ADTH MARDD

Rejected adth
* Defects due to the transmitters

Defects due to
the transmitter
Retentive Memory

Reliability
Mistake
al-Munkar

Lie
al-Maw'

Negligence
al-Munkar

Suspicion of lie
al-Matrk

Delusion
al-Ma'll

Al-Fisq
al-Munkar

Defective Memory
al-a'f

Ignorance
al-a'f

Contradiction
al-Shdh & al-Munkar

Innovation
al-a'f Jiddan

ADTH MAW'

Literally = ( )to place, leave, fabricate

Definition =

That which is fabricated to be on the authority of the
Prophet or those other than him, from (their) sayings,
actions, tacit approvals or attributes

Position
worst and most unacceptable among the weak adth
Not permissible to transmit, except with mentioning
its condition

ADTH MAW'

Formation:
1. Fabrication of the transmission (matn) and
attributing it to the Prophet or others with a
chain of transmitters
2. Attribution to the Prophet what was initially
the sayings of well known scholars or wise men
or Isr'liyyt with the intention for it to be
accepted by people
Began after the death of 'Uthmn when Muslims
started to be politically divided

ADTH MAW - FACTORS

1- Retaliation from amongst the Muslims
Some Jews, Christians and Magians embraced Islam
to destroy Islam from within.
'Abdullh ibn Sab', a Jew from Yemen, embraced
Islam and exhibited love for the Prophet and his
family. He incited the murder of 'Uthmn and
managed to divide the Muslims into supporters of 'Al
and Mu'wiyah

ADTH MAW - FACTORS

Example:

There were 1000 Prophets, and for each Prophet a
trustee, and 'Al was the trustee for Muammad
:
The trustees are three: myself (i.e. Muammad), Jibrl
and Mu'wiyah

ADTH MAW - FACTORS

2- Politically Motivated

After the death of 'Uthmn Muslims were

divided mainly into Sh'ah, Sunn & Khawrij

The Sh'ah fabricated adth to elevate the status of

'Al , and some Sunn responded by fabricating
adth to counter-attack the Sh'ah

The Khawrij did not fabricate adth as they

considered lying as a major sin which lead to
disbelief

ADTH MAW - FACTORS

Example:

...
the caliphate is from my family, and the best (to be appointed)
caliph after me is 'Al

O 'Al, indeed Allh forgives you, your descendants, your parents,
your family, and those who assist you and those who loves your
assistants
The Prophet was leaning against 'Al when Ab Bakr & 'Umar
entered upon them, and the Prophet said:

O father of al-asan ('Al), love them both (Ab Bakr & 'Umar),
for by loving them both you will enter paradise

ADTH MAW - FACTORS

3- Supporting Theological Sect
st
In the last quarter of the 1 century hijrah, emerged the
Qadariyyah, Jabariyyah, Murji'ah, Jahmiyyah with alien ideas
related to belief
Example:
...
Faith is firm in the heart similar to the mountains, any increase to it is
disbelief and any decrease of it is disbelief

Faith (consists of ones) speech and action, it increases and decreases

ADTH MAW - FACTORS

4 Deterring people away from Islam
In the 2nd century Hijrah, during the rule of the
Abbasids (al-Manr, al-Mahd & Hrn al-Rashd),
the Zandiqah fabricated adth especially related to
'aqdah to tarnish Islamic teachings in order to deter
people away from Islam
One of them claimed: "I fabricated 4000 adth,
where I prohibited the permissible, and permitted the
prohibited"

ADTH MAW - FACTORS

Example:

Verily, if Allh is angry, (He) inflates on the Throne to
(the extend) that it will be heavy to support

I am the seal of the Prophets, there is no prophet after
me, except if Allh wills

ADTH MAW - FACTORS

5- Fanaticism to ones tribe, race or country
Emerged in the 2nd century Hijrah when many conquests
occurred and Arabs mixed with non-Arabs
Example:
:
Love the Arabs due to three (matters): Because I am an Arab,
the Qur'n is in Arabic and the language of the people of
Paradise is Arabic

Verily, if Allh was angry, He would send down revelation in
Arabic. (However) if He was pleased, He would send down
revelation in Persian

ADTH MAW - FACTORS

6- Desire to reform the society

There are sincere and pious people who fabricate adth

to urge people to be closer to Allh, abstain from sins

and purify their hearts
It began in the 2nd century Hijrah, when people
began to busy themselves with worldly affairs and
neglected their provisions for the Hereafter or when
people we busy discussing fiqh matters rather than
contemplating the Qur'n

