Smart lighting system

2016-2017

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION
Smart lighting is a buzzword that defines heterogeneous lighting
intensity

technologies:

High-

discharge lamps (HID), fluorescent, solid state LED and OLED luminaires,

composed of numerous smart sensors and actuators, and with the possibility of
incorporating a wide set of capabilities and connectivity interfaces. The most important
intelligent features are related to enabling advanced functions such as adjustable spectral
reproduction, color tunable-lighting, and adaptive dimming, combining energy efficiency
with the real needs of the illuminated space taking into account available natural lighting.
With the rise in digital connectivity options, smart lighting systems have different wired
and wireless interfaces oriented to increment the con-nativity in smart grid systems and
Building Management Systems (BMS). These systems allow us to control and monitor
modern and heterogeneous electrical equipment such as ventilation and lighting devices.
The main interfaces conceived for wired lighting systems are Digital Addressable
Lighting Interface (DALI), Power Line Communications (PLC), Digital Multiplex
(DMX512) and KNX for intelligence buildings.
The most important wireless physical interfaces for distributed intelligent devices are
IEEE 802.11a/b/g/n/a (Wi-Fi), 802.15.1 (Bluetooth), IEEE 802.15.4 (ZigBee, 6loWPAN,
ISA100, Wireless HART, MiWi) and ISO/IEC 18000 (RFID) compatible for automation
applications.
Now modern smart lighting systems contain wired and wireless interfaces, and they can
be harmonized in a set of ISO/IEC/IEEE 21451 standards. This harmonization covers
Transducer Electronic Datasheets (TEDS) formats. TEDS are different electronic data
sheets stored in a nonvolatile flash memory. These formats define node capabilities and
transducer channel configuration. In addition, ISO/IEC/IEEE 21451 standard covers
standard syntactic messages, and logical transducer function services to be implemented
in the Network Capable Application module (NCAP) and/or the Transducer Interface
Module (TIM).
An interoperable smart lighting system that implements the IEEE 802.15.4 physical layer
and ZigBee Light Link (ZLL), plus ISO/IEC/IEEE 21451 as application layer, has been
implemented in this study as a practical solution for communication between wireless
Dept.of cse, cit,ponnampet

Page 1

Smart lighting system

2016-2017

lighting devices, color sensors, occupancy detectors and illuminance sensors.

In order to demonstrate the use of Fuzzy Logic theories in smart lighting systems, a
predictive. algorithm adjusts the dimming level based on the occupancy level, work
schedule and natural lighting available. A graphical user interface was designed in Matlab
to run the fuzzy algorithm. Finally, all information is encapsulated in standard message
structures to interact with the Representational State Transfer (REST) web service
architecture. The web service runs on a free platform that contains an open API intended
to control intelligent devices for the Internet of Things (IoT).
Capabilities and connectivity interfaces. The most important intelligent features are
related to enabling advanced functions such as adjustable spectral reproduction, color
tunable-lighting, and adaptive dimming, combining energy efficiency with the real needs
of the illuminated space taking into account available natural lighting. With the rise in
digital connectivity options, smart lighting systems have different wired and wireless
interfaces oriented to increment the con-nativity in smart grid systems and Building
Management Systems (BMS). These systems allow us to control and monitor modern and
heterogeneous electrical equipments such as ventilation and lighting devices. The main
interfaces conceived for wired lighting systems are Digital Addressable Lighting Interface
(DALI), Power Line Communications (PLC), Digital Multiplex (DMX512) and KNX for
intelligence buildings.
The most important wireless physical interfaces for distributed intelligent devices are
IEEE 802.11a/b/g/n/ac (WiFi), 802.15.1 (Bluetooth), IEEE 802.15.4 (ZigBee, 6loWPAN,
ISA100, Wireless HART, MiWi) [7] and ISO/IEC 18000 (RFID) compatible for
automation applications.
Now modern smart lighting systems contain wired and wireless interfaces, and they can
be harmonized in a set of ISO/IEC/IEEE 21451 standards. This harmonization covers
Transducer Electronic Datasheets (TEDS) formats. TEDS are different electronic data
sheets stored in a nonvolatile flash memory. These formats define node capabilities and
transducer channel configuration. In addition, ISO/IEC/IEEE 21451 standard covers
standard syntactic messages, and logical transducer function services to be implemented
in the Network Capable Application module (NCAP) and/or the Transducer Interface
Module (TIM).More formally, each NCAP performs the task of coordinator node while
the TIM module will be integrated in the luminaries or in different smart sensors. Both
can be organized as a Wireless Sensor and Actuator Network
Dept.of cse, cit,ponnampet

