Jibachha's Handbook of AnimalHusbandry

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Jibachha's
Handbook of Animal
Husbandry
Dr. Jibachha Sah
B.V.Sc & A.H., M.V.Sc (T.U.)

Laboratory Training, NDDB, Gujarat, India
Director
Jibachha Veterinary Hospital Research & Training Center (P.) Ltd.

Bharatpur-5, Narayangarh, Chitwan, Nepal
Dr. Prabhakar Kumar Shah
B.V.Sc & A.H. (P.U.), M.V.Sc (Medicine, AFU)

Research Co-ordinator
Jibachha Veterinary Hospital Research & Training Center (P.) Ltd.

Jibachha Publishing

Copyright material
Jibachhas Handbook of Animal Husbandry
i i
Jibachha's
Handbook of Animal Husbandry

Edited by: Dr. Jibachha Sah and Dr. Prabhakar Kumar Shah
Copyright @ 28 November 2016, Jibachha Publishing
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in retrieval
system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,
recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher.
Published by Jibachha's Publishing
Bharatpur-5, Lankupul, Narayangarh, Chitwan, Nepal.
E-mail: jibachha@yahoo.com, vhrtc@yahoo.com
ISBN:
Price: Rs. 4,250/- (S.C.) | 85 $ (S.C.)

Rs. 5,250/- (H.C.) | 100 $ (H.C.)
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Printed at:
A quality printing house
Quality Press
Bharatpur-10, Chitwan, Nepal

Tel: 056-526701
E-mail: qualitypress14@gmail.com
Copyright material
ii ii
Preface
Animal husbandry plays a major role in providing employment especially self-employment
with high participation of women in Nepal. Livestock products also play a main role in
export earnings. This sector provides full time occupation in some cases at the location
itself with better utilization of human resources. It provides balanced nutrition in the form
of milk, egg and meat besides farm power.
In Nepal, various veterinary institutions spread over the country provide veterinary health
services and play a major role in increasing the production potentialities of the livestock
and poultry. There is an increase in cross bred population and decrease of unproductive
animals with the implementation of cross breeding programs.
This concise handbook attempts to provide 22 chapters; basic information on animal
husbandry, zoological classification, anatomy and physiology, nutrition, genetics, breeding,
care and management, forage and fodder production, cattle, buffalo, sheep, goat, horse,
poultry, rabbit, fish, dog, cat, dairying production and project plans.
This handbook has been compiled from the standard textbook, journals and various
resources, authors do not claim all the originality of text in the book. In this book
compilation is based on syllabus of veterinary technical school and competitive exams.
So this book will be very useful for institutional students, teachers, extension workers,
veterinary undergraduate students and also for researchers.
This is our 40th book on veterinary and animal husbandry; more than 31 books are in
Nepali language. Amongst these best seller approaches more than 33,000 copies.
We would like to acknowledge Professor Dr. Shyam K. Sah (AFU, Rampur), Professor Dr.
Jagat Lal Yadav (AFU, Rampur) and Professor Ramashish Sah (AFU, Rampur) for their
contribution in their respective major subjects Animal reproduction, Animal nutrition and
LPM respectively.
The authors feel the responsibility of presenting the pioneer handbook dealing with
livestock husbandry and trusts that error, omissions and criticism will be called to his
attention in order that later edition may be improved. Of course a multitude of issues are
not covered in the book and we welcome your input regarding topics for future tips.
Dr. Prabhakar Kumar Shah
B.V.Sc & A.H. (P.U.), M.V.Sc (Medicine, AFU)
Research Co-ordinator
28 November, 2016
Dr. Jibachha Sah

B.V.Sc & A.H., M.V.Sc (T.U.)
Laboratory Training, NDDB, Gujarat, India
Director
iii iii
Abbreviations
ABD
:
ADB
:
AFU
:
APP
:
CBS
:
CPRs
:
DDC
:
DFTQC :
DLS
:
FAO
:
GDP
:
HACCP :
IFAD
:
INGO :
LMP
:
MAF
:
MoAD :
MoF
:
NARC :
NCBD :
NDDB :
NGO
:
NLBC :
OECD :
OIE
:

UNCED :
WTO
:
iv iv
Animal Breeding Division

Asian Development Bank
Agriculture and Forestry University
Agriculture Perspective Plan
Central Bureau of Statistics
Common Property Resources
Dairy Development Corporation
Department of Food Technology and Quality Control
Department of Livestock Services
Food and Agriculture Organization
Gross Domestic Product
Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points
International Fund for Agricultural Development
International Non-governmental Organization
Land Management Plan
Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry
Ministry of Agriculture Development
Ministry of Finance
Nepal Agricultural Research Council
National Cooperative Development Board
National Dairy Development Board
Non-governmental organization
National Livestock Breeding Center
Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development
Office International des Epizooties
(World Organization for Animal Health)
United Nations Conference on Environment and Development
World Trade Organization
Table of Contents
Preface
iii
Abbreviations
iv
SECTION 1
Animal Husbandry
1-134
1.1
History of animal husbandry
1.2
Importance of animal husbandry in Nepal
1.2.1
Role and specialization of working animal
1.3
Livestock population and production in Nepal (2009-2013/14)
1.4
Organizational structure of livestock service in Nepal
1.5
Scope of livestock production in Nepal
1.6
Role of livestock in Nepalese economy
1.7
The different native livestock breeds in Nepal
10
1.7.1
Characteristics of indigenous cattle breed
10
1.7.2
Characteristics of indigenous buffalo breed
11
1.8
Historical background of livestock development in Nepal
11
1.9
Constraints to livestock production in various-ecological zones in

Nepal
12
1.10
Major critical areas to improve production rate of livestock
13
1.11
Economic value of livestock farming
13
1.12
Livestock herding system in Nepal
15
1.12.1
Transhumant system
15
1.12.2
Sedentary system
15
1.12.3
Stall-fed system
16
1.13
Types of grazing system of livestock in Nepal
17
1.14
Constraints for livestock improvement
19
v v
1.15
Strategies for livestock improvement
20
1.16
Livestock feeding system in Nepal
20
1.16.1
Limitation associated with feeds and feeding
22
1.16.1
Constraints in animal production
22
1.17
Economics of feeding dairy cow
22
1.18
Utilization of waste in animal feeding
24
1.18.1
Fruit waste as livestock feed
24
1.18.2
Vegetable wastes as livestock feed
26
1.19
1.20
Impact of climate change in dairy cattle
28
1.19.1
29
Steps to counteract heat stress
Factor affecting health of animals
31
1.20.1
Sign of good health in animal
31
1.20.2
Sign of illness in animal
33
1.21
Bio-diversity conservation in Nepal
34
1.22
Importance of integrated crop-livestock farming system in Nepal
36
1.22.1
Advantages of integrated farming
37
1.22.2
Constraint of integrated farming
37
1.23
Constraints of livestock technology adoption in the farmer's field
38
1.24
Major challenges in livestock research and development in Nepal
39
1.25
National and social implications of draught animal farming and

crop production in Nepal
40
1.26
Advantages of local cattle over crossbreeds or exotic cattle in

mountain farming systems
42
1.27
National livestock policy in Nepal
42
1.28
Organic livestock farming opportunity and constraint in Nepal
45
1.29
Functions of national veterinary services in Nepal
48
1.30
Rangeland policy in Nepal
49
1.31
Factors influencing livestock productivity
50
1.32
Relation of livestock with agriculture, forestry and environment
53
1.33
Animal welfare and its implication in livestock industry in Nepal
55
1.34
Opportunities and constraints of increasing milk production and

productivity in Nepal
58
vi vi
1.35
Livestock population distribution and its role in Nepalese farming

system
60
1.36
Role of mixed crop-livestock farming systems for soil fertility in

