Student ID No : 2014HT13405 Assignment 1 Pervasive Computing

Assignment 1
Consider a covered stadium of the kind whose roof is motorized and movable. If this roof gets moved to
close the stadium during heavy rains or dust storms etc. the matches played inside are not supposed to be
affected, per se, due to bad weather. However one of recent world events proved otherwise. Players did
complain of not being able to hear ball's sound due to rains falling on the roof and onlookers' shouts etc.
Assuming, some acoustic experts get consulted and advise to have sensor-driven acoustic arresters of
various kinds to be put in place, in which way can an adaptive pervasive computing solution be
conceptualized to provide cost-effective, context-aware acoustic shielding?
1. World model
2. Feature-sets targeted
3. Ubiquitous system architecture or framework chosen
4. Services recommended
5. Application Software capabilities expected
6. Operating system and other system software recommended for each class of devices chosen
7. Preferred hardware, power-provisioning and network elements apart from sensors suggested
The document submitted MUST cite any references consulted and used.

IStadium a Pervasive computing approach

World Model
In most of the sporting events, loudness wont create any problem, or sometimes it is even got
encouraged. For example in basket ball arenas, football stadiums etc. But in sports like tennis, badminton etc.
absolute silence is required during the play. The player needs to hear the opponents hitting the ball or even
required to hear himself/herself hitting the ball. Such games are typically conducted in quieter settings.
The retractable roof stadium sounds good and is helpful in continuing the games even in rainy seasons without
any disruption.
But there are disadvantages also :

The retractable roof structure causes spectators noise to reverberate inside the stadium.
The rain drops falling on the roof echoes inside the stadium.
The closed stadium with spectators increases the temperature and humidity.
Artificial lighting is required.

Student ID No : 2014HT13405 Assignment 1 Pervasive Computing

Feature sets targeted

Devices for sensing rain and dust and other bad weather conditions
Sensors for detecting lightings and adjusting the luminous level accordingly
Sensors measure the noise level and if it goes beyond a threshold level, public addressing system
will be used to request the spectators for silence and stillness.
Fixation of microphones on ground and ball to capture the sound and reproduce it real time
Provide cordless ear pieces to players.
Installation of Absorbers and Diffusers

Our Approach
The iStadium project addresses these issues by providing context aware solutions which is adaptive in nature.
It is adaptive in the sense that, the system actively adapt to context changes in a dynamic environment.
The project employs smart environment devices like sensors which senses the rain fall in advance and also
installed with sensors for measuring the humidity level in the atmosphere and sensors for dusty weather
conditions. Based upon the sensor output, the roof of the stadium will be closed well before disrupting the
event. There will be light sensors around the stadium which are connected in a grid fashion where the sensor
data will be aggregated at a central point to measure the additional lighting requirement. Also some more
additional light sensors will be installed to illuminate particular area if any additional lighting requirement
exits. HVAC (Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning) controller equipments are installed which keeps the
temperature and humidity in a pre defined level by adjusting itself accordingly by comparing the actual state
with the target state. The control system of HVAC is adaptive which means that it draws a conclusion what
action to be taken which makes the playing condition always comfortable for the players.
Tackling the noise inside the stadium is the most difficult part of iStadium project. There are two
sources of noise generation. One by the raindrops which falls on the roof (if it rains) and the other is by the
shouting of spectators which becomes much louder in closed stadium. Two sets of acoustic sensors are used
to measure the acoustic levels generated at the roof level (Level1) as well as inside the stadium (Level2).
Level1 sensors senses the noise level generated at the roof (if it rains). There are noise cancellation
and isolation devices fixed below the roof which will get activated as and when the noise exceeds a predefined
level.
Level2 sensors measures the noise level inside the stadium(generated by the spectators). If it exceeds
beyond a permitted limit, the system invokes a Public Addressing System which requests the spectators to
keep quite at periodic intervals. The PAS can be a passive system also.
Installation of sensors on the ball is not possible as there is a defined weight for the balls and also
frequent changing of balls in between the matches. Due to the same reason, fixing the sensor in the racket is
also not feasible.
There will be large boom mikes installed around the sidelines of the ground which specifically
captures very low, bassy sounds emanating from the pitch. The boom mikes are helpful in capturing very low
range sound waves. The system filters out the sound of the ball which is generated from the boom mikes and
will be amplified and will be passed to the speakers which are fixed around the stadium.

