SQQS1013 Ch3 A122

SQQS1013 Elementary Statistics
INTRODUCTION
TO
PROBABILITY
3.1 INTRODUCTION
The principles of probability help bridge the worlds of descriptive statistics

and inferential statistics.
Probability can be defined as the chance of an event occurring or to be

specific the numeric value representing the chance, likelihood, or
possibility a particular event will occur.
Situations that involve probability:

Observing or playing a game of chance such as card games and slot machines
Insurance
Investments
Weather Forecasting etc.
It is the basis of inferential statistics such as predictions and testing the

hypotheses
3.2 SAMPLE SPACE & PROBABILTY CONCEPTS

Some basic concepts of probability:
1. A Probability Experiment
- A chance process that leads to well-defined results called outcomes.
2. An Outcome
- The result of a single trial of a probability experiment.
3. A Sample Space
- The set of all possible outcomes of a probability experiment.
- Some sample spaces for various probability experiments are shown below
EXPERIMENT
Toss one coin
SAMPLE SPACES
Head, Tail
Roll a die
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
Answer a true/false questions
True, False
Chapter 3: Introduction to Probability

Toss two coins
Head-Head, Head-Tail, Tail-Tail, Tail-Head
Example 1
Find the sample space for rolling two dice.
Die 2
Die1
1
2
3
4
5
6
(1,1)
(2,1)
(3,1)
(4,1)
(5,1)
(6,1)
(1,2)
(2,2)
(3,2)
(4,2)
(5,2)
(6,2)
(1,3)
(2,3)
(3,3)
(4,3)
(5,3)
(6,3)
(1,4)
(2,4)
(3,4)
(4,4)
(5,4)
(6,4)
(1,5)
(2,5)
(3,5)
(4,5)
(5,5)
(6,5)
(1,6)
(2,6)
(3,6)
(4,6)
(5,6)
(6,6)
Example 2
Find the sample space for the gender of the children if a family has three
children. Use B for boy and G for girl.
Solution:
There are two genders, male and female and each child could be either
gender. Hence, there are eight possibilities.
BBB
BBG
BGB
GBB
GGG GGB
GBG
BGG
4. A Tree Diagram
-
Another way to determine all possible outcomes (sample space) of a

probability experiment.
It is a device consisting of line segments emanating from a starting point and

also from the outcome point.
Example 3

Use a tree diagram to find the sample space for the gender of three children in a
family.
3rd child
2nd child
1st child
G
B
Outcome
s
BBB
BBG
BGB
BGG
GBB
GBG
GGB
GGG
Example 4
You are at a carnival. One of the carnival games asks you to pick a door and
then pick a curtain behind the door. There are 3 doors and 4 curtains behind
each door. Use a tree diagram to find the sample spaces for all the possible
choices.
Outcomes
Curtain
Door
A
B
C
D
A
B
1, A
1, B
1, C
2, C
2, D
3, A
3, B
3, C
3, D
D
A
B
C
D
1, D
2, A
2, B
5. Venn Diagram

-
developed by John Venn and are used in set theory and symbolic logic.
have been adapted to probability theory.
A picture (a closed geometric shape such as a rectangle, a square, or a circle)

that depicts all the possible outcomes for an experiment.
The symbol represents the union of two events and P(A B) corresponds
to A OR B.
The symbol represents the intersection of two events and P(A B)

corresponds to A AND B.
Venn diagram representing two events; A Venn diagram representing three events;
and B
A, B and C
6. An Event
- Consists of a set of outcomes of a probability experiment.
- An event can be :
a)
b)
Simple event
the outcome that is observed on a single

repetition of the experiment
- an event with one outcome
e.g: If a die is rolled and a 6 shows since it is a result
of single trial
Compound event an even with more than one outcome.
e.g : The event of getting an odd number when a die
is rolled since it consists of three outcomes or three
simple events.
Probabilities can be expressed as fractions, decimals or percentage (where

appropriate).
3.2.1 Basic Probability Rules


There are four basic probability rules:
1.
The probability of any event E is a number between and including 0

and 1.
0 P( E ) 1
2.
If an event E cannot occur, its probability is 0 (impossible event).
3.
If an event is certain, then the probability of E is 1 (certain event).
4.
The sum of the probabilities of all the outcomes in the sample space
is 1.
3.2.2 Basic Interpretation of Probability