Nepal
62
1.37
Strategies for sustainable management of livestock in mixed-crop

livestock farming systems
64
1.38
History of dairy development and dairy related institution in Nepal
66
1.39
Dairy development policy (DDP) in Nepal
68
1.40
Role of livestock as a tool for poverty reduction in Nepal
70
1.41
History of rangeland development in Nepal
71
1.42
Rangeland and their types
72
1.43
Livestock marketing in the context of W.T.O. in Nepal
73
1.44
Trend of livestock development over the last decade in Nepal
75
1.45
Livestock service related act/rules in Nepal
79
1.46
Constraints and opportunity for commercialization of goat and

buffalo meat sector in Nepal
80
1.47
Policy and strategy on farm Animal Genetic Resource (AnGR) in

Nepal
83
1.48
Major constraint in rangeland conservation in Nepal
85
1.49
Indigenous grass species in Himalaya grassland of Nepal
86
1.50
Difference between Rangeland and Pastureland
87
1.51
Credit and insurance policy in livestock development in Nepal
88
1.51.1
90
Constraint in livestock insurance policy implementation

in Nepal
1.52
Regulatory mechanism for quality improvement of the livestock

industry in Nepal
92
1.53
Economic value chain of goat meat production in Nepal
94
1.54
Scope of biogas in livestock farming
96
1.55
National priorities based on AnGR among animal species, breeds

in Nepal
98
1.56
Renewable energy and its application in the livestock industry of

Nepal
99
1.57
Pastoral practices in transition: Animal husbandry in high

mountain region in Nepal
100
viiiiv
1.58
Pastoral development and management in the himalayas region in

Nepal
104
1.58.1
Forage development through integrated management

planning
104
1.59
The roles of the public and private sectors in livestock services

delivery in Nepal
105
1.60
Livestock extension system in Nepal, their strength and weakness
108
1.61
Animal well-being and stress management
110
1.61.1
Importance of shade in stress management
112
1.61.2
Environmental parameters and their effects on immune

function
113
1.62
Rule, regulation and standard to establish feed industry in Nepal
115
1.63
Feed standard guide
116
1.64
Problems associated with buffalo farming in Nepal
117
1.65
Gender needs, roles, analysis, gender sensitive planning, gender

mainstreaming in livestock development
118
1.66
Outcomes, outputs and programs of Agriculture Development

Strategy (ADS) in Nepal
120
1.66.1
122
Indicator of ADS impact and livestock & fisheries program
1.67
Outline of the World Trade Organization (WTOs), Sanitary and

Phytosanitory (SPS) measures
122
1.68
Technical Barrier to Trade (TBT), Trade related aspects of

Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs) agreement
125
1.69
Introduction to OIE, its objectives, function, structure, standard

setting procedures and different standards as set in Terrestrial
Animal health code and Aquatic animal health code
126
1.70
Advantages of livestock models in translational medicine over

rodent models
128
1.71
Precision livestock farming technologies for welfare management

in intensive livestock systems
129
1.72
Project design for the control of an infectious disease of farm

livestock
130
1.73
Breeding plan for goat increasing meat production
132
1.74
Critically assess of and suggest on the efficacy of "Pocket Package

Program" in the context of development of "Goat Resource
Center" in Nepal
133
viiiviii
Section 2
Taxonomy of Farm Animals
135-146
2.1
Definition of Taxonomy
135
2.2
Zoological classification of farm animal
136
2.3
2.2.1
Characteristic of Bos indicus cattle
139
2.2.2
Difference between Bos taurus and Bos indicus cattle
140
Definition of domestication
141
2.3.1
141
Characteristics of domestic animals
2.4
Difference between ruminant and non-ruminant
142
2.5
Indigenous and exotic livestock genotypes based on climatic

region in Nepal
143
2.6
Glossary of farm animal terms
145
Section 3
Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals
147-258
3.1
Anatomical position for animals
148
3.2
Skeleton system
150
3.2.1
Articular system
152
3.2.2
Classification of bones
153
3.2.3
Typical bone types
157
3.2.4
Physiology of bone formation
157
3.2.5
Calcium homeostasis
159
3.2.6
Chemical composition of bones
161
3.2.7
Functions of bones
161
3.2.8
Bone marking
162
3.2.9
Difference between compact and cancellous bones
163
3.2.10
Dentition
164
3.3
Muscular system
165
3.3.1
Muscle and their main function
168
3.3.2
Sliding filament theory of contraction of skeletal muscles
169
ix xi
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
x x
3.3.3
Rigor mortis and muscle fatigue
171
3.3.4
Body cavities
171
3.3.5
Body fluids
172
3.3.6
Diffusion and osmosis
172
3.3.7
Membranes and their types
173
3.3.8
Tissue, its kinds and basic histological structure
174
Digestive system
180
3.4.1
Digestive system of ruminant
180
3.4.2
Digestive system of nonruminant
184
3.4.3
Introduction to peritoneum
190
3.4.4
Role of enzymes and hormones in digestive systems
191
Respiratory system
192
3.5.1
194
Avian respiration
Urinary system
195
3.6.1
198
Dietary electrolyte balance in cattle (DEB)
Reproductive system
199
3.7.1
Male reproductive organs and their function
199
3.7.2
Structure and function of the female reproductive system
202
3.7.3
Structure and function of the bovine placenta
208
3.7.4
Mammary gland
209
Endocrine system
214
3.8.1
Glands
215
3.8.2
Hormones
216
3.8.3
Endocrine glands of the body, hormones and their

physiological functions
218
Nervous system
220
3.9.1
Structure of neuron
220
3.9.2
Functions of the nervous system
221
3.9.3
Central nervous system
221
3.9.4
Cranial nerves
223
3.9.5
Physiology of nerve impulse (action potential)
224
3.10
3.11
3.12
3.13
3.9.6
Reflex
225
3.9.7
Cerebrospinal fluid
226
Circulatory system
227
3.10.1
Foetal circulation
228
3.10.2
Animal blood
229
3.10.2.1
Normal complete blood count values for cattle, sheep

and goats
231
3.10.3
Avian blood
232
3.10.4
Common sites for blood collection
233
3.10.5
Blood circulation (Pulmonary circulation and Systemic

circulation)
233
3.10.6
Blood coagulation
234
3.10.7
Blood pressure and pulse
235
3.10.8
Blood supply to the heart and conduction system
237
3.10.9
Blood vessels
238
3.10.10
Erythrocytes: formation, maturation and fate (Life span of