Page 2

Smart lighting system

2016-2017

In order to demonstrate the use of Fuzzy Logic theories in smart lighting systems, a
predictive algorithm adjusts the dimming level based on the occupancy level, work
schedule and natural lighting available. A graphical user interface was designed in Matlab
to run the fuzzy algorithm. Finally, all information is encapsulated in standard message
structures to interact with the Representational State Transfer (REST) web service
architecture. The web service runs on a
free platform that contains an open API intended to control intelligent devices for the
Internet of Things (IoT).
The paper is organized as follows: the ISO/IEC/IEEE 21451 reference model (NCAP
and WTIM) is presented in section II. Section III describes the hardware architecture of a
smart luminaire and autonomous sensor nodes. Next, in section IV, the algorithm intended
for smart lighting control is explained. The REST web service architecture and
experimental results are presented in section V. Finally, in section VI conclusions and
considerations related to energy savings which can be achieved through the proposed
solution are presented

Dept.of cse, cit,ponnampet

Page 3

Smart lighting system

2016-2017

CHAPTER 2

ISO/IEC/IEE 21451 REFERENCE MODEL

ThefamilyofISO/IEC/IEEE21451(formerlyIEEE1451)[19]aimstoexpandthe
syntactic interoperability through a standardized message format implemented using
heterogeneoussmartsensorsandactuators.SeveralTransducerInterfaceModules(TIM)
workincooperationwiththeNetworkCapableApplicationmodule(NCAP)operatingas
acoordinatornodeentity.TheNCAParchitectureisshowninFigure2.1

Fig 2.1 NCAP architecture

EachNCAPentitydefinesagroupoflogicalinterfaceformats.Thefirstsetofnetwork
interfaceservicesisintendedforRepresentationalStateTransfer(REST)webservices.
These formats are suggested for smart sensors with Internet connectivity. Different
logicalnetworkprotocolsintendedforthisproposalareTCP/UDP,HTTP,WebInterface,
SimpleNetworkManagementProtocol(SNMP)andextensibleMessagingandPresence
Protocol(XMPP).
ThesecondsetoflogicalformatsthatrunsintheNCAPisdefinedascommoncore
network services ISO/IEC/IEEE214511. These services include subclasses for
discovering,transducerdataaccess,TransducerElectronicDataSheet(TEDS)access,
Dept.of cse, cit,ponnampet

Page 4

Smart lighting system

2016-2017

eventnotification,andtransducer
managementinordertoaddress,mapandcontrolanyTIMdevice.
The third set of formats in ISO/IEC/IEEE214510, formerly IEEE 1451.0, defines
commoncontrolcommandsbetweentheNCAPandtheTIMdevice.Inaddition,physical
communication capabilities are defined in ISO/IEC/IEEE 214512 standard for smart
sensorsworkinginwirednetworkswhiletheISO/IEC/pIEEE214515standard(formerly
IEEE1451.5)isintendedforsmartsensorsworkinginwirelesssensornetworks(WSN),
(WiFi,IEEE 802.15.4,Bluetooth)whileISO/IEC/IEEE21451.7wasproposedforRFID
devices.
The second part of the ISO/IEC/IEEE 21451 reference model is related to the
TransducerInterfaceModule(TIM).SeeFigure2.2

