrs gSaA
laxhr esa Lojksa ds mrkj&p<+ko dh egkk fo'ks"k :i ls gksrh gSA ;g dyk 'kCnksa ds lgk;rk
fy, fcuk dsoy lqj ls gh vkRe izdk'k dj ldrk gS vkSj vkuan izkfIr esa fdlh rjg dh ck/k Hkh ugha
vkrhA tSls flrkj] lkjaxh] ljksn] ckalqjh vkfn ok|&;a=k ij tc dksbZ jkx NsM+s tkrs gSa rks mlds Loj vkSj
vkyki ij gh ge >we mBrs gSaA fdarq xhr ftl fLFfr esa vkReizdk'k djs] ogha 'kCnksa dk lgkjk ysus dks
foo'k gSA lp rks ;g gS fd xhr&laxhr ,d nljs ds iwjd vkSj iks"kd gSA laxhr fo'ks"kdj daB&laxhr
Loj iz/ku gksrs gq, Hkh 'kCnksa dks iw.kZr;k mis{kk ugha dj ldrkA xk;u esa 'kCn i;kZIr egRo j[krs gSa vkSj
jl fu"ifk esa vR;f/d lgk;d gksrs gSAa ek=k fujFkZd 'kCnksa vkSj Lojksa ds vkjksg&vojksg okyk laxhr Loj
ek/q;Z rks ns ldrk gS fdarq HkkokRed jl&fu"ifk ugha dj ldrkA bl vFkZ esa xhr ls lgk;rk ysuh gh
iM+rh gSA blh rjg jlkRed Hkko fcuk y;&rky ds dfork ek/q;Z ugha ik ldrh gS vkSj d.kZfiz;rk ds
fo'ks"k xq.k ls oafpr gks tkrh gSA blh vFkZ esa xhr dks laxhr dk vkJ; ysuk vko';d gks tkrk gSA
xhr dk viuk oSf'k"V~; gS] ysfdu laxhr dh tkudkjh ftl dfo dks gksrh gS] mlds xhr
vfkd izHkko'kkyh gksrs gSaA ftu jpukdkj dks i|&jpuk vkSj Loj&jpuk djus dk Kku gksrk gS] mls
laxhr&'kkL=k esa ôkXxs;dkj*6 dgk tkrk gSA okd~ vkSj xs; fey dj ôkXxs;* 'kCn curk gSA ôkd~* dk
vFkZ gS i| jpuk vkSj ^xs;* dk vFkZ gS Loj jpukA bUgha dks êkrq* vkSj ^/krq* Hkh dgrs gSaA vr%
laxhr&'kkL=k Hkh xhr vkSj laxhr dks iwjd ekurk gSA
xhr lkfgR; dh lokZf/d yksdfiz; vkSj lw{e fo/k gSA yksd lkekU; HkkoHkwfe ij n;&n;
dk jkxkRed laca/ LFkkfir djuk xhr dk y{; gSA ;g jkxkRed laca/&LFkkiuk gh xhfr dh vUr'psruk
gSA xhr vkSj laxhr dk tUe yksd&lkekU; HkkoHkwfe ij gh gksrk gSA Hkko dh rhozrk gh bldh vkRek gSA
ok.h ds ifjos'k esa Hkko dk viuRo mn~xkj gh xhr vFkok laxhr gSA
xhr vkSj laxhr esa jpukdkj oSpkfjd vuqHkwfr dk fp=k.k djrk gS] fdarq og thou ds ;FkkFkZ
ls fHkUu ugha gksrkA vr% Li"V gS fd jpukdkj dh vkRekuqHkwfr dh vfHkO;fDr gh xhr vkSj laxhr gSA
;g dyk ,d nwljs dh iwjd o lgpj dyk gSA
lanHkZ %
123445-
lqdqy] vkpk;Z yfyrk izlkn] lkfgR; ftKklk] fganh vkSj ckaXyk dk lkfgfR;d vknku&iznku] i`- 53
c`gn~ns'kh] 'yksd&6] i`-&7
laxhr jRukdj] 'yksd&6] i`-&113
laaxhr niZ.k] 'yksd&14] i`-&15
dqekj] MkW- vjfoan] Hkkjrh; laxhr txr dks rqylhnkl dk ;ksxnku] i`-&5
laxhr jRukdj] izdh.kZdk;k;] 'yksd 2] i`-&144
qqq
Shodh Samvid.
ISSN 2393-980X / 59
lkSan;Z'kkL=k] jl o Hkkjrh; laxhr esa lkSan;Z jl dk fo/ku

vafdrk JhokLro
lkSUn;kZuqHkwfr dk eq ro gS Hkko vkSj mlesa dYiuk rFkk cqfro dk feJ.kA ;gh
lkSaUn;kZuqHkwfr jl& flkar dk vk/kj gS vFkkZr~ jlkuqHkwfr lkSaUn;kZuqHkwfr dk i;kZ; gSA
Hkkjrh; ok~e; lkSaUn;kZuqHkwfr dk kekf.kd foospu dkO; 'kkL=k esa jl&lax ds vUrxZr gqvk
gS] D;ksafd lkSUn;Z dh O;fkQfu"B ifjdYiuk dh ifj.kfr okLro esa jl gh gSA jl flkar Hkkjrh; laLfr
vkSj lkfgR; dk vR;ar egoiw.kZ vax gSA ;|fi jl flkar dh lqO;fLFkr ppkZ loZFke Hkjr ds
ukV'kkL=k esa dh xbZ gS] rFkkfi ^jl* 'kCn dk ;ksx kphu le; ls laLr Hkk"kk esa fHkUu&fHkUu
vFkks esa gksrk jgk gSA Hkkjrh; ok~e; esa ftu pkj vFkks esa jl dk ;ksx fd;k x;k gS os bl dkj gS%&
(i) lkekU; vFkZ esa vkLokn ls lacaf/r tSls inkFkZ dk jlA
(ii) osn rFkk mifu"knksa esa ;qkQ vFkZ
(iii) lkfgR; ukV vkfn dk vFkZA
(iv) HkfkQ rFkk eks{k dk jlA
^jl* 'kCn dh O;qRifk gS ^jL;rs bfr jl%* vFkkZr ftldk Lokn ys lds] p lds] jl ys
lds] ogh ^jl* gSA Hkkjrh; lkSUn;Z'kkL=k dh bl BsB Hkkjrh;rk dk lcls vf/d cy ek.k ^jl*
flkar gh gSA inkFkks ds lkjro ds :i esa ^jl* laKk dk ;ksx Hkkjr esa vkjEHk ls gh lkekU; O;ogkj
,oa Kku&foKku dh vusd 'kkkvksa esa pfyr jgk gSA
osnksa esa e/q] nqX/] lkse] ty vkfn ftl dkj jl dk ;ksx fd;k x;k gS mlls Li"V gS fd
inkFkZ lkj gh ^jl* gSA ^c`gnkj.;d mifu"kn* esa ^k.kksa o vaxkuk% jl%* dg dj jl dks lkjHkwfr rRo
ds :i esa Lohdkj fd;k x;k gS] rks ^rSkjh; mifu"kn** esa Lo;a czk dks gha jl :i dgk x;k gSA ^jlks
oS l%*A ^NkUnksX; mifu"kn* esa jl ds vkB dkjksa dk mYys djrs gq, e'k% LFkwy ls lw{e gksus dh
laiw.kZ f;k dk fooj.k Lrqr fd;k x;k gSA1
bu Hkwrksa dk jl i`Foh gS] i`Foh dk jl ty gS] ty dk jl ml ij fuHkZj jgus okyh
vkS"kfk;k] vkS"kf/;ksa dk jl iq#"k gS] vkSj iq#"k dk jl ok.kh gS] ok.kh dk jl pk gS] pk dk jl
lke gS] vkSj lke dk jl mn~xhFk gSA
mifu"knksa ds lkFk gh ^jl* laKk dk os'k n'kZu 'kkL=k ds vUrxZr gqvk] vkSj Hkkjrh; n'kZu
'kks/kizK] ex/k efgyk egkfo|ky;] iVuk fo'ofo|ky;] iVuk A
dh kphure /kjkvksa esa ls ,d lka[; us ml dks viuh fopkj .kkyh esa egRoiw.kZ LFkku fn;kA ekuo
thou ds fofo/ {ks=kksa esa ^jl* 'kCn dk ;ksx lokZsR"V rRo ds fy, gksrk gSA k| inkFkks vkSj iQyksa
ds :i esa ^jl* e/qjre rjy inkFkks dk |ksrd gSA fpfdRlk ds {ks=k esa lokZsR"V k.knkf;uh vkS"kfk
dks ^jl* dgk x;k gSA v;kReoknh Loa; ijekRek dks gh jl ;k jl dks gha ijekRek dgrs gSaA lkfgR;
ds {ks=k esa Hkh dkO; ds vkLoknu ls kIr vUunkuqHkwfr dks gh ^jl* dgrs gSA
*^jl* 'kCn dk laca/ Hkkjrh; laLfr] lkfgR; vkSj laxhr ls vukfn dky ls tqM+k gqvk gSA
^jl* ,d lEiw.kZ lexz ekufld psruk gS] ftls vuqHko fd;k tk ldrk gSA ekuo dk leLr thou
^jle;* gksrk gSA thou esa fojlrk rHkh vkrh gS] tc gekjh Hkkoukvksa esa gekjh lksp esa gekjh psruk esa
fofr vkus yxsA MkW lqjs'kozr jk; us fyk gS] jl vfuok;Zr% vuqHkotU; gS2 pkgs laxhr jl pkgs
dkO; jl gks lHkh vuqHkwfrtU; gSA vr% ;g ,d lEiw.kZ ekufld psruk gSA ftls dsoy vuqHko fd;k
tk ldrk gSA vr% ^jl* dk ewy/kj ^Hkko* gSA blh Hkko dks dykdkj vius fr;ksa esa vfHkO;kQ djrk
gSA tks nwljs dks lq dh kfIr djkrk gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd ^jl* vkSj lkSUn;Z dk vkil esa vVwV lacak
gSA loZFke dksbZ Hkh dyk ;k oLrq gesa lqUnj rhr gksrh gS] rRi'pkr~ oks gesa lqkuqHkwfr djkrh gS] ogh
vuqHkwfr ^jl* ogh vuqHkwfr ^jl* gSA
jkx&laxhr ds fdu Loj&leqnk;ksa }kjk jlkuqHkwfr ;k v.M vkuUn ds fdl Nksj dks idM+k
tk ldrk gS] buds jgL; dks le>us ds fy, gekjs kphu f"k&eqfu;ksa us dBksj lk/uk vkSj vius
vuqHkoksa ds i'pkr gh ^jl* dh foospuk foLr`r :i ls dh tks vkt rd fo|eku gSA ;gh ugha fdu
Lojksa ls fdu&fdu jlksa dh vuqHkwfr dh tk ldrh gS] blds Li"V mYys fn, x, gSaA tSls& "kMt vkSj
"kHk Lojksa esa ohj] jkS vkSj vn~Hkqr jl dh vuqHkwfr gksrh gS] /Sor Loj ohHkRl vkSj Hk;kud jl dk
iks"kd gSA xU/kj vkSj fu"kkn Loj d:.k jl vkSj e;e rFkk iape Loj gkL; vkSj Jàxkj jlksa dk vuqHko
djkrs gSA ;s mYys dkYifud u gh gS] vfirq vuqHkwr fd, gq, gSA bUgha Lojksa ds fofo/ ;ksxksa ls
jkx&laxhr esa jluqHkwfr gksrh gSA
;gh ugha Hkkjrh; laxhr Bksl foKku ij vk/kfjr gS vkSj vk;kfRedrk bldh i`"BHkwfe esa gS
blhfy, laxhr ds lqjksa esa ^jlkLoknu* rks fujUrj jgrk gS dkdq vkSj lkSUn;Z blds fofo/ vax gSA tSlk
MkW lqj'kozr jk; us fyk gS & 'Music is essentially related to human sentiments. Rasa is not
merely the soul of the art but rather the supreme himself. Music is relally the science of
sound'3 vFkkZr laxhr ekuoh; laosnukvksa ls tqM+k gqvk gS blesa jl gh ugha cfYd ije jl fo|eku
gSA fiQj Hkh laxhr oSKkfud :i ls ofu foKku dk fo"k; gS D;ksafd leLr czkaM ofu vkSj&xfr ls
pyk;eku gSA ofu vFkkZr ukn vkSj xfr ;kfu y;] ukn vkSj y; ds la;ksx ls laxhr dyk fufeZr gksrh
gSA blhfy, gekjs kphu f"k&eqfu;ksa us laxhr dks cz fo|k ;k ukn cz dh laKk nh gS ûkn:i% Le`rksa
czkA* ;gh ,d dkj.k gS fd laxhr dyk ekuoh; laosnukvksa ds vf/d lehi gSA dksbZ Hkh oLrq gesa
D;ksa vkuUn nsrh gS] D;ksfa d og lqUnj gS] je.kh; gS] vkd"kZd gS] rHkh og gekjs vUrl dks Hkkfor djrh
gSA lkSaUn;kZuqHkwfr ;k lkSaUn;Z cks/ gekjs n; dh f;k gS] ftldk Hkko vyx&vyx O;fkQ esa
vyx&vyx <ax ls gksrh gSA vFkkZr R;sd lqUnj o eksgd oLrq dks nsdj R;sd O;fkQ vius
eu&efLr"d vkSj dYiuk ds vuq:i mls eglwl djrk gSaA blfy, lkSUn;Z&vuqHkwfr ,d lkoZHkkSfed xq.k
gS ftldh ifj.kfr vkuan esa gksrh gSA
Hkkjrh; laxhr esa lkSUn;Z ds midj.k ds nks :i gksrs gSaA igyk gS lkekU; midj.k vkSj nwljk
Shodh Samvid.
ISSN 2393-980X / 61
gS fo'ks"k midj.kA lkekU; midj.kksa eas lekurk] fofo/rk oSfp=;] peRdkfjrk] lqO;oLFkk] vusdrk esa
,drk] vkSfpR; laxhr] la;e] O;atuk rFkk fo#rk vkfn vkrs gSa rFkk fo'ks"k midj.kksa esa vkd"kZd
cfEn'k] vkyki] rku] vyadkj] cksy rku] y;dkjh&n'kZu] ehM+] d.k] Vdk] eqdhZ] xed] >kyk]
tetek] vfoHkkZo&frjksHkko] vYiRo&cgqRo] dkdqq rFkk HkkokfHku; ds uke mYysuh; gSA
lkSUn;Z l`f"V dk ewy rRo gSA og lkSaUn;Z lR; dk i;kZ; gSA jlksUifkQ esa Hkko] foHkko vuqHkko
vkyEcu] mhiu vkfn dk fo/ku gS ftudh O;k[;k ukV vkSj vfHku; ds vUrxZr dh xbZ gS] fdarq
Hkkjrh; jkx&laxhr dh gh ;s fo'ks"krk gS fd jlkuqHkwfr ds vUrxZr vkyEcu] m/hiu vkfn Lor% mRiUu
gksus yxrs gSa vkSj u dsoy Jksrk cfYd leLr okrkoj.k laxhr ds e/qj Lojksa ls rjafxr gksus yxrk gSA
lkSUn;Z cks/ gekjs n; dh f;k gS] ftldk Hkko vyx&vyx O;fkQ esa vyx&vyx <ax ls gksrh
gSA1
lanHkZ %
1234-
'kekZ egkjkuh] laxhr ef.k Hkkx&1 i`"B la[;k& 146

ikBd ukjk;.k iafMr txnh'k] laxhr fuca/ ekyk i`"B la[;k& 183
qqq
Hkkjrh; laxhr % n'kk vkSj fn'kk

fladh dqekjh
izkphu dky ls Hkkjrh; dykvksa dh HkkxhjFkh dY;k.k Hkkouk dh vk/kj Hkwfe ij izokfgr gksrh
jgh gSA ^LokUr% lq[kk;* dyk dk iz;kstu vkRedY;k.k rFkk cgqtu fgrk; }kjk tudY;k.k jgk gSA ukn]
'kCn rFkk vfHku; ;s rhu mikluk ds loksZke ek;e ekus tkrs Fks rFkk dyksikld dk pje y{; eks{k
izkfIr jgk djrk FkkA Hkkjrh; n'kZu dh ;g fo'ks"krk gS fd og ekuo ds leLr f;kdykiksa dks ifo=kre
:i nsus ds gsrq nsorkvksa esa mudk vkjksi.k djrk gSA 'kkL=kksa esa 'kqkpk;Z dks loksZR"V fp=kdkj rFkk ukjn
dks dhrZudkj cryk;k x;k gSA laxhr ,oa dkO; dk mn~Hko kadj ds Me: ukn ls ekuk tkrk gS vkSj
oa'kh dk rks uke ysrs gh rR{k.k eugj eqjyh/j dk fp=k dYiuk ds us=kksa ds le{k mifLFkr gks tkrk gSA
leLr fo|k ,oa dykvksa dks nsus okyh 'kfDr Hkxorh oh.kkikf.k dks mikL; cuk;k x;k gSA bl thou
dky p esa tc euq";ksa us i`Foh ij vaxM+kb;k yh vkSj thou dks le>k] laxhr dk LFkku loksZifj cu
pqdk FkkA euq";ksa ds thou esa gksus okyh ,d& ,d fr;k laxhr ds ek;e ls tkuk tkus yxkA jkt&ikB]
'kkld bR;kfn ds eukso`fr vuqlkj] laxhr us viuk :i rks cnyk] ijUrq vius vfLrRo dks dk;e j[kkA
e; dky rd vkrs&vkrs 'kklu &'kkldksa dh c<+rh la[;k us laxhr dyk dh izfr ifjofrZr dj
jtksxq.kh cuk fn;kA ysfdu fo}Rtu jktl dyk dks mls ekurs gSa] ftudk iz;kstu ykSfdd thou dks
lq[ke; cukus ds fufeRr euksjatu djuk jgrk gSA fcyklh jktk o jblksa us foykflrk ds gsrq laxhr tSlh
vkRekskjd dyk dks psjh cukdj jktegy dh pkj fnokjh ds chp j[k NksM+kA ifj.kker% /qzin esa dh
tkus okyh bZ'k Lrqfr ^^rw gh lw;Z rw gh pUnz rw gh iou rw gh vxu bR;kfn ds LFkku ij jk/k rFkk xksfi;ksa
ds lkFk fBBksjh djus okys ^^<hB yaxjok** ds xhr vFkok ekuxfoZrk ukf;dkvksa dh mfDr;k xk;s tkus
yxhaA1 vkyki esa tgk ^vuUr gfj ukjk;.k* dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk Fkk] ogk ^ruk* ufjjsukse* bR;kfn 'kCnksa
ls dke fy;k tkus yxkA oSls gh flrkj dk f'k{k.k ^f'ko jkek* dgdj fn;k tkrk Fkk] ogk fnj nkjk*
'kCnksa ds }kjk fd;k tkus yxkA bl izdkj ;qx dh foykflrk us yksxksa dh vk;kfRed izo`fr dks u"V dj
mUgsa HkkSfrd lq[k ls vuqjDr fd;kA fiQj Hkh laxhr dk ms'; yksdjatu vFkok euksjatu vo'; cuk jgkA
vkt vf/dka'k xk;dksa us Hkkjrh; laxhr dh dbZ xk;u 'kSfy;ksa dks u rks lrksxq.kh gh jgus fn;k vkSj u
jtksxq.kh gh] oju mls reksxq.kh cuk fn;kA
'kks/kizK] laxhr foHkkx] iVuk fo'ofo|ky;] iVuk A
Shodh Samvid.
ISSN 2393-980X / 63
;g lR; gS fd laxhr dyk ekuo thou dks vkfn dky ls izHkkfor djrh vkbZ gS vkSj djrh jgsxhA dyk
dh jlkRedrk vtj vkSj vej gSA og vius egku lkSan;Z dh vkHkk ls yksd dks lnSo vkyksfdr djrh
jgrh gS] ijUrq dHkh&dHkh lk/dksa dh v/wjh lk/uk mu vkuano/Zd jf'e;ksa dks /qa/yk dj nsrh gSA lk/
dksa dh n`f"V dh fHkUurk ds dkj.k dyk dk ck :i dHkh&dHkh bruk for gks tkrk gS fd lk/
kj.k yksx dyk ds izkr :i dks gh Hkwy tkrs gSaA Hkkjrh; laxhr dks Hkh vkt ge mlh fLFkfr esa ikrs
gSaA gekjh v/qjh rFkk nks"kiw.kZ lk/uk us dyk dh egku izfrHkk vkSj n; dks T;ksfrr dj nsus okyh vkHkk
jf'e;ksa dks ckSfd vkoj.k ls ,slk <+d fn;k gS fd ge dyk ds okLrfod Lo:i dk n'kZu ugha dj
ikrsA Hkkjrh; laxhr dks mldh n'kk lq/kjus rFkk fn'kk izkIr djkus ds fy, euq";ksa dks rRij gksuk gSA dbZ
dkj.kksa ls bldh O;kidrk lekIr u gks tk,] blij iw.kZ n`f"V Mkyuh gksxhA Hkkjrh; laxhr esa mPpdksfV
ds dykdkjksa dh vkt Hkh deh ugh gS] fdUrq dq'ky laxhr f'k{kdksa dh gS vkSj tc rd bl deh dks
nwj ugha fd;k tkrk] Hkkjrh; laxhr dks mUur fn'kk izkIr ugha gksxhA2
ge fdlh Hkh fLFkfr esa dyk dh ifjdk"Bk ugha le>rs mls Li"V ugha djrs ;k mldh 'kfDr
le>us esas vc rd vlgt gh jg x, gSaA fdlh dyk dk de ls de nks ms'; gksrk gS] vkRekfHkO;atu
vkSj yksdjatuA gekjh laxhr f'k{kk esa O;fDrRo ds iw.kZ fodkl ij ;ku ugha fn;k tkrkA laxhr ds fo/
kFkhZ dks vU; fdlh izdkj dk Kku ugha djk;k tkrkA bl vksj Hkh gesa ;ku nsuk pkfg,A Hkkjrh; laxhr
ij ?kjkuksa dk ,d ,slk vfeV izHkko te x;k gS fd mlds ckjs esa ftruk Hkh dfg, de gksxkA gj ,d
?kjkus dh xk;u 'kSyh dqN viukiu] viuh ,d fo'ks"krk fy, jgrh gSA okLro esa ge 'kSyh rks mlh dks
dg ldrs gSa ftldk fuekZ.k fdlh xk;d us vius ifjJe ls] viuh cqf ls fd;k gksA og ijEijkxr
ugha gks ldrhA fdUrq ?kjkuksa esa 'kSyh dh lqj{kk f'k";ksa }kjk vikj ifjJe ds lkFk dh tkrh gSA ;fn
vdLekr~ dHkh fdlh us vkxs c<+dj dqN ubZ pht (jhfr <ax) [kkst Hkh yh rks mldk ?kjkuk Hkh cu
tkrk gSA ge tkurs gSa fd laxhr dh ifjdk"Bk vuar gS] ij mls le>uk gksxkA laxhr ekuork dk ikB
i<+krk gSA vlH; dks lH; dk vkSj ladh.kZ n; dks fo'o cU/qRo dk lans'k nsrk gSA laxhr lehj ds
'khry >ksads] n;&dyq"krk] for oklukvksa] ladh.kZrkvksa vkSj rkelh ,oa vklqjh Hkkoukvksa dk leqy
mPNsnu dj vkRek dks fu'Ny rFkk ifo=k cuk nsrsA laxhr dh egkurk dks le>uk vR;ar dfBu gS vkSj
bl ij dk;Z djuk gksxkA Hkkjrh; laxhr dh xyr fn'kk dks lgh fn'kk esa ifjofrZr djuk gekjk drZO;
ekxZ gSA ckr pkgs xk;u dh gks] oknu dh gks ;k u`R; dh blds ikoujl dks le>uk gSA laxhr dh
egkurk Lohdkj djrs gq, egku dfo ,oa ukVddkj 'ksDlfi;j us dgk gS &
The man who hath no music in himself or is not moved by the conchord of sweet
music is fit for treason strate gems and spoils, let no such man be trusted.
vFkkZr ftl euq"; esa xk;u ds izfr #fp ugha] tks blds e/qj Lojksa ls eksfgr ugha gksrk] og ifrr
fo'okl?kkrh ,oa vkRenzksgh gS vkSj mldk n; vU/dkje; jkf=k ls Hkh Hk;adj gSA3
laxhr ds bl f=kos.kh&laxe dk foLrkj vlhe vNksj rFkk vfou'oj gsAS ekuo ek=k us gh ugha izR;qr lewph
l`f"V vkSj izfr ds d.k&d.k esa laxhr&lfjrk dk d.kZfiz; dy&dy fuukn O;kIr gSA Hkkjrh; laxhr
iw.kZr% jl jkx iz/ku gS vkSj ,sls lekt dh psruk dh vfHkO;fDr dks izdV djrk gS] tks dqy feykdj
xfrghu jgk gSA vkt ge bl lekt dk vkkqfud turkaf=kd :ikarj gksrs ns[k jgs gSaA bldk vFkZ gS fd
,d loZFkk uohu xfrekurk] loZFkk uohu /kj.kk,] thou vkSj fparu dh loZFkk ubZ ifr;k izdV gks
jgh gSa] bl ubZ psruk
dh vfHkO;fDr ds fy, ubZ 'kSyh dk fodkl ,d yEch] nh?kZdkyhu izf;k }kjk gh gks ldrk gS ,slh
izf;k }kjk ftldk :i fdlh Hkh izdkj igys ls Bhd&Bhd fu/kZfjr ugha fd;k tk ldrkA ;g izf;k
gesa n`';&dykvksa esa LFkkiR; esa Li"V fn[krh gSA ij] vutkus gh ;g izf;k :f<+oknh laxhrKksa ds xaHkhj
ls xaHkhj laxhr easa Hkh ?kfVr gks jgh gSA muds laxhr esa Hkh vkt igys ls vf/d vuq'kklu] fopkjksa dk
vf/d xqaiQu vkSj vis{kkr de ladh.kZrk gSA ;g gekjs thou ds cnyrs gq, :i dh Lohfr dk gh
izek.k gSA fiNys ianzg o"kks ds Hkhrj gekjk laxhr uokcksa vkSj jktkvksa ds egyksa ls fudydj lkoZtfud
eap ij viuk mfpr LFkku ys pqdk gSA vkt laxhrK dh laj{kd turk gSA dbZ n`f"V;ksa ls og vf/d
dBksj laj{kd gS vkSj vkt ds xk;d&oknd dks vius&vkidks bl u, ifjos'k ds vuq'kklu vkSj
vko';drkvksa ds vuq:i <kyuk gSA vc ubZ&ubZ ekxs yxkrkj izdV gks jgh gS 'kSfy;k fiQj ls lf;
gks jgh gS vkSj mlds fy, vkuq"kafxd laxhr dh vko';drk gSA laxhr lh/s lRo ls mRiUu gksrk gS vkSj
lRo dks gh izHkkfor djrk gSA
orZeku laxhr esa cM+k erUerkarj n`f"Vxkspj gksrk gSA bldh vkM+ esa dqN xk;d xyr xkdj vius
?kjkus vFkok xq# dh nqgkbZ nsus yxrs gSaA bu fo"kerkvksa rFkk erHksnksa dks nwj djuk vkt ds 'kkL=kdkjksa dk
ije y{; gksuk pkfg,A bl fn'kk esa Lo Hkkjr[k.Ms th dk dk;Z ljkguh; jgk gSA mUgksaus lgh vFkZ esa
vius dks ,d 'kkL=kdkj fl fd;k gSA Hkkr[k.Ms 'kkL=k ds pkSFks Hkkx esa mUgksaus Loa; ;g Lohdkj fd;k
gS fd êq>ls tks dqN cu iM+k gS] eSus bl {ks=k esa dk;Z fd;k gS] fiQj Hkh cgqr dqN djus dks 'ks"k gSA
vkxs ds 'kkL=kdkjksa dks bl ^'ks"k dks* fu'ks"k fl dj fn[kkuk gh mudk ije drZO; gksuk pkfg,A4
laxhr dh mRifk vkSj fodkl ds ewy esa euksosxksa dh vfHkO;fDr gh dkj.k gS] blfy, laxhr
dk iz;kstu Hkh ;gh gksuk pkfg,A euksosx ns'k dky ds ca/u ls jfgr gksrs gSa vkSj fo'ks"k iz;Ru fd, fcuk
ladsr ;k ofu ds }kjk Lor% O;Dr gksr gSaA blh fy, ladsr vkSj ofu dh Hkk"kk lkoZHkkSe gksrh gSA Hkk"kk
ds :i esa ofu dk fodkl euq"; dh viuh mit gS] tks ns'k dky dh lhek ls ca/h gSA blh fy,
Hkk"kk dks le>us ds fy, fo'ks"k f'k{kk o vH;kl dh t:jr gksrh gSA laxhr dk ns'k vkSj dkyxr fodkl
Hkh euq"; }kjk gqvk gS blhfy, mls le>us ds fy, Hkh fo'ks"k izdkj dk vH;kl vko';d gSA
oLrqr% ;g fo"k; foLr`r 'kks/ dh vis{kk j[krk gS fd xk;u] oknu] rFkk u`R; ds fo'kq Lo:i
rFkk fofHkUu izHkkoksa ij vf/dkf/d [kkst djsa vkSj mls iz;ksxksa }kjk fl djds Hkkjrh; laxhr ds iqu:kj
dk Js; izkIr djsaA
lanHkZ %
1234-
Jheky I;kjs yky&laxhr fucak cksk&i`"B&28

'kekZ ks ukFkqjke&laxhr fucak cksk&i`"B&26
tks'kh gsear oqQekj&laxhr fucak cksk&i`"B&121
JhokLro gfj'pa&laxhr fucak cksk&i`"B&80
qqq
Shodh Samvid.
ISSN 2393-980X / 65
vk/qfud laxhr dk ,d niZ.k