RBC)
239
3.10.11
Synthesis of hemoglobin
242
3.10.12
Immunity and defense mechanisms
242
3.10.13
Leucocytes: formation, their classification, and role of

leucocytes in immunity
244
3.10.14
Thrombocytes: formation and fate
246
Lymphatic system
248
3.11.1
249
Structure and functions of lymph nodes
Integumentary system
251
3.12.1
252
Skin and its appendages: structure and functions;

temperature regulation in animals and birds
Sensory system
254
3.13.1
Physiology of hearing and balance
255
3.13.2
Physiology of smell and taste
256
3.13.3
Physiology of sight
258
xi ix
Section 4
Animal Genetics
4.1
4.2
4.3
259-306
Cell structure
259
4.1.1
Animal cell
259
4.1.2
Plant cell
263
4.1.3
Difference between animal cell and plant cell
263
Cell division
264
4.2.1
Mitosis
264
4.2.2
Meiosis
266
4.2.3
Difference between mitosis and meiosis
269
4.2.4
Difference between cell and tissue
270
Mutation
4.3.1
270
General characters of mutation
272
4.4
Traits
273
4.5
Genetic variability and its causes
273
4.5.1
Causes of genetic variability
273
4.5.2
Factors that decrease genetic variability
274
4.5.3
Genetic response and factors affecting genetic response
275
4.5.4
Different types of genetic evaluation
275
4.6
Phenotype
277
4.7
Phenotypic variation
278
4.8
Genotype
279
4.8.1
Difference between genotype and phenotype
279
4.9
Gene
279
4.10
Heredity
280
4.10.1
4.11
4.12
xiixii
Types of heredity
281
Mendelian law
281
4.11.1
Law of Segregation (the "First Law")
282
4.11.2
Law of Independent Assortment (the "Second Law")
283
4.11.3
Law of Dominance (the "Third Law")
284
Lethal factor
284
4.12.1
Typical lethal factor associated condition in cattle
285
4.13
Sex chromosome
285
4.14
Heterozygous and homozygous
286
4.15
Difference between species and breed
286
4.16
Implantation
286
4.17
Multiple alleles
287
4.18
Linkage and crossing over
287
4.19
Sex determination system
287
4.20
Structural chromosomal aberrations
289
4.21
Difference between qualitative and quantitative inheritance
291
4.22
Sex influenced and sex limited characters
292
4.23
Hardy-Weinberg law
292
4.24
Gene interaction, epistasis and multiple alleles
293
4.25
Cytoplasmic inheritance
293
4.26
Definition of Chromosomal: deletion, duplication, inversion and

translocation
293
4.27
Chromosomal inversion and translocation
293
4.28
Difference between a mutation and a mutagen
294
4.29
Genetic environment interactions and genetic environment

correlations
294
4.30
Difference between mutagenic and teratogenic substance
296
4.31
Definition of monohybrid, dihybrid and polyhybrid
296
4.32
Factors affecting genetic change
297
4.33
Difference between dominant and recessive genes
297
4.34
Genetic aspects of reproduction traits
298
4.35
Undesirable recessive traits in dairy cattle
298
4.36
Description of Mendel's hybridization experiments-monohybrid

and dihybrid crosses
299
4.37
Genetic recombination and segregation
302
4.38
Total performance index (TPI)
302
4.39
Jersey performance index (JPI)
303
4.40
Difference between a gene, an allele and a chromosome
303
xiiiiiix
4.41
Comparison between an allele and a gene
304
4.42
Difference between allele and locus
304
4.43
Difference between additive and non-additive genetic patterns
304
4.44
Difference between genetic value and breeding value
305
4.45
Why do forensic labs analyze non-coding DNA and not genes?
305
4.46
Why do DNA fingerprints analyze non-coding DNA and not genes?
305
4.47
Glossary of terms
305
Section 5
Animal Breeding
5.1
5.2
5.3
xivxiv
307-376
Animal breeding policy in Nepal
307
5.1.1
Breeding policy: 2055, For cattle and buffalo
309
5.1.2
Implementation constraint of animal breeding in Nepal
310
5.1.3
Traits of economic importance of cattle in Nepal
311
5.1.4
Economic traits of buffalo in Nepal
313
Selection methods
314
5.2.1
Performance testing
314
5.2.2
Pedigree selection
315
5.2.3
Progeny testing
315
5.2.3.1
Precaution needed for effective progeny testing program
316
5.2.4
Show ring selection
316
5.2.5
Tandem selection
317
5.2.6
Different steps of a selection programme
318
5.2.7
Selection, selection response, selection limit, selection

differential
318
5.2.8
Methods and basis of selection
319
5.2.9
Factors influencing the effects of selection
321
5.2.10
Gene action, additive and nonadditive
322
Choosing traits for selection
322
5.3.1
Selection goals
323
5.3.2
Heritability
323
5.3.3
Variability of the trait
325
5.3.4
Correlated traits
325
5.3.5
Adaptation traits
326
5.4
Factors affecting breeding efficiency
326
5.5
Breeding system
327
5.5.1
Inbreeding
327
5.5.2
Outcrossing
327
5.5.3
Crossbreeding systems
328
5.5.4
Terminal crossing
329
5.5.5
Rotational crossing
329
5.5.6
Roto-terminal crossing
329
5.5.7
Grading up
329
5.5.8
Linebreeding
330
5.5.9
Hybrid vigor
330
5.5.10
Cloning
330
5.5.11
Formation of a gene pool
331
5.6
5.7
Heritability
331
5.6.1
332
Concept of repeatability
Constraint of animal genetics conservation in Nepal
332
5.7.1
333
Method of genetic resource conservation in animal
5.8
Principles of mating systems
334
5.9
Definition, scope and importance of biotechnology
335
5.9.1
337
5.10
5.11
5.12
5.13
5.14
5.15
Application of biotechnology tools in animal

improvement
In vitro fertilization, cloning and genetic marker technology

Reproduction parameters in dairy cattle
Hormone and heat synchronization using hormone
Endangered livestock of Nepal, long-term plan for their
conservation
Principle of animal breeding
Measure of breeding efficiency
341
5.15.1
349
Factor affecting breeding efficiency
342
342
344
346
348
xvvx
5.15.2
Captive breeding, their purpose, importance and risk
350
5.16
Heritability and repeatability estimates for reproductive trait in cow
351
5.17
Breeding values, measure of genetic and phenotypic relationships
353
5.18
Calculating estimated breeding value
353
5.19
Conservation (ex-situ / in-situ) and management of genetic

resources in Nepal
355
5.20
Selection of elite bull through breeding plan
358
5.21
Open nucleus breeding scheme
359
5.22
Estimation of breeding values of dairy cow
360
5.23
Animal behaviour and its importance
361
5.24
Variation and causes of variation, important of heredity and

environment
363
5.25
Animal breeding, importance and its scope in livestock

improvement
364
5.25.1
Objective of animal breeding
365
5.25.2
Selection of breeding male for natural service
365
5.25.3
Management of bull
367
5.26
Model for upgrading of local cattle by use of frozen semen and a

nucleus breed unit
368
5.27
Advantages of using artificial insemination (AI) in livestock

breeding program
368
5.28
Genetic parameters for the selection of poultry maintained for

different purposes
369
5.29
Breeding plan for avoiding inbreeding in sheep/goat
369
5.30
Breeding plan for genetic improvement of sheep/goat
370
5.30.1
Individual flocks
370
5.30.2
Group flocks
371
5.30.2.1
Selection in group breeding schemes
371
5.31
Breeding management of sheep and goat
372
5.32
Relative significance to a selection program of sex limited, sex