Fig 2.2 TIM architecture

EachTIMisanembeddedphysicaldevicethatimplementsareducedsetoflogical
services. The typical TIM hardware architecture contains an ultralow power
microprocessorunit(MCU)andanonvolatilememorytostorethenodeconfigurationin
an electronic datasheet (TEDS). The IEEE 21451 reference model defines different
standardizedTEDSformatscorrespondingtothetypeof
Dept.of cse, cit,ponnampet

Page 5

Smart lighting system

2016-2017

transducer.TheIEEE214514standarddefinesaphysicaltransducerchannelinamixed
mode interface while the IEEE 214512 standard define TEDS formats for serial
interfaces,andbothstandardsareorientedforoperationinwirednetworks.However,the
IEEE214517standard covers syntacticinteroperabilitybasedonstandardized TEDS
formats for RFID devices. In addition, the IEEE 21451.5 standard covers different
standardizedTEDSformatsfortransducers(sensorsandactuators)workinginaWireless
SensorNetwork(WSN).

Dept.of cse, cit,ponnampet

Page 6

Smart lighting system

2016-2017

CHAPTER 3

HARDWARE ARCHITECTURE COMPLIANT

WITH IEEE 21451
Thesmartlightingsystemisdeployedasanecosystemofsmartsensorslocatedinwalls,
windows,thechilledbeamsystemandtheluminairesinstalledintheceilingoftheoffice.
This section is focused on describing the luminaire architecture and the sensor node
capabilities,includinganenergyharvestingmodule.

3.1SmartLuminaire
TheplatformdesignedisshowninFigure3.1.ItisbasedoncommercialOffTheShelf
(COTS)digitalsensorsandactuators.Thehardwarearchitecturecomprisessixdifferent
submodules:aMCUprocessingunit,awirelesscommunicationunit,aLEDdrive,flash
memory, I2C/ADC channels (illuminance sensor, color detection) and a digital
input/outputpinfordigitaloccupancysensor.

Fig 3.1 Smart luminaire block diagram and implemented system

TheMCUprocessingunitcontainstheMSP430CPUandthefirmwareimplementsthe
ISO/IEC/IEEE21451TIMreferencemodel.Thedecisiontakingalgorithmcalculatesthe
percentageofdimmingtocontroltheluminaire.OnewirelesstransceiverCC2420isthe
Dept.of cse, cit,ponnampet

Page 7

Smart lighting system

2016-2017

coreoftheradiosection.ThisdevicesupportstheIEEE802.15.4physicallayerandthe
ZigBeeLightLink(ZLL)applicationlayer.
Thedriveriscomposedofasolidstaterelay.ThissectionusestheCPUI/Oportsand
DAC output and an amplifier for signal conditioning (110 VDC). Finally, a circuit
containingaBJTtransistorandaprotectiondiodemanagesthe load.Thissubsystemis
activateddependingonoccupancydetectionorusagepatternsrelatedtostudiesonenergy
savingsinlightingsystems.Theflashmemorystoresmetadataconfigurationrelatedto
thesensorschannelscompliantwiththeIEEE21451.0formatandIEEE21451.5forthe
physicalTEDS(IEEE802.15.4plusZigBeeLightLink).
Three different sensors are implemented in the sensing submodule: illuminance,
occupancyandcolor.ForilluminancestudiestheTSL2563sensorcontainingtwointernal
photodiodes,wasselectedduetohighdynamicrange(0lx100.000lx)andcapabilities
todetectphotopicandscotopicluminosityfunctionstomeasurethevisualperception
underdifferentlightingconditions.Thefirstphotodiodecapturesilluminanceinvisible
andinfraredspectrum(300nm1100nm)whilethesecondphotodiodecapturesonlythe
infraredrangeoflighting(600nm1100nm).Theoccupancydetectorisbasedona
passiveinfrared(PIR)digitalIRTECMS320LPsensor.Itcontainsdualelementsfor
pyroelectricinfraredsensingandthebodyincludesalensandanopticalfilterforpassing
infraredradiation.ForcolormeasurementstheP1234701CTwasselectedtoadjustfor
colorcorrelatedtemperature(CCT).