Three basic interpretations of probability that are used to solve a variety of
problems in business, engineering and other fields:
1. Classical Probability
-
Uses sample spaces to determine the probability an event will happen.
Assumes that all outcomes in the sample space are equally likely to occur
which means that all the events have the same probability of occurring.
The probability of any event E is:

Number of outcomes in E
Total number of outcomes in the sample space
Or denoted as,
P( E )
n( E )
n(S )
e.g.: When a single die is rolled, each outcome has the same probability of
occurring. Since there are six outcomes, each outcome has a probability of
1
.
6
2.Empirical Probability
-
Relies on actual experience to determine the likelihood of outcomes.
Is based on observation.
Given a frequency distribution, the probability of an event being in a given

class is:
Frequency for the class

Total frequencies in the distribution
or denoted as,
P( E )
f
n
Example 5

Hospital records indicate that maternity patients stayed in the hospital for the
number of days shown in the following distribution:
Number of days stayed
3
4
5
6
7
Total
Frequency
15
32
56
19
5
127
Find these probabilities,

a) A patient stayed exactly 5 days
b) A patient stayed less than 6 days

P(less than 6 days) =
c) A patient stayed at most 4 days
P(at most 4 days) =
3. Subjective Probability
- Uses a probability value based on an educated guess or estimate, employing
opinions and inexact information.
- This guess is based on the persons experience and evaluation of a solution.
e.g.: A physician might say that, on the basis of her diagnosis, there is a 30%
chance the patient will need an operation.
3.3 FIELD OF EVENTS & TYPE OF PROBABILITIES

3.3.1 Field of Events

Intersection vs. Union events
Intersection event
Let A and B be two events defined in a sample space.
The intersection of events A and B is the event that occurs when both A and B
occur.
It is denoted by either A B or AB.
Example 6
A = event that a family owns a DVD player
B = event that a family owns a digital camera
B
A
and
B
Intersection of A and B
Union event
Let A and B be two events defined in a sample space.

The union of events A and B is the event that occurs when either A or B or both
occur.
It is denoted as A B.
Example 7
A = event that a family owns a DVD player
B = event that a family owns a digital camera
Example 8
Shaded area
gives the union of
events A and B.
A senior citizens centre has 300 members. Of them, 140 are male, 210 take at least
one medicine on a permanent basis and 95 are male and take at least one medicine
on a permanent basis. Draw a Venn diagram to describe,
a)
b)
c)
d)
the intersection of the events male and take at least one medicine on
a permanent basis.
the union of the events male and take at least one medicine on a
permanent basis.
the intersection of the events female and take at least one medicine
on a permanent basis.
the union of the events female and take at least one medicine on a
permanent basis.
Solution:
Take at least one
medicine
Male
45
95
115
Female
45
Independent vs. Dependent Events

Independent event
Two events A and B are independent events if the fact that A occurs does not
affect the probability of B occurring.
Example 9
Rolling a die and getting a 6, and then rolling a second die and getting a 3.
Note:
The outcome of the rolling the first die does not affect the probability
outcome of rolling the second die.
Dependent event
When the outcome or occurrence of the first event affects the outcome or
occurrence of the second event in such a way that the probability is changed, the
events are said to be dependent events.
Some examples of dependent events:

o Drawing a card from a deck, not replacing it, and then drawing a second
card.
o Selecting a ball from an urn, not replacing it, and then selecting a second
ball.
o Having high grades and getting a scholarship.
o Parking in a no-parking zone and getting a parking ticket.
3.3.2 Type of Probabilities