influenced and sex linked traits
373
5.33
Breeding management of pig
374
5.34
Terminology used in breeding program
375
xvixvi
Section 6
Breed of Cattle & Buffalo
377-400
6.1
Nepalese indigenous cattle breeds
377
6.2
Yak & Chauri
381
6.3
Indian cattle breed
383
6.3.1
Milch breeds/Milk breeds
383
6.3.2
Dual purpose breeds
385
6.3.3
Draught breeds
389
6.4
Exotic dairy breeds
391
6.5
Nepalese indigenous buffaloes breeds
395
6.6
Indian buffalo breeds
397
Section 7
Animal Reproduction
401-480
7.1
Different types of reproductive hormones and their functions
401
7.2
The Estrous cycle
409
7.3
Heat detection
410
7.3.1
411
Estrous synchronization
7.4
The role of the male in reproduction
412
7.5
Sign of heat
413
7.6
Heat detection efficiency equations
417
7.6.1
Percentage of possible heats detected
417
7.6.2
Percentage of breedable heats detected
417
7.7
Heat detection index
418
7.8
Ovulation
419
7.8.1
7.9
Ovulation period
Puberty
419
420
7.9.1
Puberty in the female
421
7.9.2
Puberty in the male
422
7.9.3
Age of puberty
422
xvii
iivx
7.9.4
7.10
Factors affecting the attainment of puberty
422
Spermatogenesis
424
7.10.1
Difference between Spermatogenesis and Spermiogenesis
424
7.10.2
Morphology of spermatozoa
425
7.10.3
Semen abnormality related terms
426
7.10.4
Average semen volume in different animals
427
7.11
Gametogenesis
427
7.12
Fertilization
427
7.13
Gestation period
430
7.13.1
432
7.14
7.15
Abnormality during the pregnancy and prenatal period
Pregnancy diagnosis
436
7.14.1
Method of pregnancy diagnosis
436
7.14.2
Steps of rectal palpation in cattle
437
7.14.3
Modern technique for pregnancy diagnosis
440
Parturition
440
7.15.1
Stages of parturition
441
7.15.2
Role of hormone in parturition
443
7.15.3
Twinning
446
7.16
Retained placenta
446
7.17
Postpartum recovery
447
7.18
Artificial insemination
449
7.18.1
Advantage and disadvantage of AI
449
7.18.2
Artificial insemination equipments
450
7.18.3
Artificial insemination technique
451
7.18.3.1
Thawing of semen
451
7.18.3.2
Loading the Al gun
451
7.18.3.3
Inseminating the cow
452
7.18.3.4
Artificial insemination timing in cattle
454
7.18.3.5
Cow artificial insemination record
455
7.18.3.6
Advantage of AI over natural breeding
455
7.18.3.7
Conception rate
455
xviii
xviii
7.19
Semen collection
456
7.19.1
Artificial vagina (AV) method
456
7.19.2
Electro-ejaculation
459
7.19.3
Semen evaluation method
460
7.19.3.1
Determining sperm numbers with a hemocytometer
462
7.20
Factor affecting libido and semen quality in breeding bull
463
7.21
Factor affecting survival of spermatozoa
466
7.22
Factor affecting fertility during artificial insemination in cow
467
7.23
Embryo transfer (ET)
469
7.24
Factor affecting repeat breeding in cattle and their remedial

measure
470
7.25
Anoestrus in cattle, cause and remedial measure
472
7.26
Cystic ovarian disease (COD) in cattle
476
7.27
Glossary of reproductive terms
479
Section 8
Animal Nutrition
8.1
481-610
Composition and classification of feedstuff
481
8.1.1
Carbohydrate
481
8.1.1.1
Carbohydrates classification
482
8.1.1.2
Properties of carbohydrates
483
8.1.1.3
Structure of carbohydrates
484
8.1.1.4
Functions of carbohydrates
485
8.1.1.5
Types of carbohydrates
485
8.1.2
Proteins
487
8.1.2.1
Characteristics of proteins
488
8.1.2.2
Properties of proteins
488
8.1.2.3
Protein classification
489
8.1.2.4
Structure of proteins
491
8.1.2.5
Function of proteins
493
8.1.2.6
Types of proteins
493
xixxix
8.2
xxxx
8.1.3
Amino acid
494
8.1.3.1
General properties of amino acids
494
8.1.3.2
Functions ofamino acids
495
8.1.3.3
Classification of amino acids
496
8.1.3.4
Structure of amino acid
496
8.1.4
Lipids
501
8.1.4.1
Characteristics of lipids
501
8.1.4.2
Types of lipids
502
8.1.4.3
Structure of lipids
504
8.1.4.4
Function of lipids
504
8.1.5
Minerals
506
8.1.5.1
Classification of minerals
506
8.1.5.2
General function
506
8.1.5.3
Macroelements
507
8.1.5.4
Microelements
510
8.1.6
Vitamins
515
8.1.6.1
Water-soluble vitamins
516
8.1.6.2
Fat-soluble vitamins
527
Formulation of ration
533
8.2.1
Types of ration
533
8.2.2
Feeding standards
534
8.2.3
Desirable characteristics of a good ration
535
8.2.4
Thumb rules of feeding cattle, buffaloes, sheep and goat
536
8.2.5
Principles of ration formulation for different classes of

animals
537
8.2.6
Method of ration formulation
537
8.2.6.1
Pearson square method
537
8.2.6.2
Trial and error method
538
8.2.6.3
Linear programming (LP) method
539
8.2.7
Formulation of milk replacer and calf starter
539
8.2.8
Classification of concentrate
541
8.3
8.4
8.5
8.2.9
Classification of roughage
541
8.2.10
Difference between concentrate and roughages
542
8.2.11
Difference between concentrate & non-roughage
542
8.2.12
Energy rich feed ingredients
543
8.2.13
Protein rich feed ingredients
543
8.2.14
Difference between essential and non essential nutrients
544
8.2.15
Feed additive and group of feed additive used in animal

feed
545
8.2.16
Difference between feed supplement and feed

additives
546
8.2.17
Feed additives and their benefit
546
8.2.18
Protein sources in cattle feeding
547
8.2.19
Energy source in cattle feeding
548
8.2.20
Ration formulation for a cow weighing 450 kg and

producing 20 kg/day of milk (4% butter fat)
548
8.2.21
Molasses usage for livestock
550
Classification of nutrients
552
8.3.1
Water
552
8.3.2
Carbohydrates (CHO)
554
8.3.3
Fats
555
8.3.4
Proteins
556
8.3.5
Minerals
557
8.3.6
Vitamins
560
Enzyme
562
8.4.1
Characteristics of enzymes
562
8.4.2
Classification of enzyme
563
8.4.3
Structure of enzymes
564
8.4.4
Function of enzymes
564
Feed analysis
566
8.5.1
Proximate analysis
566
8.5.2
Crude protein determination in feed and forages
567
8.5.2.1
Macro-Kjeldahl method
567
xxiixx
8.6
8.7
8.5.3
Detergent fiber analysis
570
8.5.4
Measuring the dry matter content of forages
571
8.5.4.1
Hand squeeze method
571
8.5.4.2
Microwave method
572
8.5.5
Determine yield of forages
573
8.5.6
Classification of feed
575
Energy
577
8.6.1
Basic units of energy
577
8.6.2
Measures of energy and energy utilization
578
Use of urea (NPN) in ruminant feed
580
8.7.1
Factors affecting the use of NPN sources as ruminant feed
580
8.7.2
Use of NPN and bypass protein in ruminant diets
581
8.7.3
Constraints to application of the bypass protein technology
581
8.7.4
Methods to improve the nutritive value of rice straw
582
8.7.5
Method of urea treatment
584
8.7.6
Practical guidelines for use of rice straw as ruminant feed
584
8.7.7
NPN compound and mechanism of NPN utilization in

