UNIVERSITY OF PERPETUAL HELP GMA

Brgy.San Gabriel, Area K GMA, Cavite

Tel (046) 460-40-86
COLLEGE OF BUSINESS AND ACCOUNTANCY

MOLDEZ, PRINCESS M.
LOGIC C2A

July 18, 2016

SIR NILO MATURAN

1. DIVISION OF PHILOSOPHY:
a. Epistemology (theory of knowledge): the inquiry into what
knowledge is, what can be known, and what lies beyond our
understanding; the investigation into the origin, structure, methods, and
validity of justification and knowledge; the study of the interrelation of
reason, truth, and experience.
b. Metaphysics or Ontology (theory of reality): the inquiry into what
is real as opposed to what is appearance, either conceived as that which
the methods of science presuppose, or that with which the methods of
science are concerned; the inquiry into the first principles of nature; the
study of the most fundamental generalizations as to what exists.
c. Axiology (theory of value): the inquiry into the nature, criteria, and
metaphysical status of value.
2. BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY:
a. Metaphysics, which deals with the fundamental questions of
reality.
b. Epistemology, which deals with our concept of knowledge, how
we learn and what we can know.
c. Logic, which studies the rules of valid reasoning and
argumentation
d. Ethics, or moral philosophy, which is concerned with human
values and how individuals should act.
e. Aesthetics or esthetics, which deals with the notion of beauty
and the philosophy of art.
3. MEANING OF LOGIC:
Logic is the correct way of thinking. A science that deals with the
principles and criteria of validity of inference and demonstration:

the

science of the formal principles of reasoning. A valid argument is one where

there is a specific relation of logical support between the assumptions of
the argument and its conclusion. (In ordinary discourse, the conclusion of
such an argument may be signified by words like 'therefore', 'hence', 'ergo'
and so on.)
4. FORMAL/MATERIAL OBJECT OF LOGIC:
1. Material Object of Logic is concerned with the content of
argumentation. It deals with the truth of the terms and the propositions in
an argument.
2. Formal Object of Logic - is interested in the form or structure of
reasoning. The truth of an argument is of only secondary consideration in
this branch of logic. Formal logic is concerned with the method of deriving
one truth from another.
5. DEFINITION OF PHILOSOPHICAL TERMS:
a. Term is the verbal expression of an idea. It is an articulate sound
which serves as a conventional sign of an idea. It may also be understood
as an idea or group of ideas expressed in words.
b. Idea are considered the building blocks of knowledge. They are
constructive elements that make up judgments, and judgments may
express either truth or error. It is the intellectual representation or image
of a thing.
c. Concept it is an idea which starts with an outside reality and
apprehended by the senses.
d. Image a representation of the external form of a person or thing
in art.
e. Insight - Insight is making connections from the ideas in the topic
to ideas you have in other parts of your life.
f. Mental Image - or mental picture is the representation in a person's
mind of the physical world outside of that person. It varieties of which are
sometimes colloquially referred to as visualizing, seeing in the mind's
eye, hearing in the head, imagining the feel of, etc. is quasi-perceptual
experience; it resembles perceptual experience, but occurs in the
absence of the appropriate external stimuli.
g. Transcend to go beyond or above, as in degree or excellence.

h. Definition a statement which explains what a thing is. It is one

that explains and reveals the complete nature of a thing or object.
i. Object - that towards which cognition is directed, as contrasted with
the thinking subject; anything regarded as external to the mind, esp. in the
external world.
j. Being - is the first stage in the process by which people arrive at
knowledge of the world.
RESOLVE THE FOLLOWING:
1. Which is prior, Concept or Idea?
Idea comes out first since it is the building blocks of knowledge.
When this idea forms out, there is what we call, concept an idea which
starts with an outside reality and apprehended by the senses.
2. What is your understanding about the importance of studying
philosophy?
Philosophy gives you more than just knowledge of the world; it
gives you a deeper understanding how the world works. It can help
improve critical thinking abilities and its a good way to know definite things.
Even so, much more can be saidespecially considering each specific
thing philosophy can teach us. Many things it can teach us are important
for various other reasons. Most fields of study, such as physics, history, and
economics, are mainly about providing us with knowledge of some sort.
However, some fields of study are more practical, such as computer
engineering, and they are mainly about providing us with skills. Practical
fields are supposed to help improve our abilities, so that we can do
something using them. Philosophy is not necessarily a primarily skilloriented field of study, but it is the specialized field of study for critical
thinking, and it can help us improve our critical thinking skills. Some people
have thought that philosophy automatically helps improve critical thinking
skills as a byproduct, and no special attention is required for it to do so.
There might be some truth to this, but non-critical-thinking-oriented
philosophy classes dont seem to be so much better than various other
classes in the humanities. Perhaps writing argumentative essays in any
field of study can help improve critical thinking skills.

In my preferred program/course, the study of philosophy is essential.

As we go out and face the business world, we tend to face people, deal
with individuals, and interact with the environment and such. Learning
philosophy

and

logic

will

understandable and bearable.

help

us

make

all

these

interaction