:ikyh dqekjh
laxhr dk izd`fr ds lkFk oSlk gh lEcU/ gS] tSlk 'kjhj dk gekjh vkRek ds lkFk gksrk gS]
fcYkdqy fo'kq Nykok jfgr fueZy izse dh rjgA ge tSls fcuk lkal ds fy, FkksM+h nsj ds fy, Hkh
ftUnk ugha jg ldrs Bhd mlh rjg laxhr ds fcuk Hkh gekjs thou dk dksbZ vfLrRo ugha gSA gj ifjos'k
es laxhr gekjs eu efLr"d ij izHkko Mkyrk gS lkFk gh lkFk izkd`frd :i esa izkf.k;ksa tkuojks]a tho&tUrq
ij Hkh laxhr dk izHkko iM+rk gS ! laxhr ds ckjs es ge dg ldrs gS fd &
gekjs thou dk lkt gS laxhr gekjh mEehnksa dk vk/kj gS laxhr oks thou gh thou
D;k ftuds vkapy eas mnkl gS laxhr
loZfofnr gS fd laxhr ,d lk/uk gS vkSj ml lk/uk ds fy, geas viuk lEiw.kZ thou lefiZr
djuk iM+rk gSA ;aw dgsa rks gesa ru] eu ls laxhr dh lsok djuh iM+rh gS ijUrq vkt ds bl vk/qfud
;qx ds ifjos'k eas ekuks gekjk laxhr dgha [kks lk x;k gS bldk ewy :i vius vfLrRo eas ugha gS laxhr
:ih fo'kky o`{k dh ruk lEiw.kZ czkaM es iSQyh rks t:j gS ijUrq bl fo'kky o`{k dh tM+sa 'kk;n
vkkqfudrk ds vU/sjkas esa detksj lh iM+ x;h gSA ewy :i ls ;gk vfHkizk; ;g gS fd bls vkSj fodflr
gkssus ds fy, iw.kZ izdk'k rks fey jgk gS ijUrq oks izdk'k v'kq gSA
vkt ds bl vk/qfud ;qx esa laxhr ek=k iSlk dekus dk iSekuk cu x;k gS dksbZ Hkh bls lEiw.kZ
:i ls vaxhHkwr ugha dj ik jgk gS bldk lcls egoiw.kZ dkj.k vkt ge viuh lH;rk dks NksM+dj
ik'pkR; lH;rk dh vksj T;knk vkdf"kZr gks jgs gSa vkSj bl va/k/qa/ izfr;ksfxrk dh nkSM+ esa laxhr vius
ewy :i dks Lor% gh xaokrs pyk tk jgk gSA gesa vius pkjksa rjiQ cl fjfeDl E;wftd ,oe ykmQM
E;wftd gh lqukbZ nsrk gS tks fu%lansg xfr dh jrkj ds lkFk vPNk rks Hkys yxrk gS ijUrq oks gekjs laxhr
dh d.kZ fiz;rk dks [kks nsrk gS vk/qfud ;qx dh bl cnyrs okrkoj.k ls fo|kFkhZ yksx vo'; vdf"kZr
gksrs gaS vkSj viuh 'kkL=kh; i{k dks detksj cukrs gq, og bl vk/qfud LOkj ygfj;ksa es [kks tkrs gSaA
fuLlansg mUgas ;s laxhr Hkys gh tulk/kj.k ds chp yksdfiz; djrk gS ijUrq ;s yksdfiz;rk T;knk fnu
rd ugha fVdrh vkSj ;s laxhr viuk drZO; dks NksM+dj O;kolkf;d :i esa pyk tkrk gSA
ijUrq ,slk fcYdqy ugha gS fd laxhr [kRe lk gks x;k gS] cfYd bldk izpkj izlkj vkSj
vf/d c<+k gS] ijUrq bles oks fLFkjrk] oks lk/uk] oksa riL;k ugha gS ;kfu ge dg ldrs gS fd vkkqfud
laxhr f'k{kk ifk esa laxhr lw{e o fo'ks"k vaxks dh vis{kk dj jgh gS A laxhr fo|ky; vkSj laLFkkvksa
'kks/kizK] laxhr foHkkx] ex/k efgyk egkfo|ky;] iVuk A
esa fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh xq.kokk dk fcuk voyksdu fd, cxSj muds f'k{k.k esa jkx o rky dh la[;k c<+kus
ij fo'ks"k cy fn;k tk jgk gSA ;|fi ge ;gk dg ldrs gaS fd vkt dh f'k{k.k iz.kkyh izkphu xq#dqy
iz.kkyh ls dgha vf/d fodflr ,oa foLr`r gSA 'kkL=kh; laxhr ds izpkj izlkj gsrq fd, x, dk;Z Hkh
vR;f/d ljkguh; ,oa iz'kaluh; ugha gSA bu lHkh ds dkj.k gekjs 'kkL=kh; laxhr ds vkarfjd Hkkoukvksa
dks Bsl igqph gSA bldk egRoiw.kZ dkj.k vkt ds laxhr ds Ny&Nykvksa ds eu esa clh papyrk tks
laxhr ds fy, lgh ugha gSA izkphu dky eas rks xq#dqy iz.kkyh Fkh ftlds dkj.k fo|kFkhZ lHkh viuh
lq[k&lqfo/kvksa dks NksM+ dj viuk lEiw.kZ thou vkSj ;ku cl laxhr lh[kus vksSj mls le>us esa yxkrs
Fks ysfdu vkt bl vk/qfud ifjos'k eas HkkSfrd vko';drkvksa ds c<+ tkus ds dkj.k fo|kFkhZ viuk
lEiw.kZ ;ku ugha yxk ik jgs gS vkSj fu%lansg blds fy, ck lkSan;Z Hkh egRoiw.kZ :i ls nks"kh gSA oks
cl ck lkSan;Z dh rjiQ vkdf"kZr gks jgs gSa vkSj laxhr ds ewyHkwr ro ij vkSj ;ku ugha ns ik jgs
gSAa
ifjofrZr ifjos'k esa ?kjkuks dh xk;dh Hkh nks"kh gS ?kjkusnkj xk;dh esa Loj
dh lk/uk] Loj esa rklhj ;k lathork dh vis{kk vH;kl esa tks'k o Hkjko dh deh
;s lc egRoiw.kZ gSa D;ksafd
vk/qfud ifjos{; eas ge ?kjkusnkj xk;dkas dks ns[kdj
gh mudh xk;dh dh utkdr] lqjhykiu] lkSUn;kZRed n`f"Vdks.k dks ns[kdj gh
vkdf"kZr gks ldrs Fks] tks fd muij Hkh FkksM+k yksHkh&ykyp dk va/k/q/ vlj iM+k
gS vkSj os Hkh bl ctV ls vius ekxZ ls HkVd x;s gSa1A
;|fi vk/qfud laxhr ifr eas laLFkkvksa ,oa fo|ky;ksa ds dkj.k laxhr loZtu lqYkHk gks x;k
gS vkSj lHkh bldk ykHk mBk jgs gaS ysfdu bl lkeqfgd f'k{kk ds ewy Lo:i ds dkj.k fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa
izfrLi/kZ dh Hkkouk dk T;knk fodkl gks x;k gS mudh lksp cl ijh{kk mkh.kZ djus rd gh lhfer
jg xbZ gSA
laxhr ds fy, okafNr laLdkj izfrHkk mlds fufgr ifo=krk fu'PkNyrk bR;kfn ls U;k; ugha
dj ikrh gS tks fd laxhr tSls fo"k; ds lanHkZ esa vR;ar vko';d gS ;kfu dyk ds fy, ftls kS;Z]
,dkxzrk] riL;k] fu;fer vH;kl o xq#HkfDRk dh vko';drk gSA ftldk furkar vHkko gS lkFk gh lkFk
vk/qfud f'k{k.k dks lqn`<+ cukus ds fy, iz'kklu izcU/u dk;kZfUor f'k{kd] nwjlapkj ek;eksa ds
inkfkdkjh f'k{kk efU=ke.My] fo'ofo|ky; vuqnku vk;ksx rFkk fofHkUu laxhr vdknfe;ksa ds
dk;ZdkkZvksa ds lfEefyr o ikjLifjd lEidZ o ;ksxnku dh vR;ar vko';drk gSA lkFk gh lkFk laxhr
dh vPNh laLFkk, ftlesa vPNs] f'k{kdksa dk pquko Hkh egRoiw.kZ gSA laxhr ds f;k o 'kkL=k esa fuiq.k
;k laxhr ds fdlh fof'k"V vax eas fuiq.k] pkfj=koku] fu"Bkoku] ijaijkxr laxhr dh fo'ks"krkvksa dks
fo|eku j[krs gq, uohu iz;ksxksa ds izfr lpsr jgus okyk f'k{kd gksuk pkfg,**2A laxhr f'k{kk dk ewy ms';
dsoy fMxzh ysuk gh ugha oju~ laxhr dk okLrfod vkuUn] mldh xgurk o xEHkhjrk ls ifjfpr gksdj
O;kolkf;d :i ls mls viukus dh /kj.kk gksrs gq, Hkh mlds izfr fu"Bkoku gksuk pkfg,A laxhr dk
okrkoj.k Hkz"Vkpkj ds dkj.k ;k fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh ekufld vifjiDork ds dkj.k n`f"V u gks lds blds
fy, fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh izkjfEHkd f'k{kk lqn`<+ oSKkfud o 'kkL=kh; gksuh pkfg,A dyk ds ek;e ls O;olk;
pykuk vU;k; ugha gS ijUrq mlds lkFk uSfrdrk dk ekin.M gksuk vfuok;Z gSA lkFk gh lEiw.kZ dk;Z fdlh
ljdkjh vk;ksx dh vkfFkZd lgk;rk o v;{krk ds vUrxZr dqN cM+h laLFkkvksa ds lfEefyr lg;ksx
Shodh Samvid.
ISSN 2393-980X / 67
ls fd;k tkuk pkfg,A ljdkj dk iw.kZ lg;ksx feyus ls rFkk vkfFkZd lqfo/k, feyus ls laxhr lsok
laLFkku bl dk;Z dks #fpiw.kZ :i es lEiUu dj ldsaxsA
bl izdkj vxj ge laxhr esa O;kIr bu nks"kksa dks nwj dj nsa rks fuLlangs gekjh laLd`fr vkSj gekjh
lH;rk ftl :i es fo|eku Fkh oks iqu% okil vk tk,xh vkSj lEHkor% dkykUrj rd ,sls gh cuh jgsxhA
lanHkZ %
1- 'kekZ MkW e`R;qat;] laxhr EkSuqvy] i`"V la& 729
2- 'kekZ MkW e`R;qat;] laxhr EkSuqvy] i`"V la& 727
qqq
laxhr ,oa lkSan;Z esa varlca/

n'kZuk
oSfnd dky esa laxhr dks czk }kjk mRiUu crk;k x;kA ^laxhr niZ.k* ds ys[kd nkeksnkj iafMr
(lu~ 1625 bZ) ds erkuqlkj laxhr dh mRifk czk ls gh gqbZ gSA vius er dh iqf"V djrs gq, mUgksaus
fy[kk gS &
^^nzqfg.ksr ;nfUo"Va iz;qDr Hkjrsu~ pA
egknsoL; iqjrLrUekxkZj[k foHkqDre~AA1**
vFkkZr~ czk (nzqfg.k) us ftl laxhr dks 'kks/dj fudkyk] Hkjreqfu us egknso ds lkeus ftldk
iz;ksx fd;k rFkk tks eqfDrnk;d gS] og êkxhZ* laxhr dgykrk gSA
laxhr dh mRifk ,oa mn~xe ds lac/
a esa ;fn ,sfrgkfld :i ls tkpk tk, rks ;g gekjs n;xr
Hkkoukvksa dks O;Dr djus okyk ,d LokHkkfod lk/u gS] vr% bldh mRifk ekuotUe ds lkFk gh gks
tkrh gSA daB bZ'oj iznk îzkd`frd midj.k* gS] tks gekjh Hkk"kk vkSj laxhr nksuksa dk vk/kjHkwr LrEHk
gS] D;kasfd ofu dk fudkl blh ls gksrk gSA pkgs i'kq gks] i{kh gks vkSj pkgs ekuo] loZizFke ofu blh
midj.k ls fudyrh gSA tc vkneh cksyrk Hkh ugha tkurk Fkk rc Hkh og vius lq[k% nq%[k ds Hkkoksa
dks izdV djus ds fy, eqg ls gkgk] gwgw tSls v{kjkas dks fudkyrk FkkA Bkdqj t;nso flagth us bUgsa ôfu
fodkj* ;k ôfu Hkaxh* (Interjectional Cry) dgk gSA ;s ofu vkxs pydj LrksHk dk :i /kj.k
dj yha ftlls laxhr ds xku dk foLrkj gqvkA Hkkjrh; fpUrdksa] f"k;ksa] egf"kZ;kas us o"kks riL;k vkSj
lk/uk djds laxhr dh ofu vkSj fodkl esa iw.kZr% ukncz dk peRdkj gS] ftls gekjs vkpk;ks us
^vksadkj* ofu dgk gSA ;g lkoZdkfyd] lukru vkSj 'kk'or gSA blhfy, laxhr vkSj fo'ks"k :i ls
Hkkjrh; laxhr u rks fdlh O;fDRk fo'ks"k vkSj u gh fdlh ns'k&fo'ks"k ls lacaf/r gS] cfYd ;g n;
dh Hkk"kk gSA tSlk MkW v#.k vkIVs us fy[kk gS &
The Omkar is begining of music and this very reason music has been a universal
language.2
vFkkZr~ laxhr dk izkjaHk ^vksadkj* 'kCn ls gqvk gS vkSj ;s gh dkj.k gS fd laxhr iwjs fo'o dh
Hkk"kk gSA
^lkSUn;Z'kkL=k* 'kCn xzhd Hkk"kk ds ^,sLFksfVDl* 'kCn dk fgUnh vFkZ gSA bl 'kCn dk ewy vFkZ
gS& ^^,sfnz; lq[k dh psruk**A
'kks/kizK] laxhr foHkkx] iVuk fo'ofo|ky;] iVuk
Shodh Samvid.
ISSN 2393-980X / 69
^ghxsy* us ^,sLFksfVDl* dk iz;ksx yfyr dykvksa ds n'kZu ds vFkZ eas fd;kA bldk lkekU;
iz;ksx] lkSUn;Z (dkO; vFkok izd`fr dk lkSUn;Z) ds fo'ys"k.kkRed :i esa gksus yxkA yfyr dykvksa ds
rRoksa ds lSkfUrd fu:i.k vkSj muds vk/kj ij dykd`fr;ksa ds ewY;kadu ds :i esa gksus yxkA yfyr
dykvksa ds rRoksa ds lSkfUrd fu:i.k vkSj mlds vk/kj ij dykd`fr;ksa ds ewY;kadu ds :i esa gksus
yxkA fdUrq ckn esa ^,LFksfVDl* ml 'kkL=k dks dgk tkus yxk tks ,sfUnz;&cks/ ls izkIr lkSUn;Z Hkkouk
ds euksje vkuUn dk fo'ys"k.k djrk gSA ijUrq vc ^,LFksfVDl*3 dk fo"k; lkSUn;kZuqHkwfr dk lEiw.kZ {ks=k
cu x;k gSA
laxhr ds lkSUn;Z 'kkL=kh; i{k dk laca/ laxhr ds fufgr vkarfjd o ck lkSUn;Z nksuksa ls gSA
;g lkSUn;Z laxhr esa ewkZ :i esa ugha gksrk cfYd ;g dsoy JO;kRed :i esa gh vuqHko djus ;ksX; gksrk
gS] D;ksafd laxhr dyk esa jlkfHkO;fDRk o jlkLoknu dh izf;k dykdkj o Jksrk ds chp cgrh gqbZ unh
ds leku gSA bl laxhr :ih lfjrk ds ,d Nksj ij lkSUn;kZuqHkwfr ;k jlkLoknu dh izf;k dykdkj o
Jksrk ds chp cgrh gqbZ unh ds leku gSA bl laxhr :ih lfjrk ds ,d Nksj ij l`tu izf;k o dYiuk
dk rFkk nwljs Nksj ij lkSUn;kZuqHkwfr ;k jlkLoknu dh izf;k dk izk/kU; jgrk gSA laxhr esa LojkRedrk
rFkk yk;kRedrk ;s nksuksa rRo laxhr o lkSUn;Z ds laca/ dks ,dkdkj djus dk eq[; vk/kj ekuk x;k
gSA
dykdkj }kjk l`tukRed jkx lkSUn;Z dh l`f"V dk iw.kZ leUo; ck lkSUn;Z dsUnz ds ,d :i
gks tkus ij rFkk lkSUn;Z vk/kj ds :i esa fujUrjrk] v[k.Mrk] lqO;oLFkk] fofo/rk] ,d :irk] tfVyrk]
izk.kcrk] la;e] dkseyrk vkfn lkSUn;Z rRoksa ls ;qDr i`"BHkwfe rS;kj gks tkus ij vFkkZr~ bu lHkh rRoksa
es ,drk LFkkfir gks tkus ij ln; Lo;eso jl lkxj esa fopj.k djus yxrk gSA
Hkkjrh; 'kkL=kh; laxhr esa lkSUn;kZfo"dkj dk iw.kZ mkjnkf;Ro laxhrK ij jgrk gS] D;ksafd jkx
esa lkSUn;Z fufeZr ds fy, laxhr vyadkjksa ds iz;ksx dks fdlh eki }kjk ugha crk;k tk ldrkA mlds fy,
dykdkj esa ^jkx* fpUru dk xq.k gksuk vfuok;Z gSA fdlh Loj dks NksM+uk] Li'kZek=k djuk] Li"V iz;ksx
djuk] jkx fu;eksa ds vuqlkj fof'k"V Loj dk iz;ksx djuk] vkjksgkRed ;k vojksgRed Lo:i dks izkkurk
nsuk izeq[k Loj laxfr;ksa dks izdkf'kr djuk] vius iwoZKku ,oa uohuhdj.k dk mfpr lkeatL; vkfn dj
ikuk dykdkj dh O;fDRkxr dq'kyrk esa fufgr gSA bu xq.kkas dk mRd`"V Lrj ij ,dhdj.k gh laxhr esa
lkSUn;Z rRo dk fuekZ.k dj mls n;xzkgh cukrk gSA lkSUn;Z'kkL=k ds vuqlkj dyk dk iz/kuxq.k ^jl* gSA
^lkSUn;Z o jl* nksuksa gh xq.k vfLrRookpd u gksdj vuqHkofu"B gS] ijUrq blds vHkko esa dyk fu"izk.k
jg tkrh gSA oLrq ds vfLrRo dk Hkkl Kku dgk tkrk gS] ijUrq vfLrRojfgr oLrq dk ekl ^dYiuk*
;k ^vHkkl ek=k* dgykrk gSA blfy, dYiuk O;fDRkfu"B o Kku oLrqfu"B gSA ,d gh oLrq dk Kku vusd
O;fDRk;ksa dks gks ldrk gS] ijUrq dYiuk gj O;fDRk dh vyx gksrh gSA bl izdkj dYiuk dks egRo nsrs
gq, Kku ds lkFk dksbZ uohu fopkj ;k Hkko dk mRiknu rFkk fuekZ.k ds }kjk ml vfHkO;fDRk dks vkdkj
iznku djuk gh ^dyk* gS vkSj ml dyk dh vuqHkwfr ,oa vfHkO;fDRk ;qDr Kku gh dyk esa jl dk lapkj
djrh gSA
dksbZ Hkh izkd`frd oLrq ^dyk* ugha gS] ijUrq mldk vuqlj.k djds] mlls izsj.kk ikdj ;k
mldk fo'ys"k.kkRed v;;u djds viuh dYiuk ds vk/kj ij mldk uofuekZ.k gh dyk dk :i
kkj.k dj ysrh gS vkSj ^dykd`fr* dgykrh gSA blfy, dyk dh dksbZ Hkh fufeZr lq[kn ;k nq%[kn vius
fof'k"V lkSUn;kZRed y{k.kksa ds dkj.k vkuUn izkfIr ;k jlkuqHkwfr dk dkj.k curh gSA
lkSUn;Z dk laca/ jl ls tksM+rs gq,] nk'kZfudksa dk dFku gS fd vkuanksnszd dk ^dkj.k* ewyHkwr
ro ^jl* gSA jl vkuUn dk vkarfjd ro gSA jl fu"ifk ds fy, laoxs kRed izHkko mRiUu djus esa laxhr
dh ize[q k Hkwfedk gSA laoxs kRed xq.k esa êk/q;*Z ] ^feBkl] ^dkseyrk* o izes dh Hkkouk mRiUu djus okyk
vkst ohjrk] 'kwjrk o lkgl dh Hkkouk mRiUUk djus okyk] îzlkn* eksgd] Li"V] ljy o 'kkUr Hkkouk
dks ?kksf"kr djus okys ;s rhu izeq[k Hkko fufgr gSaA
buds vUrxZr gh laxhr ds ek;e ls lw{e ;k LFkwy vfHkO;fDRk dh vusdkusd lqUnj /kjk,
izokfgr gksrh gSaA laxhr ds bl /kjk izokg esa vkSfpR;] vuqikr] jatd] larqyu] lkeatL; vkfn
lkSUn;Z&'kkL=k ds y{k.k fof'k"V Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSaA lkjka'k ;g gS fd laxhr ,slh euksgj dyk gS] ftlesa
fLuX/rk] vfojyrk] vkknrk] jatdrk] HkkokRedrk] dYiukRedrk vkfn vusdkusd y{k.k lekfgr gSaA
lkaxhfrd lkSUn;Z&'kkL=k ds vUrxZr fo}kuksa }kjk Lok;krk vFkok ijis{krk (Autonomy) rFkk
lkaxhfrd HkkokRed vfHkO;fDRk (Hetronomy) dks fo'ks"k egRo fn;k x;k gSA Lok;krk vFkok fujis{krk
ls vfHkizk; gS fd laxhr esa fdlh Hkko] fopkj] ?kVuk ;k ifjfLFkfr dh iz/kurk u gksdj Loj lfUUkos'k
Loj lkS"Bo vFkok rduhd dh jatdrko lkSUn;Z gh iz/ku jgrk gS] bl n`f"V ls in jfgr laxhr gh bl
fopkj/kjk ds leFkZdksa dk vkn'kZ gS vkSj ftlesa vUkarrk rFkk fnO;kRedrk dk xq.k gksuk vfuok;Z gSA
lakxhfrd HkkoukRed vfHkO;fDRk dk rkRi;Z laxhr ds ml xq.k ls gS] ftlds vUrxZr dykdkj
viuh O;fDrxr laosnuk] dYiuk] vuqHkwfr vkfn ds vk/kj ij dyk ds ek;e ls ftl Hkko dh
vfHkO;fDr djrk gS] og Hkko ln; ;k jfld Jksrk }kjk vius O;fDRkxr LoHkko] laosnu'khyrk rFkk
vuqHko {kerk ds vk/kj ij xzg.k fd;k tkrk gSA blh dkj.k ,d gh Hkko fHkUu&fHkUUk :i esa xzg.k fd;k
tkrk gSA
ijUrq fiQj Hkh ewy :i ls laxhr esa fufgr fnO;kRedrk ds xq.k ds dkj.k ,d vlhe vkuUn
dh vuqHkwfr lHkh dks djkrk gSA ;gh lkaxhfrd lkSUn;Z dk ewy |ksrd gSA
lkSUn;Z esa dyk gSA ekuo ds dku vkSj us=k nksuksa gh blds ikj[kka gSaA lkSUn;Z leUo; esa gS]
O;oLFkk rFkk ecrk esa gSA ik;Fkkxksjl dks ;g leUo; l`f"V esa fn[kkbZ nsrk FkkA czk.M dh vn~Hkqr
O;oLFkk esa mls lkSUn;Z dk Hkku gksrk FkkA ^lj tsEl* dks Hkh bl ;qx esa ,slk gh eku gqvkA nksuksa dh Jqfr
esa u{k=k vius xfr esa laxhr dh rku fudkydj Hkjrs FksA NkUnksX; mifu"kn~ ds vuqlkj vkfnR; mn~xhFk
dk xku djrk gSA
lkSUn;Z dksykgy esa] 'kksj esa ugha gSA ofu;k tc fo'ks"k e ds lkFk vkjksg&vojksg djs] rc
laxhr mRiUUk gksrk gSA lkSUn;Z laxhr esa gSA
Hkkjrh; 'kkL=kh; laxhr esa lkSUn;kZfo"dkj dk iw.kZ mkjnkf;Ro laxhrK ij jgrk gS] D;ksafd jkx
esa lkSUn;Z fufeZfr ds fy, laxhr vyadj.kksa ds iz;ksx dks fdlh eki }kjk ugha crk;k tk ldrkA mlds
fy, dykdkj esa ^jkx&fpUru* dk xq.k gksuk vfuok;Z gSA fdlh Loj dks NksM+uk] Li'kZ ek=k djuk] Li"V
iz;ksx djuk] vkjksgkRed ;k vojksgkRed Lo:i dks iz/kurk nsuk] ize[q k Loj laxfr;ksa dks izdkf'kr djuk]
vius iwoZKku ,oa uohuhdj.k dk mfpr lkeatL; vkfn dk ikuk dykdkj dh O;fDRkxr dq'kyrk esa gh
Shodh Samvid.
ISSN 2393-980X / 71
fufgr gSA bu xq.kksa dk mRd`"V Lrj ij ,dhdj.k gh laxhr esa lkSUn;Z ro dk fuekZ.k dj mls n;xzkgh
cukrk gSA vr% laxhr dk lkSUn;Z ds lkFk vU;ksU;kJ; laca/ lkfcr gksrk gSA
lanHkZ %
1- olar] xxZ MkW y{eh ujk;.k (laiknd)] laxhr fo'kkjn i`"B la&15
2- 'kekZ] MkW egkjkuh] laxhr ef.k i`"B la&1 iqulLdj.k] 2012
3+- ,ulkbDyksihfM;k fczVsfudk & 11ok laLdj.k (1910 bZ)] i`"V 216
qqq
Hkkjrh; laxhr ds izfl okW;fyu oknd % ifjp; ,oa ;ksxnku