3.2AutonomousSmartSensors
For human centric lighting studies several autonomous sensors to measure illuminance
were developed. All of them contain a photovoltaic harvester based on organic solar cells
for indoor operation. Each node contains an energy harvesting sub-module and a TIM
unit. The energy harvesting unit contains organic and flexible solar cells, a direct current
(DC/DC) micro-power regulator, super-capacitors and an ON/OFF switch to enable the
device. The main TIM components are the MSP430 CPU, the external wireless
transceiver and the flash memory to store the TEDS configuration. The nodes were
located in the office near the windows and the walls to measure illuminance values at the
height of the working plane.

Dept.of cse, cit,ponnampet

Page 8

Smart lighting system

2016-2017

Fig 3.2 Block diagram for smart sensor and their placement in windows and office walls

3.3 Firmware Implementation

Fig 3.3 TIM finite state machine

Figure 3.3 represents the operational states of the TIM and node capabilities in
accordancewithafinitestatemachinemodel.TheautonomousTIMwakesupwhenthe
harvestercapturesenergyfromtheDSSCsolarmoduleduetoanincreaseindaylightor
artificiallightinglevels.Thefirststateistheinitializationstep(init)thatoccurs
Dept.of cse, cit,ponnampet

Page 9

Smart lighting system

2016-2017

afteraneventrelatedtopoweronorreset,atthattime,TEDSconfiguration
isloadedintotheRAMmemory.Thesecondstateistheactivemode.Inthis
mode,TIMpollseachphysicaltransducerchannelandisalreadyableto
sendor receiveshortmessages.Thethirdstateisasleepmodethatisusedtoreduce
energyconsumption.Inthissleepstate,thenodewaitsfortheexpirationofatimerto
wakeup.TheNCAP requests commands andtheTIMrespondswithshortmessages
correspondingtothecommandtype.
Aftertheinitializationtakesplace,eachTIMreadstheTEDScalibrationvaluesforthe
physicalchannels.Oncetheprogramchecksallthevalues,itsavesthemeasureddatain
theRAMmemory.Themainlooprunsonceeveryfiveminutes.OnelooprunstheIEEE
21451 commands and sorts all arrays using standardized metadata formats. After the
sortingproceduretakesplace,theprogramgoestoactivemodeandstartsthetransceiver
tosendorreceivemessages.Themeanvaluesofphysicalchannelsareusedbecause,
occasionally,itcanhappenthatincorrectvaluesaremeasuredduetopowermanagement
restrictionsrelatedtothenode.Theseincorrectmeasuredvalueshavetobedetectedand
filteredfromtruedata.
Inatimeframeof2milliseconds,thelastmeasureddataisstoredinRAMmemoryin
ordertobesenttowardstheNCAP.ThecoordinatingNCAPisconnectedthroughaUSB
port from an industrial PC running Windows 7 operating system and a Matlab
application.EachmessageintheNCAPisencapsulatedinshortstructures,incompliance
withtheIEEE21451standard.ThesemessagestructuresaresenttotheTIMnodes.When
theNCAPsendsamessage,itwaitsaresponsefromTIMduring500ms.Ifaresponseis
notreceived,thecoordinatorwaitsfiveminutesbeforetheprocessisrepeated.Then,the
IEEE21451packetsaresenttowardsavirtualserialporttodecodeallmetadataina
JavaScriptObjectNotation(JSON)formatthatrunsinaMatlabgraphicaluserinterface
beforebeingsentouttothewebservice.