NOTE: the examples of joint, marginal and conditional probabilities will be based on the
following contingency table
Table 1: Two-way classification of all employees of a company by gender and

college degree
Category
College
graduate, G
Not a college
graduate, G
Male, M
20
Female, F
27
13
Total
11
29
40
Total
1. Joint Probability
The probability of the intersection of events.
Written by either P(A B) or P(AB).
Example 10
(Refer Table 1)
If one of those employees is selected at random for membership on the employee

management committee, there are 4 joint probabilities that can be defined. That
is,
a)
the probability that this employee is a male and a college graduate
b)
the probability that this employee is a female and a college graduate
c)
the probability that this employee is a male and not a college graduate
d)
the probability that this employee is a female and not a college graduate
2. Marginal Probability
The probability of a single event without consideration of any event.
Also called as simple probability.
Named so as they calculated in the margins of the table (divide the
corresponding totals for the row or column by the grand total).
Example 11
(Refer Table 1)
If one of those employees is selected at random for membership on the
employee management committee, find the probabilities for each of the
followings:
a) the chosen employee is a male
b) the chosen employee is a female
c) the chosen employee a college graduate
d) the chosen employee is not a college graduate
10

3. Conditional Probability
Often used to gauge the relationship between two events.
Conditional probability is the probability that an event will occur given
that another event has already occurred.
Written as:
P(event will occur | event has already occur)
The probability of event A given event B is
FORMUL
A
P A | B
P A B
P B
The probability of event B given event A is

FORMUL
A
P B | A
P A B
P A
Example
(Refer Table 1)
12
If one of those employees is selected at random for membership on the

employee management committee, find the probabilities for each of the
followings:
a)
the chosen employee is a male given that he is graduated from college

P(M | G) =
=
=
b)
the chosen employee is not a college graduate given that this employee is
female
P(G | F) =
=
=
11
Example 13
A person owns a collection of 30 CDs, of which 5 are country music.
a)
2 CDs are selected at random and with replacement. Find the probability
that the second CD is country music given that the first CD is country
music.
P(CM |CM) =
=
b)
This time the selection made is without replacement. Find the probability
that the second CD is country music given that the first CD is country
music.
P(CM |CM) =
12
3.4 EVENTS & PROBABILITIES RULES

3.4.1 Mutually Exclusive Events & Non-Mutually Exclusive Events
Two events are mutually exclusive if they cannot occur at the same time
(they have no outcomes in common).
The probability of two or more events can be determined by the addition

rules.
There are two addition rules to determine either the two events are mutually
exclusive or not mutually exclusive.
Addition Rule 1
When two events A and B are mutually exclusive, the probability that A or
B will occur is
P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) or

P(A and B) = 0
P(A)
P(B)
Addition Rule 2
When two events A and B are not mutually exclusive, then
P(A or B)= P(A) + P(B) P(A and B)
P(A and B)
P(A)
P(B)
13
Example 14
Consider the following events when rolling a die:
A = an even number is obtained = 2,4,6
B = an odd number is obtained = 1,3,5
Are events A and B are mutually exclusive?
Solution:
Yes, the two events are mutually exclusive since event A and event B have no
common element,
A
1
4
6
Example 15
Determine which events are mutually exclusive and which are not when a
single die is rolled.
a) Getting a 3 and getting an odd number.
Answer: Not Mutually Exclusive
b) Getting a number greater than 4 and getting a number less than 4.
Answer: Mutually Exclusive
c) Getting an odd number and getting a number less than 4.
Answer: Not Mutually Exclusive
Example 16
There are 8 nurses and 5 physicians in a hospital unit; 7 nurses and 3 physicians
are females. If a staff person is selected, find the probability that the subject is a
nurse or a male.
Solution:
Staff
Nurses, N
Physicians, PY
Total
P(N or M)
Female, F
7
3
Male, M
1
2
Total
8
5
10
13
= P(N M)
=
14