ruminant
585
8.8
Feed source available for livestock in Nepal
586
8.9
Feeding balance concentrate mixure for cattle
587
8.10
Factor affecting digestibility intake
588
8.11
Anti-nutritional factor in feedstuff
589
8.12
Digestion in non-ruminant
592
8.13
Digestion in ruminant
596
8.14
Total mixed ration (TMR)
602
8.14.1
603
Guidelines for nutrient concentrations in TMRs
8.15
UMB (Urea molasses block) preparation
605
8.16
Difference between starch equivalent and net energy
606
8.17
Difference between digestible energy and metabolizable energy
607
8.18
Difference between fecal energy and energy partitioning
607
8.19
Difference between anabolism and catabolism
607
8.20
Difference between calorie and heat increment
607
xxii
xxii
8.21
Difference between true protein and urea
608
8.22
Definition of TDN (Total digestive nutrition) system and their

advantage and disadvantage
608
8.23
Partitioning and repartitioning agents and their uses in animal

feeding
608
8.24
Compare and contrast the three types of nitrogenous waste
609
8.25
Rumen degradable, undegradable and metabolizable protein
610
8.26
Role of enzyme in poultry diets
610
Section 9
Dairy Farm Management

9.1
9.2
611-712
Housing system management of cattle and buffalo
611
9.1.1
Selection of site for farm building
611
9.1.2
Factors to be considered while designing a livestock farm
612
9.1.3
Designing the animal building for production and

product control
613
9.1.4
Housing system
614
9.1.5
Dairy cow building
616
9.1.5.1
Milking barn or parlour
618
9.1.5.2
Floor space requirements
618
9.1.5.3
Feeding and watering space requirements
618
9.1.5.4
Dimensions of feed manger
619
9.1.6
Cleaning and sanitation of dairy farm
619
Calf pen house for young stock
621
9.2.1
Feeding
623
9.2.2
Feeding dairy cattle and buffalo
623
9.2.3
Daily nutrient requirements for maintenance, pregnancy

and lactation for cattle and buffalo
624
9.2.4
Nutrient requirements of pre-ruminant cattle and buffalo

calves
625
9.2.5
Daily nutrient requirement for growing dairy animals
626
9.2.6
Feeding dairy calves
629
xxiii
iiixx
9.2.6.1
Feeding dairy calves from birth to three months
629
9.2.6.2
Feeding dairy calves from three months to maturity
630
9.2.6.3
Feeding schedule (g) for calves up to three months of age
632
9.2.6.4
Example of the growth production ration for a 200 kg

animal
634
9.2.6.5
Feeding dry calf starters and roughages
634
9.2.6.6
Ration schedule for dairy animals from three months to

maturity
634
9.2.7
Calves deworming and vaccination program
636
9.3
Feeding dairy cows
637
9.4
Feeding dry cows
639
9.5
Feeding for reproduction
639
9.6
Care and management of pregnant animals
640
9.6.1
640
Steaming up
9.7
Care and management of cow after parturition
641
9.8
Care and management of lactating animals
643
9.9
Care and management of work bullocks
644
9.10
Care and management of breeding bull
645
9.11
Care and management of calf
646
9.11.1
Colostrum feeding
648
9.11.2
Creep feeding
650
9.11.3
Milk replacer
650
9.11.4
Weaning of calf
651
9.11.5
Calf health
651
9.12
Care and management of heifer
652
9.13
Feeding systems of dairy cattle
654
9.14
Cattle age determination
657
9.14.1
Teeth method
657
9.14.2
Horn method
663
9.14.3
Tail brush method
663
9.15
xxiv
xxiv
Farm animal identification
663
9.15.1
668
Advantage of identification
9.16
9.17
9.18
Restraint of farm animals
669
9.16.1
Rope squeeze
671
9.16.2
Burley method
672
Castrations
675
9.17.1
Banding method
675
9.17.2
Burdizzo method
677
9.17.3
Surgical castration
679
BCS (Body condition score)
681
9.18.1
System of body condition scoring in dairy cattle
681
9.18.2
Economic characters in dairy cattle
683
9.19
Basic farm recording system
684
9.20
Vaccination schedule
687
9.21
Dehorning/disbudding
688
9.21.1
Electric or butane hot dehorning
688
9.21.2
Chemical method
689
9.22
Drenching
690
9.23
Ringing
691
9.24
Animal behavior
692
9.24.1
Feeding behavior
693
9.24.2
Breeding behavior
693
9.24.3
Behaviour during sick
694
9.24.4
Excite by seeing strangers
694
9.24.5
Abnormal behaviours
694
9.24.6
Maternal-offspring behaviour
694
9.24.7
Resting behaviour
695
9.25
Common vices of dairy animals
695
9.26
Hoof trimming
700
9.27
Culling of animals
704
9.28
Milking method
705
9.29
Farm waste by-product management
708
9.30
Poultry waste management
710
xxvvxx
Section 10
Forage and Fodder

10.1
713-806
Classification of grass
713
10.1.1
Forage
713
10.1.2
Fodder
714
10.1.3
Difference between fodder and forage crop
715
10.1.4
Salient features of forage crops
715
10.1.5
Limitations/constraints of forage crops production
716
10.1.6
Important characteristics of good forage crop
716
10.1.7
Important characteristics of good fodder crop
716
10.2
Classification of forage crops
717
10.3
Importance and scope of fodder production in Nepal
719
10.4
Constraints/limitation of fodder production
720
10.5
Imortance of fibre for rumen health
721
10.6
Factor affecting the chemical composition of fodder/forages
722
10.7
Classification of feedstuff
724
10.7.1
725
Feed resources in Nepal
10.8
Types of forage
726
10.9
Role of NGO's, INGOs and NARC in the pasture/range

development in Nepal
727
10.10
Major limitations and constraints in forage seed production in