Dept.of cse, cit,ponnampet

Page 10

Smart lighting system

2016-2017

CHAPTER 4

4.1 FUZZYLOGICALGORITHM
Lighting control systems have been defined historically to minimize power
consumptionand/orincreasevisualcomfort.Traditionally,thesestrategiesaredivided
intofourdifferentapproaches.Thefirstoneinvolvesupdatingthelightingsystemwith
energyefficientluminaires.Thesecondapproach,introducesoccupancysensorsinthe
lightingsystem.Thethird,thelightingsystemcontainsdaylightharvestingandcontrol.
Finally, the fourth approach, a lighting system further includes motorized blinds.
However,inourlightingcontrolsystemprototype,weattempttocoverthesedifferent
approachesbyconsideringaheuristicmodeltodeterminecontrolactionsbasedonuser
experienceandwiththesupportofsmartsensorsandactuators.Severalheuristicmodels,
consideringartificialintelligencetechniqueshavebeenreportedduringthelastyears.In
somecases,theseheuristicmodelsseektosolveproblemsthattraditionalmethodscannot
workout.Thesesolutionsareoftenbasedoninnovativestrategies,rulesorprinciplesof
datafusion.Forthisreason,wechoseaFuzzylogicalgorithmtodeterminelightlevels
requiredontheworkplaneduringaworkingdayinanoffice.Thealgorithmistreatedas
anadditionalIEEE21451serviceandwasdesignedasshowninFigure4.1

Dept.of cse, cit,ponnampet

Page 11

Smart lighting system

2016-2017

Fig 4.1 pieee21451 signal treatment services

Thissignaltreatmentserviceattemptstoadjustlightinglevelsbysynthesizingasetof
linguistic control rules obtained from information collected during experimental
measurements. The computational algorithm adjusts lighting comfort levels in
compliance with UNE 124642012. The input variables in the Fuzzy model are
occupancy,daylightlevelontheworkplane,thepositionoftheblinds,thescheduleof
workintheofficeandthedaylightindexeswhichhavebeencalculatedfromsimulations
withtheraytracingsoftwareDaysim.EachinputvariablepassesthroughaMamdani
Fuzzyprocess,usingalogisticsigmoidfunctionandisrepresentedinafuzzification
process.Inthiscase,eachvariableiscodedasafuzzyfunctionandisevaluatedbyusing
certainrulesofinferenceasshowninTable1.
Table 1. fuzzy logic algorithm

Therulesmustbecombinedinsomemannerinordertomakeadecision.Thealgorithm
usesinferencerulesthroughbooleanlogicandaggregationmethodsofthetype(IFOR
NOTAND)forquantifyingtheinputvariables.Theoutputvaluesmustbedefuzzifiedin

Dept.of cse, cit,ponnampet

Page 12

Smart lighting system

2016-2017

ordertoresolveasingleoutputvaluefromtheinputdataset.Thefinaldesiredoutputis
theexpectedartificialilluminanceorganizedasametadatastandardsyntacticstructure.
Table2showsthesyntacticmessagestructure

The headers related to the NCAP request are: ZLL Frame control (FC),ZLL device
identifier (DEV ID), ZLL command identifier (CMD ID). In addition, destination
transducerchannel,commandclass(Cmdclass),commandfunction(CmdFunc),length
offsetanddatainformationaretheIEEE21451.0headers.
The headers in each TIM response transaction are: ZLL Frame control, ZLL device
identifier,ZLLcommandidentifier.Also,success/failflag,lengthoffsetandmetadata
payloadaretheIEEE21451.0headers.