Example 17
At a convention there are 7 mathematics instructors, 5 computer sciences
instructors, 3 statistics instructors, and 4 science instructors. If an instructor is
selected, find the probability of getting a science instructor or a math instructor.
Solution:
P(science instructor or math instructor)
=
Example 18
A grocery store employs cashiers, stock clerks and deli personnel. The
distribution of employees according to marital status is shown here.
Marital Status
Married
Not Married
Cashiers
8
5
Clerks
12
15
Deli Personnel
3
2
If an employee is selected at random, find these probabilities:

a.
the employee is a stock clerk or married

P(clerk married) =
b.
the employee is not married

P(not married) =
c.
the employee is a cashier or is unmarried

P(cashier not married) =
3.4.1 Independent & Dependent Events

15

For two independent events, A and B, the occurrence of event A does not
change the probability of B occurring.
The probability of independent events can be determined as:
P( A | B ) = P(A)
Or
P( B | A ) = P(B)
Multiplication Rule 1
When two events are independent, the probability of both occurring
P(A B) = P(A)
P(B)
Example
19
A box contains 3 red balls, 2 blue balls, and 5 white balls. A ball is selected and its
colour noted. Then it is replaced. A second ball is selected and its colour noted.
Find the probability of each of these:
a) selecting two blue balls.
P (blueblue) = P(blue) P(blue)
b)
selecting 1 blue ball and then 1 white ball.

P (bluewhite) = P(blue) P(white)
c)
selecting 1 red ball and then 1 blue ball.

P(redblue) = P(red) P(blue)
Example 20
16

A survey found that 68% of book buyers are 40 years or older. If two book
buyers are selected at random, find the probability that both are 40 years or
older.
P (buyer)
On the other hand, two events, A and B are dependent when the
occurrence of the event A changes the probability of the occurrence of
event B.
When two events are dependent, another multiplication rule can be used to
find the probability.
Multiplication Rule 2
When two events are dependent, the probability of both occurring
P (A B) = P(A) P( B | A )
Example
In
21a scientific study there are 8 tigresses, 5 of which are pregnant. If 3 are
selected at random without replacement, find the probability that:
a)
all tigresses are pregnant.
1st tigress
2nd tigress
12stndtigress
tigress
4
7
5
8
3
8
PG
3
7
5
7
PG
2
7
PG
PG
3rd tigress
Outcomes
3
PG PG, PG,PG
6
3
6
4 PG
PG, PG,
6 PG
PG,, PG
2
PG,,
6 4
6 PG , PG, PG
PG
2
, PG,
6 5
6 PG ,, PG
1
6
PG ,,
PG
PG
PG
P(PGPGPG) =
17
b)
two tigresses are pregnant.

Let A be an event of two tigresses are pregnant
P(A) =
3.4.3 Complementary Events

The set of outcomes in the sample space that is not included in the outcomes
of event E.
Denoted as E (read E bar)
Example 22
Find the complement of each event.
a) Rolling a die and getting a 4
Answer:
b)
Selecting a letter of the alphabet and getting a vowel

Answer:
c)
Selecting a day of the week and getting a weekday

Answer:
The outcomes of an event and the outcomes of the complement make up

the entire sample space.
The rule of complementary events can be stated algebraically in three

ways:
18

FORMUL
A
P( E ) 1 P( E )
P( E ) 1 P( E )
Or
Or
P( E ) P( E ) 1
The concept can be represented pictorially by the following Venn Diagram.
P(E)
P(E)
P(E)
P(S)=1
Example
In a group of 2000 taxpayers, 400 have been audited by the IRS at least once. If
23
one taxpayer is randomly selected from this group, what are the probability of
that taxpayer has never been audited by the IRS?
Solution:
Let, A = the selected taxpayer has been audited by the IRS at least once
A = the selected taxpayer has never been audited by the IRS
The multiplication rules can be used with the complementary event rule to
simplify solving probability problems involving at least.
Example 24
In a department store there are 120 customers, 90 of whom will buy at least one
item. If 4 customers are selected at random, one by one, find the probability that
at least one of the customers will but at least one item. Would you consider this
event likely to occur? Explain.
Solution:
Let C = at least one customer will buy at least one item
C = none of the customers will buy at least one item
P(will buy at least one item) = 90 / 120 =