xkSjo ukgj
ckt rFkk oknu 'kSyh laLfr ds fodkl ds lkFk gh laxhr dk Hkh mkjkskj fodkl gqvkA
Hkkjrh; laLfr esa laxhr dks lnSo vknj dh n`f"V ls nsk tkrk jgk gSA vkpk;Z Hkjr us ukV 'kkL=k
es rr~] vou] /u ,ao lqf'kj pkj dkj ds ok|ksa dk o.kZu fd;k gSA rr~ dks gh ^ra=khr* dgk x;k
gSA :ikRed lkSan;Z vkSj uknkRed ek/q;Z ds dkj.k gh ra=k ok| tuekul es yksdf; jgs gSaA 'kkL=kh;
laxhr ds flkarkas dh kekf.kdrk dks fl djus ds fy, Hkh ok| cMs+ mi;ksxh fl gq, gaSA vr% Li"V
gS fd kphudky ls gh laxhr fo|k esa ra=k ok|ksa dks fo'ks"k ego jgk gSS D;kasfd bu ok|kas dk ,dy]
lksyksoknu esa rks ;ksx gksrk gh gS lkFk gh budk laxr ,oa ok|oÙn vkdZsLVk ds Hkh dkj.k budh egkk
vkSj mi;ksfxrk dks dbZ dykdkjkas us viuh foy{k.k 'kSyh ,oa vuksh Lrqfr ls ra=kh oknu dks ns'k vkSj
nqfu;k esa yksdf; cuk;kA
orZeku esa pfyr okW;fyu] ftls ge csyk dgrs gSa] ik'pkR; ok| gSA Hkkjr esa fo'ks"kdj nf{k.k
Hkkjr esa ;g vkjgoha 'krkCnh esa pfyr gks x;k Fkk vkSj mkj Hkkjr esa ;g mUuhloha lnh ds Fke
nks n'kdkas esa pfyr gqvkA nksuks laxhr ifr;ksa esa bl ok| us egoiw.kZ LFkku cuk fy;k gSA fiNys
40&50 o"kks ls mkj Hkkjr esa bldh yksdf;rk vis{kkr dkiQh c<+ xbZ gSA dqN okW;fyu oknd bl
ok|ij xr 'kSyh dk lqanj n'kZu djrs gSa ogha dqN okW;fyu oknd] xk;dh vax dks cwch Lrqr djrs
gSaA blh xk;dh ,ao ra=kdkjh vax dks okW;fyu ij yksdf; djus okys ,oa okW;fyu oknu dks le`} djus
okys dqN eq dykdkjkas dk ifjp; ,oa ;ksxnkufuEufyfr gS %
ia oh th tksx &
mkjh Hkkjr esa okW;fyu dks yksdf; cukus esa budh fo'ks"k Hkwfedk jgh gSA budk tUe lu~
1922 bZ esa obZ (lrkjk] egkjk"V) uked LFkku esa gqvkA kjEHk esa xk;u dh f'k{kk Jh'kadj jko vkBoys
th vkSj Jh ;x.kir cqok iqjksfgr th ls kIr dhA rRi'pkr ia fous'oj 'kkL=kh th ls csyk oknu dh
f'k{kk xzg.k dhA ia ".k ukjk;.k jkrutudj th ls Hkh budks fo'ks"k ekxZ n'kZu kIr gksrk jgkA dgk
tkrk gS fd eSgj ds m vykmnhu ka ls Hkh bUgsa Kku kIr gqvkA ia oh th tksx viuk okW;fyu
vfkdrj i lk i lk ls feykdj ctkrs FksA ehM+ xed dk dke muds oknu esa de gksrk FkkA ia tksx
ds oknu esa vkyki esa xaHkhjrk ds LFkku ij jkx ds Lo:i dks vkd"kZd vkSj e/qj cukus ij ;ku dsafr
fd;k] ftlls muds oknu esa lkaxhfrd dYiuk dk fodflr :i lquus dks feyrk gSaA og viuh jkspd
'kks/kizK] laxhr foHkkx] frydk eka>h] Hkkxyiqj fo'ofo|ky;] Hkkxyiqj
Shodh Samvid.
ISSN 2393-980X / 73
o vkd"kZd 'kSyh ds ek;e ls xaHkhj jkxksa dks Hkh cM+h lgtrk ,oa ljyrk ls Lrrq djrs Fks] ftudk
viuk ,d vyx lkSan;Z gksrk FkkA vk'p;Z esa Mkyus okys Loj lewg dh vfHkO;fkQ ljyrk ,oa lgtrk
ls buds oknu esa gksrh FkhA rku dks dV cks vkSj iQwy cks ess vyx vyx rks ctkrs gh Fks] fdUrq
dHkh&dHkh nksukas ds lfEeJ.k ls fdlh rku fo'ks"k dks vkd"kZd :i nku djrs FksA Lora=k csyk oknu
esa vkyki ds ckn tksM+ ds Lrqrhdj.k esa rkj lIrd ds "kM~t Loj esa feys rkj dk ;ksx flrkj ljksn
ds leku fpdkjh ds :i esa Hkh jgrk FkkA nks Lojksa dk oknu nks rkjksa ds ek;e ls ,d lkFk Lrqr djus
dh Hkh budh fof'k"V ifr FkhA >kyk buds oknu dk ,d fo'ks"k vkd"kZd igyw FkkA buds oknu esa
frgkbZ;ksa dk Hkh cgqr egoiw.kZ LFkku Fkk] fo'ks"kdj NksVh NksVh frgkbZ;ksa dks cM+h lqanjrk ls djrs gq,
le~ ij feyrs FksA
ns'k ds fo[;kr xk;dkas es 'kk;n gh dksbZ ,slk xk;d gksxk] ftlds lkFk tksx lkgc us laxr
u dh gksA blh dkj ns'k ds vf/dak'k flrkj] ljksn] lkajxh] 'kgukbZ vkSj cklqjh&okndksa ds lkFk bUgkasus
liQy tqxycanh dh gSA budh blh fo'ks"k xq.k ds dkj.k bUgsa tqxycanh dk fo'ks"kK dguk mi;qkQ rhr
gksrk gSA bUgksaus lu~ 1938 ls 1952 rd HkkraMs esa laxhr f'k{kd ds in ij dk;Z fd;kA mlh le;
bUgkasus fMIVh phiQ E;wftd ksMwlj fgUnqLrkuh E;wftd ds in ij dk;Z fd;kA bUgksaus vyh vdcj
dkyst vkWiQ E;wftd esa viuh lsok, nhA buds eq f'k";ksa esa ks f'kf'kj d.kk/j pkS/jh (csyk) tjhu
(nk:okyk) (ljksn) jes'k rkxMs+ (csyk) fo'ks"k mYysuh; gSaA
ks f'kf'kj d.kk/j pkS/jh &
okW;fyu ds LFkkfir dykdkjksa esa ,d uke gS ks f'kf'kj d.kk/j pkS/jh th dkA vius thou
ds Fke dk;Ze bUgkasus lu~ 1956 es jsM Wkl dkasl dydkk esa Lrqr fd;k FkkA bl dk;Ze eas
buds lkFk ia fd'ku egkjkt th us rcyk laxr dh FkhA bl liQy dk;Ze ds i'pkr~ f'kf'kj th us
fur u, vk;ke LFkkfir fd;kA budh kjafHkd f'k{kk m eksrh fe;kW ls gqbZ] tks m vykmhu kW th
ls lacaf/r FksA lf okW;fyu oknd ia oh th tksx th ls Jhefr f'kf'kj th ckY;dky esa gh bruh
Hkkfor gks xbZ fd 15&16 ?kaVs vH;kl djus Hkh Hkkouk tkx`r gks xbZ FkhA Lo Jh/j iklZsdj] Lo
ia xtkuu jko ] ;gwnh esU;wfgu ds okW;fyu oknu us Hkh bUgsa Hkkfor fd;kA bUgsa ia Vh ,u jkuk
ls laxhr 'kkL=k dk ekxZ n'kZu kIr gqvkA vius Kku HkaMkj dks c<+kus vkSj viuh dykvkas dk vf/d le`
djus dh n`f"V ls bUgkasus jkeiqj ?kjkus dh ijaijk ls tqM+uk mfpr le>k A
ckck ds lqiq=k fl ljksn oknd m vyh vdcj ka th ls f'kf'kj th us ra=kdkjh vax dh
fo'ks"k f'k{kk kIr dh] lkekU;r% okW;fyu esa pkj rkjkas dks yxk;k tkrk gS] fdUrq og vius okW;fyu esa
ikp
W rkjksa dks yxkrh gSAa bUgsa l+k eU i+ (eU)] lk (e;) i (e;)] lka (rkj lIrd) Lojksa esa feykrh
gSaA bl <ax ls okW;fyu feykus ds dkj.k xk;dh ds lkFk xrdkjh dks Hkh mke <x ls Lrqr dj ikrh
gaSA ia oh th tksx ,o m vyh vdckj k th tSls rU=kdkjh ls f'k{kk kIr gksus ds dkj.k buds
oknu esa ra=kdkjh vax dk Li"V Hkko ,oa Hkko fnkbZ nsrk gSA yach lwr vkSj ?klhV fofHkUu dkj dh
vkd"kZd eqfdZ;k] xed vkfn buds oknu dh tgkW fo'ks"krk,W gS] ogha budh oknu es frgkb;ksa ,ao >kyk
dk Hkh ,d fo'ks"k ego gSA budh ekU;rk gS fd okW;fyu ,d Lo;a laiw.kZ ok| gS blfy, blls vPNk
[;ky 'kSyh dk oknu fd;k tk ldrk gSA okW;fyu ds leku gh fdUrq vkdj esa FkksM+k cM+k ,d ok|
gksrk gS] ftls ôk;ksyk* dgk tkrk gSA bl ok;ksyk dh ofu vR;ar xaHkhj gksrh gSA bl xaHkhj ok| ij
f'kf'kj tc ra=k vax ls tks vkyki tksM+ dk dk;Z djrh gS og vR;ar Hkko'kyh vkSj eu dks Nw ysus
okyk gksrk gSA okZeku esa og johU Hkkjrh; fo'ofo|ky; dydkk esa ok|&foHkkxk;{k ,oa ksiQslj ds
in ij dk;Zjr gSaA
ia xxu ckcw %
budk iwjk uke xxu pU pVthZ gSA mkj Hkkjr esa okW;fyu ok| dks pfyr djus esa budk
fo'ks"k ;ksxnku jgk gSA budk tUe lu~ 1890 esa gqvkA bUgkasus okW;fyu oknu dh f'k{kk fl ljksn oknd
m djke rqYyk k ls th ls kIr dhA eSgj ds mLrkn vykmhu kW lkgc ls Hkh bUgkasus ekxZ n'kZu
kIr fd;kA buds mLrkn ra=kdkj jgs vkSj muls bUgas ra=k vax ;kuh xrdkjh 'kSyh dh f'k{kk feyh blfy,
;g csyk es xr 'kSyh gh ctkrs FksA ljksn ,oa flrkj ds leku gh og vkyki] tksM+] >kyk] elhr+kuh]
jt+k+kuh] xr] rksM+k] Nan;qkQ rFkk frgkbZnkj rku ctkrs FksA ;kx esa lu~ 1949 esa budk nsgkolku gqvkA
ks jkelkn 'kkL=kh %
xr dqN o"kkss esa jkelkn 'kkL=kh us csyk oknd ds :i esa viuk uke LFkkfir dj fy;k gS bUgas
,p ,u oekZ] vkj ch lksuVDds] ia cM+s jkenkl th vkSj mLrkn vykmhu kW lkgc ls f'k{kk
kIr djus dk lqvolj kIr gqvkA fofp=k oh.kk oknd ykyef.k feJk ds funZs'u esa bUgksaus cukjl
fo'ofo|ky; ls Mh E;wt dh mik/h kIr dhA lu~ 1975 ls 1979 rd og vkdk'kok.kh es ksxzke
,DthD;wfVo (dk;Ze vf/'kklh) ds in ij dk;Zjr jgsA buds okW;fyu oknu esa xrdkjh vkSj xk;dh
dk lEeksgd leUo; jgrk gSA vktdy ;g viuk okW;fyu oknu lk] i] lk] i ifr ls feykdj djrs
gSaA dbZ ok| oàn vkSj u`R; ukfVdkvkas esa og laxhr funZs'kd dk dk;Z liQyrkiwoZd dj pqds gSaA yksd
kqukas dks og cM+h lgtrk ,oa e/qjrk ls kIr djrs gSaA 'kkL=kh th dks jkx Hkhe fo'ks"k f; gSA lafr
cukjl fgUnq fo'ofo|ky;] okjk.klh es iQsdYVh vkWiQ ijiQkfex vkV~Zl esa dk;Zjr gSaA
ia Mh ds nkrkj %
ia fo".kq fnxacj iyqLdj dh ijaijk ls lacaf/r ia Mh ds nkrkj] ia Mh oh iyqLdj
ds Hkrhts gSaA bl okW;fyu oknd dk tUe lu~ 1936 esa gqvkA mUgksaus vius cM+s HkkbZ , ds nkrkj ls
xk;u dh vkSj ia fous'oj 'kkL=kh ls csyk oknu dh f'k{kk kIr dhA ia nkrkj lkgc nwljh dkyh Loj
esa lkFk&lkFk lk+] i+] lk] i ifr ls rkj feykdj csyk oknu djrs gSaA [+;ky 'kSyh esa csyk ok| dh
fo'ks"krkvkas dks ;ku esa jrs gq, Lojfpr cafn'kkas dks vkd"kZd :i esa Lrqr djus esa ;s n{k gSaA buds
dFkkuqlkj csyk (okW;fyu) oknu esa 'kCn dh vko';drk rks gksrh ugha gS] vr% jkx rky vkSj y; dks
;ku esa jdj gh oknu Lrqr djuk vuqdwy gksrk gSA cafn'k dks xk;dh vax ds okW;fyu ls ctkus ij
iw.kZ U;k; djrs gSaA
rkuksa ds fofo/ :i buds oknu dk vkd"kZd vax gSA e; y; dh cafn'kksa ds lkFk Hkh vkyki
vkSj rku dh fofo/ dkj dykRed gksrh gSA xk;dh vax dh ehM+] xed] /lhV dh rkukas dh
dykRedrk buds oknu 'kSyh dks LorU=k :i nku djrh gSA bUgha lc vaxksa ds vk/kj ij budh oknu
'kSyh vU; csyk okndksa dh 'kSyh ls fHkUu fnkbZ nsrh gSA ,d cks ls vf/d Lojkas dk oknu buds }kjk
cM+h liQkbZ ls gh Lojksa ds yxko esa vkd"kZ.k iSnk gksrk gS] xk;u esa xhr ds 'kCnksa dk dgu dk cgqr
ego gksrk gS vkSj blls xk;dh dh Nfo ltrh gSA bl laqnjrk dks oknu esa Hkh Lojkas ds ek;e ls
vfHkO;kQ djus dh iw.kZ laHkkouk gksrh gS] cfYd csyk ls l/h gqbZ cks ds }kjk mRiUu ofu xk;u ds
'kCnkas ls Hkh vf/d Hkko'kkyh gksrh gS] nkrkj th dk ;g dFku okW;fyu oknu esa lR; :i /kj.k dj
Shodh Samvid.
ISSN 2393-980X / 75
ysrk gSA
ia xtkuu jko tks'kh %
tks'kh th mR"V okW;fyu oknd gh ugha] cfYd mR"V xk;d Hkh FksA mudk tUe 30 tuojh]
1911 dks cacbZ esa gqvkA muds firk vaur euksgj tks'kh Xokfy;j ?kjkus ls lacaf/r jgsA ;gh dkj.k gS
fd loZFke xtkuu jko th us Xokfy;j dh xk;dh dks vkRelkr fd;kA bUgkasus o>s cqvk ls Hkh ekxZ
n'kZu fd;k gSA rRi'pkr~ t;iqj ?kjkus dh dsljckbZ dsjdj ls Hkh ;s cgqr Hkkfor gq,A muds bl Hkko
us mUgsa t;iqj xk;dh dh vksj vkdf"kZr fd;k] ftldk ifj.kke ;g gqvk fd og t;iqj ?kjkus ds mLrkn
vykmhu kW th ds lqiq=k m HkwthZ k ls f'k{kk kIr djus igqpsA cpiu esa og rcyk Hkh ctkrs Fks]
vr% y; dh vksj Hkh mudk fo'ks"k >qdko FkkA bl y; ds >qdko us gh mUgsa vkxjk ?kjkus dh f'k{kk
ysus gsrq sfjr fd;k vkSj mUgkasus vkxjk ?kjkus ds mLrkn foyk;r gqlSu k o vkxjk ?kjkus ds gh ia
txUukFk cqvk iqjksfgr th ls f'k{kk xzg.k dh FkhA rhu ?kjkus dh xk;dh vkSj vusd xq#vksa ls f'k{kk kIr
djus ds dkj.k gh muds xk;u dh ;g fo'ks"krk Fkh fd og lHkh ?kjkukas dh xk;dh dk 'kq :i ls
liQy n'kZu djrs FksA nwljh fo'ks"krk jgh fd og jkxksa dh la[;k] vkSj cafn'kksa ds ihNs ugha Hkkxs] cfYd
xk;dh dks vkRelkr djus ij vf/d cy fn;kA okW;fyu ds Lora=k ok| vFkkZr ,dyk ok| ds :i
esa LFkkfir djus ds mudk vewY; ;ksxnku jgkA mUgksaus okW;fyu oknu dh f'k{kk fdlh csyk oknd ls
kIr ugha dh] tks dqN fd;k og lc vius xk;u ds Kku ds vk/kj ij fd;kA cqok us ,d ppkZ ds
nkSjku crk;k fd cpiu esa os vkSa/ (egkjk'V) esa dhZru ds lkFk csyk ctk;k djrs FksaA vius laxhr ds
Kku ij gh csyk dks i+] lk] i] lk esa feyk;k djrs FksA muds csyk oknu y;dkjh dh fof'k"V NVk
dYiuk dh vuksh mM+ku rFkk xk;dh vkSj xrdkjh dk lefUor Lora=k :i cgqr laqnjrk ls vfHkO;kQ
gksrk jgkA fl rcyk okndksa ds lkFk laxr esa tc og viuk oknu Lrqr djrs Fks rc mudh oknu
'kSyh viuh peRdkjh Hkk ls eeZK Jksrkvksa dks peRr dj nsrh FkhA
okZeku ds dqN csyk okndkas dk ;g dFku gS fd xk;dh vax dks okW;fyu es Lrqr djus dk
Js; mudks gh gS] ijUrq bl lanHkZ esa tc ge ia xtuku jko tks'kh th ds okW;fyu oknu ij fopkj
djrs gS] rc ges ;g rhr gksrk gS fd] mudh oknu es xk;dh dk gh vf/dka'k vax jgrk FkkA vr%
ia tks'kh th ds okW;fyu oknu ds lanHkZ esa ;g dguk lkFkZd yxrk gS fd mkj Hkkjrh; laxhr esa rc
rd tks csyk dks tks egoiw.kZ LFkku kIr ugha gks ik;k Fkk mls vU; Hkkjrh; ok|ksa ds led{k 'kkL=kh;
laxhr esa egoiw.kZ LFkku cukus eas mUgksua s vfoLej.kh; ;ksxnku fd;kA muds f'k";kas esa Jh/j iklZd
s j fo'ks"k
mYysuh; gSA muds ,d iq=k Hkh csyk ds vPNs dykdj gSaA ia xtkuu jko tks'kh th 28 twu 1987
dks uHk eaMy dh fnO; T;ksfr esa yhu gks x,A
MkW Jherh ,u jkte %
Jherh MkW ,u jkte~ ,d vkn'kZ] lqf'kf{kr efgyk laxhrK gSa tks u dsoy mkjh laxhr eas
n{k gSa cfYd] dukZVd laxhr esa mruh gh dq'ky gaSA e;e dn] lkaoyk o.kZ] xksy pgsjk] cM+h xksy
fcUnh ls Hkwf"kr mPp yykV] e/qj LoHkko vkSj blds lkFk tc Hkh okW;fyu ds rkjkas ij maxqfy;kW pys
rks jlkRed laxhr dh o"kkZ gks] ,sls O;fkQRo okyh dykdkjk gSa MkW ,u jkte~ th mudk tUe 1938
esa ,d laxhrK ifjokj esa gqvkA ewyr% ;g nf{k.k Hkkjr dh jgus okyh gSaA fo'ks"k mYysuh; gS fd buds
?kj esa lc dukZVd laxhr ds frf"Br dykdkj gksus ds ckotwn bUgksaus mkj Hkkjrh; laxhr dks viuk
{ks=k cuk;k rFkk mls cM+s mR"V vkSj vkd"kZd :i esa Lrqr fd;kA ikWp o"kZ dh voLFkk ls budh laxhr
f'k{kk ;ksX; firk Jh , ukjk;.k v;j th] tks ,d dukZVd oknd Fks] ds }kjk kjEHk gqbAZ kjEHk dukZVd
laxhr ls gqvk vkSj 'kh?kz gh o.kZe ctkus yxh vius iwT; firk ls laxhr f'k{kk ysus ds ckn lsUVy dkWyst
vkWiQ dukZVd E;wftd ds rRdkyhu /kukpk;Z Jh ewflfj lqcz.;e v;j th ls okW;fyu dh rduhd]
jkxksa dk Kku vftZr dj vkxs dh f'k{kk ysus yxhA lu~ 1955 esa egku xk;d iafMr vksadkjukFk Bkdqj
dk f'k";Ro xzg.k fd;kA vius xq#th ds lkFk vusd dk;Zeksa es liQy laxhr dj ;g viuh ;ksX;rk
fl dj pqdh gSaA ,d vksj MkW jkte fgUnqLrku ds mPp dksfV ds dykdkjksa ls ekxn'kZu kIr dj
jgh FkhA ogh nwljh vksj 'kS{kf.kd ;ksX;rk esa Hkh fujarj o`f dj jgh FkhaA ckujl fgUnq fo'ofo|ky;
ls laLr fo"k; ysdj ,e , dh ijh{kk mkh.kZ dhA lkFk gh laxhr fo"k; ysdj xa/oZ egkfo|ky;
eaMy vkSj ;kx laxhr lhefr ls ijh{kkvksa eas lfEefyr gksdj liQyrk vftZr dhA brus ij Hkh budh
Kku fiiklk 'kkar ugha gqbZ] rc bUgksaus cukjl fgUnq fo'ofo|ky; eas 'kks/ ca/ Lrqr dj ih&,pMh
mikf/ kIr dhA buds 'kks/ dk fo"k; Fkk fgUnqLrkuh vkSj dukZVd laxhr ifr;ksa dk rqyukRed
v?;;uA
,u jkte okW;fyu ds rkjkas dk la;ksstu ls (ea) lk (e;) i (e;) Lojkas esa djrh gSaA
foyafcr cafn'k dh y; xk;u ds leku jdj mls c[kwch Lrqr djrh gSAa vkd"kZd vkSj ec vkyki
ds i'pkr~ xed vkSj Nan;qkQ rkus buds oknu dk eq[; vax gSaA rkuksa ds oknu esa ,d cks ds rkuksa dk
;ksx buds oknu dks fo'ks"k vkd"kZ.k nku djrk gSAa e;y; esa >kyk oknu djrh gS]a tks vR;ar Hkkfor
djrk gSA jkx ckxsJh] njckjh dkUgMk] ekydkSl] ;eu vkSj HkSjoh vkfn dqN ,sls jkx gSa] tks buds
okW;fyu ls ctus ij Hkkjrh; laxhr dh egkurk dks O;kQ djrs gSaA dkdq dk lokZske ;ksx buds
okW;fyu oknu esa lquk tk ldrk gSA jkte dk oknu [k+;ky 'kSyh ij vk/kfjr gSA budh eq f'k";kvkas
esa lqiq=kh laxhr ,o Hkrhth dyk jkeukFk nksuksa gh cM+k e/qj okW;fyu oknu dj jgh gSaA lu 1939 esa
vukZdqye dsjy esa tUeh ,u jkte us viuk dk;Z {ks=k mkj Hkkjr cuk;kA lu~ 1959 ls cukjl fgUnq
fo'ofo|ky; esa dk;Zjr jgha rFkk ksiQslj ds in ls lsokfuo`k gqbA buds okW;fyu csyk oknu dks lqudj
dg ldrs gSa fd bUgkasus dukZVd laxhr dh rduhd dks mkj Hkkjrh; okW;fyu oknu dh dyk dks le`
cuk;k gS vkSj fof'k"V 'kSyh kjaHk dh gSA
ia ih , lqanje v;j %
budk tUe dksphu fj;klr ds focy uked xkaWo esa 6 tqykbZ] 1891 dks gqvkA bUgkasus lu~ 1901
ls =kko.kdksj njckj ds jkekLokeh Hkkxr rkj ls f'k{kk esa oh.krk kIr djds ia fo".kq fnxacj iyLdj
ds lkfUu; esa cgqr fnuksa rd jgs] dyhdV esa xksfoan uk;d uked ,d dykdkj jgrs Fks] tks lkajxh]
flrkj ctk;k djrs Fks] buls Hkh f'k{kk kIr dhA cacbZ esa lg ,dy oknu ds dk;Ze Hkh Lrqr djrs
FksA lu 1916 ds cM+kSnk laxhr lEeysu esa bUgkasus mkj Hkkjrh; laxhr Lrqr fd;k Fkk] ftls lqudj
HkkraMs th buds oknu ls Hkkfor gq, FksA blds i'pkr mkj Hkkjr ds dbZ 'kgjksa esa vkius liQy
dk;Ze Lrqr fd,A bUgsa lu~ 1932 esa ekl fo'ofo|ky; eas ksiQslj fu;qkQ fd;k x;k FkkA buds T;s"V
iq=k ia vaur jkeu ,o dfu"B iq=k ia xksiky ".k gS] tks fo'o fl csyk oknd gSaA ia ikBd
iVokZu vkSj <+M+hjkt iqyLdj us ccbZ esa bUgha ls okW;fyu oknu dh f'k{kk kIr dhA bUgha f'k";kas ds
ek;e ls egkjk"V rFkk mkj Hkkjr ds ns'kkas esa oWk;fyu oknu dk pkj lkj kjEHk gqvkA
Shodh Samvid.
ISSN 2393-980X / 77
lanHkZ %
1234-
Hkkjrh; laxhr ok|] MkW ykye.kh feJ] i`"V la[;k 33&54ra=kh ukn] MkW ykye.kh feJ] i`"B la[;k 40&80Hkkjrh; laxhr dks'k] foeykdkUr jk; pkS/jh] i`"V la[;k 79 & 90ok| laxhr] ks gfj'panz JhokLro] i`"V la[;k 66 & 72-
webliography:
allmusic.com
http://hi.wikipedia.org/s/g9
http://www.legendarylegacy.com
qqq
yksd laxhr
izhfr feJk
yksd 'kCn laLr osQ ^yksdn'kZus* kkrq ls ^?kk~* R;; djus ij fu"iUu gksrk gSA bl kkrq dk
vFkZ ns[kuk gSA ftldk yV~ ydkj osQ vU; iq#"k osQ ,d opu dk :i ^yksdrs* gSA vr% yksd 'kCn
dk vFkZ gqvk ns[kus okykA yksd 'kCn ls gh fgUnh osQ yksx 'kCn dh O;qRifk ekuh tkrh gS ftldk rkRi;Z
gS loZlkkkj.k turkA vr% ^yksd* 'kCn dk vfHkk; ml leLr tulewg ls gS tks fdlh ns'k esa fuokl
djrk gSA1
yksd 'kCn vR;Ur kphu gS ;gk rd fd osnksa esa Hkh bldk mYys[k ik;k tkrk gSA lkkkj.k
turk osQ vFkZ esa bldk ;ksx Xosn esa vusd LFkkuksa esa fd;k x;k gS Abl osn esa yksd 'kCn osQ fy,
^tu* 'kCn dk Hkh ;ksx miyCk gksrk gSA2 oSfnd f"k dgrs gSa fd fo'okfe=k osQ }kjk mPpfjr ;g cz
;k ea=k Hkkjr ^tu* dh j{kk djrs gSA yksd 'kCn dh ifjHkk"kk osQ lEcUk esa vusd fo}kuksa us viuk er
vfHkO;Dr fd;k gSA fgUnh osQ lqfl fo}ku MkW gtkjh lkn f}osnh us yksd osQ lcak esa vius fopkjksa
dks dV fd;k gS vkSj fy[kk gS fd yksd 'kCn dk vFkZ ^tkuin* ;k xzkE; ugha gS cfYd uxjksa vkSj
xkoksa esa iSQyh gqbZ og leLr turk gS ftuosQ O;ogkfjd Kku dk vkkkj iksfFk;k ugha gSa] tks yksd laLr
rFkk ifjLr yksxksa osQ Hkko ls ckgj jgrs gq, viuh iqjkru ifjfLFkfr esa okZeku gSA mUgsa gh yksd dgk
tkrk gSA yksd&laxhr mruk gh kphu gS ftruk ekuo dk thouA tc ls ekuo us lH;rk osQ kax.k esa
vxM+kb;k ysuh 'kq: dh rHkh ls laxhr dk Hkh Jhx.ks'k gqvk gksxkA yksd laxhr esa 'kkL=kh; laxhr dh vis{kk
vfkd fo'ks"krk, miyCk gksrh gSA yksd laxhr osQ vusd ;ksx Hkkjrh; 'kkL=kh; laxhr osQ fy, mi;ksxh
fl gks ldrs gSaA ;g lp gS fd vusd jkxksa dk tUe yksd&kquksa ls gqvk gS tSls vklk] ekaM+] f>>ksaVh
vkSj igkM+h vkfnA 'kkL=kh; laxhr] yksd laxhr osQ jkspd vkSj Hkko'kkyh ;ksxksa dks ysdj vius dks
vfkd ekqj vkSj vkd"kZd cuk, vkSj nwljh vksj yksd&laxhr 'kkL=kh; laxhr dh lgk;rk ls viuh lhek,
vkSj fofokrk c<+k,A yksd laxhr esa ,dy xkus dh vis{kk leosr Loj ls xkus dk egRo vfkd gSA blesa
Loj dh vis{kk y; dh vis{kkr oqQN vfkd Hkko ifjyf{kr gksrh gSA mkj Hkkjr esa yksd&laxhr esa
;qDr gksus okys vou vFkok ?ku ok|ksa esa ls <ksyd] [katjh] >k> vkSj djrky mYys[kuh; gSA yksdxhrksa
esa <ksyd ij y; vkSj ljy rky fn[kykuk gh i;kZIr gksrk gSA
yksdxhrksa esa vfkdrj dgjok] nknjk] [kseVk vkSj nhipanh rkyksa dk gh ;ksx feyrk gSA 'kkL=kh;
laxhrK Hkh ;g tkurs gSa fd bu rkyksa osQ foHkkxksa esa vkSj rkyh&[kkyh vkfn esa tks ôut* vFkok y;
dh pky fufeZr gksrh gS] og fdruh ljy lqxzkgd vkSj vkd"kZd gksrh gSA euq"; ek=k osQ n; esa tks
kku Hkko mRiUu gksrs gSa mldh vfHkO;fDr osQ fy, ;s rky i;kZIr le>s tkrs gSA yksd laxhr osQ egRo
'kks/kizK] laxhr foHkkx] iVuk fo'ofo|ky;] iVuk A
Shodh Samvid.
ISSN 2393-980X / 79
dks frikfnr djrs gq, lqfl laxhrkpk;Z oqQekj xUkoZ dk er gS] ;g ckr loZ fofnr gS fd gekjs
'kkL=kh; laxhr dh mRifk blh yksd&laxhr ls gqbZ gSA yksd laxhr vius vki esa iw.kZ gSA yksx&laxhr dk
fuekZ.k LokHkkfod gh gSA ge yksd kquksa dks jkxksa esa fNik gqvk ikrs gSA yksd laxhr dh yksdf;rk fnu
nwuh vkSj jkr pkSxquh c<+rh tk jgh gSA yksx laxhr dh ekqjrk] euksjerk vkSj jkxkRedrk HkO;] fnO; vkSj
vykSfdd gSA bldh vihy lkoZtfud rFkk lkoZHkkSe gSA 'kkL=kh; laxhr dh rjg bldks xkus esa u rks dksbZ
dfBukbZ
gS vkSj u le>us esa d"VA yksd laxhr dh fo'otuhu yksdf;rk gh bldk k.k gSA okLro esa xhr
dh ijEijk lqnh?kZ gSA3
gekjk ns'k tgk [ksrksa dk] [kfygkuksa dk] keks dk] vkn'kks dk vkSj rqvksa dk ns'k gS] ogha bls
yksdxhrksa dk ns'k Hkh dgk tk ldrk gSA tu&thou dk rks tUe ls ysdj ej.k rd dksbZ Hkh {ks=k ,slk
ugha tks xhrksa ls nwj gksA bl kjrh ij fujarj yksd&xhr >qers jgrs gSaA Hkkoksa dh ljyre ,oa ekqjre
vfHkO;fDr gh yksd laxhr dk ;kstu gSA yksd laxhr ml lqjlfj osQ leku gS] ftldk y{;
yksd&dY;k.k gS] f=krki&larIr ekul&Hkwfe dks vkIykfor dj mls ljl ,oa moZj cuuk gSA oqQN yksx
yksd&laxhr dks ^xzkE; laxhr* le>rs gSaA oLrqr% yksd&laxhr mlh dks dg tk ldrk gS ftldk Lo:i
yksd jatudkjh gS rFkk fdlh fof'k"V tu&leqnk; dh le> rd gh tks e;kZfnr ugha gSA cgqtu&lekt
dh var% LFkyh dks laxhrke`r ls flafpr djus okys yksd&laxhr dh mikns;rk R;sd ns'k esa fo}kuksa osQ
v;;u dk fo"k; cuh gqbZ gSA yksd laxhr osQ fy, fu;eksa dh vfuok;Zrk okaNuh; ugha gSA ;skx esa
vkrs&vkrs dksbZ kqu tc bruh jatd] lqxs; rFkk LFkk;h cu tkrh gS fd tu&lekU; mls ljyrkiwoZd
vius ekufld vkgkj osQ :i esa vaxhdkj dj losQ] rc og yksd&laxhr dk :i ys ysrh gSA yksd&laxhr
esa Loj] rky vkSj y; dks [kkstuk ugha iM+rk] vfirq os Lor% Hkko&lTtk osQ fufek mifLFkr gks tkrs
gSAa y; rks yksd&laxhr esa bl dkj lekbZ jgrh gS] tSls 'kjhj esa jDrA Lojksa dh Hkkfr 'kCn Hkh yksd&xhrksa
esa bruk lkekU;] ifjekftZr] Jqfrekqj ,oa ekfeZd Lo:i ys ysrs gSa fd f=kerk rks muesa uke dks ugha
feyrh gSA ,d ckr vko'; gS fd yksdxhr jpf;rkvksa osQ ikl 'kCn HkaMkj cgqr lhfer jgrk gSA Hkko
vfkd jgrs gSa] ftudks O;Dr djus osQ ;kl esa ,sls vusd fujFkZd 'kCnksa dk ;ksx mudh jpukvksa esa
gqvk feyrk gS] tks 'kkL=kh; laxhr osQ inksa esa ughaA
yksd laxhr esa ekuo n; osQ Hkko] yksd&thou osQ lkekU; kjkry ij mrjdj vk'kk&fujk'kk]
vkd"kZd&fod"kZ.k] g"kZ&foe"kZ .k; ,la dyg vkfn osQ :i esa O;Dr gq, gSA yksd&thou dh bl
vfHkO;fDr esa gesa ekuo thou dh ml kjafHkd fLFkfr osQ n'kZu gksrs gSa] tgk lkkkj.k euq"; viuh
ykylk] meax] mYykl] se ,oa ?k`.kk vkfn Hkkoksa dks dV djus esa lekt }kjk ekU; f'k"Vkpkj osQ f=ke
cakuksa dks Lohdkj ugha djrkA4 LoPNan Hkkouk vkSj mldh LoPNan vfHkO;fDr yksd&xhrksa dk Fke
y{; gSA
lanHkZ %
1- flkUr dkSeqnh] i`"B&417 A
2- Xosn&3@53@12
3- xxZ] y{eh ukjk;.k] laxhr fucak] i`"B la&77
4- xxZ] y{eh ukjk;.k] laxhr fucak] i`B la&76
qqq
Gandhis Philosophy of Basic Education:

Immense Significance in the Global World
of 21st Century
Arjun Sharma
Mahatma Gandhi, the Father of Nation, was a great political philosopher and
social reformer. He tried to revive the concept of village republic in the form of Suraj,
Gramraj and Ramraj. 1 He attempted to focus on the self-reliance system, the
Swadeshi and to establish Khadi and Cottage industries as an alternative to economic globalization.2 The Gandhian philosophy stressed decentralized economy and
minimal needs in direct contrast to the over-centralized economy and inexhaustible
greed of todays world.3 The spirit of humanism as Bapu believed is an endeavoring
one and all inclusive irrespective of caste, creed, colour, sex, community, language
and religion.4 Gandhi wanted to induct moral values into politics and spiritualise it. His
great contribution to humanity are Satyagraha5 and Ahimsa.6
This distracted world of today will not find peace and prosperity until or unless
it follows the Gandhian way of life. That is why a group of 53 Nobel laureates had
issued a statement on June 24, 1981 in which they had emphatically said that only the
path of peaceful and non- violent struggle advocated by Mahatma Gandhi would low
dispel the calamities being faced by modern world. The U.S. Today after a macrolevel study and research has declared Mahatma as the Man of Millennium. Here I
would like to mention a famous quote by distinguished scientist Albert Einstein about
Mahatma Gandhi Generations to come will scarce believe that such a one as this
ever in flesh and blood walked upon this earth. Truly speaking, Gandhi was a
multifaceted genius who applied his mind to a large number of problems of human
concern. His career is so rich that volumes will be required to give a complete and full
ideas of his lifes mission. Primarily a politician, statesman and social reformer,
Mahatma Gandhi has made no less a substantial and solid contribution to the
educational thought and practice in the country of our own.
Mahatma is a great educationist in his own right. He firmly believes that
education is unequal to the task of societal change and development. He does not
conceive of a well-knit concept or theory of education but during the course of a
crowded life he made many observations on many facets of education. He is of the
view that the ultimate goal of education is self- realization. He is deeply attached to the
moral, cultural, developmental and vocational aspects of education.7 In this paper I
HOD, Political Science, S.M.D. College, Punpun, Patna
Shodh Samvid.
ISSN 2393-980X / 81
dare to attempt to synthesize the vast body of Gandhis ideas of education into a coherent
form by critically assessing his philosophy of Basic Education in its totality. An attention
has also been paid to its current relevance in contemporary India as well as its immense
significance in the global world of 21st century.
Philosophy of Education:
The education imparted in the traditional Indian schools has its roots in the
objective declared in the macaulays minute: we must at present do our best to form
a class who may be interpreters between us and the millions whom we govern a class
of persons, Indian in blood and colour, but English in tastes, in opinion, in words and
interllect.8 Gandhi is of the view that the present system of education does not meet
the requirements of the country in any shape or form. An education divorced from the
streams of life and confined within the four- walls of the class-room becomes sacrificial
and looses its values. While inaugurating the wardha conference on the 2nd October,
1937, Gandhi said, I am convinced that the present system of primary education is not
only wasteful but positively harmful. Most of the bags are lost to the parents and to the
occupation to which they are born. They pick up evil habits, affect urban ways and get
a smattering of something which may be anything but education.9
Like Socrates and Plato, Gandhi has an integral comprehensive approach to
the problems of man and society.10 Both Plato and Gandhi are agreed that it is essential
to change the present human consciousness for effectuating a radical solution to all
human problem.11 Education has to lead to purification of character and salvation of
the soul. Critical analysis of Gandhis philosophy of education places him on par with
great educational thinkers like Rousseau, Pestalozzi, Froebel, Montessori, Dewey and
Rabindra Nath Tagore. Rousseau and Gandhi restore the child to his legitimate place
in the scheme of education. Like Pestalozzi, Gandhi advocates education for all. Both
of them have agriculture, spinning and weaving as the main crafts which must be
taught to the child. Froebel (the founder of the kindergarten system) and Gandhi agree
on the spiritual meanings behind every activity. Both are in complete accord as far as
divine unity (God) is concerned. Both of them believe in self- activity as the chief
principle of leading and the importance of social environment. Gandhi and Maria
Montessori (Montessori method is named after) have highlighted the development and
education of the child from within, through freedom and without material rewards and
punishment. John Dewey and Gandhi believe in doing and not listening and talking in
education. Their ideas of relating the school with society are identical. Rabindra Nath
Tagore and Gandhi make their educational system the vehicle of their philosophy of
life. Gandhis truth and non-violence are akin to Tagores message of love and universal
brotherhood. Both of them want a curriculum which should provide opportunities for
the expression of individual and community life.12
Wardha Scheme of Education:
Gandhi has written a series of articles on education in his publications.13 To
Gandhi, by education I mean an all-round drawing out of the best in child and manbody, mind and spirit. He is of the view that literacy is not the end of education nor
even the beginning. It is one of the means whereby man and women can be educated.
Literacy is itself is no education.14
Wardha Educational conference passed four resolutions focusing on free and
compulsory primary education, craftcentred education, selfsupporting education
and mothertongue based medium of intrustruction. A committee with Dr. Zakir
Hussain as the Chairman was also appointed. The report of the committee embodied a
detailed plan of basic education. This report was published in March 1938. It is known
as the Wardha Scheme of Education or Nai Talim. It was approved by Gandhi and was
placed before Haripura Session of the Indian National Congress in March 1938. It was
accepted by the congress.15
Conceptual Clarity:
The Nai Talim has been termed as Basic System of Education. The word
basic is derived from the word base which means foundation or bottom on which
the whole thing is made. Unless the foundations are well laid, the superstructure can
not be permanent. It is also linked with the basic needs and urges of human life.16
Wardha scheme is the outcome of Gandhis experiments at Tolstoy Farm in South
Africa, Sabarmati Ashram and Sevagram in India.
This Nai Talim is a protest against:17
i) The prevalent system of education,
ii) A system of education which is not in India,
iii) An urban system of education in a rural country,
iv) A system of education which is incomplete,
v) The bookish, literacy and mechanical system of education,
vi) A system of education which neglects training of citizenship,
vii) The expensive education of the day,
viii) The hatred for manual labour,
ix) The foreign medium of instruction and
x) The old teaching methods.
Characteristics of Basic Education:
The basic educations rarely focus on the importance of truth and non-violence.
The new system of education places truth (Satya) on a high pedestal. Gandhi is of the
view that god is truth and truth is God.18 To him, there should be truth in thought, truth
in speech and truth in action. The absolute standard of truth and goodness may serve
worthy causes in this noble task of education.19 Man and society can realize the truth
through non-violence (Ahimsa). It is love for all the hatred for none. It is not nonresistance or submission to evil.20 It is resistance to it through love. The physical, mental
and spiritual growth of individual is sought to be achieved through non-violent means.21
Education is not an end in itself but a powerful instrument which creates men
and women of strength and sterling character. Without the qualities of firmness,
truthfulness, patience etc. education degenerates like a fully blossomed flower without
any fragrance.22 Gandhi is of the firm opinion that the goal of education is character
building. He wishes to develop courage, strength, virtue, the ability to forget oneself in
Shodh Samvid.
ISSN 2393-980X / 83
working towards great aims.23

