Fill in the blanks.

Concrete structures get damaged or defective during its lifetime. The causes for such damages
or defects can be many such as poor quality control during construction, overloads on
structure, natural calamities, environmental factors etc. but it is essential to restore the strength
of concrete structures by assessing and repairing of damages and defects.
Multiple Choice.
1.) It is mainly caused by the soil containing sulphates or by sulphate water.
a. Crazing
b. Sulphate Attack
c. Segregation
d. Sulphate Deterioration
2.) It is a defect on concrete that may originate from one or more causes like excess water and
early loss of water.
a. Bleeding
b. Crazing
c. Cracks
d. Laitance
3.) It is defined as an autogenous flow of mixing water within or emergence to the surface from
freshly placed concrete which is usually due to excessive vibrations imparted to concrete to
achieve full compaction.
a. Bleeding
b. Freeze and Thaw
c. Excess water
d. Segregation
4.) It is the arising out of incorrect selection of coarse aggregate which lead to cracks.
a. Steel
b. Alkali Aggregate Reaction
c. Cracks
d. Freeze and thaw
5.) It is the delayed vibration of concrete, already placed and compacted.
a. Vibration
b. Earthquake
c. Defects
d. Revibration
6.) It is defined as cement and water slurry coming on top and setting on the surface.
a. Crazing
b. Laitance
c. Bleeding
d. Segregation
7.) It is the appearance of fluffy white patches on the surface of concrete members.
a. Efflorescence
b. Cracks
c. Crazing
d. Bleeding
8.) Its causes are dropping concrete from heights, badly designed mixes, concrete carried over
long distances and during concrete finishing extra floating and tamping.
a. Cracks
b. Bleeding

c. Segregation
d. Crazing
9.) Excess of this requirement causes coarse aggregate to settle more and water bleeds to top
and evaporate leaving voids.
a. Cement
b. Gravel
c. Sand
d. Water
10.) It is the result from differences in shrinkage between the surface and the interior.
a. Crazing
b. Steel
c. Bleeding
d. Cracks
True or False.
False 1.) The corrosion of steel bars may cause crazing and rust stains to appear in the
concrete.
True 2.) If laitance is formed in a lift, it should be removed before next lift is placed.
False 3.) When successive bottom layers are vibrated, some vibration is transferred to the top
layers.
False 4.) Cracks can be controlled to some extent by coating the surface by a water repellent.
True 5.) The cracks because of freeze and thaw are normally observed in concrete with high
w/c ratio, producing tiny crevices and voids around the aggregates, allowing the rain water to
penetrate into concrete.