So, P(wont buy any items) = 1 - 3/4 =
By using the complementary event rule,
P (C ) 1 P (C )
=
19
=
Yes, this event is most likely to occur (certain event) since the probability
almost 1
NOTE: The following examples are based on the overall understanding of the entire
probability concepts
Example 25
A random sample of 400 college students was asked if college athletes should be
paid. The following table gives a two-way classification of the responses.
Student athlete, A
Student non-athlete, A
Total
a)
Should be paid,
D
90
Should not be
paid, D
10
Total
100
210
90
300
300
100
400
If one student is randomly selected from these 400 students, find the probability
that this student
i. Is in favour of paying college athletes
P(D) =
ii. Favours paying college athletes given that the student selected is a nonathlete
P(D | A ) =
iii. Is an athlete and favours paying student athletes

P(A D) =
iv.
Is a non-athlete or is against paying student athletes

P( A D ) =
20
b)
Are the events student athlete and should be paid independent? Are they
mutually exclusive? Explain why or why not.
P(AD)
Since, P(AD) P(A) P(D), those two events are not independent
(dependent).
And since P(AD) 0, those two events are not mutually exclusive
Example 26
A screening test for a certain disease is prone to giving false positives of false
negatives. If a patient being tested has the disease, the probability that the test
indicates a false negative is 0.13. If the patient does not have the disease, the
probability that the test indicates a false positive is 0.10. Assume that 3% of the
patients being tested actually have the disease. Suppose that one patient is
chosen at random and tested. Find the probability that;
Let
D
D
N
N
= the patient has the disease

= the patient does not have the disease
= the patient tests positive
= the patient tests negative
Joint Probability
0.03
0.97
0.87
P(D)
0.13
P(D)
0.10
P()
0.90
P()
21
a) This patient has the disease and tests positive

P(DN) =
b) This patient does not have the disease and tests positive
P( D N) =
c) This patient tests positive

P(N) =
d) This patient does not have the disease and tests negative
P( D
) =
e) This patient has the disease given that he/she tests positive
P(D | N) =
EXERCISE 1
1.
2.
For each of the following, indicate whether the type of probability involved is an
example of classical probability, empirical probability or subjective probability:
a)
the next toss of a fair coin will land on heads.
b)
Italy will win soccers World Cup the next time the competition is held.
c)
the sum of the faces of two dice will be 7.
d)
the train taking a commuter to work will be more than 10 minutes late.
A test contains two multiple-choice questions. If a student makes a random guess to

answer each question, how many outcomes are possible? Draw a tree diagram for
22

this experiment. (Hint: Consider two outcomes for each question either the answer
is correct or it is wrong).
3.
4.
Refer to question 2 above. List all the outcomes included in each of the following
events and mention which are simple and which are compound events.
a)
Both answers are correct.
b)
At most one answer is wrong.
c)
The first answer is correct and the second is wrong.
d)
Exactly one answer is wrong.
State whether the following events are independent or dependent.

a)
Getting a raise in salary and purchasing a new car.
b)
Having a large shoe size and having a high IQ.
c)
A father being left-handed and a daughter being left-handed.
d)
Eating an excessive amount of ice cream and smoking an excessive amount

of cigarettes.
5.
88% of American children are covered by some type of health insurance. If four
children are selected at random, what is the probability that none are covered?
6.
A box of nine golf gloves contains two left-handed gloves and seven right-handed
gloves.
a)
If two gloves are randomly selected from the box without replacement, what is
the probability that both gloves selected will be right-handed?
b)
If three gloves are randomly selected from the box without replacement, what
is the probability that all three will be left-handed?
c)
If three gloves are randomly selected from the box without replacement, what
is the probability that at least one glove will be right-handed?
7.
A financial analyst estimates that the probability that the economy will experience a
recession in the next 12 months is 25%. She also believes that if the economy
encounters recession, the probability that her mutual fund will increase in value is
20%. If there is no recession, the probability that the mutual fund will increase in
value is 75%. Find the probability that the mutual funds value will increase.
8.
A car rental agency currently has 44 cars available. 18 of which have a GPS
navigation system. One of the 44 cars is selected at random, find the probability that
this car,
a) has a GPS navigation system.
b) does not have a GPS navigation system.
23