The application layer where run the fuzzy logic algorithm was initially
designed as a Matlab function, the NCAP sent a command to read
illuminanceandTIMresponsewithasmallmessageof13bytes.Then,the
NCAPmergedilluminancevaluesandestimatedoptimizeddimmingvalues.
When the output of the fuzzy algorithm obtained a response, the NCAP
comparedcurrentdimmingvaluesbeforesendingarequesttochangethe
dimmingvalueintheTIMsmartluminaire.Asecondfuzzylogicalgorithm
runsinternallyinaTIMmoteasanadditionalinternalIEEE21451service.
Inthiscase,thefinalMatlabFuzzylogicFISfileisconvertedtoaCfunction
byusingtheFIST:MATLABFuzzyInferenceSystemCConverter[30],and
overallfirmwarecodeisportedinitiallyfromArduinotowardTinyOS2.1.
Thecompiledcodeoccupies220bytesofRAMand21568bytesofROMin
theTIMnodesbasedontheMSP43016bitmicrocontroller.
Dept.of cse, cit,ponnampet

Page 13

Smart lighting system

2016-2017

CHAPTER 5

EXPERIMENTALEVALUATION
USERSATISFACTIONSURVEY
Priortheimplementationofthenewlightingsystem,wefocusedonaproperwork
environmentcharacterizationbystudyingtheenergyconsumptionandtheuservisual
comfort.Differentmeasurementsoftheenergyconsumption,spectralreflectionsurfaces
intheroomandglareanalysiswithaluminancecameraweretaken.Thesedataallowed
us to determine experimental values and help improving the user visual comfort and
sensorposition,dependingonthespectralcontributionsofnaturaldaylight.Astheold
lightingsystemlackeddimmingcapabilities,thecontributionfactorofartificiallighting
wasoptimizedbymeansofaheuristic fuzzyalgorithm.Usersatisfactionwasassessed
beforeandafterinstallationofthenewlightingsystemthroughasurvey,asshownin
figure5.1
Table3
FunctiontoreadtheTIMchannel,TEDSandCommands

Dept.of cse, cit,ponnampet

Page 14

Smart lighting system

2016-2017

Table 4
FunctiontoreadtheTIMchannel,TEDSandCommands

Dept.of cse, cit,ponnampet

Page 15

Smart lighting system

2016-2017

Fig 5.1 Survey impact of the light system

CHAPTER 6

CONCLUSION
Inthispaper,asmartlightingsystemthattakesintoaccountuserpreferencesandincludes
smartsensorsandactuatorsbasedonIEEE21451isproposed.AutonomousTIMnodes
providedwithenergyharvestingtechniquesweredesigned.Areducedsetoffunctions
thatcoverthecoreofthenewIEEE21451standardwerealsoimplemented.
This new lighting system is able to achieve energy savings between 13% and 43%
comparedtotheoldfluorescentofficelightinginstallation.Asshowninthepresented
quantitative survey indicators, experimental results show a reduction in operational
energycostsandaclearincreaseinvisualcomfortfortheoccupantsfrom75%to86.5%.
AnadditionalIEEE21451FuzzylogicservicewasimplementedasaMathlabfunctionto
optimizecontrolstrategiesdirectlyintheNCAP.Inaddition,asecondIEEE21451fuzzy
service within the TIM firmware continuously adapts dimming values to guarantee
optimalvisualcomfortatpointofmeasurement.

Dept.of cse, cit,ponnampet

Page 16

Smart lighting system

2016-2017

REFERENCES
1. J.Byun,I.Hong,B.Lee,andS.Park,IntelligenthouseholdLEDlightingsystem
consideringenergyefficiencyandusersatisfaction,
2. R. Srividya and C. P. Kurian, White light source towards spectrum tunable
lightingAreview,inProc.Int.Conf.Adv.EnergyConvers.Technol.
3. Q. Chunhui and W. Wei, A LED control system with brightness and color
temperatureadjustable,inProc.Int.Conf.ControlAutom.Syst.Eng.(CASE)
4. D.Park,Z.Liu,andH.Lee,A40V10W93%efficiencycurrentaccuracy
enhanceddimmableLEDdriverwithadaptivetimingdifferencecompensationfor
solidstatelightingapplications.

Dept.of cse, cit,ponnampet

Page 17