ADTH MAW - FACTORS

Example:
Ab 'Ismah Nh ibn Ab Maryam fabricated adth
of the virtues of the chapters in the Qur'n and he did
so when people we busy with the fiqh of Ab anfah
or the Maghz of Ibn Ishq instead of the Qur'n

ADTH MAW - FACTORS

7- Supporting Fiqh Madhhab
There were differences of opinions amongst the
various fiqh school of thoughts
Some followers became fanatic to their particular
madhhab
Fabricated adth to support one's madhhab or
degrade others

ADTH MAW - FACTORS

Example:

There will be a man from my nation, his name would be
Ab anfah, he is the light of my nation, he is the light of
my nation

And there will a man from my nation, whose name would
be Muammad ibn Idrs (al-Shfi'), his fitnah upon my
nation would be worst than the fitnah of ibls

ADTH MAW - FACTORS

8- Worldly gains
1.
To be closer to rulers
2.
Story tellers to earn a livelihood
3.
To make certain goods saleable
4.
To become popular
9- Unintentional fabrication

Some transmitters elevated the words/sayings of

others to the authority of the Prophet by mistake

ADTH MAW - IDENTIFICATION

There are several ways to identify fabrication of adth

The signs of fabrication can either be found in the chain of
transmitters (sanad) or the transmission (matn) itself

Sign of Fabrication

Chain of Transmitters
(Sanad)

Transmission
(Matn)

ADTH MAW - IDENTIFICATION

Signs related to the transmitter
1.
Confession of the transmitter
2.
What appears to be a confession: the transmitter
mentions the wrong date of death of who he
transmitted from and his transmission is
unknown/isolated
3.
Circumstances of the transmitter: Sa'd ibn arf and
his sons teacher
4.
Well-known fabricator

ADTH MAW - IDENTIFICATION

Signs related to the transmission
1.
Feebleness in language and meaning: contradictory
to the Prophets eloquence

Allh has angel called 'Ammrah, who descends on a donkey
made of stone. He burns fire a fire and ascends to (the Heavens)

Indeed (if) the adth has radiance similar to the light of day,

(then) we know it, (if) it has darkness similar to the darkness

of night, (then) we reject it

ADTH MAW - IDENTIFICATION

2.

Contradict rational proof and sensible realities

Wear a ring (made of) of al-'aqq (a type of precious stone),
for it prevents poverty

If a person sneezes during conversation, it is the proof of his
truthfulness

Looking at a handsome/beautiful face sharpens the eye, and
looking at an ugly face will cause sadness

ADTH MAW - IDENTIFICATION

3.

Contradict the Qur'n and authentic adth

The illegitimate child and the following seven generations will not
enter Paradise
Allh says:
And one will be responsible for the doing of another

If you transmit a adth on my authority which conforms to the
truth, hold on to it whether I said it or not

Whoever tells a lie about me (or on my authority) on purpose, he
prepares for himself a seat in the Hellfire

ADTH MAW - IDENTIFICATION

4.

Contradict historical facts

adth that depicts the Prophet collecting jizyah from the
people of Khaybar witnessed by Sa'd ibn Mu'dh when in
fact Sa'd died during the battle of Khandaq before the
incident of Khaybar and jizyah was introduced by the
shar'ah after the battle of Tabk on the Christians of Najrn
and the Jews of Yemen

5.

Excessive reward for a small deed

Whoever prays certain units of u, he will be given the
reward of seventy Prophets

ADTH MAW
Efforts of scholars in protecting adth from
fabrications

Preservation of the chain of transmitters

Further analysis of adth to detect/reveal any

signs of fabrication

Documentation of adth

Explanation of the condition of transmitters

Compilation of fabricated adth

Establishing the sciences of adth

ADTH MAW
Compilations

Tadhkirah al-Maw't by Muammad ibn hir

al-Maqdis

Al-Maw't al-Kubr by Ibn al-Jawz

Al-Manr al-Munf f al-a wa al-a'f by Ibn

al-Qayyim al-Jawziyyah

Silsilah al-Adth al-a'fah wa al-Maw'ah by

al-Albn

Al-Faw'id al-Majm'ah f al-Adth al-Maw'ah

by Muammad ibn 'Al al-Shawkn