The basic system regards the child as the educational consumer whose needs
must be studied, understood, catered and fulfilled. Bapu thinks in terms training
individuals in right directions during their formative years so that they become
meaningful individuals in later life. Like all the great educationists Rousseau,
Pestalozzi, Froebels, Herbart, Dewey and so on Gandhi holds the view that top
priority should be given to the child his nature, needs and interests.24 He seems to
apply an ethical frameworks towards the developing up of all the powers and capacities
of the child in a harmonius manner.25 A proper and harmonius combination of all three
body, mind and spirit is required for the making of the whole man and constitutes the
true economics of education. All round development of human personality is the basic
good of education.26
Education should be free and compulsory from the age of 7 to 14 years. Parents
not have to pay any fee. They must send their children to school. Seven years course
will not only impart elementary education but also secondary education. At the age of
fourteen, the school should be able to produce intelligent and efficient citizens. The
education should be both manual and intellectual.27 Study of Mathematics, General
Science, Drawing, Music and Domestic Art and Science is given due importance to the
curriculum of basic education other than the subjects like mother tongue and craft.28
Gandhi always stresses the viewpoint that true education is life long procers.29
The idea is to stress such values as spirit of co-operation, tolerance, public spirit and a
sense of responsibility.30 The new education system deals with the greater freedom for
the teacher and the taught. The teachers get many opportunities to make experiments,
think for himself and put his ideas and plans into practice.31 The ultimate objective of
Nail Talim is to create a social order in which there is no unnatural division between
haves and have-nots and everyone is assured of a living wage and the right to
freedom.32
The system of basic education is a plan of national education for the whole
country including both rural as well as urban areas. Keeping in view the educative
possibilities of craft in relation to local needs, curriculum may differ from region to
region. There is no rigidity in the curriculum. It will be wrong to think that rural children
should have altogether a different type of education from urban children. Difference
will be of a degree not of a kind. It can be rightly said that the basic principles of life are
the same everywhere.33
Gandhi always emphasizes that unrestricted individualism in social science
means leading to the law of the jungle. He recognizes that education must develop the
personality of the individual but he is also aware that man is a social being. So, he
strikes a harmonius balance between the individual and the social aim of education.34
He avoids taking an extreme position on this issue. He does not subscribe to unrestricted
individualism of Rousseau or the complete identification of the individuals with the
interests of the state as advocated by Kant and Hegel.35 All round development of
human personality is the main focus of the system but it does not neglect the bread and
butter aspect of education. Primary emphasis has been given on the three Hs (Head,
Heart and Hand) rather than 3R (Reading, Writing and Arithmetic). Gandhi believes
that true development of the mind and heart with a corresponding illuminations of the
soul are necessary for a satisfactory system of education.36
Basic education is cooperative because it tries to integrate the individual with
society. Gandhi has treated knowledge as an integrated whole. Curriculum is built
round three integrally centres physical environment, social surroundings and craft
work. The greatest sheet anchor of basic education is correlation.37 It aims at giving
the citizens of the future a keen sense of personal warmth, dignity and efficiency. It is
likely to strengthen in them the desire for self-improvement and social service in a
cooperative community.38
Gandhi is of the opinion that discipline is an important aspect of a sound system
of education. It will not be wrong to state that education without it is like a boat without
a rudder. Discipline is a quality which comes from within ones self leading to the
regulation of ones intellectual, moral and social behavior.39
Earn while you learn is one of the important features of the basic education.
It involves the making of education self- supporting.40 Students must be trained to
become an earning unit after the completion of his studies. His idea is to make education
need based so that the problem of unemployment could be eradicated at the earliest
opportunity. Real test of basic education is to make students economically selfsufficient. According to Mahatma, you have to start with conviction that looking to
needs of the villages of India our rural education ought to be made self- supporting if it
is to be made compulsory.41 Gandhi had firm conviction that every school can be
made self supporting the condition being the state takes over the manufacturing of
these schools. He calls upon the state to make use of goods produced by students by
providing marketing facilities and when necessary.42 The expenses of teachers salaries
should be met through the manual and productive works of the children. Thus, the
self- sufficiency becomes the watch word of the new system of education.
The basic system is a modern and practical system of education. This pragmatic
education is opposed to too much bookish and mechanical system. Literacy system
has no relation with real life situations. The new education system produces practical
men, not theoretical only.43
The present system does not ignore the training aspect of citizenship it is
destined to become increasingly democratic in the socio- economic and political life
of the nation. It secures at least the minimum of education required for the intelligent
exercise of rights and duties of new generation.44 The basic education is not expensive.
It does suit to the poor as well as the state exchequer . It is socially progressive in a new
democratic set up of the nation.45
Realizing the importance of manual labour basic system introduces craft as the
medium of education. Gandhi is of the view that handicrafts are not to be taught not
merely for productive work but for developing the intellect of the pupil. Stress should
be laid on the principles of cooperative activity, planning accuracy, initiative and
individual responsibility in learning.46
Shodh Samvid.
ISSN 2393-980X / 85
Bapu is of the view that the brain must be educated through the hand. It trains
practical aptitudes, facilitates clarity of thinking, gives chances for cooperative work
and thus enriches the entire personality. Kothari commission also re-emphasizes the
original emphasis on vocational training and work experience as done by Gandhi
during his life time. The commission recommends to introduce work experience as an
integral part of all India education general or vocational. The commission defines
work experience as participation in productive work in school in home, in a workshop,
on a farm, in a factory or in any other productive situation.47 In this context Gandhi
rightly advocates a system of education based on the assumption that students are not
a burden on the society but on the contrary play a major role in augmenting the material
and non-material resources of the country. The teaching of all subjects should be
inspired by a craft. Education must revolve round vocational and manual activity as
the centre and all syllabi should be woven round vocational raining.48
Gandhi is aware of the harm done by the English as the medium of instruction.
It has created a bar between the highly educated few and uneducated many.49 To force
a foreign language means waste of energy, time and money. It is also un-psychological
for those who are not of linguistic taste.50 That is why the first conference resolved that
English should not be taught till the students have acquired a regular education for 7
years through their mother tongue.51 Gandhi stresses that proper education can only be
imparted through mothertongue. It really occupies first place in languages. All
expression in natural way is possible through mothertongue. The proper teaching of
mother tongue is the foundation of all education. Without the capacity to speak
effectively, to read and to write correctly and lucidly, no one can develop precision of
thought or clarity of ideas.52
The teaching method is the key concept in the basic system of education. Gandhi
is essentially a doer than a thinker. His philosophy of basic system of education can be
classified as activity method or practical method. In this system children acquire the
knowledge of the formal school subjects as a bye- product of purposeful activities.53
The new system is mainly based upon the following headings:
Learning by doing
Learning by experience
Correlation in the process of learning
Hearing, thinking and remembering
Reading, thinking and action.54
A Number of Defeats:
Gandhis philosophy of Basic Education suffers from a number of defects and
hence is of little relevance to the problem of a modern global world of 21st Century.
Some scholars are of the view that Gandhis ideas are entirely irrelevant and inapplicable
in an era of scientific, informative, communicative and technological progress with its
attendant complexity of issue.55 Gandhi looks different to different social scientists
and philosophers.56 An apostle of Gandhi says, it is said that Taj Mahal looks different
to different people depending on where they are standing and particularly what time of
the day it is, I feel rather like that about Bapu.57 Even Dr. Zakir Hussain was constrained
to remark, Basic Education as practiced today is a fraud.58

In the new organizational pattern of education which the Kohari Commission
on Basic Education proposed, there is no stage designate as Basic Education. May
people felt that it was wrong on the part of commission to delete the word Basic
Education. There is no denying the fact that in the thinking of some people basic
education is a cheap type of education.59 The National Institute of Basic Education was
wounded up in 1969. No funds was earmarked for this type of education in the 4th and
subsequent Five-Year Plans. If the recommendations of Kothari commission are only
indication, basic education, will only remain a matter of educational History.
There is a confusion of understanding the very concept of basic education. In
the words of prof. Saiyidain, the Basic Education movement is, in some ways, a
radical departure, both in theory and practice and it requires a careful reorientation of
ideas, attitudes and techniques .. It is, therefore, a matter of no great surprisethought
it is certainly one or disappointment that the full implications of basic approach have
not yet been realised by many teachers and educational administrators.60
Some people consider Gandhis scheme of education as indoctrination and
refuse to be convinced of its being progressive and practical elements. It is also opposed
to the traditionalists. They are apprehensive that since wardha scheme aims to produce
citizens capable of analyzing the weakness of the present social and economic
institutions and practices, the status of these people may not be tilted. Such a group of
people can tolerate it only as a crackpot academic scheme.61
Over-zealous advocates have made fetish of correlation and certain other
features. Such persons have eliminated formal lessons and drills altogether because
these could not be correlated. It is at the administrative level today, more than any
other that serious difficulties arose in the development of basic education. So, it suffers
from the apathy of administrators.62
The artistic and aesthetic side of education have been neglected. The only art
work they do is the drawing of the charkha, takli, or rice plants or charts depicting the
technique of correlation. Some critics deplore the absence of religious education in
this system. Absence of text books is one of the demerits in the new system of education.
Common people think that text-books play a significant role in the education of child.
Unless a child has an access to a book his knowledge can not be logically organized.
Some people object that the Nai Talim has neglected physical education by providing
a few minutes of physical training in the time-table.63
Zakir Hussain Committee has pointed out that the time allowed to the basic
craft is not to be spent on the mechanical practice of the craft but oral work, naturally
connected with it as well as instruction in the why and wherefore of the process involved
i.e. scientific and intelligent understanding which is an important educative aspect of
craft work, would also be given during this time. Too much emphasis on economic
aspect or the productivity aspect in some basic schools and by orthodox basic
educationist has been responsible for the un-popularity of Nai Talim. This emphasized
the common people to believe that the children are turned into labourers. It can also not
be denied that there would be enough waste of craft materials at the hands of small
Shodh Samvid.
ISSN 2393-980X / 87
children. It is also argued that the bulk of what is produced in schools is not saleable.
Indeed, their product can not be compared with the machine- made articles in regards
of quality, finishing and price.64 The new scheme involves a good deal of initial cost on
the purchase of equipment of craft. The income from the product is not commensurate
with the financial outlay.
Self-sufficiency cannot meet the recurring expenses and salaries of the teachers
in schools. This factor really discourages the running of this type of education system
on a mass scale. The critics argue that when people should spend money on primary
education, the new system of education is advocating the exploitation of the children.
The work of basic education has been started in villages but with the help of
teachers who are used to an urban life. The result is that in villages it cannot become
village centric. It seems to assume white-collar complexion.65
Immense Significance in 21st Century:
Today in the 21st Century of India and the world Gandhian Philosophy of Basic
Education is of immense significance. It can act as a powerful instrument for
development of a better citizenship. As we know that the theory and practice of basic
education aims at the evolution of a society based on truth and non-violence, justice
and equality.66 In a democracy the individual is ensured freedom in its comprehensive
sense. Basic Education makes a self-reliant citizen with a well balanced personality. It
enables citizens to develop into free and responsible individuals capable of selfdetermination.67
In contemporary India and abroad we are a witness to the spectacle of
individuals who are avaricious or power seekers. This creates points of conflicts on
different issues in various sections of society. The predicament of the modern period is
due to endless wants of modern man. The Gandhian philosophy of basic education
preaches the doctrine of simple living and high thinking. Since it enables individual
citizen to view issues objectively and truthfully, it can go a long way in building up of
society saturated with Gandhian moral values.68 The new education system seeks to
create a class of individuals who neither hanker after material comforts nor are powerhungry. Power merely for the sake of power has no meaning unless it serves as an
instrument to the higher goal of human welfare.69 Following the Ruskins emphasis on
absolute equality in Unto the Last. Gandhi wrote Sarvodaya in Gujrati. In this translation
work he claims that no work or profession is superior or inferior to any other.70
Unless the people in a global world of today develop the habit of hard work
through appropriate decisions, there cannot be much improvement in the agricultural
and industrial sectors. Individuals do not seem to have work ethics and this explains
why production in these sectors is of low order. Apathay, ideleness, strikes, gherao,
dharna etc. seem to be major bottlenecks in such a phenomenon.71
Cast conflicts, racial hegemony, communal riots, lingual tension, regional
chauvinism, naxal warfare and international terrorism are the main hurdles on the way
of peace and sustainable development of the nations.72 It is in this context, I would say
that the basic education nourishes a high degree of sociability, friendship and
individuality in the citizens. Indeed, these three features constitute an integral part of
the ethical social order.73

The bulgeoning cost of industrial civilization with its attendant of drudgery,
dependence and slavery create many stresses and strains in every society. Heavy
industrialization benefits only a few sections of society while the vast majority of the
masses lead a marginal existence. The concept of basic education can revive global
economic, social and cultural life through the instrumentality of handicraft and
trusteeship.74 Gandhis emphasis on the individual rather than the machine and on
small scale village production rather than large scale factory manufactures can bring
about peace, freedom and socio-economic development in a global world of 21st
century. Economically speaking, it creates productive labour since the emphasis is on
job-oriented education.75 It can also become an instrument for rapid improvement in
the standard of living of the people through increased production of goods and
services.76
Sociogically stating, it can remove social conflicts and tensions from our society
by including a sense of dignity of labour. It can eradicate the social evil of
untouchability. Psychologically speaking, it develops the faculties of the heart and
mind by developing the habit of critical enquiry and judgment in a objective manner.
It provides education through a craft by maintaining a creative balance between
intellectual development and practical activities. Honestly confessing, it is more
effective than the passive academic education imbibed through books.
Unfortunately, the basic education in India is remembered sentimentally. It
will not be wrong to say that only lip service is given to it by educationists associated
with the champion of the Nai Talim. The centre and the state governments have failed
to incorporate or integrate this field into the education of system of the nation and
states. It somehow does not seem to fit into the traditional method of imparting education
through teaching rather than through activity method of teaching.77
Kothari commission has also given a new interpretation to the philosophy of
basic education. It must recognize and reorient towards fulfilling the requirements of a
society that is in the process of socio-economic transformation through science and
technology. Craft-oriented instructions need not be mechanical but it has to be
integrated with the development of ability to think and act creatively to solve problems.78
The craft programme of basic education has to be reformulated in the light of industrial
development in India and abroad. Community learning enables individuals to develop
a spirit of mutual goodwill and harmony by developing healthy channels of significant
participation in school and college community life. 79 Participation in a fruitful
programme of community service must constitute the basic core of functional system
of education.
Concluding Remarks:
Dr. Rajendra Prasad has rightly observed by saying that his soul would rest in
peace when the learning millions of rural India understand the benefits of democracy.
It is only possible through education which must get the highest priority among national
building activites. 80 Basic education embraces all educational aims and ideas
expounded by classical educationists of all ages. 81 Taking into account all the
Shodh Samvid.
ISSN 2393-980X / 89
pedagogical principles and maxims, it attends to the discipline of the hand and heart as
that of the head. Children are not imitative but have initiative.
Basic education attempts at eliminating bourgeois mentality that is minimum
of work and maximum of advantage. It makes the handicraft as the pivot round which
the teaching of other subjects like Mathematics, History, Geography and nature-study
etc. should revolve. The teacher of the Nai Talim has to be pragmatic than the traditional
one. In stead of being a talker he has to be a planner, doer and thinker. He has to
correlate the various subjects with craft and there comes his real genius at play.82 The
basic education envisages the school not as a training ground for certain services and
professional meant for a small section of the urban population but as an agency for the
practical and social education of hundreds of millions of the rural populations.
The philosophy of basic education in inspired in its ideology as well as its
methods and content by a certain vision of society based on cooperation, truth, nonviolence and social equality. Unless an atmosphere by Gandhian idealism and
commitment is generated, our educational system may prove unequal to the task of
fostering sustained alround development of the global people. This wardha scheme
advocates the creation of a balanced and harmonium social order in which the ethical
values of truth and love loom large in the lives of the people without any discrimination
between the rich and the plebeian, the privileged and the underprivileged. It can be
rightly said that in the 21st century the economic advancement, physical improvement
and socio-cultural progress is possible in the global world only through reliance on the
educational ideas of Mahatma Gandhi.
Undoubtedly, Gandhis philosophy of basic education presents a new,
dynamic, revolutionary and rational approach to the existing socio- economic and
political problems in the global world of 21st century. Its immense significance can be
visualized in the worlds of Shriman Narayan, The more I think about diverse problems
facing India at present, the more I feel convinced that Gandhian approach alone will be
able to solve our difficulties on a lasting basis.83
Reference:
1. Harijan, 25.5 1939, P. 144.
2. U.S. Mohan Roa (ed.), The Message of Mahatma Gandhi (N. Delhi, Publication Division, 1968), P. 83.
3. V.T. Patil & I.A. Lokapur, Gandhis Concept of Decentralization: An Analasis, Gandhi Marg, Vol.
3, Oct., 1981.
4. Young India, May 18, 1940.
5. M.K. Gandhi, The Story of My Experiment with Truth (Washington, DC, 1960), P. 572.
6. S. Radhakrishnan, The Doctine of the Sword, in his (ed.), Mahatma Gandhi Essays and Reflections
on His Life and Work (London, 1949) P. 499-500.
7. S.D. Tripathi, The Economic Philosophy of Gandhi, Gandhi Marg, Vol. 10, Oct. 1966.
8. A Series of articles on this issue in Harijan & Yong India.
9. A. Das, Foundations of Gandhian Economics (Bombay, Allied Publishers, 1979).
10. V.P. Varma, The Philosophical and Sociological Foundations of Gandhism in B.B. Majundar
(ed.), Gandhian Concept of State (Calcutta, M.C. Shankar & Sons, 1957).
11. V.P. Varma, Gandhi and Plato in V.T. Patil (ed.), Studies on Gandhi (N. Delhi, sterling publishers
pvt. Ltd., 1983) PP. 54 60.
12. V.R. Taneja, Educational Thought and Practice (N. Delhi, sterling pub. 1983) PP. 217 19.
Specially in Harijan and young India.

Harijan, July 31, 1937.
B.R. Garg, Basic Education Need of the Day (Ambala contt., 1975).
K.G. Saiyidain, Problems of Educational Reconstruction (Bombay, 1926).
M.S. Patel, The Educational Philosophy of Mahatma Gandhi (Ahmedabad, Navjivan Pub. House,
1953).
18. Mahatma Gandhi, Hindu Dharma (Ahmedabad, Navjivan Pub. House, 1940).
19. M.K. Gandhi, Gandhi Interprets the Bhagavadgita (Delhi, orient paperbacks).
20. Marjorie Sykes, Foundation of Living (Wardha, Ashram Pastisthan, 1972), PP. 18 24.
21. Mahadev Desai, The Gita According to Gandhi (Ahmedabad, Navjivan Pub. House, 1956).
22. Humayun Kabir, Education in New India (London, George Allen & Unwin Ltd., 1961).
23. S.M. Ziauddin Alavi, Gandhis Philosophy of Life and Education, Educational India, Vol. XLI,
Nos. 11 & 12, May June, 1975.
24. Shriman Narayan, Towards Gandhian Plan, (N. Delhi, S-chand & Co. Ltd., 1978).
25. S.N. Agrawal, The Gandhian Plan of Economic Development for India (Bombay, Padma Pub. Ltd.,
1944).
26. S. Naqvi, Economic Thinking of Gandhi The Theory of Trusteeship in S.C. Biswas (ed.), Gandhi
Theory and Practice: Social Impact and Contemporary Relevance (shimla, IIAS, 1969).
27. K. Thiagarajan, Relevance of Gandhian Philosophy in Modern Education, The Education Review,
Vol. LXXXII, No. 5 May 1976.
28. T.S. Avinashalingam, Gandhis Experiment in Education (N. Delhi, Min. of Education, Govt. of
India, 1960).
29. Publication No. 2 H, Ministry of Education, Govt. of India, 195.
30. T.P. Verghese, Philosophy of Education in K.S. Saxena (ed.) Gandhi Centenary Papers (Bhopal,
Council of Oriental Research, 1971).
31. Report of the Assessment Committee on Basic Education, Ministry of Education, Delhi, P. No. 234.
32. V.M. Dandekar, Gandhian Economic System: A path to Non-Economic Goals, B.C. Das & G.P.
Mishra (ed.) Gandhi in Todays India (New Delhi, Ashish Pub. House, 1979).
33. Ronald Duncan (ed.) Selected Writings of Mahatma Gandhi (Boston, Beacon, 1951).
34. Chandram D.S. Devanesen, The Making of the Mahatma (Madras, 1969).
35. D.M. Datta, The Philosophy of Mahatma Gandhi (Madison, The University of Wisconsin Press,
1961).
36. N.K. Bose, Selections from Gandhi (Ahmedabad, Navjivan Pub. House, 1948).
37. Zakir Hassain Committee Report, Hindustani Talimi Sangh, P. 50.
38. The Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi (Delhi, 1958).
39. V.T. Patil, Gandhis Concept of Basic Education and Its Current Relevance in India, Himself (ed.)
Studies on Gandhi n. 11.
40. M.K. Gandhi, Basic Education (Ahmedabad, Navjivan Pub. House, 1951).
41. Harijan, Sep. 18, 1937.
42. K.S. Achar, Gandhian Educational Thinking, Relevance to Education, Educational India, Vol. 37,
No. 1, July 1970, PP. 7-15.
43. Hugh Tinker, The Village in the Framework of Development, R. Braibanti & J.J. Spengler (ed.),
Administration and Economic Development in India (Durham, 1963).
44. Judith Brown, The Mahatma and Modem India, Modern Asian Studies, Vol. 3, No. 4, 1969.
45. Jan Tinbergen, The New International Order and Gandhian Thought, Journal of Gandhian Studies,
Vol. 5. No. 17, Allahabad.
46. D.G. Tendulkar (ed.), Gandhiji His Life and Work (Bombay, 1944).
47. Kothari Commission, Report of the Educational Commission, 1964-66 (New Delhi, Govt. of India,
1966).
48. A.L. Mudaliar Commission, Report of the Secondary Education Commission, 1952, Min. of Education,
Govt. of India.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
Shodh Samvid.
ISSN 2393-980X / 91
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
71.
72.
73.
74.
75.
76.
77.
78.
79.
80.
81.
82.
83.
Central Advisory Board of Education (a first committee), 1938.

Central Advisory Board of Education (a second committee), 1940.
Conference of Basic National Education (First) Poona, October 1939.
Zakir Hussain, n. 37.
Acharya Kripalani, Gandhian Outlook and Techniques (N. Delhi, Govt. of India, 1953).
Central Advisory Board of Education, Sargent Report, 1944.
C.V. Raghavalu & R. Anandrao, Gandhi An Approach to Decentralization: Its Relevance, The
Indian Journal of Public Administration, Vol. XXIV, No. 3, July Sep. 1978, PP. 710-22.
Ved Mehta, Mahatma Gandhi and His Apostles (London, Andre Deutsch Ltd., 1977).
Kothari Commission, n. 47.
K.G. Saiyidain, Foreword in the Report of the Assessment Committee on Basic Education.
R. Achuthan, The Relevance of Gandhi to Our Times (NCGC, 1970).
Assessment Committee, n. 60.
Shriman Narayan, India Needs Gandhi (N. Delhi, S. Chand & Co. Pvt. Ltd., 1976).
S.P. Chaube, Recent Educational Philosophies in India (Agra R.P. & Sons, 1967), PP. 165-66.
Morarji Desai, Gandhi and the Contemporary World, K.P. Mishra & S.C. Gangal (ed.) Gandhi and
the Contemporary World (Delhi, Chanakya Publications, 1981) PP. 14-15.
Erik H. Erikson, Gandhis Truth, (New York, Norton, 1969).
M.M. Sury, Relevance of Gandhian Economic Thought for Social Transformation Political and
Economic Review, 7th Oct. 1970.
C.F.U. Tahtinen, The Core of Gandhis Philosophy, (N. Delhi, Abhinav Publications, 1979).
The Modern Review, Oct., 1935.
M.K. Gandhi, Sarvodaya (Ahmedabad, N.P. House, 1954).
B.R. Bhattacharya, Trusteeship, Means of Equalitarian Social Change Janata, 14 May 1978.
G. Parthsarthy, Integrated Rural Development: Concept, Theoretical Base, and Contradictions, T.
Mathew (ed.), Rural Development in India (N. Delhi, A.P. Academy, 1981).
T. Mathew, n. 72.
Gandhi, Hind Swaraj (Ahmedabad, Navjivan, 1958).
K.M. Munshi, Construction of Society Through Trusteeship (Bombay, Bhartiya Vidya Bhawan,
1960).
S. Krsihnamurthy, A Critic of Gandhian Education, The Educational Review, Vol. LKXVI, No.
2, Feb. 1979, PP. 25-27.
Gopinath Dhawan, The Political Philosophy of Mahatma Gandhi (Ahmedabad, N.P. House, 1946).
Norman Cousins, Profiles of Gandhi (Delhi, I.B. Company, 1969).
Khar, Economic and Industrial Life and Relations, Vol. I (Ahmadabad, Navjivan, 1957).
Rajendra Prasad, At the feet of Mahatma Gandhi (London, 1961).
Louis Fischer, Miscellaneous Notes from a House Guest, Profiles of Gandhi, n. 78.
V.R. Taneja, Educational Thought and Practice, n. 12, P. 213.
Shriman Narayan, India Needs Gandhi, n. 63.
qqq
Mahatma Gandhis Basic Education and Moral

Values
Ghanshyam Roy
Abstract :
Gandhis perception of basic education was to create an ideal society
consisting of small, self-reliant communities with ideal industrious, self respecting
and generous citizens living in a cooperative spirit. Explaining the meaning of genuine
education Mahatma Gandhi says, Genuine education does not consist of cramming
a lot of information and numbers in mind. Nor it lies in passing the examination by
reading a number of books, but it lies in developing character. It is a real education
which inculcates internal values in human beings. If you can develop such values, it
will be the best education.
All these help developing moral values, spiritual values, social values,
national values, cultural values and individual values naturally among children. Thus
basic education is such a medium through which values useful for the life are naturally
developed among children. Gandhis conception of basic education was concerned
with learning that was generated within everyday life which is the basis on which
informal educators work. It was also an education focussd on the individual but reliant
on co-operation between individuals. There is also a familiar picture of the relationships
between educators and students / learners. In this way, a true teacher regards himself
as a student of his students. If you will teach your pupils with this attitude, you will
benefit much from them. Lastly, it was an education that aimed at educating the whole
person, rather than concentrating on one aspect. It is a highly moral activity. All
education to be true and must be self-supporting, that is to say, in the end it will pay its
expenses excepting the capital which will remain intact. All education must be imparted
through the medium of the provincial language. This education, whether it is confined
to children or adults, male or female, will find its way to the homes of the pupils.
Gandhis perception of basic education was to create an ideal society
consisting of small, self-reliant communities with ideal industrious, self respecting
and generous citizens living in a cooperative spirit. Explaining the meaning of genuine
Assistant Professor, Dept. of Political Science, G.M.R.D. College, Mohanpur.
Shodh Samvid.
ISSN 2393-980X / 93
education Mahatma Gandhi says, Genuine education does not consist of cramming
a lot of information and numbers in mind. Nor it lies in passing the examination by
reading a number of books, but it lies in developing character. It is a real education
which inculcates internal values in human beings. If you can develop such values, it
will be the best education.
Education is a process of comprehensive development of the best things
lying in the mind and soul of children or men and bringing them out. According to the
concept of value education given by great thinkers like Gandhiji, Gurudev Tagore,
Dr. Radhakrishnan, Maharshi Arvind, Swami Vivekanand. Gandhiji has shown the
real path to us and to the world to observe and implement the noble of virtues in daily
life practice by setting an example of himself. Value education means the education
which teachers demonstrate by practicing virtues and values. According to National
Education Commission and NEP 1986, the value education means
Education of universal values like truth & non-violence,
Education of development of virtues like simplicity, freedom, hardwork,
labouriousness, aesthetic sense etc.
Morality, calmness , sympathy and spiritual education.
Education for development of humanity, broad mindedness, serviceability,
fearlessness, honesty, devotion, respect, co-operation, sense of responsibility
etc.
Education for integrity and development of democratic sense.
There lies the opportunity for all the above values to develop in basic education
by placing the universal human values at social and national level.
Gandhiji held educational experiment at Shantiniketan, Kocharab Ashram,
Sabarmati Ashram and Gujarat Vidhyapeeth after returning from South-Africa. He
gave a new philosophy of education to educational world by placing Vardha
Educational Scheme before the nation in 1937. The report of Vardha Education
Scheme-1937 covered only the primary stage of education. But in 1945, Gandhiji put
the concept of Comprehensive Basic Education Training before the nation..
Gandhis values and vision that education not only moulds the new
generation, it also reflects societys fundamental assumptions about itself and the
individuals which compose it. His experience in South Africa not only changed his
outlook on politics but also helped him to see the role education played in that struggle.
According to him there is no fundamental difference between the basic education in a
rural and an urban area. The aim in both is the same, the development of the intelligence
through instruction and practice. The system of training that is evolved for rural areas
will also be applicable to urban areas. If ten years of work is devoted to rural education,
you may consider that the whole problem of primary education whether rural or urban
has been grappled with.
Gandhi tells the teachers, the boy under the scheme of basic education
does not go to school merely to learn a craft. You must cultivate your creative instinct
to be able to develop your mind through various crafts and teach innumerable things
by putting your creative genius and resourcefulness to use and discover new things. I
am feeling apprehensive although the basic education scheme is much admired today.
Gandhiji happened to read Ruskins Unto the Last given by Polak during
the train journey in South-Africa. Its impact on Gandhiji was miraculous. Gandhiji
found three doctrines of universal welfare from this book. These are as under.
1. Welfare of all (universal welfare) in our welfare.
2. The work of a barber and lawyer should be equality appraised because the
right of livelihood is equal for all.
3. Simple and labourious life of a farmer is the real life.
Gandhiji set up Phonix Ashram (hermitage) in South - Africa to apply these
doctrines in daily practice. He took up experiments of education, thus it can be said
that the seeds of educational thoughts were sown in Gandhiji in South- Africa. He
conducted educational experiment at Phonix Ashram and Tolstoy Wadi (Garden) in
South-Africa.
These include
Education for character building, education through mother tongue.
Place of manual work in education and co-education.
Moral education through character and good conduct.
Hostel residence and community life.
Education of soul should be imparted thought teachers life rather than through
books.
Health education for physical fitness and health and insistence for simple life.
Education for self-help and self- reliance, education for personality
development.
Importance for self-help and self-reliance, education for strength, and education
for citizenship.
Education for avoiding caste and colour distinction, education for vocation
useful for life.
Education for equality of all the religions, education based (founded) on truth,
non-violence and justice.
Regarding mother tongue. Gandhiji believed that the foundation of efficient
education can be laid only through mother tongue. It helps in inculcating values like
love towards swadeshi.
Education through industry is the basic principle of basic education. It helps
developing values like respect for manual labour, sense of co-operation, feeling of
being mutually helpful through manual work, development of friendship, feeling of
economical self-reliance, team spirit and sincerity. Today, we have forgotten self-help
Shodh Samvid.
ISSN 2393-980X / 95
education as the present education has become examination centered. Present children
seem to understand that clearing house, sweeping room, cleansing room with wet
cloth, cleaning vessels, washing clothes are the primary duties of women. Self-labour
is given an important place in basic education. Here children do as many activities as
possible on their own accord. As a result, values like exertion, efforts, courage, initiation,
respect for manual labour, self-confidence and self-dependence etc. develop
automatically in children.
Gandhiji to basic education has given the same importance to community life
as to handwork as a medium of education. Children acquires competence of social
adjustment through community life. In traditional education system, only class room
teaching takes place collectively. There too, the education is being imparted through
talking or lecture method rather than activities. As a result the development of sociability
in children does not reach the expected level. In Gandhijis basic education system the
education of community life is imparted through perceptible activity of daily life
dealings and various activities of industry. Daily activities of school and laborious,
creative and productive activities of hand industry have been made a medium of
community education. Thus a child naturally develops sociability. Ashrami
(Residential) Education has been given a crucial place in basic education. Present
residential education has its roots in our ancient Indian culture.
Gandhiji comes and conducted experiment as to how Ashrami education can
be suitable to modern time and place, wherever he went. According to him, Ashram
was his laboratory of education. In Ashrami education system, the education for
comprehensive development of children is imparted through co-curricular activities
like community life, mass prayer, common dinner, physical exercise, team work, games
and sports, assignment, cultural programmes, celebration of special days, and creative
programmes. Ashrami education is necessary in Basic Education, Gandhiji felt.
Children arise in the early morning, complete their routine work and recite collectively
all religious prayers which are recited in the evening too, at the hostel. Collective
prayer programme is inevitably implemented in school also. This helps cultivating
values like spiritual values, non-indulgence in taste, non-stealing, non-violence,
outlook of equality towards all religions, honesty, holiness and peace in children.
During hostel residential children take up various activities in various teams collectively.
These include room cleaning, ground cleaning, dining hall cleaning, toilet and urinal
cleaning, fetching water, cooking activities, corn cleaning, watering plants, beside
there personal activities like washing clothes, taking bath etc. Physical education are
also organized with a view to developing health related values in children.
In short, training of all the functions related to life is imparted in basic education
system. In basic education, various celebrations such as national festivals, birth
anniversary, death anniversary, parents day, self-education day, environment day,
world population day and such other days are celebrated. Cultural programmes are
organized on such occasions. Moreover, creative programmes given by Gandhiji such
as village cleaning, prevention of untouchability, communal unity, prohibition (of

alcoholic drinks), khadi activities, adult education, women uplift, health education,
nursing of lepers, reliefwork. are celebrated in basic schools as well as in community
and hostels.
All these help developing moral values, spiritual values, social values, national
values, cultural values and individual values naturally among children. Thus basic
education is such a medium through which values useful for the life are naturally
developed among children. Gandhis conception of basic education was concerned
with learning that was generated within everyday life which is the basis on which
informal educators work. It was also an education focussd on the individual but reliant
on co-operation between individuals. There is also a familiar picture of the relationships
between educators and students / learners. In this way, a true teacher regards himself
as a student of his students. If you will teach your pupils with this attitude, you will
benefit much from them. Lastly, it was an education that aimed at educating the whole
person, rather than concentrating on one aspect. It is a highly moral activity. All
education to be true and must be self-supporting, that is to say, in the end it will pay its
expenses excepting the capital which will remain intact. All education must be imparted
through the medium of the provincial language. This education, whether it is confined
to children or adults, male or female, will find its way to the homes of the pupils.
It is not that Mahatma Gandhi did not talk of all-round or complete education
on different occasions. He definitely spoke of imparting education based on
curriculum; he, more or less wrote about graduate and postgraduate levels of education.
Not only this, as I have just discussed, he laid emphasis on moral and ethical knowledge,
which is helpful for character building and for the physical and mental development
of a student from the very beginning of his education. He clearly believed that without
a healthy body; the mind could not be developed fully.
It is but obvious that when a child starts his formal education, he enters at the
primary level and, step by step, at an age of twenty or twenty-two, he graduates from
university. After so many years, if he does not find a goal or lacks a direction to being
his career, then what could be the use of such an education? What is the use of the
degree that he has in his hand? After obtaining a degree, students should have a clear
direction for their future; they should have no doubts towards their future goal and
should be full of self confidence. Side by side, they should be self- dependent and
capable of tackling unavoidable day-to-day problems. They must not be worried about
a suitable job.
But, in reality, these days we see that our younger generation is directionless.
Our youths are diverted and a feeling of helplessness and dejection is prevailing on
them. According to a survey, there are millions of men and women who, even after
Shodh Samvid.
ISSN 2393-980X / 97
completing their studies at graduation, post graduation and doctorate level, fail to seek
an employment of their choice. Is it not a failure of our social and educational system?
Even after spending the golden years of ones life in attaining higher education, our
youths are not self-dependent. As such, how would they be able of get rid of their dayto-day problems and how would they contribute to the society and the nation? Therefore
it is a challenge not only before the youths of this country but also before the
educationists, scholars, and those in the government to solve this problem.
To tackle this problem, Mahatma gandhis view can be of great help. In this
reference, he has said that there is a need of result- oriented education. He said that
every child has some special qualities that can also be termed as inherited traits of
personality; so at the primary level, a students quality and worth should be identified
by his teacher. A student should gain education according to a curriculum and moral
guidance and as such also improve his physical strength. But the teacher should watch
and identify his quality that could be of help in his later life.
For that purpose, it is necessary that after completing studies up to a certain
level, he must, in addition to the three kinds of education- general (according to syllabi),
moral, and physical be provided facilities to gain technical knowledge in accordance
with the special trait that has already been identified in his personality by his teacher.
Since by nature he has interest in that knowledge, he will easily gain it; he will become
adept in that. When he completes his study up to graduate level and with this extra
knowledge comes out of a college or university, he would have a direction. As such,
even if he does not get a private or government job, he would manage to get through
some sort of self-employment on the basis of his technical knowledge. At least, then,
his education would be considered as result-oriented.
This is Gandhis view-point pertaining to value education which should be
applied in a wider perspective. Its worth lies in the fact that education should necessarily
be helpful in employment and its foundation should be laid on morality and ethics. We
who are concerned with education need to think over Gandhis views on education.
We have to apply Mahatma Gandhis ideas according to the present circumstances of
our country and also as per the demands of time.
References :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Discussion with Subhas Chandra Bose, March, 6, 1938

