Principles of General Chemistry, 2nd ed. By M.

Silberberg
Chemistry, 8th ed. by W. Whitten, R. Davis, R., M. L. Peck, and G. Stanley.

Chemical Equations
and Reaction
Stoichiometry

Lecture Goals
1. Chemical Equations
2. Combination Reactions
3. Decomposition Reactions
4. Displacement Reactions
5. Metathesis Reactions
6. Gas-Formation Reactions
7. REDOX Reactions
8. Calculations Based on Chemical Equations
9. The Limiting Reactant Concept
10. Percent Yields from Chemical Reactions

Chemical Equations

Chemical Equations

CH4 + 2O2
CO2 + 2H2O

reactants yield products

the information an equation provides:

Fe2O3 + 3 CO

2 Fe + 3 CO2
1 formula unit
1 mole
159.7 g

Chemical Equations
Law of Conservation of Matter
There is no detectable change in quantity of
matter in an ordinary chemical reaction.
Balanced chemical equations must always
include the same number of each kind of atom on
both sides of the equation.

Propane,C3H8, burns in oxygen to give

carbon dioxide and water.

C3H8 + 5 O 2

3 CO 2 + 4 H 2 O

3 molecules
3 moles
84.0 g

2 atoms
2 moles
111.7 g

3 molecules
3 moles
132g

Balancing Chemical Equations

Translate the statement

Balance the atoms

Adjust the coefficients

Within the cylinders of a cars engine, the

hydrocarbon octane (C8H18), one of many
components of gasoline, mixes with oxygen
from the air and burns to form carbon
dioxide and water vapor. Write a balanced
equation for this reaction.
C8H18 +
C8H18 +

Check the atom balance

O2

25

O2
2
2C8H18 + 25O2

2C8H18(l) + 25O2 (g)

Specify states of matter

CO2 +

H2O

8 CO2 + 9 H2O
16CO2 + 18H2O
16CO2 (g) + 18H2O (g)

Combination Reactions

addition or synthesis reactions

occur when two or more substances
combine to form a compound.

three basic types:

1. Two elements react to form a new compound
2. An element and a compound react to form one
new compound
3. Two compounds react to form one compound

Combination Reactions
Element + Element Compound

1.

Combination Reactions
1. Element + Element Compound

2 Na (s ) + Cl 2 (g ) 2 NaCl (s )

2 Mg (s ) + O 2(g ) 2 MgO (s )
2 Al (s ) + 3 Br2 (l ) 2 AlBr3(s )

Combination Reactions
2. Compound + Element Compound

P4 (s ) + 5 O 2 (g ) P4O10 (s )

AsCl3(s ) + Cl2 (g ) AsCl5(s )

SF4 (s ) + F2 (g ) SF6 (g )

P4 (s ) + 6 Cl 2 (g ) 4 PCl 3(l )

2 CO (g ) + O 2 (g ) 2 CO 2 (g )

2 As(s ) + 3 Cl 2 (g ) 2 AsCl 3(s )

2 As(s ) + 5 Cl 2 (g ) 2 AsCl 5(s )

in limited chlorine

in excess chlorine

Combination Reactions
3. Compound + Compound Compound

gaseous ammonia and hydrogen chloride

NH 3(g ) + HCl (g ) NH 4Cl (s )

lithium oxide and sulfur dioxide

Li2O + SO2 Li2SO3

P4O6 + 2 O 2 P4O10

Decomposition Reactions

Decomposition reactions occur when

one compound decomposes to form:
1. Two elements
2. One or more elements and one or more
compounds
3. Two or more compounds

Decomposition Reactions

Decomposition Reactions

1. Compound Element + Element

2. Compound Element + Compound(s)

decomposition of dinitrogen oxide

2 N 2O ( g )

2 N 2 (g ) + O 2 (g )

decomposition of calcium chloride

CaCl 2 (l ) electricit

y Ca (l ) + Cl 2 (g )

decomposition of hydrogen peroxide

3+

or Fe or Mn
2 H2O2(aq) h
2 H2O(l) + O2(g)

decomposition of silver halides

h
2 AgBr(s )
2 Ag (s ) + Br2 (l )

Decomposition Reactions
3. Compound Compound + Compound

decomposition of ammonium hydrogen carbonate

NH4 HCO3(s)

NH3(g ) + H2O(g ) + CO2(g )

Displacement Reactions
AgNO 3(aq ) + Cu (s) CuNO 3(aq ) + Ag (s)

Displacement Reactions
single replacement reactions
occur when one element displaces
another element from a compound.
these are redox reactions in which the
more active metal displaces the less
active metal of hydrogen from a
compound in aqueous solution.
note: activity series of metals

Displacement Reactions
2 Al(s) + 3H2SO4(aq) Al2 (SO4 )3(aq) + 3 H2(g )

Total ionic equation

Ag(+aq) + NO3- (aq) + Cu(s) Cu(+aq) + NO3- (aq) + Ag(s)

Net ionic equation

Ag (+aq ) + Cu (s) Cu (+aq ) + Ag (s)

2 Al(s) + 6 H (+aq ) + 3 SO 24-(aq ) 2 Al3(aq+ ) + 3 SO 42-(aq ) + 3 H 2(g )

+
2 Al (s) + 6 H (+aq ) 2 Al 3(aq
) + 3 H 2 (g )

Metathesis Reactions

Displacement Reactions
Formula Unit Equation

Cl 2 (g ) + 2 NaI

( aq )

I 2 (s ) + 2 NaCl

(aq)

Total ionic equation

AX + BY AY + BX

Cl 2 (g ) + 2 Na (+aq ) + 2 I -(aq ) I 2 (s ) + 2 Na (+aq ) + 2 Cl (- aq )

Cl 2 (g ) + 2 I -(aq ) I 2 (s ) + 2 Cl (- aq )

1. AcidAcid-Base (neutralization) Reactions

formation of the nonelectrolyte H2O
acid + base
salt + water

remove ions from solution in two ways:

1. form predominantly unionized molecules like H2O
2. form an insoluble solid

Net ionic equation

Metathesis Reactions

double displacement or replacement

reactions
occur when two ionic aqueous solutions are
mixed and the ions switch partners.