Now, two cars are selected at random from these 44 cars. Find the probability that at
least one of these cars have GPS navigation system.
9.
A recent study of 300 patients found that of 100 alcoholic patients, 87 had elevated
cholesterol levels, and 200 non-alcoholic patients, 43 had elevated cholesterol
levels.
a) If a patient
following,
i.
ii.
iii.
is selected at random, find the probability that the patient is the

an alcoholic with elevated cholesterol level.
a non-alcoholic.
a non-alcoholic with non-elevated cholesterol level.
b) Are the events alcoholic and non-elevated cholesterol levels independent?

Are they mutually exclusive? Explain why or why not.
10. The probability that a randomly selected student from college is female is 0.55 and
that a student works more than 10 hours per week is 0.62. If these two events are
independent, find the probability that a randomly selected student is a
a) male and works for more than 10 hours per week.
b) female or works for more than 10 hours per week.
11. A housing survey studied how City Sun homeowners get to work. Suppose that the
survey consisted of a sample of 1,000 homeowners and 1,000 renters.
Drives to Work
Yes
No
Homeowner
824
176
Renter
681
319
a) If a respondent is selected at random, what if the probability that he or she

i. drives to work?
ii. drives to work and is a homeowner?
iii. does not drive to work or is a renter?
b) Given that the respondent drives to work, what then is the probability that he or
she is a homeowner?
c) Given that the respondent drives to work, what then is the probability that he or
she is a renter
d)
Are the two events, driving to work and the respondent is a homeowner,
independent?
12. Due to the devaluation which occurred in country PQR, the consumers of that
country were buying fewer products than before the devaluation. Based on a study
conducted, the results were reported as the following:
Brands
Purchased
Same
Changed
Number of Products Purchased

Fewer
10
262
Same
14
82
More
24
8
24

What is the probability that a consumer selected at random:
b)
purchased fewer products than before?
c)
purchased the same number or same brands?
d)
purchased more products and changed brands?
e)
given that a consumer changed the brands they purchased, what then is the
probability that the consumer purchased fewer products than before?
13. A soft-drink bottling company maintains records concerning the number of

unacceptable bottles of soft drink from the filling and capping machines. Based on
past data, the probability that a bottle came from machine I and was non-conforming
is 0.01 and the probability that a bottle came from machine II and was nonconfirming is 0.0025. If a filled bottle of soft drink is selected at random, what is the
probability that
a)
it is a non-confirming bottle?
b)
it was filled on machine I and is a conforming bottle?
c)
it was filled on machine II or is a conforming bottle?
d)
suppose you know that the bottle was produced on machine I, what is the
probability that it is non-conforming?
14. Each year, ratings are compiled concerning the performance of new cars during the
first 90 days of use. Based on a study, the probability that the new car needs a
warranty repair is 0.04, the probability that the car manufactured by Country ABC is
0.60, and the probability that the new car needs a warranty repair and was
manufactured by Country ABC is 0.025.
a)
What is the probability that the car needs a warranty repair given that Country
ABC manufactured it?
b)
What is the probability that the car needs a warranty repair given that Country
ABC did not manufacture it?
c)
Are need for a warranty repair and country manufacturing the car statistically
independent?
15. CASTWAY is a direct selling company which has 350 authorized sale agents from all
over the country. It is known that 168 of them are male. 40% of male sale agents
has permanent job while half of female sale agents do not have permanent job.
a)
Draw a tree diagram to illustrate the above events.
b)
What is the probability that a randomly selected sale agent,

i. has permanent job?
ii. is a male given that he does not have permanent job?
EXERCISE 2
1.
N
Given P(M) =M0.53, P(N) = 0.58 and P(MN)
= 0.33.
25
a) Complete the Van Diagram above with the probabilities value.