Nepal
729
10.11
Fodder tree
730
10.11.1
Types of fodder
730
10.11.2
Fodder trees and their lopping cycle in Nepal
731
10.11.3
Estimated foliage production of fodder trees
733
10.11.4
Nutritive value of some species of fodder tree leaves from

the mid-hills of Nepal
735
10.11.5
Recommended grass/legumes for the hills
737
10.11.6
Importance of fodder tree species in Nepal
738
10.11.7
Indigenous fodder tree species
738
xxvi
xxvi
10.11.8
10.12
10.13
Exotic fodder tree species
740
Agroforestry and silvipasture system and its importance in Nepal
743
10.12.1
745
Silvipasture
Conservation of fodder/forage
745
10.13.1
Hay
746
10.13.2
Silage
747
10.14
Plant poisoning in pasture and their management
753
10.15
Strategies for pasture/rangeland improvement in Nepal
755
10.15.1
Type of rangelands according to the ecological belt in Nepal
756
10.15.2
Constraint (Problems) in improvement
756
10.15.3
Importance of rangelands/grassland
758
10.16
Factors affecting the nutritive value of range forage
759
10.17
Factors affecting forage intake by range ruminants
762
10.18
Definition of annual and perennial forage
763
10.19
Difference between legumes and grasses
764
10.20
Difference between annuals, biennial and perennial grass
764
10.21
Common annual legumes and their cultivation
765
10.22
10.21.1
Berseem (Trifolium alexandrinum)
765
10.21.2
Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata)
766
10.21.3
Lucerne (Medicago sativa)
766
10.21.4
Stylo (Stylosanthes guianensis)
767
10.21.5
Soybean (Glycine max)
767
10.21.6
Bean (Lablab purpureus)
768
10.21.7
Vetch (Vicia sativa)
769
10.21.8
Kudzu (Pueraria lobata)
770
10.21.9
Centro (Centrosema pubescens)
771
Common annual cereal fodder and their cultivation
772
10.22.1
Oat (Avena sativa)
772
10.22.2
Sorgum (Sorghum bicolor)
773
10.22.3
Maize (Zea mays)
773
10.22.4
Teosinte (Mexican teosinte)
774
xxvii
iivxx
10.23
10.22.5
Bajra (Pennisetum glaucum)
774
10.22.6
Deenanath (Pennisetum pedicellatum)
775
Common annual cereal grass and their cultivation
776
10.23.1
Napier (Pennisetum purpureum)
776
10.23.2
Guinea grass (Panicum maximum)
776
10.23.3
Para grass(Brachiaria mutica)
777
10.23.4
Blue buffelgrass
778
10.23.5
Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana)
778
10.23.6
Blue panic (Panicum antidotale)
779
10.23.7
Molasses (Melinis minutiflora)
779
10.23.8
Paspalum (Paspalum dilatatum)
780
10.24
Cultivation of fodder crops on marginal lands and terrace risers
781
10.25
Role of community forest in livestock development
782
10.26
Factor affecting natural grassland productivity in Nepal
783
10.27
Method of pasture and range development
784
10.28
Government policy and program for pasture development in Nepal
785
10.29
Scope of forage and pasture seed production in Nepal
787
10.30
Managing the terai grassland in Nepal
789
10.31
Principle of grass seed production
790
10.32
Tree for fodder and fuel in Nepal
791
10.33
Problem affecting pasture and rangeland management in

Himalayan region of Nepal
793
10.34
Khoriya (Shifting) cultivation and their useful in livestock farming

system in Nepal
794
10.35
Nursery management of fodder tree species
795
10.36
Quality management of seed and methods of estimation
797
10.37
Definition of stratification, inoculation and scarification of seed
799
10.38
Method of seed inoculation
799
10.39
Propagation of fodder trees and its importance
801
10.40
Importance of fodder trees and shrubs for livestock and farmers
802
10.41
Estimation of crop carrying capacity
802
10.42
Differences between manure and fertilizers
803
xxviii Jibachhas Handbook of Animal Husbandry

xxviii
10.43
Differences between mixed cropping and intercropping
804
10.44
Major pet forage species for intensive use in Nepal
804
10.45
Glossary related to forage and fodder
805
Section 11
Goat
807-866
11.1
Taxonomy
807
11.2
Economic importance of goat farming in Nepal
807
11.2.1
Scope of goat farming
808
11.2.2
Constraint of goat farming
810
11.2.3
Reasons for preference of goat over sheep or large

ruminants in Nepal
810
11.2.4
Points to be considered during goat farm construction
810
11.2.5
Advantages of goat farming/utility of goats
811
11.2.6
Twelve steps for starting goat farming
812
11.2.7
Difference between sheep and goat
813
11.3
Indigenous goat breeds of Nepal
813
11.3.1
Growth characteristics of indigenous goat breeds
817
11.3.2
Reproductive parameters of indigenous goat breeds
817
11.4
Exotic goat breed
818
11.5
Goat management
824
11.5.1
Managing a pregnant doe
824
11.5.2
Housing management
824
11.5.3
Grazing system
827
11.5.4
Feeding management
829
11.5.5
Creep ration
832
11.5.6
Flushing ration
832
11.6
Identification of goat
833
11.7
Castration
836
11.7.1
Surgical method
836
11.7.2
Burdizzo (Emasculatome) method
836
xxix
xixx
11.7.3
Elastrator method
837
11.8
Dipping
838
11.9
Vaccination
840
11.10
Breeding
840
11.10.1
Breeding method
843
11.11
Artificial insemination in goat
847
11.12
Effect of photoperiod controlling reproductive seasonality in sheep

and goats
853
11.13
Deworming
854
11.14
Goat marketing channel in different ecozone of Nepal
855
11.15
Internal parasites of goat & sheep
856
11.16
External parasites of goat & sheep
857
11.16.1
Ticks
857
11.16.2
Lice
858
11.16.3
Sheep ked (ticks)
859
11.16.4
Mange/Mites
859
11.16.5
Fleas
860
11.17
Benefits of goat milk over cow milk
861
11.18
Method of body condition scoring of sheep and goats
862
11.18.1
Lumbar region
862
11.18.2
Rib cage
863
11.18.3
Sternum
863
11.19
Good characteristics of disinfectants/antiseptic
865
11.20
Sheep/Goat manure management
866
11.21
Biosecurity measure in sheep/goat farm
866
Section 12
Sheep
12.1
Taxonomy
12.1.1
12.2
xxxxxx
867-892
867
Anatomy of sheep
History of sheep farming in Nepal

868
869
12.3
Importance of sheep farming in Nepal
870
12.3.1
Advantage of sheep farming
870
12.3.2
Constraint of sheep farming in Nepal
871
12.4
Indigenous sheep breeds of Nepal
871
12.5
Exotic sheep breed
875
12.6
Feeds
878
12.7
Factors affecting wool quality and quantity
884
12.8
Physical and chemical properties of wool
885
12.9
Difference between fur, wool and hair
886
12.10
Daily water requirements
887
12.11
Shearing
887
12.12
Effect of external parasites on sheep
892
Section 13
Horse
893-918
13.1
Taxonomy
893
13.2
Horse breed
893
13.2.1
895
Some popular breeds of horses
13.3
Identification of horse
895
13.4
Horse marking
896
13.5
Restraint of horse
897
13.5.1
898
Physical restraint
13.6
Dentition
900
13.7
Weight measurement
900
13.8
Importance of horse
901
13.9
Categories of horse breed
902
13.10
Management of pregnant mares and foals
903
13.11
Breeding season of horses, estrus cycle in mares and breeding time
905
13.12
Feeding horses
907
13.13
Standards for the housing and care of horses
911
xxxi
ixxx
13.14
Method of selection of horse
913
13.15
Use of horse/mule in Nepal
914
13.16
Difference between horse and mule
915
13.17
Selection criteria of horse and mules
915
13.18
Advantages of spaying and castrating horses
916
13.19
Lameness in horse and their types
916
13.20
Glossary of horse related terms
918
Section 14
Poultry
919-992
14.1
Introduction and anatomy
919
14.2
Taxonomy
920
14.3
Importance of poultry and poultry products
920
14.4
Scope of poultry production in Nepal
922
14.5
Constraint in poultry production in Nepal
923
14.6
Importance of chicken meat
923
14.7
External and internal body parts of a chicken
925
14.7.1
Parts of digestive system of a chicken
925
14.7.2
Reproductive organ of chicken
927
14.7.3
Formation of egg shell
928
14.8
Indigenous poultry breeds of Nepal
929
14.9
Exotic poultry breed class
930
14.9.1
American class
930
14.9.2
Asiatic class
933
14.9.3
English class
935
14.9.4
Mediterranean class
939
14.10
14.11
System of poultry rearing
940
14.10.1
945
Feeding
14.11.1
xxxii
xxxii
Construction of chicken house
946
Vitamins and trace minerals
946
14.12
14.11.2
Broiler feed
947
14.11.3
Layers feed
947
14.11.4
Feed composition
950
14.11.5
ISI specifications in diet for chicken
958
14.11.6
Practical levels of nutrients in the diet of chicken
959
14.11.7
Practical levels of amino acids in the diet of chicken
960
14.11.8
Mineral sources and their mineral contents
961
14.11.9
Maximum level of inclusion of feed ingredients in