Harijan, 18.2.1939
Harijan Sevak- 8.7.1939
Gandhi, M.K. (1977) The Collective Works, Ahmedabad, Navajivan.
Chadha, Y. (1977), Rediscovering Gandhi, London : Century Publication.
Gandhi, M.K. (1977), Hind Swaraj and other Writings, Cambridge : Cambridge University Press.
Kumar, K (1994), Mohandas Karamchand Ghandhi in Z. Morsy (ed.), Thinkers On Education
Volume 2, Paris : UNESCO.
8. Burke, B (2000), Mahatam Gandhi on Education, the encyclopaedia of Informal Education.
[h#p.//infed.org/mobi/mahatma-gandhi-on-educations/,Retrieved:enter date].
9. Gandhi, M.K., Hind Swaraj, Serb Sewa Sangh Prakashan, Rajghat, Varanasi, 2006.
10. Ailaan Vol. I, Phase III, March 2010.
11. Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi: Hind Swaraj and Other Writings, Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 1997.
12. Morrison, James: Legacy of Gandhi, King, the Washington Post, 13/08/2003.
13. Gandi, M.K., From Yeravda Mandir (Ahmedabad: Navajivan Publishing House), December 1999.
qqq
Shodh Samvid.
ISSN 2393-980X / 99
Technology and Environment Pollution

Veena Rani Yadav
Mahatma Gandhi known as Gandhiji "Our Father of Nation is still surviving in
the heart of Indians or Indian generation after the death in 30th January 1948 why ?
Every one know Gandhiji was a great thinker and saintly figure also known all over the
world. He was humanist and pacifist of international fame. He was a political leader and
a revolutionary of an extra ordinary type. Gandhiji was also an environmentalist as
very few people knew it. Gandhiji had be wildering insights and foresights. Therefore
in 1909 in 'Hind Swaraj' he expressed the problem and hazards related Environment.
There were people in the past too, who could foresee the future and visualize
and dangers inherent in the kind of development the nations chose to go in for following the industrial revolution in west. This is primarily because the environment problems have surfaced largely in the post-Gandhian era and such, the concern for environment has assumed importance only in recent years. Gandhi was one such person his
grasp of the resultant human predicament and his ingenuity to suggest appropriate
measures to root out the problem rather than search a solution to control it.
This age is known as industrial age scientific and technological development
are the problem of environmental pollution. Industrialization has given human society
tremendous material pleasure and prosperity. Limitless industrialization by all nations
are now posing seriuos problem for very existence of not only man but for all living
creatures and all kinds of species on our planet.
Detection of depletion of ozone layer reported, recurring of acid rain and the
warming up of the earth as a result of green house effect are serious pointers to the
existential problems. Disposal of industrial wastes and things like plastic and synthetic
containers and used discarded wares has already become a formidable problem not
only in the developed west but also in the development of the countries. The cumulative effect of all these factors on the health and living of human beings has caused an
alarming concern among people in the entire woorld.
Everybody now knows that scientific and technological development is at the
root of the state affaire and yet people are taking resort to the same science and technology for a solution of the environmental pollutions and degradations. The permanent
cure of this dreadful problem lies in a suitable alternative life style in tune with nature.
People now do realize the truth of it but the naked materialism of civilization becomes
a root block in putting it into practices.
Gandhiji clearly perceived this problem so in "Hind Swaraj" he intended cau Faculty, Dept. of Philosophy, Magadh Mahila College, Patna.
tion to mankind against this calamity. As a Indian National Movement leader and a
missionary and planner of society and political systems of India after independence, he
drew a blue-print which accordingly rejected the western model based on that scientific-technological culture.
Gandhiji highlights the ills of industrialization which is modern civilization.
This leads to centralization of economic power. If exploits life of man and nature also is
source of pollution urbanization makes life miserable ass in big cities like Calcutta,
Delhi, Bombay, Madras. Our present day experience mega polls and metro polls are
the real pollution centre. Gandhi as being forsighted person as I have said earlier visualized in 1910 gave a graphic discription of the urbanization in following words : Nature works unceasingly accordingly to her own laws, but man violates them constantly.
In different ways and at different times Nature tells man that there is nothing in the
world which not subjected to change.
When atom bomb dropped on Hiroshima, Gandhiji said mankind to follow the
path free from this danger in future. To quote him when I heard that the atom bomb
wiped out Hiroshima I said to myself "the world adopts non violence, it will spell certain suicide for mankind." Gandhiji is a passionate champion of life pattern based on
three cardinal principles. Simplicity, slowness and smallness. Modernity makes life
complex. Gandhi used to say that big cities were centres of corruption and all kind of
vices but good life can be lived only in village or small community so he lived in village
life long. He accepts that Indians soul are villages. Because village life is the ideal life.
It is a life of peace and tranquility, a life of innate simplicity and a life in close proximity
with nature.
At last throughout life he kept on telling people and giving demonstration on
health, hygene and sanitation. Hardly any political leader of his stature in the world had
ever devoted so much time and energy on these problems with so much sincerity and
dedication. Gandhi before becoming an international leader and Mahatma he patterned
his personal life and that of a small community on these ideals. His phoenix and tolstoy
farms in South Africa testify to it. Like that in India he was pained to see the poverty,
illiteracy and insanitary conditions in Indian Village.
In conclusion technology in all branches gives us pleasure and pain as T.V. and
other kind of medicine long live but other viruses to grew long lasting deseaes.
In medical science we see that in yyears past physian, Surgeon, Gynaecologist
were main doctors. Afterwards ENT I mean eye surgeon, ear surgeon were very famous but now a days Physiotherapist and Neurologist are in limelight. In this technology world due to technology peoplle are becoming patient they are cure bby technology. This way in both technology is harmful to mankind. Now people are remembering
past our Mahatma his yoga,, discipline of life and culture to be healthy.
Reference :
1. See Gandhi marg (New Delhi) October 1988-34-35
2. Collected works of Mahatma Gandhi, Vol. 88, p. 37
3. E.F. Schumacher, Rools of Economic Growth (Varanasi, 1944) p.7
4. Hindustan Times - Gopal Krishna Gandhi.
qqq
Shodh Samvid.
ISSN 2393-980X / 101
Relevance of Gandhian Thought Today

Archana Jaiswal
At present when,the newspapers, news channels & the whole media is flooded
with news of Dharnas strikes, processions & the slogans, the principles of Gandhi Jee
becomes more & more relevant. Everyone is struggling for one thing or the other and
society is divided by narrow domestic walls of casteism, secularism, regionalism, terrorism have emerged as some issues of grave concern . Among them terrorism has
become a menace to the humanity with its ghastly consequences ready to devour the
whole humanity. One mans right is another mans terrorism. They say that they indulge in for terrorism for their rights from which they are bereft.
Terrorism is being used every where, either with enthusiasm or with fear. In
recent years, we have witnessed terrorist violence affecting almost all countries. Even
the so-called advanced, affluent nations suffer from the menace of terrorist violence..
It has become one of the paradoxes of the 21st Century that, on the one hand, the
establishment of peace has become a matter of the greatest importance for the survival
of human civilization, while on the other, traditional instruments of preserving peace
have become less effective. At this Juncture Gandhis principle of nonviolence becomes quite relevant.
Mahatma Gandhi was unique in this modern world to advocate non-violent
methods for solving social, economic, political and religious problems. It is in this
context that we have to examine the efficacy of warfare without weapons. There have
been a number of times, however, when one or the other aspect of Gandhis nonviolent technique has been questioned and its validity and its practicability doubted.
This essay tries to show that the technique of non-violence as advocated by Gandhi is
the most effective and the least expensive method of solving social, economic, political and religious problems.
Violence and Terrorism :
Terrorism can be both individual as well as State sponsored. In recent times,
religious fundamentalism has assumed dangerous proportions though it has always
existed in one form or the other. Racism, which yields violence, has become a device
to assume important positions in public life, not only in India and Muslim countries but
even in the USA. Religious fundamentalism is one of the easiest excuse for terrorism.It
is being suppressed by arms& ammunitions. But the situation demands non-violent
techniques to bring solution.Gandhi held that violence was wrong as a matter of prin Assistant Prof. & Head, Dept. of English, Magadh Mahila College, Patna.
ciple. He maintained that it is the duty of every one to resist it. But the manner of
resistance to violence is profoundly significant in the Gandhian technique. Resistance
to violence by counter violence is obviously wrong. A wrong cannot be corrected by
wrong. The addition of another wrong does not diminish but adds to the evil already in
existence. So violence must first be resisted by persuasion and when persuasion fails,
it must be resisted non-violently. Critics very often fail to understand that non-violent
resistance of the Gandhian type is also a force which is different from violence. The
two words violence and force are often used interchangeably so that we fail to
understand that force need not always be violent. To Gandhi, non-violent resistance is
a force that counters the force that is violent.
Gandhi would have nothing to do with the organized violence of the Government or with the unorganized violence of the people. He would prefer to be crushed
between the two. For him, popular violence is as much an obstruction in our path as
state sponsored violence. Indeed, he could combat the latter more successfully than
the former. He objected to violence because when it appears to do good, the good was
only temporary. The evil it brought about was permanent.
Gandhi had no faith in terrorist violence. It was an unshakable faith with him
that a cause suffers exactly the extent it is supported by terrorist violence. If a person
kills his or her enemy and feels safe , he is wrong because his safety is short lived. To
Gandhi Ji one should not combat the enemy but the cause for enimity. Gandhi did not
believe in armed risings, for him they were a remedy worse than the diseases that
sought to be cured. Terrorist violence could never do any good in the long run. Gandhi
did not deny credit to revolutionary heroism and sacrifice. But heroism and sacrifice
for a bad cause are so much waste of splendid energy and they hurt the good cause by
drawing away attention from it. Gandhi said, I am not ashamed to stand erect before
the heroic and self-sacrificing revolutionary because I am able to pit an equal measure
of non-violent men (Satyagrahis); heroism and sacrifice untarnished by the blood of
the innocent. Self-sacrifice of one innocent man is a million times more potent than the
sacrifice of a million men who die in the act of killing others. He also observed that at
the back of the policy of terrorism is the assumption that terrorism if applied in a sufficient measure will produce the desired result, namely, bend the adversary to the tyrants
will. But supposing people make up their mind that they will never bend to the tyrants
will, nor retaliate with the tyrants own methods, the tyrant will not find it worth his
while to go on with his terrorism. Satyagraha is another kind of nonviolent resistance
against something wrong.
The term Satyagraha was first coined by Gandhi in South Africa to express the
tendency of the Indian minds and methods of meeting violence, injustice or of thwarting unjust laws of racial discrimination practiced by the white minority there. It is a
method which involves a breach of the law, but without causing physical harm to the
agents of the law. The purpose is to undermine the unjust system so that it gives way
and reform can be achieved. It was conceived as a weapon of the strongest and excludes the use of violence and hatred in any shape or form. Satyagraha is a relentless
search for truth and determination to reach truth not by inflicting of suffering on the
opponent, by on ones self. It literally means holding on to truth. Gandhi called it soul
Shodh Samvid.
ISSN 2393-980X / 103
force. Non-violence is the basis of Satyagraha. It is quite proper to resist and attack a system, but to
resist and attack its author is tantamount to resisting and attacking oneself. For, according to Gandhi,
we are children of one and the same creator.
Mahatma Gandhi is famous in the history of the world as a prophet of Satyagraha, but the
Gandhian Satyagraha may be launched only by people imbued with goodwill, who care for the common
good, and who attempt to resist unjust laws, promulgations and ordinances solely dictated by their inner
voice or inner conscience. Satyagraha, as conceived by Gandhi, is never an invitation to the disruption
of society. But in India we find all types of coercive techniques being practiced and somehow or other
they are justified as if they were in the line of Satyagraha. Gandhi devised the technique of Satyagraha
for the specific purpose of solving conflicts through the means of non-violence. It was Gandhis conviction that violence would aggravate the conflict out of all proportion. Therefore, non-violence was an
alternative to violence in resolving conflict.
Perhaps the real significance of Gandhi lies in his method to fight evil and injustice. His
contribution lies in the novelty of his method of protest or resistance. As it has been pointed out by John
V Bondurant Satyagraha became something more than a method of resistance to particular legal
norms; it became an instrument of struggle for positive objectives and for fundamental change.
Professor Nirmal Kumar Bose defines Satyagraha as a way of conducting war by means of nonviolence.
Passive resistance, according to Gandhi, is an all sided sword. It can be used in any way. It
blesses not only the one who uses it but also those against whom it is used. It produces far-reaching
results without drawing a drop of blood. The stoniest heart will be melted by passive resistance. It is
a sovereign and most effective remedy. It is a weapon of the purest type. It is not the weapon of the
weak. It needs far greater courage to be a passive resister than a physical resister. In this regard,
Gandhi simply and humbly followed in the footsteps of the great teachers of mankind. For Gandhi,
passive resistance that stands out as the greatest is the courage of Jesus, Daniel, Crammer, Latimer and
Ridley who could go calmly to suffering and death and the courage of Tolstoy who dared to defy the
Czars of Russia. Indeed, one perfect resister is enough to win the battle of Right against Wrong.
According to Gandhi, the method of passive resistance is the clearest and the safest, because it is the
resisters alone who suffer if the cause is not true.. But now a days the thin demarcating line of violence
& nonviolence in any protest has disappeared.
Truth and nonviolence are the golden maxims that will never lose water and in the modern
world of cut-throat competition when one is trying to outrace the other, by hook or by crook, they have
become even more relevant.
At present, when things fall apart and there is a complete vacuum-spiritual and emotional,
we must go back to the world of Gandhi that is the world of truthfulness and nonviolence that will
definitely provide a peace mind and soul.
Rights can never be grabbed by threatening and blackmailing. Gandhi was of the opinion I
cannot rob Peter to pay Paul. Peace can prevail only when such a maxim is adopted. People must not
forget the difference between the right and the wrong, true and untrue. Nothing right and great can be
achieved by following wrong paths.
Today, when moral degradation has gulped the humanity the philosophy of Gandhi is direly
needed.
qqq
THE IDEA OF RELIGIOUS DEBATE :

A Culmination of British Diplomacy
Shahid Perwez
The 19th century in India is marked with great political, social and religious
reform movements. During this century there had been a galaxy of Muslim Ulama
who had been active and left their marks on the annals of the time. They were men of
wisdom, understanding, farsightedness and had a broad outlook with a considerable
degree of tolerance for other religions. Undoubtedly, they were extremely orthodox in
the performance of their own religious practices and obligations but they did not allow
unreasonable criticism and malignment of their own religion by others. They also had
the deep knowledge of other religious scriptures. This aspect of their knowledge comes
to light during the religious debates that took place before and after the rebellion of
1857 which was largely encouraged by the British officials to fulfill their political objective. The scholarship of the ulama reveals the inner strength of the traditional educational system imparted through the maktabs and madrasas of the period. These educational institution though lacked in modern education and sciences were nevertheless capable of producing educated and learned people who could understand the
meaning of conquest, the meaning of rulers and the consequence of foreign domination. This aspect is clearly seen during the rebellion of 1857 in which the ulama played
an important role in organizing the people to fight against the alien rule. It appears that
the ulama of 19th century by and large retained the traditional system of basic education in the art of warfare also. Their stiff resistance to the British forces indicates that
they were quite dexterous in the use of sword and pen with equal competence.
The British diplomacy in the post rebellion period was centered round to
preserve and protect the British interest in India. The British had already lost U.S.A.
their prized colony and after this loss they captured India by deceit and fraud. It was
India which largely sustaining the British economy.1 During the 19th century India was
a large exporter of raw-material to Britain and provided man power to other British
colony either as labourer or military personnel.2 The rebellion of 1857 had posed a
serious threat to the British interest and consequently, the British interest had been to
keep Indian divided in the name of religion. This policy was vigorously pursued after
1857 through two main channels. First-the debate between Muslim and Christian and
Asstt.Prof.(History), Ramabai Govt.Womens P.G.College, Akbarpur Ambedkar Nagar, U.P.
Shodh Samvid.
ISSN 2393-980X / 105
second-the debate between Muslim and Hindus particularly Arya Samajis over the
superiority of their own religion.
In the beginning of the 19th century the British East India Co. withdrew the socalled restriction on Christian missionary for preaching the Gospel. This withdrawal
opened the flood gate of Christian fanatics who in order to earn great honours in the
eyes of God were seen active with the connivance of the British Govt. officials started
coming to India with an avowed object to preach Christianity. One of such preacher
was Carl Gottlieb Pfander (1803-68)3 Who wrote a book in German language and
Later on got it translated into Persian under the title, Mizan-ul-haque.4 Publication of
Mizan-ul-Haque opened the door of debates in India to prove the truthfulness of Islam
and Christianity by its followers. It is said that the first debate between Christian and
Muslim Scholars took place at Delhi and Shah Abdul Aziz defended Islam as a true
religion.5 Pfander soon began to portray Christianity as a superior religion maligning
Islam as evident from Mizan.6 He rejects Islam as a gross fiction and Islamic theology
as mere error and superstition.7 Pfander was quite optimistic of converting Muslims
to Christianity and made vigorous attempts to bring well to do persons to the fold of
Christianity but failed.8 However, in the pre-rebellion era, the activities of pfander by
selecting prominent Muslims for Christian propaganda is noteworthy.9 He began to
send propaganda literature to Syed Ahmad (later Sir Syed Ahmad Khan), Kaazim Ali,
Sajjadah Nashin of Dargah Salim Chishti and Syed Nurul Hasan a prominent Person of
Delhi college. He sent Persian and Arabic translation of Bible to a number of prominent
Muslims proposing an open debate on Christianity and Islam. The first response to
pfander missionary propaganda came from Syed Nurul Hasan followed by a number
of Muslims from Agra and a book by Hafiz Md. Jafar, Saulat-i-Zaigham. Most of the
Muslims regarded those debates as Christian propaganda and considered it dangerous
to Islam. Therefore, the Muslim intelligentsia irrespective of their sectarian views
became active in defending their religion through religious debates with Christians
which was purposely encouraged by the Government.
Ironically, similar situation is created by British diplomacy in encouraging
debates between Arya Samajists and Muslims. The sensibilities of Muslim community
was hurt when Dayanand Saraswatis, Satyartha Prakash was published with
disparaging remarks on Islam. 10 When Satyartha Prakash gained circulation, the
Muslims started challenging Dayanand for his writing and speeches.11 A section of
Arya Samajists during the last quarter of 19th century became active in anti-Islamic
propaganda with more intensity on the basis of Satyartha Prakash.12 The on-going
religious debates seemed to have an official sanction as it was mostly held in the Mission
school.13 Such debates were generally attended by the Christian priests, Muslim ulama
and members of Arya Samaj.14 The debates usually dealt with the topics like (a)
Nature of creation, (b) The Oneness of God, (c) The contradiction between Gods justice
and mercy, (d) The proof of divinity of Vedas, Bible and Quran, (e) The nature and
means of Salvation.
Ironically, in the second half of the 19th century, the religious debates were no
longer remained triangular. It seems that British policy makers consciously evolved a
policy to arouse religious sentiments through religious debated as it were mostly

presided over by the British local high officials. It is noteworthy that participation of
Christian missionaries gradually declined and conspicuously they disappeared from
the debating scene.
As far as the religious debates are concerned they had mainly two
consequences. First-from the academic point of view, it provided great stimulation to
Muslim intelligentsia and the Muslim common man a feeling of joy and happiness but
at the same time it also provided the seed of indifference to Christianity and Hinduism
and later generations became almost alien to the knowledge of other religions. The
second aspect of these debates was that is gradually supported the separatist elements
within the Muslim and Hindu community.
The natural corollary of such attempts by these two religious groups did not bring
any good to Hinduism or Islam. Unfortunately, it widened the gulf between the Hindus
and Muslims. It would be assumed that the religious debates between the Arya Samajists
and the Muslims harmed largely the age-old religious harmony that existed between
the two communities which had been nurtured by the Sufi Saints and Mughal rulers.
These debates were of no use or advantage either to Hindus or Muslims community
but it did help the British largely in keeping the two communities away from one
another on religious grounds.
Notes and References :

1. For the details, See, Dada Bhai Naoroji, Poverty and Un-British rule in India, Delhi, 1969, ppIntroduction to x.
2. R.C. Dutt, Economic History of India, reprint, Delhi, 1990, pp-284-300
3. Mushirul Hasan, A Moral Reckoning, Muslim Intellectuals in Inineteenth century Delhi, oup, Delhi,
2005, p-89
4. A.A. Powell, Muslims and Missionaries in Pre-Mutiny India, Richmand (U.K.), 1993, pp-138-39,
(hereafter cited as Powell)
5. Powell however does not recognize this to be religious debate.
P. 104, See also Imdad Sabri, Firangion Ka Jaal, Delhi, 1949,
p. 137
6. Powell, p. 145
7. Ibid
8. Ibid, p. 155
9. Powell, Muslim-Christian confrontation in K.W. Jones (ed), Religious Controversies in British India
: Dialogues in South Asian languages, Albany, 1992, pp. 77-92
See also, Christine Schirrmacher, The influence of Higher Bible Criticism on Muslim Apologetics
in the Ninteenth century, in Waardenburg. J. (ed), Muslim Perceptions of other Religions : A
Historical Survey, Oxford, oup, 1999, pp. 270-80
10. Dayanand Saraswati, Satyartha Prakash, reprint Delhi, pp. 424-74
11. Francis Robinson, Separatism among Indian Muslims, oup, Delhi, 1993, p. 68
12. Ibid.
13. Barbara D. Metcalf, Islamic Revival in British India, Deoband, 1860-90, Karachi, 1989, p. 222
14. One of these debates took place at Chandpur, Distt. Shahjahanpur, U.P. in two successive years, 1875
and 1876 and it was named as Mela-i-Khuda Shanasi or Festival of the knowledge of God. For details
see, M. Qasim Nanautvi, Mubahsa-i-Shahjahanpur, Deoband, n.d. p. 4. See also Manazir Ahsan
Gilani, Swaneh-i-Qasmi, Deoband, 1955, pp. 364-486 which discusses the debate at length based
primarily on former work.
qqq
Shodh Samvid.
ISSN 2393-980X / 107
India-Myanmar Relations : The Economic

Dimensions
Sunita Sonu
Abstract :
In todays highly interdependent world, it become imperative that India and
Myanmar, two states bound together geographically with long history, cultural
affinities, socio economic development cooperate, collaborate and progress together.
In this context, the article presents a brief overview of Indo-Myanmar relations since
1990s, focusing on the various treaties concluded between the two nations, in this
paper, an attempt is made to map out the various issues affecting the Indo-Myanmar
bilateral economic relations. The political transition towards a democratic system in
Myanmar has moving gradually but certainly and provided an opportunity for India to
engage its neighbors more intimately, there are immense prospect of a fruitful
cooperation between the two neighbors in future as discussed in the article. These
include trade, commerce and energy security.
Key words:
Economic ties, trade and bilateral collaboration.
Introduction :
India and Myanmar share profound historical, political, cultural, religious and
social interaction that goes back to the fifth century and since then have enjoyed mutual
contact in the area of political, economic, cultural and religious etc. Historically, India
and Myanmar were part of the British Empire. India and Myanmar achieved
independence from colonial rule only a year apart, India in 1947 and Burma in 1948.
After the independence, the two countries opted a policy of cordial relationship that
culminated in the signing of a treaty of friendship in 1951. In spite of these, the history
of last 60 years of India-Myanmar relations has seen many ups and downs.
Over the years Indo-Myanmar relations witnessed several turns of events. The
relationship between the two countries went through rough times when the military
took over the country under the leadership of General Ne Win in 1962. Gen Ne Wins
period (1962-1988) may be described as cold relations saw ups and downs in the
bilateral relations. India pursued its idealistic policy even as Myanmars military control
was increasingly entrenched and absolute. Between 1988 and 1990, the relationship
came under strain as a result of Indias strong support against the Myanmars military
Research Fellow, Dept. of Political Science, P.U, Patna.
brutal suppression of the pro democracy uprising and the subsequent takeover of power
by the generals.
However, in the 1990s, relations between India and Myanmar thawed again,
when India launched its grand plan Look East Policy to develop and engage itself
with Southeast Asian countries to revive its economy and emphasize its influence in
the region. Myanmars geostrategic location at the meeting point of East Asia, Southeast
Asia and South Asia became prominent and crucial significant for India as a land
bridge for the success of the policy. Thereafter, India began to engage the ruling military
government in Burma. It remained silent over issues pertaining to the military controls
and its aggression over common civilian, specifically the pro democracy activists in
Myanmar.
Way to economic relations
Of the many historical links between India and Myanmar, bilateral economic
engagement constitutes an important component. Economic interest plays a very major
role in the present Indo-Myanmars relationship. In the backdrop of improving political
relations between the two countries, economic relationship has also made significant
progress. The economic relationship has had a detrimental effect on bilateral
relationship. Myanmar holds the promise of huge strategic and economic consequence.
Myanmars vast oil and natural gas reserves and other resources give an economic
dimension to its significance in the world. India, being its next door neighbor cannot
be indifferent to this reality. Besides, geopolitical considerations, historical and cultural
interactions and the ethnic overlap across their borders, have all come together to
make Indias North-East the gateway between the South and Southeast Asia through
Myanmar. Myanmars geostrategic location serves as a land bridge for India with
mainland Southeast Asia. It can facilitate and foster economic growth of Indias
northeastern region that has remained underdeveloped due to limited connectivity.
Due to such perceived advantage, in the recent years India has taken initiative
to improve her economic relationship with Myanmar by keeping possible door open
for bilateral engagement, like trade, development aid, investment and other cooperations. As mentioned by Lall the key to Indias new policy is economic factor and
its new foreign policy priority is also based on economic decision. Thus he argues that
trade with and through Myanmar would receive Indias Northeast and make both the
nations prosperous. Notably, Myanmar is a member ASEAN, BIMSTEC and MGC
(Mekong Ganga Co-operation); all of these cooperation mechanisms are based on
mainly economic and cultural co-operations. Myanmar is the only ASEAN member
which shared a border with India. Thus, with India becoming a full dialogue partner in
the ASEAN and a member of the East Asia Summit, improves relations with Myanmar
can be beneficial in many respects.
Due to these changing dynamics, India adopted a new pragmatic policy in
relation with Myanmar. The initiative in terms of economic co-operation and joint
ventures are said to revive the relations between the two countries. But before looking
at future explorations of economic initiative, the paper focuses on the different aspects
of Indo-Myanmar trade relationship.
Shodh Samvid.
ISSN 2393-980X / 109
Bilateral trade
The geographical proximity of India to Myanmar made it one of its biggest
partners. India is now the fifth largest partner of Myanmar (4th largest export destination
for Myanmar and 7th largest source of imports into Myanmar) after Thailand, China,
Hongkong and Singapore. India Myanmar bilateral trade had grown steadily in the
1990s to reach a level of US $1.8 billion in the fiscal year 2011-2012. In fact, recognizing
the potential of trade growth, during the Manmohan Singhs historical visit both sides
exude a new found confidence in their relationship and have agreed to enhance trade
to US $ 3.0 billion by 2015. As the table-1 below shows, the trade volume continued to
rise through the late 1990s. The balance of trade has always been favor of Myanmar
and India has emerged as Myanmars largest export market. According to the latest
figures available, it reached US$ 1870.20 million in 2011-12, growing by 39.75 percent
from the previous year.
Table-1
India-Myanmar Bilateral Trade
(Values in US $ Millions)
Year
Indias export
Myanmars import
Total
Trade balance
1997-98
49.31
224.01
273.32
-174.7
1998-99
30.12
173.76
203.88
-143.64
1999-00
34.10
171.59
205.69
-137.49
2000-01
52.71
181.69
234.40
-128.98
2001-02
60.89
374.43
435.32
-313.54
2002-03
75.07
336.04
411.11
-260.97
2003-04
89.64
409.01
498.65
-319.37
2004-05
113.19
405.91
519.11
-292.72
2005-06
110.70
525.96
633.66
-415.26
2006-07
139.95
781.93
921.87
-641.98
2007-08
185.82
808.63
994.45
-622.81
2008-09
221.64
928.97
1150.60
-707.33
2009-10
207.97
1289.80
1497.77
-1086.83
2010-11
320.62
1017.67
1338.29
-697.05
2011-12
545.38
1324.82
1870.20
-779.44
Source: Export Import Data Bank, Department of Commerce, Government of India