Ion removal is the driving force of metathesis

reactions.

Metathesis Reactions

Molecular equation

HBr

(aq)

+ KOH

(aq)

KBr

(aq)

+ H 2O (l)

Total ionic equation

H (+aq ) + Br(-aq ) + K (+aq ) + OH (-aq ) K (+aq ) + Br(-aq ) + H 2O ( l )

Net ionic equation

H (+aq ) + OH

(aq )

H 2O (l)

Metathesis Reactions

Metathesis Reactions

2. Precipitation reactions

- an insoluble compound is formed.

- the solid precipitates out of the solution
much like rain or snow precipitates out of
the air.

Molecular equation

Ca(NO3 ) 2 (aq) + K 2 CO3(aq) 2 KNO3( aq) + CaCO3(s)

Total ionic equation

Ca (2aq+ ) + 2 NO 3- (aq ) + 2 K (+aq ) + CO 32(-aq )

2 K (+aq ) + 2 NO -3(aq ) + CaCO 3(s )
Net ionic equation
3 Ca (2aq+ ) + 2 PO 34 -(aq )

Ca

(PO 4 )2 (s )

Gas-Formation Reactions

Gas-Formation Reactions

a type of reaction in which there is a

formation of an insoluble or slightly
soluble gas when there are no gaseous
reactants.

Example: hydrochloric acid with calcium carbonate

to form carbonic acid.
Formula Unit
2HCl(aq) + CaCO3 (s) H2CO3 (aq) + CaCl2 (aq)
Total Ionic
2[H+(aq) + Cl-(aq)] + CaCO3 (s)
H2CO3 (aq) + [Ca2+(aq) + 2Cl-(aq)]
Net Ionic
2H+(aq) + CaCO3 (s) H2CO3 (aq) + Ca2+(aq)

Gas-Formation Reactions
Enough heat is generated in the reaction to
cause thermal decomposition of carbonic
acid.
H2CO3 (aq) CO2 + H2O(l)
The net effect of the chemical reaction and
subsequent decomposition is

Oxidation-Reduction
(REDOX) Reactions
Oxidation is an increase in the oxidation
number.
Corresponds to the loss of electrons.

Reduction is a decrease in the oxidation

number.
Corresponds to the gain of electrons

2HCl(aq) + CaCO3 (s) CO2 + H2O(l) + CaCl2 (aq)

Oxidation-Reduction
(REDOX) Reactions
Oxidizing agents are chemical species that:
oxidize some other substance
contain atoms that are reduced in the reaction
gain electrons

Oxidation-Reduction
(REDOX) Reactions
Good Mnemonic:
LEO (the lion) says GER
Loss of Electron = Oxidation
Gain of Electron = Reduction

Reducing agents are chemical species that:

reduce some other substance
contain atoms that are oxidized in the reaction
lose electrons

LEORA / GEROA
Loss of Electron = Oxidation = Reducing Agent
Gain of Electron = Reduction = Oxidizing Agent

Oxidation-Reduction
(REDOX) Reactions

Oxidation-Reduction
(REDOX) Reactions

Examples of redox reactions.

Discoloration of KMnO4 with
Fe2+

Example: the oxidation of sulfurous acid to

sulfuric acid by oxygen in acidic aqueous
solution.

Fe2+ is oxidized to Fe3+

MnO41- is reduced to Mn2+

Combustion of Mg
Mg is oxidized to MgO
O2 is reduced to O2-

Formula unit equation

2 H2SO3(aq) + O2(g ) 2 H2SO4(aq )

Total ionic equation

+

2 H2SO3(aq) + O2(g ) 4 H(aq)

+ 2 SO24(aq)

Oxidation-Reduction
(REDOX) Reactions

Oxidation-Reduction
(REDOX) Reactions

Net ionic equation

Which species are oxidized and reduced?

Identify the oxidizing and reducing agents.

2 H 2SO 3(aq ) + O 2(g ) 4 H (aq)

+ 2 SO 24(aq)

Which species are oxidized and reduced?

Identify the oxidizing and reducing agents.

H2SO3 is oxidized.
The oxidation state of S in H2SO3 is +4.
In SO42-, S has an oxidation state of +6.

O2 is reduced.
Oxidation state of O in O2 is 0
In SO42-, O has an oxidation state of 2.

H2SO3 is reducing agent.

O2 is oxidizing agent.

Calculations
Based on Chemical Equations
Stoichiometry
- description of quantitative
relationships among elements in
compounds (composition
stoichiometry) and among substances
as they undergo chemical changes
(reaction stoichiometry).

Calculations
Based on Chemical Equations
Can work in moles, formula units, etc.
Frequently, in mass or weight (grams
or kg or pounds or tons).

Fe2O3 + 3 CO

2 Fe + 3 CO2
1 formula unit
1 mole
159.7 g

3 molecules
3 moles
84.0 g

2 atoms
2 moles
111.7 g

3 molecules
3 moles
132g

Calculations
Based on Chemical Equations

The Lord is my
shepherd, I shall not
want..
want.. Psalm 23:1
questions?

Calculations
Based on Chemical Equations