poultry diets
962
Watering
14.12.1
964
Drinking-water quality
965
14.13
Hatchery management
966
14.14
Sex identification of chicks
968
14.15
Chicks management
969
14.15.1
971
14.16
Brooding temperature
Layers management
972
14.16.1
Selection of good layers
972
14.16.2
Egg shell deformities
974
14.16.3
Egg shell structure
975
14.17
Moulting
976
14.18
Artificial insemination (AI) in bird
980
14.18.1
Semen collection
981
14.18.2
Technique of AI in bird
982
14.19
Effects of photoperiod on poultry performance and immune

system
982
14.20
Poultry farm management
983
14.21
Disease control
984
14.21.1
Biosecurity and eradication
984
14.21.2
Internal parasites
986
14.21.3
External parasites
987
14.22
Vaccination schedule
988
14.22.1
988
Vaccine handling and storage
Jibachhas Handbook of Animal Husbandry xxxiii

iiixxx
14.22.2
Vaccination procedure guide
989
14.23
Major poultry diseases symptoms, transmission and treatment
990
14.24
Poultry related glossary of term
992
Section 15
Pig
993-1040
15.1
Taxonomy
993
15.2
Advantage of pig farming
994
15.3
Economic importance of pig
995
15.4
Constraints in piggery development in Nepal
996
15.5
Starting pig farming in Nepal
997
15.6
Indigenous pig breeds of Nepal
999
15.7
Exotic pig breed
1004
15.8
Comparison between native and exotic breed of pig
1007
15.8.1
1007
Production performance of indigenous and commercial

pig breeds
15.9
Pig rearing system in Nepal
1007
15.10
Site selection for pig housing
1009
15.11
Pig housing
1010
15.12
Feeding
1013
15.12.1
Feed and water requirement for pigs
1013
15.12.2
Diets for sow gestation and lactation
1014
15.12.3
Dietary nutrient requirements of growing pigs allowed ad

lib feed (90% dry matter)
1015
15.12.4
Formulation of swine feed rations using the Pearson

square method
1017
15.13
Factors influencing nutrient requirements in pigs
1018
15.14
Breeding
1020
15.15
Selection of gilt
1021
15.15.1
Criteria for herd replacement
1021
15.15.2
Breeding gilt
1022
xxxiv Jibachhas Handbook of Animal Husbandry

xxxiv
15.16
15.17
15.18
15.15.3
Swine gestation table (115 Days), if bred Jan 1April 30
1022
15.15.4
Swine gestation table (115 Days), if bred May 1August 31
1023
15.15.5
Swine gestation table (115 Days), if bred September 1

December 31
1024
Artificial insemination
1026
15.16.1
Identification of oestrus
1026
15.16.2
Timing of AI & method
1027
Pig management
1028
15.17.1
Pig castration
1028
15.17.2
Pig identification
1029
15.17.2.1 Tagging
1029
15.17.2.2 Notching
1030
15.17.2.3 Tattooing
1034
15.17.2.4 Recording
1036
Health management
1037
15.18.1
Vaccination
1037
15.18.2
Deworming
1037
15.19
Marketing channel of live pig and pork meat in Nepal
1039
15.20
Pig farming terminology
1039
Section 16
Rabbit
1041-1062
16.1
Introduction
1041
16.2
Taxonomy
1041
16.3
Body part of rabbit
1042
16.4
Scope for rabbit farming and it's national importance
1043
16.5
The advantages of rabbit farming
1044
16.6
Limitation of rabbit farming
1044
16.7
Major breed of rabbit
1045
16.8
Sexing of rabbit
1046
16.9
Handling and restraint of rabbits
1047
xxxv
vxxx
16.10
Housing
1048
16.11
Feeding
1049
16.12
Breeding
1050
16.13
Behavior
1050
16.14
Estrus cycle and breeding time
1051
16.15
Economic importance of rabbit production
1053
16.16
Major diseases of rabbits, their prevention and treatment
1054
16.16.1
Snuffles
1054
16.16.2
Overgrown teeth
1055
16.16.3
Hairballs (Trichobezoars)
1055
16.16.4
Uterine tumours
1056
16.16.5
Myxomatosis
1056
16.16.6
Calicivirus
1056
16.16.7
Coccidiosis
1057
16.16.8
Ear mites
1057
16.17
Slaughtering and skinning techniques of rabbits
1058
16.18
Techniques of preparing rabbit houses (hutch)
1060
16.19
Techniques of preparing rabbit feed
1061
16.20
Glossary of rabbit
1061
Section 17
Fisheries
1063-1094
17.1
Taxonomy
1063
17.2
Difference between fish culture and aquaculture
1063
17.3
History of fish farming in Nepal
1064
17.4
Scope of fish culture in Nepal
1064
17.5
Economic importance of fish
1064
17.6
Fish farming system in Nepal
1065
17.7
Anatomy of fish and their function
1066
17.8
Select site for fish farming
1067
xxxvi Jibachhas Handbook of Animal Husbandry

xxxvi
17.9
Types of fish pond
1069
17.10
Types of water quality in fish pond
1070
17.11
Different types of fresh water fishes
1070
17.12
Common fish species found in Nepal
1072
17.12.1
Indigenous fish
1072
17.12.2
Exotic species
1074
17.13
Characteristics of brood fish
1077
17.14
Differentiation of male and female brood fish
1077
17.15
Difference between monoculture and polyculture fish farming
1078
17.16
Calculating fertilization rate, hatching rate and fry survival rate
1078
17.17
Importance of water quality in fish culture
1079
17.18
Types of net used in aquaculture
1080
17.19
Improved fodder grass used in grass carp
1081
17.20
Hormones used in brood fish
1081
17.21
Liming fish pond
1081
17.22
Harvesting methods of fish from pond
1082
17.23
Gillnet
1084
17.24
Integrated fish culture
1084
17.25
Effect of pH and temperature on pond water
1085
17.26
Diseases of fish
1086
17.26.1
Common parasitic diseases
1086
17.26.1.1 Protistan parasites of fishes
1086
17.26.1.2 Common metazoan parasites of fishes
1087
17.26.2
Common fungal diseases
1090
17.26.3
Common bacterial diseases
1091
17.27
Fodder grasses used for fish in Nepal
1092
17.28
Methods of dead fish's preservation
1092
17.29
Importance of artificial breeding (AI) in aquaculture
1093
17.30
Glossary of fish term
1094
Jibachhas Handbook of Animal Husbandry xxxvii