b) Is event M and event N are mutually exclusive? Prove it.
c) Is event M and event N are independent event? Prove it
2.
The organizer has organized three games during the Lams family day. There are
run with one leg (G), fill water in the bottle (B) and tug & war (T). 40 participants had
participated in these games. Below is the Vann Diagram shown the number of
participants for every game during the family day.
2a
7
2a
5
T
a) Based on the Diagram above, find:
i. a value.
ii. The number of participant who participate in tug & war only.
iii. The number of participant who participate in one game only.
iv. The number of participant who participate more than one game.
b) If one participant has been selected at random, find the probability the
participant;
i.
Participate in fill water in the bottle game and run with one leg
game only.
ii. Participate in all games
iii. Participate in tug & war game given he/she has participated in
run with one leg game.
3.
Harmony Cultural Club has organized three competitions; singing, dance and act
contests. The competition has been organized during the different time and each
contestant can participate more than one contest. Below is the Van Diagram for 100
contestants during these competitions.
singing
act
20
12
18
a
2a
15
dance
26
Based on the Venn diagram;

a) Find the number of contestants who participated in dance and act contests.
b) If one contestant has been selected at random, what is the probability the
contestant participate in;
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
one contest only

more than one contest
singing contest given he/she had join in act contest
except dance contest.
4. Xpress Link is a courier company with 300 staff with the qualification level shows
in the Van diagram below. Some of the staffs hold more than one qualification.
bachelor degree
36
2k
diploma
4k
master degree
50
102
Based on the Vann diagram above,

a) Find the number of staff who holds diploma and bachelor degree only.
b) What is the probability one staff who has been selected at random holds;
i. qualifications except master degree
ii. three qualifications.
c) Is the staff holds diploma and master degree is an independent event?
Prove it.
5.
Given P(A) = 0.3, P(B) = 0.6 and P (A B) = 0.2. Draw the Venn diagram to
represents this statement. Then, find:
a) P(B)
b) P(A B)
c) P(B|A)
d) P(A B)
e) Are A and B is mutually exclusive? Prove it.
27

6.
5% from the total radio sales at the Noras electric shop will be returned back for
repair by the buyer because the malfunctions of the radio in first six month. Given
two radios has been sold last week.
a) Draw the tree diagram to represent the above event.
b) Find the probability that:
i. both radios will be return back for repair
ii. none of the radio has been returned back for repair
iii. one of the radio will be returned back for repair
iv. the second radio will be returned back for repair given the first
radio had been return for repair.
c) Are the events returning back both the radios for repair is independent
event? Prove it.
7.
There are three shipping company in Baltravia country; company R, S and T. These
three companies have a cargo ship and passenger ship. Table below shows the
information about the companies.
Company
R
S
T
Total
Ship Type
Cargo
20
40
30
90
Passenger
20
20
40
80
Total
40
60
70
a) Find the probability choosing a cargo ship from company S

b) Find the probability choosing a ship belong to the company T given that the
ship is a passenger ship.
c) Build the tree diagram to show the selection of a ship from each company.
d) Based on the answer (c), find the probability:
i. all are cargo ships
ii. all are from the same type of ships.
8.
A marketing manager wants to promote a new product of his company named Osom.
He has two marketing plan which are plan A and plan B. The probability he will
choose plan A is 1/3. The probability he does not succeed to promote the product
when using plan A and plan B is 1/5 and 1/6.
a) Draw the tree diagram to represent the situation
b) What is the probability that he does not succeed to promote the product?
c) If he fails to promote the product, what is the probability he has used the
plan B?
9.
Two shooters have been selected to represent Malaysia in USIA game. The
probability the first shooter bid the target is and the probability second shooter
miss the target is 1/3. The game will be started by first shooter and followed by the
second shooter. Draw the tree diagram to represent the events. Then, find the
probability:
a) first shooter and second shooter bid the target
b) only one shooter bids the target
28

c) none of the shooter bid the target
29
Matrix No: ________________
Group: _________
TUTORIAL CHAPTER 3
QUESTION 1
Nora Kindergarten would like to conduct a Sport Day. TABLE 1 shows the number of
children based on their sports group.
TABLE 1
Group
Tuah (T)
Jebat (J)
Lekiu (L)
Total
Boy (B)
60
30
50
140
Girl (G)
70
10
20
100
Total
130
40
70
240
a. If a child is selected at random, what is the probability that the child is:
i.
in Tuah or Jebat group
ii. a boy and in Lekiu group

Tutorial
30

iii. in group Jebat given that the child is a girl.
b. Are the event female and Tuah dependent? Prove it?