Student ID No : 2014HT13405 Assignment 1 Pervasive Computing

Installation of Absorbers and Diffusers will be done along with actuator transducers. We will be using
Absorbers to reduce the reverberation (echo) within the stadium in a variety of settings. Diffusers
distribute sound evenly throughout the listing space and control undesirable pitches and tones.
We will be using Smart Panels having an amplified piezoelectric actuator which runs vertical length of
the panel. Based upon the sound generated inside the stadium, the diaphragm in the panel will be opened
and closed via the piezoelectric actuator .
The Smart panels are most suitable option for controlling random disturbances.
The Smart Panels are fixed in a 4x4 grid fashion and are installed on the ceiling and walls. As the sound
is not evenly distributed and is random, the actuator in the Smart panels opens the diaphragm unevenly.
Optional considerations

1. The players will be given with wireless ear pieces. The system filters out the sound of the ball
which is generated from the boom mikes and will be pass it on to the ear pieces.

Architecture of iStadium
The architecture of iStadium comprises of heterogeneous devices ranging from humidity sensors
to loud speakers. Devices are connected and controlled using wireless communication technologies like
Bluetooth other standards. Due to the dynamic environment changes, the applications need to adapt
themselves continuously to their execution environments. The principal components of our architecture
are

Sensors for detecting the rain drops : Invokes closing of the roof
Sensors for sensing humidity (outside the stadium) : Invokes closing of the roof.
Sensors for sensing humidity (Inside the stadium) : Invokes HVAC.
Sensors for sensing dusty weather conditions :Invokes closing of the roof
Light sensors (Grid) : senses the luminous level in the field and adjusts the flood light accordingly
Light sensors (different points) : Invokes on/off depending upon the instruction from referee
Acoustic sensors (roof): Invokes Noise cancellation and isolation devices
Acoustic sensors (within stadium): Invokes public addressing system
HVAC controllers : controls the inside climate condition based on the humidity/temperature
sensors within the stadium
Noise cancellation and isolation devices : controls noise on the roof based on the input from
acoustic sensors (eg. Sono)
Public Addressing system (optional) : Automated PAS system invoked by acoustic sensor within
stadium
Boom mikes : Installed in various points on the ground
Audio speakers : Installed in various points on the ground
Bluetooth earpieces with acoustic filters (optional) : Provided to players (if at all required)

Student ID No : 2014HT13405 Assignment 1 Pervasive Computing

We follow Event driven architecture (EDA) where the event producer registers events through sensors
which are gathered by dispatcher engine which in turn distributes to the event consumers. Event
consumer performs its own checks whether it meets predefined constraint conditions and if they do so,
one or more actions or services will be triggered.
For example
Senses raindrops/senses dusty weather ->invokes the closing of the roof
Senses Humidity -> event consumer checks the constraints ->take action whether to close the roof
Operating System
TinyOS supports complex, concurrent programs with very minimum memory requirements (Fits within
16KB having core OS of 400 bytes). TinyOS which supports event-driven concurrency model, can be
used in devices that interact with environment and with each other through sensors, actuators and
communication.
References
Text book (T1) : Ubiquitous computing , Smart Devices, Environments and Interactions- Stefan Posland

http://www.aurecongroup.com/en/thinking/insights/world-leading-sports-stadia/designingretractable-roofs-for-multi-purpose-stadiums.aspx
http://www.architectmagazine.com/technology/detail/wimbledon-centre-court-retractable-roof_o
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HVAC_control_system
http://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/03/sports/tennis/us-open-roof-noise.html?_r=0
http://www.itftennis.com/technical/facilities/facilities-guide/indoor-structures.aspx
http://www.extremetech.com/extreme/170649-sono-a-noise-cancelation-and-isolation-devicethat-sticks-on-your-window
http://resource.isvr.soton.ac.uk/staff/pubs/PubPDFs/Pub8702.pdf
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amplified_piezoelectric_actuator