Angle pairs formed by parallel lines cut

by a transversal
When two parallel lines are given in a figure, there are two main areas: the interior and

the exterior.

When two parallel lines are cut by a third line, the third line is called

the

transversal. In the example below, eight angles are formed when parallel lines

m and n are cut by a transversal line, t.

There are several special pairs of angles formed from this figure. Some pairs have already

been reviewed:

Vertical pairs:

1 and

2 and

5 and

6 and

Recall that all pairs of vertical angles are congruent.

Supplementary pairs:

1 and

2 and

3 and

1 and

5 and

6 and

7 and

5 and

Recall that supplementary angles are angles whose angle measure adds up to 180. All of
these supplementary pairs are linear pairs. There are other supplementary pairs described
in the shortcut later in this section. There are three other special pairs of angles. These
pairs are congruent pairs.

Alternate interior angles

two angles in the interior of the parallel lines, and on

opposite (alternate) sides of the transversal. Alternate interior angles are non-adjacent and

congruent.

Alternate exterior angles

two angles in the exterior of the parallel lines, and on

opposite (alternate) sides of the transversal. Alternate exterior angles are non-adjacent

and congruent.

Corresponding angles

two angles, one in the interior and one in the exterior, that

are on the same side of the transversal. Corresponding angles are non-adjacent and

congruent.

Use the following diagram of parallel lines cut by a transversal to answer the example
problems.

Example:

What is the measure of

8?

The angle marked with measure 53 and

8 are alternate exterior angles. They are

in the exterior, on opposite sides of the transversal. Because they are congruent, the

measure of

Example:

8 = 53.

What is the measure of

8 and

7?

7 are a linear pair; they are supplementary. Their measures add up to

180. Therefore,

7 = 180 53 = 127.

1. When a transversal cuts parallel lines, all of the acute angles formed are congruent, and

all of the obtuse angles formed are congruent.

In the figure above

1,

4,

They are all congruent to each other.

5 are alternate interior angles, and

5, and

7 are all acute angles.

4 are vertical angles.

7 are vertical angles. The

same reasoning applies to the obtuse angles in the figure:

and

2,

3,

8 are all congruent to each other.

2. When parallel lines are cut by a transversal line, any one acute angle formed and any

one obtuse angle formed are supplementary.

6,

From the figure, you can see that

3 and

4 are supplementary because they

are a linear pair.

Notice also that

you can substitute

7 for

7, since they are corresponding angles. Therefore,

3 and know that

7 and

4 are

supplementary.

Example:
In the following figure, there are two parallel lines cut by a transversal. Which marked

angle is supplementary to

The angle supplementary to

1?

1 is

6.

1 is an obtuse angle, and any

one acute angle, paired with any obtuse angle are supplementary angles. This is the only
angle marked that is acute.

Classifying angles
Straight angle is a straight line. It has measure 180
At the picture angle ABC is straight angle

Right angle is half of straight angle. It has measure 90

At the picture angle DEF is right angle.

Acute angle is less than straight angle. It has measure less than 90
At the picture angle LMN is acute angle.

Obtuse angle is bigger than straight angle and less than straight angle. It has
measure bigger than 90 and less than 180.
At the picture angle XYZ is obtuse angle.

Adjacent angles are called angles like a and d,

or a and b or b and c or c and d Sum of adjacent angles are equal to straigth
angle(180), so a = b and c = d.

Vertical angles are a and c or b and d. Vertical pair of angles are equal i.e.
a = c and b = d
Let's have two parallel lines intersected by third line.
Angles m and q or n and r or o and s or p andt are called corresponding. They
have the same measure.

Perimeter, perimeter formulas

Perimeter of a figure is the sum of the lengths of all sides.
Not all figures have perimeter, for example a ball(sphere) does not have a
perimeter.
The standard notation for perimeter in math is the letter P

Perimeter of a square

Let's a square side is long a. Square have four equal sides so square
perimeter is P = a + a + a +a or:
P = 4a

Perimeter of a rectangle
Let's a rectangle sides are long a and b.
The length of all its sides is P = a + b + a + b or:
P = 2a + 2b

Perimeter of a parallelogram

Let's palallelogram sides are long a and b

The length of all its sides is P = a + b + a + b so parallelogram perimeter is:
P = 2a + 2b

As you can see the perimeter of the parallelogram is equal the perimeter of the
rectangle.

Perimeter of an isosceles trapezoid

Say the length of the parallel sides of a trapezoid are long a and b and the other
two sides are longc(As we know isosceles trapezoid has two equal sides).
P = a + b + c + c = a + b + 2c

Perimeter of an equilateral triangle

As we know equilateral triangles have 3 equal sides. So if the length of the side
is a then the perimeter formula is P = a + a + a
P = 3a

Perimeter of a parallelepiped

Parallelepiped is a figure that all sides are parallelogram.(Rectangular

parallelepipeds is a figure that sides are rectangles.)
If bottom edges are long a and b then the perimeter of the bottom is P = 2a +
2b. Every parallelepiped have two bottoms so the perimeter of the two bottoms
is (2a + 2b).2 = 4a + 4b. As we know parameter is sum of all edges. So we
have to add four times c
P = 4a + 4b + 4c

Perimeter of a cube

Cube is a parallepiped that sides are squares(all edges are equal).

So the perimeter of a cube is the number of edges * length.
Every cube has 12 edges.
So the perimeter formula of a cube is:

P = 12a
where a is the edge length.