Official website http://commerce.nic.in/eidb/default.asp
The official trade record as shown in table -2 for the period of 2007-08 to 2011-12
reveals that the average share of Indias trade with Myanmar remained marginal at
around 0.25% with export share as 0.13% and import share as 0.32%
respectively(estimated from table-2). India-Myanmar bilateral is estimated at US$1.8
billion according to official figures. However, the actual trade between both countries
is difficult to fathom due to trade via third country (Singapore) and inadequate available
of data.
Table-2
Indias Trade Trend with Myanamr
(Values in US $ millions)
Values
2007-2008
2008-2009
2009-2010
2010-2011
2011-2012
Indias export
185.82
221.64
207.97
320.62
545.38
19.27
-6.17
54.17
70.10
185295.36
178751.43
251136.19
305963.92
13.59
-3.53
40.49
21.83
to Myanmar
Growth (%)
Total export
163132.18
Growth rates
Share (%)
0.11
0.12
0.12
0.13
0.18
Indias import
808.63
928.97
1289.80
1017.67
1324.82
14.88
38.84
-21.10
30.18
303696.31
288372.88
369769.13
489319.49
20.68
-5.05
28.23
32.33
from Myanmar
Growth (%)
Total import
251654.01
Growth rates
Share (%)
0.32
0.31
0.45
0.28
0.27
Total trade
994.45
1150.60
1497.77
1338.29
1870.20
Growth (%)
15.70
30.17
-10.65
39.75
India total trade 414786.19
488991.67
467124.31
620905.32
795283.41
Growth rates
17.89
-4.47
32.92
28.08
0.24
0.32
0.22
0.24
with Myanmar
Share (%)
0.24
Source: Export-Import Data Bank, Department of Commerce, Government of India,

Official website http:// commerce.nic.in/eidb/default.asp
Shodh Samvid.
ISSN 2393-980X / 111
Major items that India imports from Myanmar are wood &wood products, pulses,
edible vegetables and certain roots and tubers, rubber, fruits & nuts including cashew
nut etc. While Myanmar imports engineering goods, iron, steel, chemicals, cosmetic
drug pharmaceuticals, glass, glaasware, paints, edible meat offal, cement, machinery
and mechanical appliances and their parts. Indias imports from Myanmar are
dominated by agriculture and forest based. The official trade record as shown in table3 for the fiscal year 2011-2012 reveals that 1). India exports mainly manufactured goods
to Myanmar like Pharmaceutical products and iron & steel and articles thereof. Electrical
equipments and mineral fuels are two other important export categories. 2). Indias
imports from Myanmar, on the other hand, are mainly in agricultural products, especially
vegetables and wood articles. Sugar & sugar confectionaries, animal products and
spices are some other important products of import.
In the fiscal year 2011-12 two items edible vegetables (581.30 US$m) and wood
products (652.34 US$m) accounted respectively 49.23% and 43.88% of Myanmar totals
export. Indias export to Myanmar, though small are diverse, rainging from primary
commodities to manufactured products. Currently article of iron & steel(213.96 US$m)
and pharmaceuticals (78.45 US$m) accounted respectively 39.23% and 14.38% of Indias
total export.
Table-3
Top 10 Product Categories of Indo-Myanmar Bilateral Trade
Indias export to Myanmar
HS Code
Commodity name
Total Trade Value

(value US$mn)
213.96
73
Articles of Iron & Steel
30
Pharmaceuticals
78.45
72
Iron and steel
30.78
23
Residues and waste from

the food industries
26.96
85
Electrical machinery
and equipment and parts thereof
23.99
87
Vehicle other than railway or tramway

rolling stock and parts and accessories
18.53
84
Nuclear reactors, boilers,

17.92
Machinery and mechanical appliances
40
Rubber and articles there of
13.20
52
Cotton
10.12
96
Miscellaneous manufactured articles
6.86
Indias import from Myanmar

HS Code
Commodity name
Total Trade Value

(value US$mn)
44
Wood and articles of wood; wood charcoal
652.34
07
Edible vegetable and certain roots and tubers
581.30
27
Mineral Fuels& Oil and products of

their distillation , Bituminous Substances or Radi
13.21
28
Inorganic chemicals, precious

metal or rare-earth metal
7.75
84
Nuclear reactor ,boiler, machinery

and mechanical appliances; parts thereof
7.39
73
Articles of iron or steel
5.96
29
Organic chemicals
5.90
85
Electrical machinery and

equipment and parts thereof
4.51
98
Project goods; some special issue
4.40
40
Plastic and articles thereof
3.59
Source : Based on data from India Trade Database.
Clearly, there is immense scope for cooperation between India and Myanmar
and potential sector can be identified for future collaboration such as Agro Tech and
Forest based Industries, Oil and Gas Exploration, Infrastructure, Metallurgical
Industries, Pharmaceuticals and Medical Equipment, Healthcare, IT Education.
Although there has been a significant increase in bilateral trade relation in recent years,
full potential has yet to be realized.
Border Trade
In bilateral trade, border trade between India and Myanmar has special
significance and there is immense potential to enhance it due to geographical proximity
with India and Myanmar sharing 1643 km of common border. Indias four states
Arunachal Pradesh (520 km), Manipur(398 km), Mizoram(510 km)and Nagaland (215
km) share international border with Myanmar.
Although trade in traditional goods on head basis has been the customary practice
since a long time, India and Myanmar signed a Border Trade Agreement in 1994 gave
it a legal framework. Under the agreement trade is currently carried out through three
designated border points one each in Manipur, Mizoram and Nagaland; such border
points moreh-tamu in april 1995, Zowkhathar-Rahi on 30 Jan 2004 and Lungwa in 2008
have been operationalized. Agreement has been also reached on setting up two new
Shodh Samvid.
ISSN 2393-980X / 113
border points at Pangsau (in Arunachal Pradesh) and Avakhung (in Nagaland). The
year 2003 witnessed events which not only strengthen existing bilateral ties, but also
provide a foundation on which commercial and economic relations could expand in
the future. A Joint Trade Committee was set up in 2003 to work towards increasing
bilateral trade; then the Joint Trade Committee has met four times so far and has
successfully directed the rapid growth of commercial relation between the two
countries.
India and Myanmar also proposes to build a 45 hectare integrated customs station
at Moreh and both countries have agreed to upgrade the status of Border trade to
Normal trade so as to promote bilateral trade. Now the list of items for border trade has
been increased 22 to 40 which was made under Border Trade Agreement in the year
1994. During Manmohan Singhs Myanmar visit, both sides agreed to set up a Joint
Trade and Investment Forum to strengthen the economic relations and another
important decision taken was setting up border haats to make border trade very
effective.
The volume of trade between Indias North East states and Myanmar has not
been encouraging. Trade along the Indo-Myanmar border remains relatively low in
comparison with the Sino-Myanmar and Thai-Myanmar borders. Revision of the IndiaMyanmar Border Agreement is necessary to give a fresh impetus to border trade and
revision of the list of tradable items for border trade is of utmost importance to augment
trade in high value products too, especially for Indias exports.
Challenge to trade relations
In the existing trade structure between India and Myanmar, increasing bilateral
trade is a challenging target. Due to lack of better connectivity in the region and better
linkage between the people and trade organization of both sides, which is vital of
increasing bilateral trade, is not possible. In this context, it is imperative that both India
and Myanmar agree to improve connectivity on their respective sides of the border.
There will be boost in the trade between NE India and Myanmar after the completion of
the Kaladan Multimodal Transit Transport Project comprising of a waterway component
and a roadway component. This project will open a direct trade corridor between Indian
ports on the eastern India and Sittwe port in Myanmar and by road to Mizoram, thereby
providing and alternate route for transport of goods to North-east India. But this is a big
challenge for India to complete this project on time. It is recognized that in addition to
more economic contacts, such connectivity will promote social stability in the region
by facilitating people to people contact among trans-border ethnic group.
Economic linkage already exists by virtue of the prevailing legal and illegal
trade between India and Myanmar through Moreh, a business town in Manipur and
Tamu in Myanmar. As mentioned by Singh, in the existing trade structure between
both countries, India imports most of Myanmars products via indirect routes as in the
case of teak via Hongkong or Singapore, or precious stones via Thailand. So this is
mind, concrete economic benefits are expected to come up in the region with
establishment of the border haats. In addition, internal trade routes have potential to
enhance accessibility to sub-regional markets that connect Bangladesh, Myanmar and
Bhutan. The another factor for poor bilateral trade is apparently due to currency
exchange problem on India-Myanmar border.
Economic Collaborations and Opportunity
Indias economic collaboration with Myanmar has been slow but it has been
steadily increasing and diversifying since 1999 onwards. Development project,
particularly cross border projects have become essential elements of the Indias policy
towards to build cordial neighborly relations and fostering mutually fruitful cooperation
with Myanmar. India has been providing development aid to Myanmar for several
projects. According to data available from Indias Ministry of External Affairs annual
reports, it has extended over Rs 100 crores aid to that country since 2000 and the volume
has been increasing over the years. Hydroelectric power projects (Tamanthi and
Shwezayi),support of railway equipments, procurement and supply for transmission
projects, renovation of Ananda temple are also under process.
Several positive developments have taken place recently in the areas of trade,
investment, power, oil and natural gas, manufacturing and the vocational training
sectors. Development projects include setting up of agriculture center for advanced
research and education, IT University, industrial training centers, road projects. Indian
private sector enterprises have shown considerable interest in Myanmar in the recent
years in hotels & tourism, plantation cement, paper mills pumps and other agricultural
machinery. Private entrepreneurs from both countries have shown increasing interest
in conducting bilateral trade and commerce. In addition to this, the Government of
India in collaboration with Government of Myanmar has organized WTO workshops
visits for E-Networking project as a part of India-ASEAN initiative etc. to enhance
bilateral commercial and economic relations in 2011.
The India-Myanmar trade has immense potential for cooperation in the field of
natural gas. As Indias economy so expands so too does the demand for natural gas;
India has engaged import more energy sources worldwide-including natural gas. The
presence of large gas reserves as well as potential untapped reserves in Myanmar is an
attractive target for Indias energy diplomacy because of its geographical proximity
and the availability of natural gas as a cost effective and eco-friendly source of energy.
The overall investment of Indian state-owned companies into this sector is currently
estimated to be around US$ 1.6 billion. Indian state owned organization such as GAIL
and ONGC have a stake of 30% in the exploration and production in the shwe gas field;
they also have a nearly 12% combined stake in the Myanmar-China pipeline project.
While India is rapidly increasing its investment into Myanmar, it is simply no match for
the Chinese presence. It is imperative that India increase its investments in Myanmar
gas sector through greater funding and more efficient public-private partnership (PPP)
between State owned companies and private enterprises.
India however still faces the problem of transporting gas from Myanmar. An
India-Myanmar pipeline through Indias North-East is a viable option for ensuring
decades-long continuous gas imports into India. Once the negotiations are over and
the deal is finalized, the eastern and north-eastern states of India are expected to witness
a massive burst in economic activity and the Indio-Myanmar bilateral relationship
Shodh Samvid.
ISSN 2393-980X / 115
definitely get stronger.
Conclusion
The major shift in foreign policy towards Myanmar in the 1990s is related to
some of factors, in which economic aspects has become a more important factor in its
foreign policy. As seen in the empirical analysis of this paper Indo-Myanmar trade and
economic relations have remained much below potential. This is due to existing legal
trade volume, lack of better connectivity between people and trade organizations, lack
of proper transportation linkage and scanty trade policies of both countries. To break
such identified limitations in Indo-Myanmar economic relations. Right measure and
strategies need to be introduced.
The political transition towards a democratic system in Myanmar has moving
gradually but certainly, Indias attempt towards economic engagement with such
country needs a skilled diplomatic persuasion along with effective and attractive trade
and economic policies. If economic engagement becomes successful, development in
all possibilities can build good neighborly relations and foster mutually beneficial cooperation. This helps directly to improve Indias security management system in
especially energy security point of view and becomes beneficial to both the countries.
Development in economic relations can be more fruitful and widen the opportunities.
It is suggested that India and Myanmar work on their political and economic relations
with a vision that along with the continuity required also provide a fresh perspective to
make Indo-Myanmar ties economically viable and beneficial to the both countries. In
order to engage with a country like Myanmar which is very sensitive and strategically
significant, India needs reach a delicate balance between its requirement and its longterms interests.
References :
Harnit Kaur Kang, India and Myanmar, Looking East through a Strategic Bridge Institute
of Peace and Conflict Studies, New Delhi, IPCS Issue Brief No-44 March 2010.
Marie Lall, Indo-Myanmar Relations in the era of Pipeline Diplomacy, Contemporary South
East Asia; A Journal of International and Strategic Affairs, 2006, pp 424-446
Rakhi Battacharya, Does Economic Cooperation Improve Security Situation: The Case of
India-Myanmar Relations Asia-Pacific Journal of Social Science, Special Issue No-1, dec 2010
pp 71-84.
Saurabh , Dynamics of Indo-Myanmar Economic Ties Institute for Defence Studies and
Analyses,6 Jan 2010, at http://www.idsa.in/idsacomments/saurabh_060_
Shee, Poon Kim. The Political Economy of China-Myanmar Relations : Strategic and
Economic Dimensions Ritsu Meikan Annual Review of International Studies 2002.
Syed Ali Mujtaba, India-Myanmar Trade Relation at http://www. globalpolitician.com /

print.asp?id=3140.
Yogendra Singh, Indias Myanmar Policy : A Dilemma Between Realism And Idealism
Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies Special Report, No.37,2007 p1 at http://www.ipcs.org/ipcs
special report-37 pdf (Accessed August 16, 2009).
qqq
Domestic Violence
Bandana Singh
Violence against women in human society is quite all- pervasive: be it a society

in India, Nigeria, Argentina, Japan, United Kingdom or the USA, women in every
country, irrespective of the class, culture, level of economic or development, face violence on the streets or within home. Research carried out by various groups in India
shows that quite a high percentage of Indian women face domestic violence in some or
the otherphysical, mental, financial or emotional. Family violence against women is
a violation of fundamental human rights.
Torture fed by global culture denies equal rights with men and legitimize violence against women. Violence against women and girls continues to be a global epidemic that kills tortures and maims physically, psychologically, sexually and economically. It is one of the most pervasive of human rights violations, denying women
and girls equality, security, dignity, self-worth and their right to enjoy fundamental
freedoms. It is not only discrimination against women but results from discriminatory
beliefs, systems and institutions that perpetuate and reinforce the inequality between
men and women. It is thus a form gender-based violence and a human rights violation.
The Vienna Accord of 1993 and the Beijing Plateform for Action,1995 together have
made it clear that womens rights are human rights.
The term domestic violence includes violence against women and girls by an
intimate partner, including a cohabiting partner and by other family members, whether
this violence occurs within or beyond the confines of the home. Women and children
are often in great danger in the place where they should be safest, within the family. For
many, home is where they face a regime of terror and violence at the hands of somebody close to them somebody they should be able to trust. Those victimized suffer
physically and psychologically. They are unable to make their own decisions, voice
their own opinions or protect themselves and their children for fear of further repercussions. Their human rights are denied and their lives are stolen from them by the everpresent threat of violence. Karm Sham Poo, Director UNICEF, said that violence in
family is a formidable obstacle to socio-economic development.
Violence against women is present in every country, cutting across boundaries
of culture, class, education, income, ethnicity and age. Even though, most societies
prescribe violence against women, the reality is that violations against womens rights
are often sanctioned under the grab of cultural practices and norms, or through misin H.O.D., Home science, Magadh Mahila College, Patna.
Shodh Samvid.
ISSN 2393-980X / 117
terpretation of religious tenets. It is quietly deeply embedded and contributes to the low
status of women, in spite of the constitutional and human rights guaranteed to women
in most countries of the world today. Women are seen as mothers and wives, but whether
all women are in reality wives and mothers is irrelevant for most people. Gender stereotypes are largely still prevalent today. So, it is difficult for most women and men to
recognize the fact that women are first individuals and persons in their own right and
only then come their social roles as mothers and wives. Any recognition of women as
individual is immediately seen as a threat to the institution of the family, which is the
foundation of society, and therefore the logic and the reasonableness of womens legitimate claims to their human rights goes unrecognized or is blatantly. The high level
of tolerance of violence against women is unimaginable. Women have internalized
these notions and values and therefore, often do not think that they deserve or have a
right to a life without violence and it is seen by others as small price to pay for the
preservation of the family.
The global dimensions of this violence are alarming, as highlighted by studies
on its incidence and prevalence. Internationally, it has come to be recognized that
gender-based violence is a violation of the right to identify, right to affection, right to
peace and enriching personal relations right to protection, right to personal development, right to social and political participation , right to freedom of expression and right
to an optimum state of physical and mental health.Violence against women is socially
a very sensitive issue and more so in our country where we have a special place for
family honour. Some reasons for family violence identified by sociologists and feminists are unequal distribution of power in society leading to women occupying positions inferior or subordinate to men. Historical and social acceptance of gender stereotyped roles, which legitimize and justify aggression against women, contribute to family violence against women. Socialization of men and women in such that womens
rights as individual entitled to live their lives without violence is not recognized. Therefore, what is acceptable in society at large gets reflected in the relations within the
family as well. Gender-based violence is defined as violence that reflects the existing
imbalance in the power relations between men and women and that perpetuates the
subordination and devaluation of the female as opposed to the male. The difference
between this kind of violence and other forms of aggression and coercion lies in the fact
that in this case the risk factor or source of vulnerability is the mere fact of being a
woman. Around two in five men nearly -40.7% -in India were found to hold rigid and
discriminatory gender views. This segment believes women are inferior. These men
are very controlling in their behaviour towards their wives. They even tend to dictate
whom she can meet and do not allow participation in decision-making. Men who hold
the most rigid views of masculinity are three times more likely to physically abuse their
partner and nearly four times more likely to want their wife to bear a son over a daughter. Such traits of rigid masculinity were in a preliminary finding, found to be highest in
Uttar Pradesh (64%) and comparatively lower in Rajasthan (22%) and Maharashtra (25%).
The preliminary findings, as the November 2013, are based on studies undertaken by
the International Centre for Research on Women (ICRW) covering seven Indian states.
The study relates traits of masculinity with son preference and partner violence.
Researchers point out that all Indian men cannot be clubbed together in one
category as they hold a wide range of beliefs relating to gender equality. ICRW has
classified men into various categoriesequitable men, flexible behaviour men, flexible attitude men and the rigidly masculine. Only one in four men (25.6%) fell in the
equitable category which strongly believes that men and women are equal and such
behaviour translates into sharing of household work and responsibility of contraception. Equitable men also do not feel that they should control their wifes behaviour or
that a woman is to be blamed when she is raped. The remainderaround a thirdfell
somewhere in between the two ends of the spectrum.
Given the high ratio of rigidity masculine men, it wasnt surprising that the ratio
of violence against their partner was also high. Nearly 27%, in aggregate across the
states surveyed, reported violence at the hands of their partner within the past years.
Nearly 49% of men in Uttar Pradesh admitted to restoring to violence (against an aggregate average of 34%). In UP, 44.6% women reported that they were subjected to such
violence. The other state where a large number of men admitted to violence was Odisha.
In terms of women admitting to having suffered violence, the aggregate prevalence
was 31% and the highest at 59% was reported in Odisha. (Times of India, December,
2013).
Any act, which affects the family honour, is not tolerated and very strongly put
down. Therefore the acts of violence are seldom talked out of the family and its close
confines. It is a manifestation of historically unequal power relations between men and
women which have led to domination over and discrimination against women by men
and to the prevention of the full advancement of women (The UN Declaration on the
Elimination of Violence against Women, General Assembly Resolution, December
1993.Domestic violence is undoubtedly a human rights issue and serious deterrent to
development. According to a survey conducted recently by the Union health and family affairs ministry Bihar reported the highest number of cases of violence against marred
women. Nearly 50%-married women suffer physical violence, 19% emotional violence
and 59% experience both physical and sexual violence. Ironically, women from urban
areas face more violence than those from rural areas. According to the survey, 62.2% of
the surveyed women were subjected to the trauma of domestic violence in urban areas
compared to 58.5% in rural areas. The UN Declaration on the Elimination of Violence
against Women includes explicit directions to member countries to .not invoke any
custom, tradition or religious consideration to avoid their obligations with respect to its
elimination. It sets forth specific steps in Article 4 for a member state to take in combating domestic violence. These steps include investigating and punishing acts of domestic violence, developing comprehensive legal, political, administrative and cultural programmes to prevent violence against women, providing training to law enforcement officials, promoting research and collecting statistics relating to the prevalence of domestic violence. Article 4(g) of the Declaration directs that states should
work to ensure that women subjected to violence and their children receive specialized
assistance , health and social services, facilities and programmes as well as support
Shodh Samvid.
ISSN 2393-980X / 119
structures, and should take all other appropriate measures to promote their safety and
physical and psychological rehabilitation. While the gender-based violence is not specifically mentioned in the 1979 Convention on the Elimination of ALL forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW), in 1992 the Committee overseeing CEDAW
implementation adopted general Recommendation 19, which states that it is a form of
discrimination that inhibits a womans ability to enjoy rights and freedom on a basis of
equality with men. Under the new Optional Protocol to CEDAW, adopted by the UN
General Assembly in October 1999, ratifying States recognize the authority of the Committee to receive and consider complaints from individuals or groups within that States
jurisdiction. On the basis of such complaints, the Committee can then conduct confidential investigations and issue urgent requests for a government to take action to protect victims from harm, bringing the Convention into line with other human rights
instruments such as the Convention against Torture. The most crucial consequence of
domestic violence against women and girls is the denial of fundamental human rights
to them. The World Conference on Human Rights in Vienna (1993) accepted that the
rights of women and girls are an inalienable, integral and individual part of universal
human rights. In 1994, the Commission on Human Rights appointed the first UN Special Rapporteur on violence against women, ensuring her with the task of analyzing
and documenting the phenomenon, and holding governments accountable for violence against women. The Fourth World Conference on Women in Beijing (1995) included elimination of all forms of violence against women as one of its twelve strategic
objectives and listed concrete actions to be taken by the governments, United Nations
and NGOs. Domestic violence, whether private or state actors perpetrate it, constitutes
a violation of human rights. It is the duty of the states to ensure that there is no impunity
for the perpetrators of such violence. Often state policies and inaction perpetuate or
condone such violence within the domestic sphere. States have a double duty under
international human rights law. They are not only required not to commit human rights
violations, but also to prevent and respond to human rights abuses. Presently, where a
woman is subjected to cruelty by her husband or relatives, it is an offence under section
498A of the Indian Penal Code. The civil law does not, however, address this phenomenon in its entirely. Therefore, it was necessary to enact a law, keeping in view the
rights guaranteed under Article 14, 15 and 21 of the Constitution. This was necessitated
to provide for a remedy law, which is intended to protect the woman from being victim
of domestic violence and to prevent the occurrence of domestic violence in society.
Scope of Domestic Violence

Violence against women is often a cycle of abuse that manifests itself in many
forms throughout their lives, from birth to death---Pre-natal Period abortion after sex determination, difficulties at the time of birth of
the baby due to battering during pregnancy.
Childhood female feticide, sexual & psychological abuse.
Girlhood child marriage, physical, psychological & sexual abuse, child prostitution,
pornography.
Adolescence and Adulthood violence during dating, sexual harassment at workplace, forced to involve in prostitution, pornography of adult women, women trafficking, violence by husband, misbehave with disabled women, forced to be pregnant and
carry the pregnancy, murder of the spouse.
Old age physical, mental and sexual abuse of elderly parents or men & women
because economic reasons.
Types of domestic violence :
Physical abuse:
It takes many forms including hitting, punching, pulling hairs, slapping, grabbing, biting, kicking, breaking bones, brushing, burning, twisting arms, throwing victims against walls and furniture, throwing objects and using weapons. It also includes
damaging household goods and furniture, killing pets and denial of basic human needs,
like sleep and /or nutrition. Assault can be a life threatening nature resulting in broken
bones, miscarriage and other serious injuries and other serious injuries. NFHS report
says that every one in five women face physical violence at home.
Sexual abuse:
Sexual violence in the home is domestic violence. Sexual intercourse without
consent is sexual assault. Sexual assault may or may not involve physical force. Sexual
abuse is any unwanted sexual contact.
Verbal abuse:
it consists of derogatory comments, insults and constant put-downs. Lack of
physical attractiveness, inferiority, incompetancy, inability to cope and /or succeed on
her own and being told that she is not a good mother/ wife/ housewife. Over time, this
constant humiliation will destroy a womans belief in herself and severely affect her
self-esteem. Verbal abuse also includes threats of physical violence and violent verbal
outbursts.
Psychological or Emotional abuse: It is closely linked to verbal abuse. The
behaviors aimed at terrorizing the victim and stripping her of her self-confidence. The
behaviors include destroying household/ personal property, deliberately hurting/ injuring/ killing domestic pets, deprivation of essential personal needs such as food,
sleep, sanitary items etc. This form of abuse occurs when one partner deliberately misuses the psychological or emotional factors in a relationship. Besides these it includes
verbal abuse intended to destroy the other persons self-esteem. This form of abuse is
often a central factor in spouse abuse where the victim feels that she is insane, stupid or
useless.
Spiritual abuse: Spiritual abuse describes the damage violence does to the spirit
of those who have been abused. It is deeper than an individuals experience of betrayal.
It involves the shame experienced when everyone in the community is aware of the
violence, and when they too are implicated as victims of the violence. Victimization
may be based on race, color or other forms of identification with the community, and it
includes the abuse suffered from a history of genocide or persecution.
Shodh Samvid.
ISSN 2393-980X / 121
Economic abuse: This occurs where the man has total control over all financial
resources. Financial abuse involves control of the use and availability of money. This
can include a woman from taking a job outside the home and earning an independent
income, preventing her from participating in decisions about how money is spent and
refusing her money for basic household necessities such as food and clothing.
Social abuse: This includes delivering verbal abuse in front of other people,
such as put-downs, jokes, criticism about the womans weight, appearance, sexuality,
intelligence etc, controlling behaviors such as following her to work, controlling access to friends, constant phone calls at work or accusations of imagined affairs, isolating a woman by denigrating her friends and family, thus leading her to cut herself off
because she fears enraging her husband, licking the woman in or out of the house,
cutting off telephone, not letting her use the car etc. in other words we can say that the
man who socially abuses his partner controls the flow of information into and out of the
house and his partners ability to leave. The result for the abused woman can be public
humiliation and isolation from friends and other members of her family. Family Violence Professional Education Taskforce, 1991 says, The various forms of spouse abuse
combine to effectively trap and control the victim in a position of powerlessness.
Causes of Domestic Violence

Studies on family violence have established clearly the casual link between womens
inferior status in family and society and the violence perpetrated on them. Popular
culture in the form of television serials in the vernacular languages and fictions reflect
this well-accepted position of women. Even today, there is the perpetuation of the ideas
that a man and his family have a right to except certain kinds of conduct within the
household from the woman and her family and failure to this justifies the use of violence against the woman.
Cultural causes: gender-specific socialization, cultural definitions of appropriate sex roles, expectations of roles within relationships, belief in the inherent superiority of males, values that give men proprietary rights over women and girls, notion of the
family as the private sphere and under male control, customs of dowry, acceptability of
violence as a means to resolve conflict.
Economic causes: economic dependency on male members or the husband,
lack of education and proper training, limited access to cash and credit, discriminatory
laws regarding inheritance after divorce or widowhood, limited access to employment
in formal and informal sector.
Legal causes: lesser legal status of women either by written law and /or by
practice, law regarding divorce, child custody, maintenance and inheritance, legal definition of rape and domestic abuse, low level of legal literacy among women, insensitive treatment of females by police and judiciary.
Political causes: under-representation of women in power, politics and media
and in legal and medical profession, domestic violence not taken seriously, notions of
family being private and beyond control of the state, risk of challenge to status quo/
religious laws, limited organizations of women as a political force, limited participation
of women in organized political system.
Consequences of domestic violence on the health of women and children

Even though studies have brought to light some of the consequences of family
violence and gross violation of human re for women and children, there is still little
appreciation of the extent of its impact of the fact that such acts are criminal acts and
gross violation of human rights.
Effects on women: injury (outer and internal organ injury), headache, permanent disability, gynecological problems, unwanted and forced pregnancy, miscarriage,
chronic pelvic pain, AIDS, HIV infection, fracture, asthma, self-injurious behaviors
like smoking or unprotected sex, depression, anxiety, fear, low self-esteem, sexual
dysfunction, eating problem, mental tension, maternal mortality, suicide, homicide.
Effect on children: physical injury, fractures, headache, eating problem, run
away from home/school, depression, behavior problems, tension, smoking, delinquency, problem in sleep, destructive behaviors, pornography, prostitution, unwanted
pregnancy, sex crimes etc.
Conclusion:
The deep-rooted nature and the pervasiveness of patriarchy in all institutions is
largely the reason for the wide prevalence of family violence and the failure of the state
despite legislations and institutions to prevent and eliminate it. Religion, culture and
tradition have been used to reinforce the values that justify family violence and the
resistance to any kind of steps for the empowerment of women to enable them to access
their human rights and live a life of dignity. Despite the national and international
legislations and directions to states to prevent, punish and prosecute domestic violence
against women, it is found that due to the deep-rooted nature of the patriarchal values,
little or nothing has been done to eliminate such violence. There is no shortcut to
womens emancipation. Living in a patriarchal society and in a culture that justifies the
secondary status of women, women are exposed to constant violence from men. Violence on women begins at home. Threat of violence and insecurity of women outside
their home is just an extension of the institutionalized violence at home. Any action
plan to root out violence also has to begin at home, and at the home level no action plan
will be effective that does not include all women including the mother-in-law and daughter-in-law. What is required is, first of all, solidarity among all women at the family
level. It manse they- starting from the oldest to the youngest should be able to stand up
against all kind of violence and discrimination towards them in the family. We have the
law, but the problem lies in the way in which such violence is perceived by the lawenforcement agencies and the judicial officers and even the state. It is acknowledged
that every human being is entitled to enjoy human rights and to have them protected by
the laws and practices of his/her country. Besides, cultural practices, religious belief
and levels of economic and social development should not hinder the enjoyment and
exercise of these human rights. Very less women are aware of their rights and therefore
rarely exercise the national and international human rights to demand protection. Taking the approach that violence against women in the family is human rights violation
enables activists and law-enforcement agencies to take a strong position against the
continuation of such practices that legitimize violence against women and at the same
Shodh Samvid.
ISSN 2393-980X / 123
time bring pressure on national governments to enact appropriate legislations or to

pursue such policies as will end such violence and prevent their practices though the
use of the media and educational policies. Though the use of the human rights language we can bring visibility to violation of womens human rights within the family
and also put pressure national and international upon state and human rights agencies to act against such violence and use all available mechanisms and where necessary
create new ones in order to enable women to enjoy their human rights and be able to
live a life of dignity.
The Parliament has now empowered Indian women with a law to protect themselves from violence of any kind occurring within the family. Therefore, there are
reasons to cheer the enactment of the Protection of Women from Domestic Violence
Act-2005. This path breaking legislation seeks to protect women from all forms of domestic violence and to check their harassment and exploitation by family members or
relatives. Women will now be able to take legal action against abusive husbands and
other relatives who harass them.
The Domestic Violence (Prevention) Bill-2005

This Bill was prepared by Lawyers Collective, a non-governmental organization working for women to suggest measures and related matters before the ministers
for giving final shape to this legislation. In their view, domestic violence is different
from other forms of violence against women because this violence is done by an intimate family member to whom women does not want to expose in the society. Despite
violence, women are very often reluctant to break a marriage. They generally not want
to disclose it and suffer in silence. She thinks that this is her fault and wants to improve
her behaviors according to the will of the husband. So in this situation, that is felt that
the enactment of a new law by the government will recognize the unequal nature of the
relationship within which a woman exist and provide the necessary support structures
to enable her to be free from violence. The proposed law is in addition to the existing
criminal law. This Bill defines domestic violence as any act, omission or conduct which
is of such a nature as to harm or has the potential of harming of injuring the health,
safety or well being of a woman or girl child. Such violence could be physical, sexual
(without consent), verbal, mental or economic.
Verbal and mental abuse includes insults, ridicule, humiliation, degrading or
name-calling, especially with regard to not having a child or a male child. Prohibiting
continued access to resources or facilities which the person aggrieved is entitled to use
or enjoy by virtue of the domestic relationship will come within the ambit of economic
abuse. In this case she can approach the court, which is empowered to pass a protection order to prohibit the respondents from committing acts of domestic violence,
prevent the woman from being removed from the house of habitual residence, and
prohibit the respondents from entering her house, in case she decides to stay alone. An
important aspect of this Bill is that even a friend of the victim can file a case in the court
on behalf of the victim with her written consent.
The Domestic Violence Act, 2005 has not proved a deterrent. This becomes
evident from the Helpline figures that indicate a rising trend: A total of 159 cases of
domestic violence were reported to the Helpline till November 2010. This figure was
174 in 2009, 143 in 2008, 133 in 2007 124 in 2006 and only 84 in 2005. The same in the case
with dowry harassment incidents. As against 63 cases of dowry related harassment till
November 2010. The Helpline received 67 complaints in 2009, 39 in 2008, 47 in 2007 and
only 13 complaints in 2006. The reason behind this is the pathetic state of affairs to lack
of awareness among women about their rights.
Suggestions :
Domestic violence is a health, legal, economic, educational, developmental
and human rights problem. Strategies should be designed to operate across a broad
range of areas depending upon the context in which they are originated:
* Spreading awareness about the problem and counseling of concerned parties.
* Education for building a culture of non-violence.
* Education & professional training to women.
* Economically independency of women.
* Direct service provision to victim-survivors and perpetrators.
* Helping the victim and direct intervention.
* Legal reform.
* Community mobilization against perpetrators of domestic violence.
* Monitoring interventions and measures.
* Early detection of at risk families, communities, groups and individuals.
* Try to bring changes in the attitudes of males.
* Strong political will to prevent theses incidences.
* Establishing special police stations only for women.
* Spreading awareness among women about their rights.
* Providing free services of counselors, lawyers and police to the victims.
* Establishing temporary shelter for women and generating employment for them.
qqq
Shodh Samvid.
ISSN 2393-980X / 125
Social, Economic and Infrastructural Facilities for human

Capital Development
Sudhir Kumar
There are two types of capital (1. Physical capital and (2. Human capital.
Human development and improvement in the quality of life is the Ultimate
objective of all planning programs leading to higher economic and social development.
There exists a very strong linkage between attaining economic prosperity and enriching
the Quality of life, which is reflected in the social indicators of health, longevity, and
literacy and Environmental sustainability. These indicators save as valuable inputs for
developing suitable Policy initiatives. Social infrastructure indicates facilities and
measures for providing an Education, health care,community development, equitable
income distribution, employment and social welfare. The concept of social
infrastructure is very broad and covers various aspects of government service delivery.
The cost of delivering social benefits is very high and constitutes a major proportion of
the state budget. Major social policy concerns of government include the Provision of
infrastructure services, fostering government and community partnerships, Community
capacity buildinginteractedservice delivery and social justice.
The aim of social and economic development in astate is to improve the qualityof
living standards of the people.The state government plays a pivotal role in Providing
the basic minimum requirements of the private sector has been limited.To ensure
substantial progress in the governments efforts in Promoting equality for all,the
government needs to focus on the following aspects(1. Providing basic human needs including primary health care,basic
education,family planning,Nutrition, water and sanitation and shelter
(2. Promoting participation of women in development and ensuring gender
equality,
(3. Improved delivery of infrastructure services with emphasis on the poor and
building their Capacity for sustenance,
(4. Safe guarding human rights and providing good governance
(5. Seeking private sector participation in development of areas like tertiary
education,
(6. Building a clean and healthy environment.
Social development is generally measured by three groups of factor i.e.
Demography,literacy and level of economic development. The economy cannot be
Teaching Faculty Department of Economics, Magadh Mahila CollegeP.U. Patna.
looked at in Isolation without considering the basic needs of the people.