iivxxx
Section 18
Dairy Production
18.1
18.2
18.3
Milk production in Nepal
1095
18.1.1
Scope of milk production in Nepal
1096
18.1.2
Constraint in milk production in Nepal
1096
18.1.3
Strategic measures to reduce dependence on imported

milk in Nepal
1097
Clean milk production
1101
18.2.1
1102
Steps in clean milk production
Milk
18.3.1
18.4
1095-1152
1103
The composition of milk
1103
Dairy products preparation
1104
18.4.1
Butter
1104
18.4.2
Dahi (Curd)
1108
18.4.3
Cheese
1109
18.4.4
Ice cream
1111
18.4.5
Khoa
1113
18.4.6
Paneer
1114
18.4.7
Kulfi
1116
18.5
Nepalese standardization of milk
1117
18.6
Factors affecting the milk composition and its quality
1119
18.7
Theory of milk secretion
1120
18.8
Method of pasteurization
1120
18.9
Milk processing
1121
18.10
Physicochemical properties of milk
1122
18.11
Flavours and off flavours of milk
1123
18.12
Sanitization of dairy plant utensils and equipments
1127
18.13
Pasteurization and homogenization of milk, packing and

distribution of milk
1129
18.14
Testing of milk quality
1131
18.14.1
1132
Platform tests
xxxviii Jibachhas Handbook of Animal Husbandry

xxxviii
18.14.1.1 Organoleptic evaluation
1132
18.14.1.2 Clot on boiling test (COB)
1133
18.14.1.3 Milk Testing - Alcohol Test
1134
18.14.1.4 Sediment test
1134
18.14.1.5 Minutes Resazurin Test
1137
18.14.2
Determination of activity (titrable acidity) of milk
1138
18.14.3
Determination of fat in milking
1139
18.14.4
Determination of S.N.F. (Solid Not Fat) and total solids of

milk
1141
18.15
Bacterial test in milk
1143
18.16
Commonly used dairy sanitizers in dairy plant
1144
18.17
Use of detergents and sanitizers in dairy industry
1145
18.18
Procedure for cleaning and sanitizing of dairy utensils
1147
18.19
Difference between true protein and crude protein
1148
18.20
Milk marketing definitions
1148
18.21
Adulteration test in milk
1149
18.22
Milk borne disease
1150
Section 19
Dog & Cat
1153-1166
19.1
Introduction
1153
19.2
Dog and Cat breed
1153
19.3
Dog and cat breeding
1155
19.3.1
Estrus cycle and mating in dogs
1155
19.3.2
Estrus cycle and mating in cats
1156
19.3.3
Care of pregnant bitches and queens
1157
19.3.4
Care of puppies and kittens
1158
19.4
Vaccination of dog & cat
1159
19.5
Schedule of routine deworming : canines
1162
19.6
Clinical information on dogs
1164
19.7
Practical tips for feeding
1164
Jibachhas Handbook of Animal Husbandry xxxix
xixxx
19.8
Translating human years into dog years
1165
19.9
Age comparison of cat with human
1166
Section 20
Miscellaneous
1167-1174
20.1
Longevity of various animals
1167
20.2
Terms by species or taxon
1168
20.3
Suggested space and housing guidelines for fully mature farm

animals
1170
20.4
Urine volume and specific gravity
1171
20.5
Typical composition of buffalo milk and cow milk
1172
20.6
Weights and measures equivalents and conversions
1172
20.7
Percentage, ppm, and ppb conversions
1173
20.8
Temperature equivalents and conversions
1173
20.9
Average number of sperm per ejaculate
1174
20.10
Time between coitus and arrival of sperm in the fallopian tube
1174
20.11
Fertile life of sperm
1174
Section 21
Animal Husbandry Model Question Answer
1175-1200
Section 22
Project Proposal on Dairy Farm
1201-1215
Alphabetical Index
1216-1246
References
1247-1272
xl xl

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hLa

Anl;\u hLa5 klPublishing Jibachha Pu

B.V.Sc & A.H., M.V.Sc (T.U.)

Jibachha Veterinary Hospital Research & Training Center (P.) Ltd.

Dr. Prabhakar Kumar Shah

B.V.Sc & A.H. (P.U.), M.V.Sc (Medicine, AFU)

Jibachha Veterinary Hospital Research & Training Center (P.) Ltd.

Bharatpur-5, Narayangarh, Chitwan, Nepal

Handbook of Animal Husbandry

Price: Rs. 4,250/- (S.C.) | 85 $ (S.C.)

Bharatpur-10, Chitwan, Nepal

Jibachhas Handbook of Animal Husbandry

Dr. Jibachha Sah

Jibachhas Handbook of Animal Husbandry

Animal Breeding Division

Jibachhas Handbook of Animal Husbandry

History of animal husbandry

Importance of animal husbandry in Nepal

Role and specialization of working animal

Livestock population and production in Nepal (2009-2013/14)

Organizational structure of livestock service in Nepal

Scope of livestock production in Nepal

Role of livestock in Nepalese economy

The different native livestock breeds in Nepal

Characteristics of indigenous cattle breed

Characteristics of indigenous buffalo breed

Historical background of livestock development in Nepal

Constraints to livestock production in various-ecological zones in

Major critical areas to improve production rate of livestock

Economic value of livestock farming

Livestock herding system in Nepal

Types of grazing system of livestock in Nepal

Constraints for livestock improvement

Jibachhas Handbook of Animal Husbandry

Strategies for livestock improvement

Livestock feeding system in Nepal

Limitation associated with feeds and feeding

Constraints in animal production

Economics of feeding dairy cow

Utilization of waste in animal feeding

Fruit waste as livestock feed

Vegetable wastes as livestock feed

Impact of climate change in dairy cattle

Steps to counteract heat stress

Factor affecting health of animals

Sign of good health in animal

Sign of illness in animal

Bio-diversity conservation in Nepal

Importance of integrated crop-livestock farming system in Nepal

Advantages of integrated farming

Constraint of integrated farming

Constraints of livestock technology adoption in the farmer's field

Major challenges in livestock research and development in Nepal

National and social implications of draught animal farming and

Advantages of local cattle over crossbreeds or exotic cattle in

National livestock policy in Nepal

Organic livestock farming opportunity and constraint in Nepal

Functions of national veterinary services in Nepal

Rangeland policy in Nepal

Factors influencing livestock productivity

Relation of livestock with agriculture, forestry and environment

Animal welfare and its implication in livestock industry in Nepal

Opportunities and constraints of increasing milk production and

Jibachhas Handbook of Animal Husbandry

Jibachha's Handbook of AnimalHusbandry

Jibachha's Handbook of AnimalHusbandry