Sparse code multiple access (SCMA)

Sparse code multiple access (SCMA) is a new frequency domain non-orthogonal

multiple-access technique which can improve spectral efficiency of wireless radio
access. With SCMA, different incoming data streams are directly mapped to codewords
of different multi-dimensional cookbooks, where each codeword represents a spread
transmission layer.
RSMA : RESOURCE SPREAD MULTIPLE ACCESS

Non Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA)

NOMA superposes multiple users in the power domain although its basic signal
waveform could be based on the orthogonal frequency division multiple access
(OFDMA) or the discrete Fourier transform (DFT)-spread OFDM the same as LTE
baseline. In our concept, NOMA adopts a successive interference cancellation (SIC)
receiver as the baseline receiver scheme for robust multiple access, considering the
expected evolution of device processing capabilities in the future

filtered-OFDM (f-OFDM)
GFDM - Generalized Frequency Division Multiplexing
Universal Filtered MultiCarrier
fIlter Bank Multicarrier (FBMC)
systems are a subclass of multicarrier (MC) systems. While its basic principle, dividing
frequency spectrum into many narrow subchannels, may not be new, MC systems have seen
wide adoption in recent years (LTE, WLAN).
Cyclic Prefix based Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (CP-OFDM) is certainly the
most researched and popular type of MC. Channel estimation and equalization become
trivial tasks thanks to the high-performance digital signal processors (DSPs) available on the
market. With the insertion of some redundancy (Cyclic Prefix, or CP),

3 times spectral efficiency

F-OFDMA and SCMA will reduce the latency

What's wrong with the current LTE Waveform ?

What's wrong with the current LTE Wavefor ?
Not realy problems.. just a couple of things to be improved in polite way :).
Followings are some of the items that would be good to be improved in current LTE
Waveform.
Cyclic Prefix Overhead
Poor Tolerance to Inter subcarrier interference (Poor tolerance to broken
orthogonally)
Large PAPR (Peak to Average Power Ratio)

GFDM (Generalized Frequency Division Multiplexing)

GFDM is also based on filtering method for each subcarrier. One important
characteristic would be that the multiple symbol (subsymbols) across the whole
frequency span is processed in a single processing unit.
UFMC (Universal Filtered Multi Carrier)

Like other 5G Waveform Candidates, UFMC is also based on the filtering method. The
differentiator is how and what type of the filter is applied. In case of FBMC, it packs
multiple consecutive subcarries into a group called 'subband' and apply the filter onto
each of the subband as illustrated below. How many subcarries would belong to one
subband is a design specification. The more subcarries in one subband, the less load
on baseband processing, but final performance gets poorer as you put more sub
carriers into one subband.