Higher levels of social development enhance the productivity of people in the
economy leading to greater economic development. This increases the resources
available with state to further improve social services like health and while growth
rates achieved in the economic sectors are more Conspicuous in the short term, the
social sector deals with endogenous factors and takes a longer time to achieve. However,
once the process of social development is institutionalized, it provides sustenance to
the overall process of economic development.
Education is the backbone of the social and economic development. It acts as
the catalyst of human resource development (HRD), which encompasses better
health,Nutrition and improved socio-economic opportunities. Education imparts
knowledge and skills and shapes values and attitudes. It is vital for the progress of
society and is universally recognized as an important investment in building human
capital,which holds the key to persistent high growth in per capita income.Education
and health are basic objectives of Development are important ends in themselves?
Health is central to well -being and education is essential for a satisfying and
rewarding life, both are fundamental to the broaderNotion of expanded human
capabilities that lie at the heart of the meaning of education .At the same time,
education plays a key role in the ability of a developing country to absorb modern
technology and to develop the capacity for self-sustaining growth and
development. Moreover, health is a prerequisite for increases in productivity, while
Successful education relies on adequate health as well. Thus both health and
education Can also be seen as vital components of growth and development as
inputs to the aggregate production function. There dual are as both inputs and out
puts gives health and education their central importance in economic development.
In 2011 looking back at the first decade of the 21st century 2000-10 we strongly
decade indeed can be called Indias decade of development. Going forward however,
India will face enormous challenges in the areas of rural development,
urbansustainability, National infrastructure, human capital and populationIndia will
add hundreds of millions of people to the urban economy in the years and decades
ahead. Indias cities need to be safe, efficient, pleasant to live in, supported by
infrastructure (water, sewerage,electricity, transport), able to create jobs which are
globally competitive,etc. Briefly put India needs a revolution in sustainable urban
planning. SustainableCities mean: walk able mix used areas, public transport, urban
planning, public health and other Services and climate resilient especially coastal cities.
To be able to create large scale job Opportunities will mean socialsystems of education
apprenticeship, vocational training, etc., perhapsbang the German lines that link
schooling with early labour-market entry.
On the national infrastructure front, inter-city rail upgrading, sustainable and
secure energy, watershed management, damspolicy, fiber connectivity nationally,
ports and airports, etc. India will also need an integrated life-cycle,population scale
vision of human Capital accumulation. This includes, population stabilization and
early childhood development, especially to over- come the scars of under-nutrition,
Shodh Samvid.
ISSN 2393-980X / 127
which may be Indias greatest plague.

On the education front, education for all with improvements in quality of
Education (to improve teaching and learning outcomes) and education-to-job linkages
will be Critical. Manpower for skill and occupational needs in next twenty years will be
high as the Economy urbanizes, modernizes and becomes more service-sector oriented.
India is moving from the phase of market reform (1991-2010) to the new era of
sustainable development. The priority now must be only on growth but on the Triple
bottom line of growth, equity/inclusion, and environmental sustainability.
The sustainability challenge will occupy India the world for decades not just
for years. All countries face the challenge of adapting to ongoing climate change,
managing growing water scarcity, protecting endangered ecosystems and species,
etc. As one of the Worlds most crowded country, India faces this challenge more
urgently then others.
In the Independence Day speech on August 15, 2000, the then P.M. of India the
Honorable Atal Bihari Vajpayee in his address to the nation from the rampart of the
Red fort said and we quote let us together resolve to make this decade the
decade of Development. To realize this goal, we have decided to achieve the taste of
doublingIndias per Capita income in the next ten years. The prime minister added,the
most valuable investment that we can make in Indias future is to ensure that every
child gets education. We have decidedthat by 2010, every Indian child will get education
up to class eight. We have education until Graduation has been made free for women.
The prime minister announced two broad goalsthat the government would set for itself:First, by the year 2010, the per capita income of India would be doubled. Income
doubling within a decade requires growth in per capita income of 7% per annum.Second,
by the year 2010, there would be universalization of education until class 8th, with a
Special effort for girls and disadvantaged groups.
Interestingly,the first decade of the 21st century saw major national Schemes/
campaigns/missions/ get launched with fairly substantial amounts of public spending
to back them. First, in the roads sector, the Golden Quadrilateral Project and the prime
Ministers village Road Scheme were launched in 2001.Second, in the education sector,
Education for all campaign was launched in 2001, third in the field of drinking water,
theSwajaldhara scheme was launched in2002, fourth, in health sector, the national
rural health Mission (NRHM) was launched in 2005 fifth, in the rural electrification
sector, The Rajiv Gandhi Gamin vidyutikarn yojna and sixth in the infrastructure sector,
BharatNorman was launched in 2005 among others.
Achievement since the prime ministers goal:In response to the prime ministers goal of doubling Indias per capita income
by the year 2010, The planning commission of India get an eight percent per year
growth target for Indias10thFive year plan (2002-07) and achieved an average growth
rate of 7.8%. The 11th plan (2007-12) Aimed at 9%growth rate, but is likely to end with
8.2%. Be that as it may. Indias growth Performance over the 11 th plan has been
remarkable given that this period witnessed the greatest economic crisis the world has
been since the great depression. In response to the goal of attaining universal elementary
education by the year2010, the government launched the SSA and began investing
vast sums of money for expanding school coverage, capacity building, mid-Day meals
and free school books for children of families living below the poverty line.In real
terms, the growth in per capita income has been modest over the Past decade,but by no
means insignificant. In terms of constant (1999-00) prices,the per capita Income which
was Rs. 16173 in 2000-01 rose to Rs.24295 by 2007-08 and to 26618 in 209-10thatis a rise
of 64% over the decade. The per capita income would have been higher but for the
global economic crisis which pulled down the countrys growth rate during 2008-09 to
6.8% from 9.3% in the previous year and 9.6% in the year before.
Economic survey, various issues ministry of finance, Government of India
In response to the goal of attaining in 2001 in a time bound manner, as Mandated

by 86th amendment to the constitution of India making free and compulsory Education
to the children of 6-14 age groups, fundamental rights. SSA is being implemented in
Partnership with state governments to cover the entire country and address the needs
of 192 Million children in 1.1 million habitations. The program helps open new schools
in those habitations which donthave schooling facilities and strengthens existing
school infrastructure through provision of additional class rooms, toilets, drinking water,maintenance and School improvement grants. Existing schools with inadequate
teacher strength are provided With additional teachers, while the capacity of existing
teacher is being strengthened by Training, grants for developing teaching-learning
materials and strengthening of the academic Support sstructure at a cluster, block and
district levels.
Education Indicators:-
Shodh Samvid.
ISSN 2393-980X / 129
Ministry of Human Resource Development, government of India, Ahluwalia 2011

Literacy Rate (7 years and above)-
In the table showing increase the primary education 71.1% to 95.9% and decrease
in the medalEducation 56.1% to 43.0% and increase the literacy rate 64.8% to 7
Poverty:-
According to Tendulkar Methodology, there are decreased in % of population

below poverty line 45.3% to 32.2%.
Health Indicators:-
Various SRS Bulletins, office is the Registrar General, GOI (MHA), Ahuluwalia 2011.
In the table showing the decreased in maternal mortality rate and infant mortality rate
and increased in the safe delivery. So, we can say increased in the human capital in
India and increased the living of standard in India. Infrastructure development Index
of major state in India, 1991:State
CDI value
Rank
Punjab
Kerala
Tamil Nadu
Haryana
171.92
162.42
145.62
133.12
01
02
03
04
UP
112.04
Maharashtra 106.77
Karnataka
106.12
Gujarat
105.33
Assam
104.39
Andhra Pradesh104.01
West Bengal
102.09
Orissa
101.45
Bihar
91.31
Rajasthan
87.27
MP
86.66
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
India 100.00
C.V. value (%)
22.9%
(CMIE (2000) Profiles of districts October CMIE Mumbai)
So, we can say increased in the human capital in India and increased the living
of Standard in India blouse increased the literacyrate, per capita income, health facilities,
and transport and communication facilitiesin India. But, India has not high developed
human capital According to developed countries. Thereis high level of per capita
income, education, healthFacilities, infrastucre and living of standard in developed
countries. But, there are many Problems in India for development of human capital.
There are following:[1] Lack of education, especially women education,
[2] Low per capita income,
[3] Lack of high level health facilities,
[4] No developed transport and communication facilities,
[5] Economic fluctuation,
[6] High poverty and unemployment
[7] Income inequality,
[8] Lack of high level teaching skill,
[9] Redtapism,
[10] High inflation rate,
[11] Lack of safety of wealth,
[12] High mortality rate,
[13] Low capital invest in human development sector,
[14] Lack of a good job,
[15] Backboard of indsrities and agriculture,
Countries
HDI
Rank
Norway
0.955
1
Australia
0.938
2
USA
0.937
3
Shodh Samvid.
ISSN 2393-980X / 131
Nether lad
0.921
4
Germany
0.920
5
New Zealand 0.919
6
Sweden
0.916
7
Ireland
0.916
7
Switzerland
0.913
9
Japan
0.911
10
India
0.554
136
(UNDP, March 14, 2013)
So,we can say high population in India but, less human capital, because Indias
HDI Ranks is 136, top ten countries is developed countries. So, we should enhance our
human capital. We should increase in the following for Development of human capital
:
[1] National income and per capita income,
[2] Remove the income inequality,
[3] Out-put of agriculture and industry,
[4] Remove the dis-balance of payment,
[5] Education and women education facilities,
[6] Technical education and job oriented education,
[7] Health facilities, Hospital and medicine,
[8] Infrastructure facilities,
[9] Control of pollution,
[10] Pure drinking water facilities,
[10] Residential facilities,
[11] Good job facilities,
If increase above all, we can achieve high developed human capital.
References :
1. Economic Development,
2. Macro Economics,
3. Indian Economy,
4. Macro Economics,
5. Economics of development and Planning,
6. Macro Economics
7. Indian Economy
8. Pratiyogita Darpan, Indian Economy,
9. Yojna,
10. Kuruksetra,
11. Development and Planning,
12. Indian Economy
13. Demography,
Michael P. Todaro and Stephen C. Smith, 2009.

Rudiger Dornbusch and Stanley Fischer, 2009.
Ruddar Datt & K.P.M. Sundharam, 2004.
Dr.T.T. Setty, 2005.
M.L. Jhingan, 1990.
M.L. Jhingan, 2011.
Misra & Puri,2009.
2008, 2009, 2010, 2012.
October 2013.
February 2013.
S.P. Singh
S.N. Lal
Dr. Shivnarayn Gupt and Dr.V. Kumar, 2010.
qqq
Tribal and Forest

Roslin Soren
Since early age there has been a symbiotic relation between forest and
tribal.Tribal have made their abode in and around of the dense forest and hilly
track.They established their villages and develop their social system, self administration and cultural tradition. Even today tribals are found living in and around the forest.
They are utilising the forest produce for their livelihood and kind of their daily need.
They enjoy Minor forest produce freely to supplement their own economic income.
Besides they have Social and cultural relationship with the forest as they believe their
God and Goddess reside in the forest. They worship Sal tree known as JAHER and
SARNA GROVE.The forest has been the centre place of social activities of the tribals.
The tribal of same village or different neighbouring villages assemble in the forest.
They exchange views and ideas and settle minor dispute.
Economicy of Tribes
(a) Food Gathering Tribal The economy of tribals are still depend upon the forest. Tribals construct
their huts and houses from Bamboo, Bushes,Wood,Leaves etc available in the
forest.They use the wood of forest for making agriculture implements,household tools,
hunting weapons etc.As they reside in and around the forest they are dependent upon
the collection Minor Forest Produce. Each season provides the tribals the occasion or
the collection of Minor Forest Produce. They collects roots, shoots, barks, leaves, flowers, fruit, seeds etc from the forest in different reason. Traditionally tribal of our country
are dependent on the collection of M.F.P in two ways (a)Food Gathering (b)Commercial
collect Edible roots, fruits, flowers, leaves from the forest. They eat them either raw or
cooked. These are Mahua flower and fruit , Sal seeds, Jamun, Tamarind, Mango and
other leafy vegetable like Putkalsag,Matthasag etc and use them as a part of the food.
Tribal also gather mushroom in rainy season from the forest and cook them to eat .The
mushroom has commercial value and it is sold in higher rate in the market.
(b) Commercial use of M.F.P Tribals used together Minor forest produce and they sell in the market for getting gainful income beside they collect edible fruits and flowers such as Sal seeds,
Asstt. Prof. (Batany), R.N. College, Hazipur, B.R.A. Bihar University.
Shodh Samvid.
ISSN 2393-980X / 133
amla, harre, bahera, Jamun and leafy vegetable for sell they also gather honey from
honey comband wax from the forest and sell them in the daily market .Tribal women
collect fuel, wood and carried on head load to near by market. Sacred Sal tree and its
small branches are the source of their daily earning .The woman folk make leafy cup
and plates from Sal leaves and Datoon out of its branches which they carry by train to
distantly located town the leafy plates are popularly used in marriage feast or in community lunch. Another produce are home used artisan meterial, such as basket, winnowing tray, ropes, mates, sticks which the make from bamboo and cane. Besides
some important produce which they collect are lac, silk, cotton and herbal plant have
high commercial value .Tribal used to cure their illness by folk medicines made out of
herbal plant tribal have own medicine manin their community who possessed the knowledge of disease and provide medicine prepared from the forest plants, shrub, flower,
fruit, seeds, bark
Shifting Cultivation
Shifting cultivation is commonly called JHUM or PODY. In Jharkhand it is
called KURAOUN. Shifting cultivation is taken up in certain parts of forests or Hills
slopes. This cultivation is not carried out at the same place for more than a year. Each
year the sight of cultivation is changed. That year the site known of cultivation is changed.
That is why known as shifting cultivation. The JHUM LAND where cultivation is carried out are left abandoned to remain for a couple of years to enable it into regain its
fertility, then process is repeated after a period of few years. R.C. Verma author of the
book INDIAN TRIBES THROUGH THE AGE writes that About 6.4 lack families
are in involved in the practice of JHUM cultivation over an approximate area of million
hector every year. The total area affected by practice is about five million hectors in the
15 state of the country.
Shifting cultivation is practiced primarily in all the North Eastern States namely
Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland and Tripura .It
is practiced partially in Andhra Pradesh, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Chattisgarh,
Orissa, Kerala, Maharashtra, Karnataka and Sikkim. In Jharkhand this cultivation is
done on the Hill slopes by the Tribe known as Sauriya Pahariya, Khariya m Birjhiya
and Korwa mainly.The crops grown in the cultivation are BARBATTI, ARHAR,
MAIZE, BAJRA, Garam etc. After all JHUM cultivation is a primitive and uneconomic.
Activity. Shifting cultivators or Jhumies live a life of less than subsistence level. Jhum
cultivation is a wasteful activity for ecology of forest. It causes soil erosion and deterioration of soil. Therefore a policy indeed to control shifting cultivation and alternative
source of livelihood to Jhumias should be provided to improve social economic condition and to encourage them restoration of ecological balance of the Hill area.
Forest Laws
The first forest at was enacted in year 1865.There after many rules after act and
policy were framed but one of the main objects of the act and policy was how to minimise
the right of sch. Tribes and forest dwellers which they were enjoying since the enactment of forest act. A long period about one hundred and fifty years later it was felt
tribals and forest dwellers have symbiotic relationship with forest and they are intergral
part of the forest eco system. Therefore the new act named scheduled tribes and other
forest dwellers (recognition of forest rights) acts 2006 has been enacted with a view to
recognized and vest forest right to scheduled tribe and others forest dwellers who have
been residing in such forest for generation and whose rights could not be recorded the
main features of the acts are as below(a) Right to hold and leave in the forest land under the individual or common
occupation for havitation or for self cultivation livelihood.
(b) Right of owner access to collect use and dispose of minor forest produce which
has been traditionally collected. Besides right over use to catch fish and other
water bodies and to enjoy traditional seasonal
(c) The disposal of minor forest produce has been define in the act for transportation through head load bicycle and hand cart for use or sell.
(d) As define in the act minor forest produce includes all non timber forest produce
including bamboo brush, wood, stamp, cane, tassar, cocoon, honey, wax, lac,
kendu leaves, medicinal plant, herb roots, flower, fruits and seeds.
In this act gram sabha has been impowered to constitute forest right committee
will consist of fifteen members out of which one third will be women the function of the
committee is to determine the rights and calmes of the individual or community. Ultimately the new act is a boon to shedual tribe and other forest dwellers to survive.
References :
1. INDIANS TRIBES THROUGH AGES by R.C.Verma
2. TRIBAL DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA by proof .V.S.Upadhyay and Dr. Gaya prashad pandey.
3. TRIBAL INDIA by nadeem Hasnain
4. SCHEDULED TRIBE AND OTHER TRADITIONAL FOREST DWELLORS (Recognition of forest
right)ACT 2006.
qqq
Shodh Samvid.
ISSN 2393-980X / 135
Intestinal Physiology of Fresh Water Fishes as an

Environment For The Parasitic Helminthes
Piyusha & K.P. Sinhgh
Abstract :
The topic itself indicates a fresh attempt to a closed Association b/w hostHelminth in the Gastro intestinal tract (GIT) of the Host fish. The fishes living in the
freshwater habitat mostly affected due to Microbes, animals & Helminthes, which causes
high mortality rate of fish.
Report shows that the Habitat of parasite is provided
by its Host (Clarias-batraches).
The Al. canal, particularly the GIT is the most favourite NICHE for the adult
Metazoans, becoz of regular physiological changes.
Here only one parameter -pH and its relation to Helminthes (Cestodes &
Acanthocephalan) on Clarias (Host) has been cansidered.
Keywords:- GIT, NICHE, HOST-FISH, pH, HELMINTHIC-INFECTION

Introduction:
In recent years there has been increasing interest in Artificial rearing of
freshwater fishes, at commercial scale for enriching protein diet food at a relatively
cheaper rate, in India & abroad to human population so, It is an imp need for fish biologist as well as fish-farmers to be aware of the fish- illness and their causes of
diseases.
Fishes mostly affected due to Microbes or animals particularly helminthes.
These Helminthes are parasites act as actual or potential pathogens of fishes, causes
not only higher mortality of fish but also deterioration in the nutritive value/ quality of
the fish to be consumed. But, these Endoparasites (Helminthes) have no direct ties with
the external, environment. This viewpoint has gained attention in the context of an
established fact that the habitat and the environment of a parasite is provided by an
another organism called its Host. Here paper emphasises that, the Al. canal especially
the small- intestine is the most preferred habitat and an environmental Niche of almost
all of the Intestinal -Helminthes.
Reports on the Intestinal physiology of fish-host & the parasite relationship
from the tropics including India are unfortunately very few. But, it is no less essential
Helminthological Laboratory, Dept. of Zoology, L.N.Mithila University, Darbhanga
for a pisciculturist/ fish-biologist/fish-farmers to have a substantial knowledge of not

only the type of Helminth-parasites but also the infections of fishes by them, then only
proper prophylactic- measures against the infection or invasion of these parasites are
needed, thus the present research-work forms an attempt towards making a complete
report on the intestinal- physiology of fish- host (clarias-batrachus) through infection
of the Helminthes (cestodes & Acanlthocephala) & it also suggest an antagonistic
behaviour of microbe-Helminth Interaction.
Material & Method :

Live- specimens of the fish-host were collected from the local market & as well
as from the swamps in around DBG town with the help of local fisherman. Those were
brought live to the lab, numbered, weighed, measured sex-wise, autopsied & examined
for the parasite. A Record of the pH of the pyloric-duodenal area & duodenal area was
recovered & its measured by using the pH paper & also calorimetrically by using
indicators & pH-potentiometer (systronics) & also for statistical analysis using chisquare & ANOVA.
Results :
The pH values obtained in relation to both(a) The fresh & uninfected (control) gut
(b) Fresh, infected gut
(c) Starved uninfected & infected gut
Starving was preferred for consecutive 5th days. Here reports shows that the
pH of the infected intestine showed a lower value than uninfected (control) intestine &
the infected pyloric- doudenal area are showed change to a lower value than that of
post infected areas.
(1) pH value of pyloric duodenal area: (Table-1)
The pH value of the both uninfected (control) & infected pyloric duodenal
areas in male female fish of clarias showed marked difference that too was found
statistically significant (t= 9.39, p > 0.01, & t= 9.53, p>0.01) respectively. Further change
showed the effect of starvation with a tendency to move up i.e. towards alkalinity & its
statistically significant.
Table-1
pH of pyloric- duodenal area of both uninfected and infected fish carrying
helminthic infection : Clarias batrachus:
Shodh Samvid.
ISSN 2393-980X / 137
(2)
pH value of the lower duodenal area (post infected):- (Table-2)

Here reports shows there is marked change in the pH value of the lower
part of duodenum of uninfected & infected fish host (clarias) where (r=0.92,
p>0.05) (treg=8.24, p>0.01)
Table-2
pH of duodenal area (lower) of both uninfected and infected fish carrying
helminthic infection; Clarias batrachus.
Discusion :
Critical studies of the infection of Acanthocephalan & cestodes parasites of
host- fish (clarias) are very few. So far authors are aware only a few reports are available
such as those of SAZ (1971, 72) & Bryant (1972) on the CO2-fixation & anaerobic
carbohydrate metabolism be the most imp. Energy prodn by the intestinal helminthes,
of podesta Mettrick (1974), that equilibrium concern of HCO3- in the parasitized small
intestine is lower than normal animals, of (Levine, 1971), pH of the intestinal lumen has
been found rarely alkaline, this reports may be further informative to add here that
lower pH may be attributing to reduced microflora in this part of intestine (duodenal
area) which increased the ability to parasite to compete for available nutrients in the
hosts gut, & the increased denaturation of Ig by proteolytic enzymes maybe showing
as additional advantage by increasing availability of nutrients (AA) to the worms, it
shows an interesting relationship b/w lg system of the GI tract, microflora & intestinalhelminthes or at least a most free & unconjugate bile- acids have bacterial growth but in
the acidic mdium of SI effects of such bile-acids have been greatest at an acidic pH
(percyrobb & collee, 1972), therefore, the present reports has definitely revealed an
excellent information on the ecological & physiological aspects of the ecological &
physiological aspects of the helminth-host interaction in the gastrointestinal tract of
the host fish ( (Clarias). It is the fact that, GI tract is the most preferred NICHE for almost
all helminth parasites wheather cestodes & acenthocephalan or else, the lower pH of
this area in the infected fish ranging from (2.6-5.7). The acidic habitat is with reduced
microflora i.e. almost germ free. thus, the worms remain so far competition for the
nutrients (glucose/AA). It also shows an interesting feature of antogonistic microbehelminth interaction. The role of bile- acids in controlling the acidic habitat of this area
of SI is also greatest.
References :
1. Read, C.P. (1950): The vertebrate small intestine as an environment for parasitic helminthes. Rice inst.
pamph, 37 (2); 94.
2. Smyth & Haslewood (1963): The biochemistry of bile as a factor in determining host- specificity in
intestinal parasites with paricular reference to E. granulosus. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci, 113; 234-260.
3. Williams, H.H. Mc Vicar, A.H. and RALPH. r (1970): The al canal of fish as an environment for
helminth parasites. Symp. Br. soc. parasite. 8; 43-77
4. Dubey N.K. (1980): Studies on some pathological aspects of certain freshwater air breathing fishes.
Ph.D. thesis L.N.M.U.
5. Sinha K.P. (1986): Helminth parasites of Air breathing fishes. Ph.D. thesis L.N.M.U.
6. Thapa. S (2007): Helminth parasitic spectrum of edible freshwater fishes in Meghalaya., Ph.D. thesis
NEHU, shillong.
qqq
Shodh Samvid.
ISSN 2393-980X / 139
Epidemiology of Visceral Lieshmaniasis in Bihar

Suman Paswan
Abstract :
The parasitic disease (Kala-azar) visceral leishmaniasis has re-emerged from
near eradication. The annual estimate for the incidence and prevalence of Kala-azar
cases in Bihar is the worst affected state with exacerbations every 15-20 years. It is a
serious problem in Bihar where there is under reporting of Kala-azar untreated cases
associated with up to 80% mortality, which treatment reduces to 30% and is 44% even
in specialized hospitals. The widespread Co-existence of Malaria and Kala-azar in
Bihar may lead to a difficulty in diagnosis and inappropriate treatment.
Key Words :
Epidemiology, Visceral leishmaniasis, Bihar.
Introduction :
Kala-azar (visceral leishmaniasis, VL) a complex disease caused by the
protozoan leishmania, is spread over large geographical areas of the Bihar States. In
North Bihar, the worst-hit areas include the districts E. Champaran, Vaishali,
Muzaffarpur, Samastipur, Sitamarhi, Darbhanga (Palit et. al. 1999)1 and Madhubani. It
becomes a Killer disease unless treated adequately.
Visceral Leishmaniasis (Kala-azar) has now been already listed by WHO (1990)
as a popular public health problem of considerable magnitude and more or less a
global problem and one of the major seven tropical and communicable diseases of
man. The disease, through having low mortality but high morbility, has immense socioeconomic impact on particularly rural based population. Rather it is not only the clinical
diagnosis of the disease followed by treatment for cure but also it is highly pertinent to
identity the inapparent/Sub-clinical and incubating cases especially for the success
of the control programme. This becomes evident from the relapse and unresponsiveness
to the currently available anti-leishmanials (Thakur, 1996)2.
Taking all such perspectives in consideration it was felt that since the disease is
becoming almost hyperendemic in this part of Bihar i.e. North Bihar, an assessment of
focality of the disease incidence becomes imperative. Further since the disease is almost
anthroponotic in nature i.e. man to man transmission via sandfy much like Malaria or
Dept. of Zoology, U.R. College, Rosra, Samastipur, Bihar.
Filaria an assessment of the conditions such as climatic, as well as geographical i.e. the
regional conditions which favour the epidemics of Kala-azar and its endemicity in
the region, particularly the rural areas with heavy rain fall, a mean humidity of about
70% temperature range of 20-50 0C, abundant vegetation, sand-soil water and often
associated with agricultural activities becomes imperative and worth considering. Caryn
Bern & (Rajib Chowdhary, 2006)4
Recent Kala-azar surveillance data :

From 2012 through 2014 a total 83,49 Kala-azar cases were reported to the Malaria
and vector Born Disease control unit, Government of Bihar. The Kala-azar data
collected by the Directorate General of Health Services (DGHS), PHC (Primary Health
Centre) result from passive surveillance at the level of the blocks. The data are widely
belived to represent a Substantial underestimate. Factors that change over time, such
as the availability or lack of diagnostic tests and antileishmanial drugs, may after
sensitivity and specificity & diagnosis.
Althrough Kala-azar cases were reported from 38 districts of Bihar. More than
80 per cent of cases were reported from just 10 districts.
Table - 1
District wise distribution of reported Kala-azar cases from Bihar 2012, 2013 and
2014
S.N
District
2012
N
% Frequency
Per 100000
2013
N
2014
Frequency
Per 10000
Frequency
Per 100000
164
0.7
4.1
1.
Patna
191
1.3 6
1296 2.2
2.
Gaya
14
0.02 0.5
0.1
3.
Katihar
973
6.9 68
950
1.6
52
644
2.6
30
4.
Munger
575
4.1 17
483
0.8
51
35
0.1
3.4
5.
Khagaria
83
0.6 01
1307 2.2
130
513
2.1
40.2
6.
Samastipur
1108 7.3 40
7.
0.13
36
6709 10.1 230
4014 15.2 130
Muzaffarpur 1128 8.0 49
8430 13
250
2560 10.2 78.3
8.
Madhubani
615
4.3 25
3580 5
125
2000 8.1
72.4
9.
Vaishali
780
3.4 40
1000 17.1 500
1709 7.1
62.4
10.
Begusarai
340
3.1 20
2501 5.1
815
48.1
160
Shodh Samvid.
4.3
ISSN 2393-980X / 141
The Usual clinical features of Kala-azar include general Malaise, loss of weight,
dark skin, high fever, hepatosplenomegaly, anaemia, and extreme emaciation.
Age
In bihar, Children in the age group 5-15 years were most affected and male-female
ration was 2:1.
Table 2
Age and sex distribution of Kala-azar cases in different times periods
State
Year
% Distri bution of cases in

different age groups
M: F
ratio
Source
data
6-10
31.2
11-15
28.5
2: 7:1
Hospital
Bihar
2012
0-5
38.2
Bihar
2013
26.5
28.3
40.2
1: 6:1
Survey
Bihar
2014
17.8
30.2
41.2
1: 8:1
Hospital
of
Seasonal distribution
Kala-azar cases have occurred throughout the year, but more so between April
and August. the seasonal distribution of reported Kala-azar cases during 2012, 2013
and 2014. A large proportion of cases were reported in the winter months during
epidemics in contrast to the non-epidemic year.
Control Efforts
Efforts at controlling Kala-azar in Bihar have been largely influenced by the
Malaria Control programme. After the success in Kala-azar control through mass
spraying of DDT, there has been no resurgence of disease in several erstwhile endemic
states in Bihar.
The WHO as well as Kala-azar control programme managers in Bihar are increasingly
trying to involve the community in Kala-azar Control efforts by decentralizing planning
process (D. Bora 1999).3
DISCUSSION
Kala-azar has re-emerged from near eradication in the past out breaks of Kalazar has been occurring at almost regular intervals in Bihar. The repeated resurgence of
the disease in Bihar is a commentary on the inefficacy of the control programmes that
have been implemented to date. There has been a considerable decline in the morbidity
and mortality from Kala-azar since the last outbreak in 2012-13 and 2014. The Kalaazar morbidity has declined by 68.2%. The under-reporting of cases among women
and young children may be due to various prevailing Socio-Cultural and economic
reasons among the people of these areas.
It has long been accepted that man is only reservoir of Kala-azar in Bihar.
However, there is always a chance of leishmania adopting some other animal reservoir.
This is a matter of grave concern for public health administrators in Bihar.
References :
1. Palit A et. al. (1999) :- Host preference of two species of Phlebotomus flies, Ph. Orgentipes and Ph.
Papatasi (Deptera: Psychodidac) in Bihar. J. Parasit Dis 23:117-120.
2. Thakur, B.B. (1996) :- Clinical profile of Kala-azar in India. Proc. First Global Meet on Parasite Dis
: 36
3. D. Bora (1999) : Epidemilogy of Visceral leishmaniasis in India, The National Medical Journal &
India Vol. 12 No. 2 pp 62-68.
4. Caryn Bern & Rajib Chowdhury* (2006) The epidemiology of Visceral leishmaniasis in Bangladesh:
Prospects for improved Control. Indian J. Med. Res 123, pp 275-288.
5. WHO (1996) : Control of the leishmaniasis : A Technical report series, Geneva 93 : 158.
qqq
Shodh Samvid.
ISSN 2393-980X / 143
Study of The Effect of Selected Asanas and

