Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
7, JULY 2016
8400804
of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
and Electronics Engineering Institute, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City 1101, Philippines
2 Electrical
An equivalent circuit model for planar printed circuit board (PCB) transformers is presented. The model utilizes the 1-D analysis
of Maxwells equations to develop a frequency-dependent representation of a multilayer, planar PCB transformer that can be
implemented in the circuit simulation software. In this transformer model, each conductor layer is implemented as a complex
impedance network, while each insulator layer is implemented as an air-cored inductor. Each magnetic core layer is modeled
as a non-linear inductance whose magnetic characteristic is based on a temperature-dependent JilesAtherton hysteresis model.
These impedances and inductances are then arranged side by side as they are arranged in the layer stack of the actual planar
PCB transformer. Through this model, the skin and proximity effect in the conductors and current distribution across windings
can be simulated. The developed model also enables the modeling of temperature-dependent hysteresis and saturation effects in
the magnetic material. The model provides a simpler method to derive the core and winding loss of the transformer than using a
finite-element analysis software. It also enables direct integration to circuit simulation tools. A prototype planar PCB transformer
was used to obtain experimental data for model validation. Comparisons made show good agreement between the performance of
the model and experimental results.
Index Terms JilesAtherton (JA) hysteresis model, lumped element model, printed circuit board (PCB) transformer.
I. I NTRODUCTION
0018-9464 2016 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission.
See http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information.
8400804
Fig. 1.
(a) One-turn conducting layer showing dimensional details and
E and H fields. (b) Equivalent three-port impedance network of the singleturn conductor layer [3].
(4)
C. Magnetic Core
The magnetic core layer is represented by a nonlinear inductance whose characteristic is modeled using a
temperature-dependent JA hysteresis model [5], [6]. The
JA model uses the magnetic field, H , as the independent
variable and magnetization, M, as the dependent variable.
According to the JA model, the total magnetization, M, is
composed of an irreversible component, Mirr , and a reversible
component, Mrev
M = Mirr + Mrev .
(5)
A differential equation describing the dependence of magnetization on the magnetic field is provided in [8]
Man M
d Man
dM
= (1 c)
+c
dH
dH
sign( H )k(1 c) (Man M)
(6)
Fig. 2.
Prototype planar transformer. (a) Actual transformer prototype.
(b) Transformer geometry and winding arrangement. The magnetic path length
lm = 41.7 mm and the cross-sectional area of the center leg AC = 126 mm2 .
where
=
0,
1,
if sign( H ) (Man M) 0
otherwise.
.
Man = Ms coth
a
He
(7)
(8)
2 TTc
k0 e
2 TTc
a0 e
2 T
0 e T c (1 T /TC )
2 T
c0 e T c (1 T /TC )
(9)
(10)
(11)
(12)
(13)
8400804
Fig. 4. Equivalent model of the prototype PCB transformer. (a) Implementation of the model in Simulink. (b) Implementation of the non-linear impedance
for the core layer. Vpri is a sinusoidal voltage source with variable voltage and frequency. Each impedance and impedance network represents a material layer
in the actual transformer layer stack, as shown in Fig. 2.
(15)
8400804
TABLE I
JA PARAMETERS
Fig. 5.
Comparison of experimental and simulated waveforms. Primary
voltage V p = 5 Vpk and frequency f = 100 kHz in loaded condition
R L = 50 .
Fig. 6.
Comparison of experimental and simulated hysteresis curves at
different values of temperature, T , with f = 10 kHz. (a) T = 20 C.
(b) T = 40 C. (c) T = 60 C. (d) T = 80 C.
IV. R ESULTS
The JA parameters were derived at each temperature value
by curve-fitting experimental BH curves using a differential
evolution-based method as presented in [8]. TC , Curie temperature, was derived from the data sheet value for the
material used. was then derived by curve fitting M S (T ).
With and TC , the initial conditions (at T = 0 K) used in
the model, M S0 , a0 , 0 , c0 , and k0 were derived by curvefitting experimental results for (9)(13). The values of the
J-A parameters derived and used in the model are presented
in Table I.
The model was implemented in Simulink, as shown
in Fig. 4, using the same excitation voltage waveforms, Vpri ,
used in the experiments. Good agreement between the experimental and simulated signals has been derived, as shown
in Fig. 5, for a sinusoidal voltage input, Vpri = 5 Vpk ,
frequency 100 kHz, temperature of 20 C, and a resistor load,
R L = 50 . Possible reasons for model deviation from
experimental results include 2-D fields introduced by vias,