Tutorial
31

QUESTION 2
There are 100 students enrolled at Faculty of Sciences.
Mathematics (M), Physics (F) and Chemistry (K).
Courses offered are
10 students enrolled all courses.

25 students enrolled in Mathematics and Physics courses.
20 students enrolled in Physics and Chemistry courses.
28 students enrolled in Mathematics and Chemistry courses.
60 students enrolled in Mathematics course.
50 students enrolled in Physics course.
53 students enrolled in Chemistry course.
a.
By using the given information,

i.
plot a Venn diagram.
ii.
how many students do not enrolled in either Mathematics course or Physics

course?

Tutorial
32

b.
Based on a(i), if the students were randomly selected, what is the probability that a
student:
i.
enrolled in only one course?
ii.
enrolled in Physics and Chemistry courses but do not enrolled in Mathematics

course.

Tutorial
33

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SQQS1013 Elementary Statistics

The principles of probability help bridge the worlds of descriptive statistics

Probability can be defined as the chance of an event occurring or to be

Situations that involve probability:

It is the basis of inferential statistics such as predictions and testing the

3.2 SAMPLE SPACE & PROBABILTY CONCEPTS

Answer a true/false questions

Chapter 3: Introduction to Probability

SQQS1013 Elementary Statistics

Head-Head, Head-Tail, Tail-Tail, Tail-Head

Another way to determine all possible outcomes (sample space) of a

It is a device consisting of line segments emanating from a starting point and

Chapter 3: Introduction to Probability

SQQS1013 Elementary Statistics

SQQS1013 Elementary Statistics

have been adapted to probability theory.

A picture (a closed geometric shape such as a rectangle, a square, or a circle)

The symbol represents the intersection of two events and P(A B)

the outcome that is observed on a single

Probabilities can be expressed as fractions, decimals or percentage (where

3.2.1 Basic Probability Rules

SQQS1013 Elementary Statistics

The probability of any event E is a number between and including 0

If an event E cannot occur, its probability is 0 (impossible event).

If an event is certain, then the probability of E is 1 (certain event).

3.2.2 Basic Interpretation of Probability

Uses sample spaces to determine the probability an event will happen.

The probability of any event E is:

Relies on actual experience to determine the likelihood of outcomes.

Given a frequency distribution, the probability of an event being in a given

Frequency for the class

SQQS1013 Elementary Statistics

Find these probabilities,

b) A patient stayed less than 6 days

3.3 FIELD OF EVENTS & TYPE OF PROBABILITIES

SQQS1013 Elementary Statistics

3.3.1 Field of Events

Let A and B be two events defined in a sample space.

Chapter 3: Introduction to Probability

SQQS1013 Elementary Statistics

Independent vs. Dependent Events

SQQS1013 Elementary Statistics

Some examples of dependent events:

3.3.2 Type of Probabilities

Table 1: Two-way classification of all employees of a company by gender and

If one of those employees is selected at random for membership on the employee

the probability that this employee is a male and a college graduate

the probability that this employee is a female and a college graduate

Chapter 3: Introduction to Probability

SQQS1013 Elementary Statistics

b) the chosen employee is a female

c) the chosen employee a college graduate

d) the chosen employee is not a college graduate

Chapter 3: Introduction to Probability

SQQS1013 Elementary Statistics

The probability of event B given event A is

If one of those employees is selected at random for membership on the

the chosen employee is a male given that he is graduated from college

Chapter 3: Introduction to Probability

SQQS1013 Elementary Statistics

Chapter 3: Introduction to Probability

SQQS1013 Elementary Statistics

3.4 EVENTS & PROBABILITIES RULES