Pranayams on Classic Autistic Children
Shailendra Kumar
Yoga is the science of healthy living and as such is intended to be

incorporated in daily life. It works on all aspects of the person :- Physical, Mental,
Emotional and spiritual.
The word Yoga means Unity or Oneness and is derived from the
Sanskrit word Yuj. Which means to join? This unity or joining is described in
spiritual terms as the union of the individual consciousness with the universal
consciousness (According to M.M. Gore:- Anatomy and Physiology of Yogic
Practices ). On a more practical level, yoga is a means of balancing and harmonizing
the body ,mind and emotion. This is done through the practice of asana ,
pranayama , mudra, bandha, shatkarma and meditation.
Physical fitness is a general concept ,but it is defined in different ways by
different scientists. But here we are discussed on one major categories of physical
fitness. That is health related physical fitness. This types of physical fitness is
primarily influenced by an individuals exercise habits. Health Related Physical
Fitness includes strength and endurance of skeletal muscles, joints, flexibility,
body composition and c.v. endurance. All these response to appropriate physical
conditioning programs and all are related to health.
Strength and endurance of skeletal muscles of the trunk help maintain
correct posture and prevent such problems as low level of health related physical
fitness. Minimal level of muscular strength and endurance are needed for routine
tasks of living . Such as carrying bags of groceries or picking up a young child
.Flexibility or range of motion around the joints also ranks as an important
component of health related physical fitness . Lack of flexibility in the lower back
and posterior thigh is through to contribute to low level of fitness .
Body composition refers to the ratio between fat and lean tissue in the
body . Excess body fat is clearly related to several health problems , including
cardiovascular disease . Body composition is affected by diet , but exercise habits
play a crucial role in preventing obesity and maintaining accepted level of body
Research Scholar, Dept. of Physical Education, University of Pune.
fat .
Autism (say:aw-tih-zum) causes kids to experience the world differently from
the way most other kids dope. Its hard for kids with autism to talk with other people
and express themselves using words. Kids who have autism usually keep to themselves
and many cant communicate without special help.
They also may react to whats going on around them in unusual ways. Normal sounds
may really bother someone with autism- so much so that the person covers his or her
ears. Being touched, even in a gentle way, may feel uncomfortable. Kids with autism
often cant make connections that other kids make easily. For example, when someone
smiles, you know the smiling person is happy or being friendly. But a kid with autism
may have trouble connecting that smile with the persons happy feelings.
A kid who has autism also has trouble linking words to their meanings. Imagine
trying to understand what your mom is saying if you didnt know what her words
really mean. It is doubly frustrating then if a kid cant come up with the right words to
express his or her own thoughts.
Autism causes kids to act in unusual ways. They might flap their hands, say
certain words over and over, have temper tantrums, or play only with one particular
toy. Most kids with autism dont like changes in routines. They like to stay on a schedule
that is always the same. They also may insist that their toys or other objects be arranged
a certain way and get upset if these items are moved or disturbed.
If someone has autism, his or her brain has trouble with an important job:
making sense of the world. Every day, your brain interprets the sights, sounds, smells
and other sensations that you experience. If your brain couldnt help you understand
these things, you would have trouble functioning, talking, going to school, and doing
other everyday stuff. Kids can be mildly affected by autism, so that they only have a
little trouble in life, or they can be very affected, so that they need a lot of help.
What Causes Autism?
Autism affects about 1 in every 150 kids, but no one knows what causes it.
Some scientists think that some kids might be more likely to get autism because it of
similar disorders run in their families. Knowing the exact cause of autism is hard because
the_ human brain is very complicated.
The brain contains over 100 billion nerve cells called neurons (say: nur-ahns).
Each neuron may have hundreds or thousands of connections that carry messages to
other nerve cells in the brain and body. The connections and the chemical messengers
they send (called neurotransmitters) let the neurons that help you see, feel, move,
remember, and work together as they should. For some reason, some of the cells and
connections in the brain of a kid with especially those that affect communication,
emotions, and senses dont develop properly or get damaged. Scientists are still trying
to understand how and why this happens.
Types of Autism
Autism is a complex developmental disability with many different levels of
severity. Technically, there is one diagnosis that is Autism. People do however refer to
Shodh Samvid.
ISSN 2393-980X / 145
the Pervasive Developmental Disorders as disorders on the Autism spectrum of Autism

Spectrum Disorders (ASD).
Autism Spectrum Disorders are developmental brain disorders that cause
impaired social interaction, problems with verbal and nonverbal communication, and
unusual, repetitive, or severely limited activities and interests. Autism is just one of
five different types of Autism disorders. Below are definitions and characteristics of
the five different autism.
Classic Autism
Classic Autism is the second leading childhood developmental disorder and is
considered the most severe of the different types of Autism disorders. People with
Classic Autism develop language late, or not at all. People affected with Classic Autism
have difficulties talking with other people or a profound lack of affection or emotional
contact with others, an intense wish for sameness in routines, muteness or abnormality
of speech, high levels of visio-spatial skills, but major learning difficulties in other
areas. Symptoms of autism usually appear during the first three years of childhood and
continue throughout life. Autism is a spectrum disorder because the severity of
Impairment in each of these areas differs in each individual.
Aspergers Syndrome
A person with Aspergers Syndrome can exhibit a variety of characteristics and
the disorder can range from mild to severe. Children show deficiencies in social skill
and have difficulties with transitions or changes. They compulsively cling to rituals
and any changes in their routine can upset them. They have a great difficulty reading
body language and determining proper body space. Some children with Aspergers
Syndrome have reduced sensitivity to pain and an increased sensitivity to bright lights
and loud noises. With this type of Autism disorders they also have average or above
average intelligence.
Childhood Disintegrative Disorder
Childhood Disintegrative Disorder includes severe regression in
communication skill, social behavior, and all developmental motor skills. At the
beginning these children seem perfectly normal. They start to regress at between ages
2-4 years. At that time these children stop socializing, lose potty-training skills, stop
playing, lose motor skills and stop making friends.
Rett Syndrome
Rett syndrome is a neurological and developmental disorder that mostly occurs
in females and is marked by poor head growth. Loss of muscle tone is usually the first
symptom. Other early symptoms may include problems crawling or walking and
diminished eye contact. They stop using their hands to do things and often develop
stereotyped hand movements, such as wringing, clapping, or patting their hands. The
inability to perform motor functions is perhaps the most severely disabling feature of
Rett Syndrome, interfering with every body movement, including eye gaze and speech.
Interfering with every body movement, including eye gaze and speech. Infants with
Rett syndrome seem to grow and develop normally at first, but then stop developing
and even lose skills and abilities.
Pervasive Developmental Disorder- Not Otherwise Specified
This tends to describe people who have many or all of the different types of
Autism disorders. Children with PDDNOS either do not fully meet the criteria of
symptoms used to diagnose any of the four specific types above, and/or do not have
the degree of impairment described in any of the above four specific types. Science
autism is the fastest growing developmental disability and is now the sixth most
commonly classified disability in the United States people should educate themselves
on the disability.
Significance of the study
This study was helpful in knowing the effect of selected yogasana and
pranayama on classic autistic children. .
This study was helpful in preparing yoga training program, for classic
autistic children and to improve the health related physical fitness.
Objective of the study
1. To check the level of classic autism disorder and health related physical fitness
of the classic autistic children.
2. To prepare and implement the asanas and pranayamas program for classic
autistic children..
3. To study the effect of yoga training program on classic autistic disorder and
health related physical fitness of classic autistic children on the basis of pre
test and post test scores.
Hypothesis :
H1.1:- There will be significant effect of asanas and pranayamas program
speech/ language/ communication of classic autistic children.
sociability of classic autistic children.
sensory/ cognitive awareness of classic autistic children.
health/ physical/ behavior of classic autistic children.
on
on
on
on
Method of the Study :

The present study was an experimental research which was conducted with
a purpose to see the efficacy of selected asanas and pranayama in improvement
of classic autism and Health Related Physical Fitness (H.R.P.F ) of autistic children.
The subject was selected purposively.
Population :
The population for this study was all the autistic boys of Deepshikha Institute
of mental retardation Ranchi (Jharkhand).
Shodh Samvid.
ISSN 2393-980X / 147
Sample :
A sample of 30 subjects (Boys) was selected purposively from Deepshikha Institute of
mental retardation Ranchi (Jharkhand).
Tools :
The researcher has taken five test for measure the health related physical
fitness and one test was selected for classic autism.
S.No
Name of the test
Name of the component
9 min run & walk
Cardio vascular Endurance
Sit & reach
Flexibility
Push ups
Muscular Strength
Sit-ups
Muscular Endurance
B.M.I
Body Composition
Questionnaire
Classic autism
Analysis and interpretation :
The present study was aimed to assess the effect of yoasana and pranayama
on Classic autistic children following yoga training program and to study the effects
of yoga training program on health related physical fitness and Classic autism through
health related physical fitness test and Autism Treatment Evaluation Checklist . Student
of Deepshikha Institute of Mental Retardation [n=30] were purposively selected and
divided into two groups. Experimental group (ER), and Control group (CG). After pre
test of both groups only experimental group has got yogasana training program for 24
weeks. As data were normally distributed, the analysis was done using parametric,
independent t-test. Changes of pre and post values showed that there was significant
improvement. Control group & Experimental group were tested with independent
t test . Where t value was -6.15 at degree of freedom 14 . Which was statistically
significant at 0.05 significant level. This indicate that there was significant difference
between the mean of experimental and control group for 9 min run & walk test .
Control group & Experimental group were tested with independent t test . Where
t value was -7.35 at degree of freedom 14 . Which was statistically significant at
0.05 significant level . This indicate that there was significant difference between
the mean of experimental and control group for Sit & Reach test . Control group
& Experimental group were tested with independent t test . Where t value was
-3.16 at degree of freedom 14 . Which was statistically significant at 0.05
significant level. This indicate that there was significant difference between the
mean of experimental and control group for Pushups test. Control group &
Experimental group were tested with independent t test . Where t value was
1.98 at degree of freedom 14 . Which was statistically significant at 0.05 significant
level . This indicate that there was significant difference between the mean of
experimental and control group for B.M.I test . control group & experimental group
were tested with independent t test . Where t value was -10.9 at degree of
freedom 14 . Which was statistically significant at 0.05 significant level . This
indicate that there was significant difference between the mean of experimental
and control group for sit-ups test . Means of control group & experimental group
were tested with independent t test . Where t value was 12.47 at degree of
freedom 14 . Which was statistically significant at 0.05 significant level . This
indicate that there was significant difference between the mean of experimental
and control group for speech/language/communication test . Means of control
group & experimental group were tested with independent t test . Where t value
was 20.57 at degree of freedom 14 . Which was statistically significant at 0.05
significant level . This indicate that there was significant difference between the
mean of experimental and control group for sociability test . Means of control
group & experimental group were tested with independent t test . Where t value
was 14.78 at degree of freedom 14 . Which was statistically significant at 0.05
significant level . This indicate that there was significant difference between the
mean of experimental and control group for sensory/cognitive awareness test .
Means of control group & experimental group were tested with independent t
test . Where t value was 20.49 at degree of freedom 14 . Which was statistically
significant at 0.05 significant level . This indicate that there was significant
difference between the mean of experimental and control group for health/
physical/behavior test .
Conclusion :
On the basis of the result obtained in this study the investigator made the
following conclusion : The significant difference was found in 9 min run & walk Pre-test and post
test on 0.05 level due to the yoga training on experimental group .
The significant difference was found in sit and reach Pre-test and post test
on 0.05 level due to the yoga training on experimental group .
The significant difference was found in Push-ups Pre-test and post test on
0.05 level due to the yoga training on experimental group .
The significant difference was found in B.M.I Pre-test and post test on
The significant difference was found in sit ups Pre-test and post test on
The significant difference was found in Mental health Pre-test and post
test on 0.05 level due to the yoga training on experimental group .
Yoga practices selected in this study help to improve the health related physical
fitness and mental health .
It proves that this practice is beneficial for the fitness . It is less time
consuming and more convenient and comfortable to our life style . It gives
the optimum fitness not only physical but the mental also.
A suggestion can be given to the boards of education to revised the yoga syllabus
and make it more suitable to the needs of the students.
References:
American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSMIV-TR). 4th ed. Text revision. Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Association; 2000. p. 78.
Ashwood P, Wills S, van de Water J. The immune response in autism: A new frontier for autism
Shodh Samvid.
ISSN 2393-980X / 149
research. J Leuk Biol 2006;80:1-15.

Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2005 May Screening for autism in infants and preschool children with
developmental delay. Monash University, Centre for Developmental Psychiatry and Psychology,
Department of child &
Adolescent Psychiatry, Monash medical centre, 246 clayton Road,
Clayton Victoria 3168, Australia.kylie.gray@med.monash.edu.au.
Ashwood P, Wills S, van de Water J. (2006) The immune response in autism: A new frontier for
autism research. J Leuk Biol 2006;80:1-15.
Anscombe, F. (1973), Graphs in Statistical Analysis, The American Statistician, pp. 195-199.
Anscombe, F. and Tukey, J. W. (1963), The Examination and Analysis of Residuals, Technometrics,
pp. 141-160.
American Psychiatric Association.(2000) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-IV-TR). 4th ed. Text revision. Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Association; p. 78.
Boeshansz, M. (2009) The effect of curriculum based yoga on children with attention deficit
hyperactivity disorder. Unpublished Masters Research Project. The faculty college of Education,
Ohi University. http://www.cehs.ohio.edu /resources/documents/boeshansz.pdf
Chakravarti, Laha, and Roy, (1967). Handbook of Methods of Applied Statistics, Volume I, John
Wiley and Sons, pp. 392-394.
Chambers, John, William Cleveland, Beat Kleiner, and Paul Tukey, (1983), Graphical Methods
for Data Analysis, Wadsworth.
Chatfield, C. (1989). The Analysis of Time Series: An Introduction, Fourth Edition, Chapman &
Hall, New York, NY.
Cleveland, William (1985), Elements of Graphing Data, Wadsworth.
Cleveland, William and Marylyn McGill, Editors (1988), Dynamic Graphics for
Statistics,
Wadsworth.
Cleveland, William (1993), Visualizing Data, Hobart Press.
Connor C. So much stress; so little time. Autism News Orange County 2005;2:18-20.
Ceallaigh, M. (2010). The effect of daily yoga on students in a self-contained classroom for children
with emotional disabilities: A literature review. Research to Practice K-12 Scholarship, 1(1), 5-19.
http://www.virginicec.org/VA%20CEC%202010/VACEC%20Journal/Journal1_1.pdf#page=5
Cooper, C. (2010) A calming influence: a yoga centre helping children with special needs has been
achieving some impressively positive results. Nursing standard, 24(50), 24-25. Retrieved from
Academic One File via Gale.
Connor C.(2005) So much stress; so little time. Autism News Orange County; 2:18-20.
Chakravarti, Laha, and Roy, (1967). Handbook of Methods of Applied Statistics, Volume I, John
Wiley and Sons, pp. 392-394.
Chatfield, C. (1989). The Analysis of Time Series: An Introduction, Fourth Edition, Chapman &
Hall, New York, NY.
Cleveland, William (1985), Elements of Graphing Data, Wadsworth.
Different types of autism disorders, http:/ yourautismfacts.com
Devaney, Judy (1997), Equation Discovery Through Global Self-Referenced Geometric Intervals
and Machine Learning, Ph.d thesis, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA.
Draper and Smith, (1981). Applied Regression Analysis, 2nd ed.,
du Toit, Steyn, and Stumpf (1986), Graphical Exploratory Data Analysis, Springer-Verlag.
Ehleringer, J. (2010) Yoga for children on the autism spectrum. International Journal of Yoga
Therapy, 20, 131-13.
http://yogaforallpdx.com/uploads/IJYT-2010_Ehleringer-final_pdf.
http://wwwfreemeditation.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/08/adhd.pdf
Efron and Gong (February 1983), A Leisurely Look at the Bootstrap, the Jackknife, and Cross
Validation, The American Statistician.
Evans, Hastings, and Peacock (2000), Statistical Distributions, 3rd. Ed., John Wiley and Sons.
Filliben, J. J. (February 1975), The Probability Plot Correlation Coefficient Test for
Normality, Technometrics, pp. 111-117.
Fuller Jr., E. R., Frieman, S. W., Quinn, J. B., Quinn, G. D., and Carter, W. C. (1994), Fracture
Mechanics Approach to the Design of Glass Aircraft Windows: A Case Study, SPIE Proceedings,
Vol 2286, (Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE), Bellingham, WA).
Goldeberg L.(2004) Creative relaxation a yoga based program for regular and exceptional student
education. Int J Yoga Ther 2004;14:67-78.
Guess, D, Carr E.(1996) Emergence and maintenance of stereotypy and self- Injury. Am J Ment
Retard;96:299-319.
Gepner B, Feron F. Autism: A world changing too fast for a mis-wired brain? Neurosci Biobehav
Rev;33:1227-42.
Goldeberg L.(2004) Creative relaxation a yoga based program for regular and exceptional student
education. Int J Yoga Ther ;14:67-78.
Guess, D, Carr E.(1991) Emergence and maintenance of stereotypy and self- injury. Am J Ment
Retard ;96:299-319.
Gepner B, Feron F.(2009) Autism: A world changing too fast for a mis-wired brain? Neurosci
Biobehav Rev ;33:1227-42.
Granger and Hatanaka (1964), Spectral Analysis of Economic Time Series,Princeton University
Press.
Grubbs, Frank (1950), Sample Criteria for Testing Outlying Observations,Annals of Mathematical
Statistics, 21(1) pp. 27-58.
Grubbs, Frank (February 1969), Procedures for Detecting Outlying Observations in
Samples, Technometrics, 11(1), pp. 1-21.
Hahn, G. J. and Meeker, W. Q. (1991), Statistical Intervals, John Wiley and Sons.
Harris, Robert L. (1996), Information Graphics, Management Graphics.
Hastie, T., Tibshirani, R. and Friedman, J. (2001), The Elements of Statistical Learning: Data
Mining, Inference, and Prediction, Springer- Verlag, New York.
Hawkins, D. M. (1980), Identification of Outliers, Chapman and Hall.
Himan, Levy H.(2000) When traditional medicine is not enough contemporary Pediatrics Contempt
Pediatric ;77:100-14.
Harrison J. Sahaja Yoga.(2004) Clin Child Psychol Psychiatry ;9:479-97.
Huber M.S ; (1987) The Effects of a six week structured programme on flexibility & self
esteem in 65-95 Year olds . completed Research , 29, ,p-241
Himan, Levy H.(2000) When traditional medicine is not enough contemporary paediatrics. Contemp
Pediatr ;77:100-14.
Harrison J.(2004) Sahaja Yoga. Clin Child Psychol Psychiatry ;9:479-97.
Jhon W Best and Khan (2000) :-Research in Education 10th edition .
Jenkins and Watts, (1968), Spectral Analysis and Its Applications, Holden-Day.
Johnson, Kotz, and Balakrishnan, (1994), Continuous Univariate Distributions, Volumes I and
II, 2nd. Ed., John Wiley and Sons.
Kenny M.(2002) Integrated movement therapy. Available from: http://www.samaryacenter.com/
assets/ijyt.pdf.
Koterba, R. (2007) Superbrain yoga in children with autism and ADHD. Prana World, Winter,
14-22.
http://www.gmckspranichealing.com.au/downloads/sby_children_with_autism_and_adhd.pdf
Kansal D.V (2006) Test and Measurement in physical Education .10th eddition
Levene, H. (1960). In Contributions to Probability and Statistics: Essays in Honor of Harold Hotelling,
I. Olkin et al. eds., Stanford University Press, pp. 278-292.
M .M. Gore (1984) Anatomy and Physiology of Yogic Practices. (Lonavala Kanchan Prakashan)
.P.1
Manzi B, Loizzo AL, Giana G, Curatolo P.(2008) Autism and metabolic diseases. J Child Neurol
;23:307-14.
M.L.Gharote, (1973) Effects of Yogic Training on physical fitness, Yoga Mimamsa . 15, 4,
pp.31-35
M .M . Gore (1984) ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF YOGIC PRACTICES .(Lonavala
Kanchan Prakashan) .P.1
Shodh Samvid.
ISSN 2393-980X / 151
Manzi B, Loizzo AL, Giana G, Curatolo P.(2008) Autism and metabolic diseases. J Child Neurol
;23:307-14.
McNeil, Donald (1977), Interactive Data Analysis, John Wiley and Sons.
Mendenhall, William and Reinmuth, James (1982), Statistics for Management and Ecomonics,
Fourth Edition, Duxbury Press.
Mosteller, Frederick and Tukey, John (1977), Data Analysis and Regression, Addison-Wesley.
M.V.Bhole and P.V. Karambelkar, (1971) Pressure Changes in internal cavities During
uddiyana & nauli , Yoga Mimamsa, 13,14, ,pp19.25, Natrella, Mary (1963), Experimental Statistics,
National Bureau of Standards Handbook 91.
Nelson, Wayne (1982), Applied Life Data Analysis, Addison-Wesley.
Neter, Wasserman, and Kutner (1990),Applied Linear Statistical Models,3rd ed.
Oldenberg L. Use of yoga with occupational therapy. Int J Yoga Ther 2004;12:71-7.
Oldenberg L.(2004) Use of yoga with occupational therapy. Int J Yoga Ther; 12:71-7.
Penn HE. Neurobiological correlates of autism: A review of recent research. Child Neuropsychol
2006;12:57-79.
Penn HE.(2006) Neurobiological correlates of autism: A review of recent reesearch. Child
Neuropsychol ;12:57-79.
Rosner, Bernard (May 1983), Percentage Points for a Generalized ESD Many-Outlier
Procedure,Technometrics, 25(2), pp. 165-172.
Ryan, Thomas (1997), Modern Regression Methods, John Wiley.
Siegel B.(1996) The world of the autistic child. New York: Oxford University Press;
Schneck CM. The efficacy of a sensorimotor treatment approach by occupational therapists. Autism:
A sensorimotor approach to management. In: Huebner RA, editor. Austin: PRO-ED INC.p.139-78
S.K. Ganguly and M.V. Bhole,(1988) Influence of Breathing on Flexibility , Yoga Mimansa
, 26 , 1, pp.-1.
S.K.Ganguly and M.V.Bhole,(1989) Effect of yogic training on Endurance Flexibility level
,Yoga Mimamsa. 24 , 3 ,pp- 29-39 .
Swami Satyananda Saraswati , (1993) ASANA PRANAYAMA MUDRA BANDHA .
(Bhargava Bhushan Press , Trilochan , varanasi, U.P India .
Siegel B.(1996) The world of the autistic child. New York: Oxford University Press.
Scott, David (1992), Multivariate Density Estimation: Theory, Practice, and Visualization , John
Wiley and Sons.
Snedecor, George W. and Cochran, William G. (1989), Statistical Methods, Eighth Edition, Iowa
State University Press.
Stefansky, W. (1972), Rejecting Outliers in Factorial Designs,Technometrics, 14 pp. 469-479.
Stephens, M. A. (1974). EDF Statistics for Goodness of Fit and Some Comparisons, Journal of the
American Statistical.Association, 69, pp. 730-737
qqq
^^jk"V dh ckr cgqr yksx djrs gSa A jk"V muds fy, ,slh /kkj.kk gS ftldh varoZLrq keZ
;k laiznk; ls lacaf/kr gS A cgqrksa ds fy, jk"V dh varoZLrq fganqRo gS] nwljksa ds fy, jk"V dh
varoZLrq bLyke gS cfYd bu nksuksa esa dgha larqyu gS] dgha la?k"kZ gS A xk/khth us jk"V dh /kkj.kk
dks ubZ varoZLrq nh A ;g varoZLrq cgqtkrh;rk dh Fkh A Hkkjr esa vusd izknsf'kd tkfr;k jgrh
gSa] mUgha esa fganh tkfr Hkh gS A bu tkfr;ksa ls feydj gh Hkkjr jk"V cuk gS A jk"V dh kkj.kkvksa
dks cgqtkrh;rk dh varoZLrq nsuk xk/khth dh cgqr cM+h nsu gS A tkfr leFkZ gks] 'kfDr'kkyh
gks] blds fy, vko';d Fkk fd og vius varfoZjks/k nwj djs] mlds Hkhrj tks p&uhp dk
HksnHkko Fkk] mls nwj djs A xkkhth us tkrh;rk dks lekt&lq/kkj dh varoZLrq nh A bl
lekt&lqkkj dk ewy ms'; /kkfeZd va/kfo'oklksa dks nwj djuk Fkk] lekt ij iaMksa vkSj iqjksfgrksa
ds QSys gq, izHkko dks nwj djuk Fkk A ------- va/kfo'oklksa dks nwj djuk] ubZ ekuorkoknh
laLfr dk fuekZ.k djuk] ;g tkrh;rk dh varoZLrq gS A LokFkhZ iqjksfgrksa ds izHkko ls eqDr gksdj
lqlaLr tkfr;k gh Hkkjrh; laLfr dk fodkl dj ldrh Fkha A jk"Vh;&psruk vkSj tkrh;
psruk nksuksa ds gh fodkl ls bfrgkl&cks/k dk xgjk lacak gS A xk/khth bfrgkl ds ys[kd Fks
vkSj bfrgklk ds fuekZrk Hkh A**
& MkW jkefoykl 'kekZ
^^vkEcsMdj dk tUe loZgkjk oxZ ds lcls fupys Lrj esa gqvk Fkk A ogk ls og mBrs gq,
ok;ljk; dh dkmafly ds lnL; gq, vkSj Hkkjr ds lafo/kku ds fuekZrk cus A lafokkuokn ds
pkS[kVs ds Hkhrj dke djrs gq, og ckj&ckj iwathoknh yksdra= dk [kks[kykiu fn[kykrs Fks A ;g
pkS[kVk rksM+ dj kafrdkjh ifjorZu gksuk pkfg,] bldk LoIu ns[krs Fks A ;g muds thou esa
cgqr cM+k varfoZjks/k Fkk A ijarq og lalnh; yksdra= dks ukdkQh le>rs Fks] ;g fuf'pr gS A og
jktuhfrd lekurk dks ukdkQh le>rs Fks] ;g fuf'pr gS A vkfFkZd fo"kerk dks nwj u gksus ij
ihfM+r tu bl yksdra= dh bekjr dks mM+k ldrs gSa] ;g ckr og tkurs Fks A tSls lekt esa u,
vkSj iqjkus dk la?k"kZ gksrk gS] oSls gh vkEcsMdj dh fopkj/kkjk esa u, vkSj iqjkus dk la?k"kZ gS A
vkEcsMdj dh fojklr dh j{kk tkfr&fcjknjh ds vk/kkj ij laxBu cuk dj ugha] [ksr etnwjksa]
xjhc fdlkuksa vkSj 'kgjh etnwjksa ds oxZ&laxBu etcwr djds] 'kklura= vius gkFk esa ysdj]
nfyr tu vius lkFk iwjs ns'k dh n'kk esa ifjorZu dj ldrs gSa A
& MkW jkefoykl 'kekZ

ss-3 4

Caricato da

Informazioni sul documento

Copyright

Formati disponibili

Condividi questo documento

Condividi o incorpora il documento

Opzioni di condivisione

Hai trovato utile questo documento?

Questo contenuto è inappropriato?

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

ss-3 4

Caricato da

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

ISSN 2393-980X

laiknu % MkW- rsykuh ehuk gksjks

An International Registered and Refereed Research Journal

Prof. Rambachan Roy

Mr. Anup Kispotta

Dr. Telani Meena Horo,

MkW- rsykuh ehuk gksjks

laiknu @ izdk'ku % voSrfud @ vO;kolkf;d

ewY; % ,d izfr 250 #i, ek=k

laikndh; i= & O;ogkj %

jktuhfr foKku foHkkx] ex/k efgyk egkfo|ky;

Veena Rani Yadav

Piyusha & K.P. Singh

^^o.kZ dh esjh dh gqbZ O;k[;k ;k rkjhQ ds fglkc

xk/h&n'kZu esa vfgalk

egkRek xkkh & vkRedFkk (lR; ds iz;ksx)

12 @ 'kks/k lafon] vad 3 ,oa 4] tqykbZ 2015] tuojh 2016

nfyr eqfDr vkanksyu esa xk/h vkSj vkEcsMdj dh Hkwfedk

xk/h vkSj vkEcsMdj % oSpkfjd fparu

16 @ 'kks/k lafon] vad 3 ,oa 4] tqykbZ 2015] tuojh 2016

rd MkW- vkEcsMdj ds eu esa fgUnw lekt ds vfM+;y vDM+ : ds fr grk'kk&fujk'kk dk Hkko

xkkh vkSj vkEcsMdj ds fopkjksa dk rqyukRed v;;u

;ax bafM;k] 25 ebZ] 1921

22 @ 'kks/k lafon] vad 3 ,oa 4] tqykbZ 2015] tuojh 2016

xkkh vkSj cqfu;knh f'k{kk % ,d v;;u

26 @ 'kks/k lafon] vad 3 ,oa 4] tqykbZ 2015] tuojh 2016

;ax bafM;k ls XykscykbTM bafM;k rd

muds fy, vkSj jk"V ds fy, vPNk gSA7

xk/hth vkSj uSfrd f'k{kk % ,d v;;u

fodkl vko';d gS tks uSfrd f'k{kk ls gh laHko gSA

HkkjrsUnq dh if=kdkvksa esa Hkk"kkbZ psruk

'kks/kizK] fganh Hkou] fo'oHkkjrh] 'kkafrfudsru] ohjHkwe] if'pe caxky A

36 @ 'kks/k lafon] vad 3 ,oa 4] tqykbZ 2015] tuojh 2016

mUufr dh ckr Hkh dgh tk jgh FkhA

okjk.klh] 1988] Fke laLdj.k] i`"B - 200

;FkkFkZ ds /jkry ij izfrf"Br fo".kq izHkkdj ds ukVd

'kks/kizK] fganh foHkkx] iVuk fo'ofo|ky;] iVuk A

42 @ 'kks/k lafon] vad 3 ,oa 4] tqykbZ 2015] tuojh 2016

^vktdy*] =kSekfld] fnYyh 1966] i`-& 12

Shodh Samvid. ISSN 2393-980X / 45

Hkkjrh; Lora=krk vkanksyu esa vkfnokfl;ksa dh Hkwfedk

1879)] Hkqb;k (1868) vkSj dkSa/ (1817)A4

lekt'kkL=k & ,l-,l- ik.Ms;] i`"B & 4-15

O;kogkfjd n`f"V ls iapk;rhjkt dk fuEufyf[kr Lo:i gS &

Hkkjr dh kafrdkjh efgyk, % ,d losZ{k.k

efgyk, vkxs vkb A

56 @ 'kks/k lafon] vad 3 ,oa 4] tqykbZ 2015] tuojh 2016

xhr vkSj laxhr

lkSan;Z'kkL=k] jl o Hkkjrh; laxhr esa lkSan;Z jl dk fo/ku

'kks/kizK] ex/k efgyk egkfo|ky;] iVuk fo'ofo|ky;] iVuk A

60 @ 'kks/k lafon] vad 3 ,oa 4] tqykbZ 2015] tuojh 2016

'kekZ egkjkuh] laxhr ef.k Hkkx&1 i`"B la[;k& 146

62 @ 'kks/k lafon] vad 3 ,oa 4] tqykbZ 2015] tuojh 2016

Hkkjrh; laxhr % n'kk vkSj fn'kk

Jheky I;kjs yky&laxhr fucak cksk&i`"B&28

vk/qfud laxhr dk ,d niZ.k

68 @ 'kks/k lafon] vad 3 ,oa 4] tqykbZ 2015] tuojh 2016

laxhr ,oa lkSan;Z esa varlca/

70 @ 'kks/k lafon] vad 3 ,oa 4] tqykbZ 2015] tuojh 2016

72 @ 'kks/k lafon] vad 3 ,oa 4] tqykbZ 2015] tuojh 2016

Hkkjrh; laxhr ds izfl okW;fyu oknd % ifjp; ,oa ;ksxnku

78 @ 'kks/k lafon] vad 3 ,oa 4] tqykbZ 2015] tuojh 2016

Gandhis Philosophy of Basic Education:

82 @ 'kks/k lafon] vad 3 ,oa 4] tqykbZ 2015] tuojh 2016